Symbols Used in Log Interpretation

Basic Material
Schlumberger
Symbols Used in Log Interpretation

Gen-3
Gen
Resistivity of the zone

Resistivity of the water in the zone
Water saturation in the zone
Mud
Rm
Adjacent bed
Rs
Uninvaded
hmc zone
Flushed
zone Rt
Rm c Zone of
transition
dh or
(Bed Rw
thickness) annulus
Mudcake Rx o
Sw
h Rm f
Sx o
Rs
di
dj
Adjacent bed
(Invasion diameters)
rj
dh
Hole
diameter
Schlumberger
1-1
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Estimation of Formation Temperature

Linear gradient assumed Gen-6
Gen
Schlumberger
Example: Bottomhole temperature (BHT) at 11,000 ft = 200F

(Point A)
Temperature at 8000 ft = 167F (Point B)
Basic Material
Schlumberger
Estimation of Rmf and Rmc

Gen-7
Direct measurements of filtrate and mudcake samples are pre- Example: R m = 3.5 ohm-m at 75F [24C]
ferred. When not available, filtrate resistivity, R mf , and mudcake Gen
Mud weight = 12 lbm/gal [1440 kg/m3]
resistivity, R mc , may be estimated from one of the following
methods. Therefore, K m = 0.584
R mf = (0.584)(3.5)1.07 = 2.23 ohm-m at 75F
Method 1
R mc = 0.69(2.23)(3.5/2.23)2.65 = 5.07 ohm-m at 75F
Lowe and Dunlap (Reference 36)
The calculated value of R mf is more reliable than that of R mc.
For freshwater muds with mud resistivity, R m , in the range from
0.1 to 2.0 ohm-m at 75F [24C], and measured values of R m
and mud density, m , in pounds per gallon: Mud Weight
R lbm/gal kg/m3 Km
log mf = 0.396 0.0475 m
Rm 10 1200 0.847
11 1320 0.708
Method 2 12 1440 0.584
13 1560 0.488
Overton and Lipson (Reference 1) 14 1680 0.412
For drilling muds with mud resistivity, R m , in the range from 0.1 16 1920 0.380
to 10.0 ohm-m at 75F [24C], where K m is given as a function 18 2160 0.350
of mud weight in the table below:
Method 3
R mf = K m ( R m )1.07 A statistical approximation, for predominantly NaCl muds, is
R
2.65 R mc = 1.5 R m , and R mf = 0.75 R m .
R mc = 0.69 ( R mf ) m
R mf
1-3
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Resistivities of Solutions
Gen-8
Actual resistivity measurements are always preferred, but if ion is multiplied by its weighting multiplier, and the products
Gen necessary, the chart on the opposite page may be used to estimate for all ions are summed to obtain equivalent NaCl concentration.
the resistivity of a water sample at a given temperature when the Concentrations are expressed in ppm or mg/kg, both by weight.
salinity (NaCl concentration) is known, or to estimate the salinity These units are numerically equal.
when resistivity and temperature are known. It may also be used For more information see Reference 2.
to convert resistivity from one temperature to another tempera-
ture. Example: A formation-water sample analysis shows 460 ppm
Ca, 1400 ppm SO4 and 19,000 ppm Na plus Cl.
Example: Resistivity of a water sample is 0.3 ohm-m at 25C;
Total solids concentration is 460 + 1400 + 19,000 =
what is the resistivity at 85C?
20,860 ppm.
Enter the chart with 25C and 0.3 ohm-m. Their
Entering the chart below with this total solids concen-
intersection indicates a salinity of approximately
tration, we find 0.81 as the Ca multiplier and 0.45 as
20,000 ppm. Moving along this constant salinity line
the SO4 multiplier. Multiplying the concentration by
yields a water sample resistivity of 0.13 ohm-m at
the corresponding multipliers, the equivalent NaCl
85C.
concentration is found as approximately
The resistivity of a water sample can be estimated from its chem- 460 0.81 + 1400 0.45 + 19,000 1 20,000 ppm.
ical analysis. An equivalent NaCl concentration determined by
Entering the NaCl resistivity-salinity nomograph
use of the chart below is entered into Chart Gen-9 to estimate the
(Gen-9) with 20,000 ppm and 75F (24C), the resis-
resistivity of the sample.
tivity is found to be 0.3 at 75F.
The chart is entered in abscissa with the total solids concen-
tration of the sample in ppm (mg/kg) to find weighting multi-
pliers for the various ions present. The concentration of each
Schlumberger
Basic Material
Schlumberger
Resistivity of NaCl Solutions

Gen-9
Conversion approximated by R2 = R1 [(T1 + 6.77)/(T2 + 6.77)]F or R2 = R1 [(T1 + 21.5)/(T2 + 21.5)]C Gen
Grains/gal at 75F
10
8
ppm
6
5
200
4 10
3 300
15
400
2 20
500
25
600
30
700
800
1 40
100
0 50
0.8
NaCl concentration (ppm or grains/gal)

120
0
140
Resistivity of solution (ohm-m)
0.6 0
170
0.5 0
200
0 100
0.4
300
0.3 0 150
400
0 200
0.2 500
0 250
600
0 300
700
0
800 400
0
10,
0.1 000 500
12,
00
0.08 14, 0
000
17,
00
0.06 20, 0 1000
000
0.05
30, 1500
0.04 000
40, 2000
000
0.03
50, 2500
000
60, 3000
0
70, 00
0.02 00
80, 0 4000
00
100 0 5000
,0
300 120 00
,
,00
0 140 000
,0
170 00
0.01 ,
200 000 10,000
,
250 000
280,000 15,000
,00
F 50 75 100 125 150 200 250 300 350 400 0
20,000
C 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 120 140 160 180 200
Temperature (F or C)
Schlumberger
1-5
Gamma Ray and Spontaneous Potential
Schlumberger
Gamma Ray Corrections for Hole Size and Mud Weight

GR-1
For 3 3 8-in. and 11116-in. SGT wireline gamma ray tools
10.0
7.0 GR
5.0 red
cente
l,
too
-in.
33 8
3.0 ered
cent
Correction factor
ool,
-in. t
111 16
2.0
338-in. tool, eccentered
11116-in. tool, eccentered

1.0
0.7
0.5
0.3
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
2)
t (g/cm
Schlumberger
Log interpretation Charts GR-1 and GR-2, replacing Chart Por-7, The correction for standoff is
are based on laboratory work and Monte Carlo calculations to 2
S Sm
provide improved corrections for 3 38- and 11116-in. SGT gamma CF = CFm + (CFo CFm ) .
ray tools. The corrections normalize the response of both tools to Sm
eccentered positions in an 8-in. borehole with 10-lbm mud. Chart CF m is the correction factor for centered tools, while CFo is the
GR-2 provides a correction for barite mud in small boreholes. correction factor for eccentered tools. Both are corrected for
Although these charts are more difficult to use than the ones barite if it is present in the borehole. S is the actual standoff, and
they replaced, the results are more exact since they are normal- Sm is the standoff with the tool centered.
ized to current tools, no interpolation is required, and the ranges
are extended. Example: GR reads 36 API units, d h is 12 in., and mud weight
The input parameter, t, in g/cm2, is calculated as follows: is 12 lbm/gal. The tool is 3 38 in. and centered.
Therefore, t = 15.8 g/cm2, resulting in a correction factor of 1.6.
Wmud 2.54 (d hole ) 2.54 (d sonde ) The corrected GR = 58 API units.
t= .
8.345 2 2
2-1
Schlumberger
Gamma Ray Correction for Cased Holes

GR-3
10.0
7.0 GR
5.0
ool
n. t
3 8-i
3
3.0
ool
-in. t
Correction factor
111 16
2.0
1.0
0.7
0.5
0.3
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
t (g/cm2)
Schlumberger
Log interpretation Chart GR-3 is based on laboratory work and The chart correction factor provides a corrected gamma ray to
Monte Carlo calculations to provide gamma ray corrections the standard reference condition of an eccentered 3 38-in. tool in
in cased holes. This chart is based on the openhole model in an 8-in. borehole with 10-lbm mud.
Chart GR-1. In this case, t, in g/cm2, is calculated as the sum Example: GR reads 19 API units; d h is 12 in.; casing is 9 58 in.,
of density-thickness products for the casing, cement sheath and 43.50 lbm/ft; GR tool is 3 38 in.; Wm = 8.345 lbm/gal;
borehole fluid. The density of J-55 casing is 7.96 g/cm3, and the and t = 21.7 g/cm2 for a correction factor of 2.1. The
density of cement is typically 2.0 g/cm3. corrected GR = 40 API units.
2.54 Wm
t= ( ID csg d sonde ) + csg (OD csg ID csg ) + cement (d h OD csg )
2 8.345
Wm ( ID d
sonde ) + csg (OD csg ID csg ) + cement ( d h OD csg )
8.345 csg

2-3
Schlumberger
LWD Gamma Ray Correction for Hole Size and Mud Weight
GR-4
For gamma ray with CDR* Compensated Dual Resistivity tools
10
GR
7.0
5.0
tool
9.5-in. l
oo
8-in. tin. tool
8.25-
ol tool
n. to 6.75-in.
3.0 6.5-i
Correction factor
2.0
1.0
0.7
0.5
0.3
0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40
t (g/cm 2)
*Mark of Schlumberger
Schlumberger
Chart GR-4 can be used to normalize gamma ray readings of the to LWD data before delivery; therefore, be careful not to dupli-
9.5-, 8.25-, 8-, 6.75- and 6.5-in. CDR tools to the 6.5-in. tool in cate the correction. The input parameter, t, in g/cm2, is calculated
10-lbm/gal mud. from
The corrections illustrated by this chart are routinely applied
Wm
t= (d 3.5 ST)
8.345 hole
where ST varies with tool size as follows:
Tool size (in.) ST

6.5 2.125
6.75 2.031
8.0 3.156
8.25 2.656
9.5 3.937
2-4
Schlumberger
Gamma Ray Corrections for Barite Mud in Small Boreholes

GR-2
1.2
GR 1.0
ed
ter
cen
l,
0.8 too
6-
in.
11 1
1
Bmud 0.6 ed
nter
l , ecce
. too
6-in
0.4 111 1
ered
o l , cent
in . to
33 8-
0.2 d
centere
tool, ec
33 8-in.
0.0
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Mud weight (lbm/gal)
1.2
1.0
0.8
l
too
Fbh 0.6
in.
8-
33
l
oo
.t
0.4
-in
16
1 11
0.2
0.0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
dh dsonde (in.)
Schlumberger
These charts correct for the barite mud effect in hole sizes Example: With the same conditions shown in the example on
smaller and larger than the 8-in. standard. In these cases, the Chart GR-1 except for a 6-in. hole, t = 4.8 g/cm2,
correction factor from Chart GR-1 is multiplied by the borehole resulting in a correction factor of 0.95. Using Chart
correction factor 1 + Bmud Fbh. GR-2, Bmud = 0.15 and Fbh = 0.81 for a borehole cor-
rection of 1.12 and a revised correction factor of 1.06.
The corrected GR = 38 API units.
2-2
Schlumberger
Rweq Determination from ESSP

SP-1
Clean formations
This chart and nomograph calculate the equivalent forma- Example: SSP = 100 mV at 250F
tion water resistivity, R weq, from the static spontaneous R mf = 0.70 ohm-m at 100F
potential, E SSP, measurement in clean formations. or 0.33 ohm-m at 250F
Enter the nomograph with ESSP in mV, turning through
Therefore, R mfeq = 0.85 0.33
the reservoir temperature in F or C to define the
= 0.28 ohm-m at 250F
R mfeq /R weq ratio. From this value, pass through the R mfeq
value to define R weq. R weq = 0.025 ohm-m at 250F Rweq
For predominantly NaCl muds, determine R mfeq as E SSP = K c log(R mfeq /R weq ) (ohm-m) SP
follows: K C = 61 + 0.133 TF 0.001
a. If R mf at 75F (24C) is greater than 0.1 ohm-m, K C = 65 + 0.24 TC
correct R mf to formation temperature using Chart
Gen-9, and use R mfeq = 0.85 R mf.
b. If R mf at 75F (24C) is less than 0.1 ohm-m, use
Chart SP-2 to derive a value of R mfeq at formation
temperature.
Rmfeq /Rweq 0.005

0.3 0.3
0.4 0.4
0.5 Rmfeq 0.01
0.6 0.6 (ohm-m)
0.01
0.8 0.8
1 1 0.02 0.02
0.04
0.06
2 2
0.1
aw /amf or Rmfe /Rwe
0.05
3 0.2
4 4
0.4
5 0.6 0.1
6 6
1
8 8
10 10 2 0.2
4
25 00 C
6
0
C
2
20 20
10
15
50
C
Formation 0.5
10
0
50
0
0C
temperature
F
40 0F
30
C
20
0
30
0C
F
100
40 40
00
40
F
F
50 1.0
60
+50 0 50 100 150 200
100
ESSP, static spontaneous potential (mV)
2.0
Schlumberger
2-5
Schlumberger
Rw versus Rweq and Formation Temperature

SP-2
(English)
0.001
500F
400F
0.002 300F
SP 200F
150F
0.005
100F
75F
0.01
Saturation
0.02
R weq or R mfeq (ohm-m)
0.05
0.1
0.2
500
F
400
F
0.5 300
F
200
F
150
N
F
aC
1.0 100
la

75 F
t7
F
5
F
2.0
0.005 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.05 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.5 1.0 2 3 4 5
R w or Rmf (ohm-m)
Schlumberger
These charts convert equivalent water resistivity, R weq , from Example: R weq = 0.025 ohm-m at 120C
Chart SP-1 to actual water resistivity, R w. They may also be used From chart, R w = 0.031 ohm-m at 120C
to convert R mf to R mfeq in saline muds.
Use the solid lines for predominantly NaCl waters. The Special procedures for muds containing Ca or Mg in solution
dashed lines are approximate for average fresh formation are discussed in Reference 3. Lime-base muds usually have a
waters (where effects of salts other than NaCl become signifi- negligible amount of Ca in solution; they may be treated as
cant). The dashed portions may also be used for gyp-base mud regular mud types.
filtrates.
2-6
Schlumberger

SP-2m
(Metric)
0.001
250C
200C
0.002 150C
100C
SP
75C
0.005
50C
25C
0.01
Saturation
0.02
0.05
0.1
0.2
250
C
200
C
0.5 150
C
100

75 C
C
N
50
aC
1.0 C
la
25
t2
C
5
C
2.0
0.005 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.05 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.5 1.0 2 3 4 5
R w or Rmf (ohm-m)
Schlumberger
2-7
Schlumberger
SP Correction Charts
SP-3
For representative cases
No invasion Invasion, di /dh = 5

R xo = 0.2 R t R xo = R t R xo = 5 R t
Rs 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
=1 1
Rm 52 0.5
10 0.5 21
0.8 0.8 0.1 0.8 1 0.8 5
0.2 2
SP 20
5 10
ESP /ESPcor
0.6 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.6

10 20
1
50 2 20
0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4
50
5
100 50
10
0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 100
200 20
100
50 200
200
R t /Rm Rxo /Rm 100 Rxo /Rm Rxo /Rm
40 30 20 15 10 7.5 5 40 30 20 15 10 7.5 5 40 30 20 15 10 7.5 5 40 30 20 15 10 7.5 5

h/dh h/dh
Rs 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
=5 2 0.5
1
Rm 5
0.2 1 2
10 2 5
0.8 0.8 0.5 0.8 0.8
5 10
20 1
2 10
20
ESP /ESPcor
0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6

20
50
5
0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 50
10 50
100
20 100
0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2
200 100 200
50
200 500
500 100
R t /Rm Rxo /Rm 200 Rxo /Rm 500 Rxo /Rm
40 30 20 15 10 7.5 5 40 30 20 15 10 7.5 5 40 30 20 15 10 7.5 5 40 30 20 15 10 7.5 5

h/dh h/dh
Rs 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
= 20 2 1 5
2
Rm 5 2
10 1 5 10
0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 20
20 2
10
5 20
ESP /ESPcor
0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 50

50
10
50
0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 100
100 20
100 200
0.2 200 0.2 50 0.2 0.2
100 200
500
500 200 500
R t /Rm 1000 Rxo /Rm 500 Rxo /Rm Rxo /Rm 1000
1000
40 30 20 15 10 7.5 5 40 30 20 15 10 7.5 5 40 30 20 15 10 7.5 5 40 30 20 15 10 7.5 5
h/dh h/dh
Schlumberger
1. Select row of charts for most appropriate value of R s /R m . 4. Go vertically up to curve for appropriate R t /Rm (for no
2. Select chart for No Invasion or for Invasion of d i /d h = 5, invasion) or R xo /R m (for invaded cases), interpolating
whichever is appropriate. between curves if necessary.
3. Enter abscissa with value of h/d h (ratio of bed thickness to 5. Read E SP/ESPcor in ordinate scale. Calculate E SPcor =
hole diameter). E SP/(ESP/E SPcor). (ESP is SP from log.)
For more detail on SP corrections, see References 4 and 33.
2-8
Schlumberger
SP Correction Chart (Empirical)

SP-4
(English)
8-in. hole; 338 -in. tool, centered

100 1.0
di (in.)
20
90 SP
30
30
Ri
30
30
Rm
35
80
35
30
40
5
70
40
1.5
Correction factor
% ESSP
60
50 20 2.0
40 50 2.5
3.0
30 100 3.5
4.0
20 5.0
200
70 50 40 30 20 15 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3
Bed thickness, h (ft)

Schlumberger
This chart provides an empirical correction to the SP for the Enter the chart with bed thickness, h; go to the appropriate
effects of invasion and bed thickness obtained by averaging invasion diameter, d i, and invaded zone resistivity/mud resis-
a series of thin-bed corrections in Reference 37. This chart tivity ratio, R i / R m. The recorded SP measurement is then
considers only h, bed thickness, as variable, and R i /R m and d i as corrected by the resulting correction factor.
parameters of fixed value. Hole diameter is set at 8 in. Continued on next page
2-9
Schlumberger
SP Correction Chart (Empirical)

SP-4m
(Metric)
200-mm hole; 86-mm tool, centered

100 1.0
di (m)
0.5
90
SP
0.
Ri
75
0.
0.
Rm
75
75
80
0.7
0.8
5
0.7
0.8
5
5
8
1.0
70
1.0
1.5
Correction factor
% ESSP
60
50 20 2.0
40 2.5
50
3.0
30
100 3.5
4.0
20 5.0
200
20 15 10 5 3 2 1
Bed thickness, h (m)
Schlumberger
Example: SP = 80 mV in a 3-m bed Therefore, R i /R m = 10/0.5 = 20

R m = 0.5 ohm-m, and R i (invaded zone resistivity) = SP correction factor = 1.1
10 ohm-m (both at formation temperature) Corrected SP, E SSP = 80 (1.1) = 88 mV
Invasion diameter = 0.80 m
2-10
Porosity
Schlumberger
LWD Neutron Porosity Equivalence Curves

Por-25
8-in. CDN* Compensated Density Neutron tool
40
35
, true porosity for indicated matrix material
30
ne
Por sto )
25 a nd
one
s t
tz es
uar (lim
Q te
20 alci ite
C lom
Do
15
10
0
5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
CDNcor, apparent limestone porosity (p.u.)
Schlumberger
3-12
Porosity
Schlumberger
Thermal Neutron Porosity Equivalence Curves

Por-13b
CNL* Compensated Neutron Log; TNPH and NPHI porosity logs
40
Formation salinity
0 kppm
250 kppm TNPH

NPHI
30
Por
e
on
20 )
st ne
nd
o
st
sa
e
m
rtz
( li it e
ua
ci
te lom
Do
Q
l
a
C
10
0
0 10 20 30 40
CNLcor, apparent limestone neutron porosity (p.u.)
Schlumberger
Chart Por-13b can be used in the same way as Chart Por-13a, Example: Quartz sandstone formation
on the previous page, to convert CNL porosity logs (TNPH or TNPH = 18 p.u. (apparent limestone porosity)
NPHI) from one lithology to another. If a log is recorded in lime-
Formation salinity = 250 kppm
stone porosity units in a pure quartz sandstone formation, the
true porosity can be derived. giving True porosity in sandstone = 24 p.u.
3-10
Porosity
Schlumberger
Formation Resistivity Factor Versus Porosity

Por-1
50 2.5 5 10 20 50 100 200 500 1000 2000 5000 10,000
40
30
25
20
15 Por
1
FR =
2 1
10 m FR =
, porosity (p.u.)
9 m
8
7 Vugs or
spherical pores 2.8
6
5 0.62
FR = 2.5
2.15
4 Fractures
3 2.2
1.8
2.0
2
0.81
FR = 1.6
2
1.4
1
2.5 5 10 20 50 100 200 500 1000 2000 5000 10,000
FR, formation resistivity factor

Schlumberger
This chart gives a variety of formation resistivity factor-to- Example: = 6% in a carbonate in which a cementation factor,
porosity conversions. The proper choice is best determined by m, of 2 is appropriate
laboratory measurement or experience in the area. In the absence Therefore, from chart,
of this knowledge, recommended relationships are the following:
FR = 280
For soft formations (Humble formula):
0.62 0.81
FR = , or F R = 2 .
2.15

For hard formations:
1
FR = ,
m
with appropriate cementation factor, m.
3-1
Porosity
Schlumberger
Isolated and Fracture Porosity

Por-1a
3.0
12.5
10.0
7.5
Isolated pores
5.0
2.5
2.5 2.0
1.5
m, cementation exponent
1.0
Por iso = 0.5
2.0
0.1
fr =
0.2
Fractures
0.5
1.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
5.0 .0
10
1.0
0.5 0.8 1 2 4 6 8 10 20 30 40 50
, porosity
Schlumberger
Chart Por-1a is based on a simplified model that assumes there formations, the apparent m obtained from a microresistivity
is no contribution to formation conductivity from vugs and measurement assumes total flushing and provides an upper limit
moldic porosity, and that the cementation exponent, m, of for the amount of fracture porosity in the rock.
fractures is 1.0. Entering the chart with the porosity, , and cementation expo-
When the pores of a porous formation have an aspect ratio nent, m, gives an estimate of either iso, the amount of isolated
close to 1 (e.g., vugs or moldic porosity), the cementation expo- porosity, or fr , the porosity resulting from fractures.
nent, m, of the formation will usually be greater than 2, while
fractured formations generally have a cementation exponent less Example: = 10 p.u.
than 2. m = 2.5
If a value of m is available (from the interpretation of a Therefore, iso = 4.5 p.u.
log suite including a microresistivity measurement, such as a
and intergranular porosity = 10 4.5 = 5.5 p.u.
MicroSFL* log, and a dielectric measurement, such as an EPT*
log, for example), Chart Por-1a can be used to estimate how See Reference 39 for more information about the use of this
much of the measured porosity is isolated porosity. In fractured chart, and Reference 40 for a discussion of spherical pores.
3-2
Porosity
Schlumberger
Porosity Evaluation from Sonic

Por-3
(English)
vf = 5300 ft/sec
50 50
Time average
Field observation
1.1
40 40
Por
1.2
1.3
) 1.4
ne
sto ne
30
m
e
dsto 1.5 30
( li n
ite
sa
, porosity (p.u.)
, porosity (p.u.)
m
it e
tr z 1.6
lo
lc
ua
Do
Ca
Q Bcp
20 20
vma(ft/sec)
23 ,000
19 ,00 0
26
21 ,00
18 ,50 0
,00 0
0
10 10
0 0
30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130
t , interval transit time (sec/ft)
Schlumberger
These two charts (Por-3) convert sonic log interval transit time, For rock mixtures such as limy sandstones or cherty
t , into porosity, . Two sets of curves are shown. The blue set dolomites, intermediate matrix lines may be required. When
employs a weighted-average transform. The red set is based on using the weighted-average transform in unconsolidated sand,
empirical observation (see Reference 20). For both, the saturat- a lack-of-compaction correction, Bcp , must be made. To accom-
ing fluid is assumed to be water with a velocity of 5300 ft/sec plish this, enter the chart with the interval transit time; go to the
(1615 m/sec). appropriate compaction correction line, and read the porosity on
To use, enter the chart with the interval transit time from the the ordinate. If the compaction correction is unknown, it can be
sonic log. Go to the appropriate matrix velocity or lithology determined by working backward from a nearby clean water
curve and read the porosity on the ordinate. sand whose porosity is known.
Continued on next page
3-3
Porosity
Schlumberger
Porosity Evaluation from Sonic

Por-3m
(Metric)
vf = 1615 m/sec
50 50
Time average
Field observation
1.1
40 40
Por
1.2
1.3
ite
om ne
1.4
to
l
Do
e
30 l c it nd
s 1.5 30
Ca sa
, porosity (p.u.)
, porosity (p.u.)
r tz 1.6
ua
Q
Bcp
e
ton
ds
20 20
e san
art ent ite ite
ton tz
Qu em Calc lom
ds ar
vma (ft/sec)
an qu
Do
z s ed
00
80
59 40 0 0
C
70
0
10 10
6
50
00
55
0 0
100 150 200 250 300 350 400
t, interval transit time (sec/m)
Schlumberger
Example: t = 76 sec/ft [249 sec/m] Lithology vma (ft/sec) t ma (sec/ft) vma (m/sec) t ma (sec/m)
vma = 19,500 ft/sec [5950 m/sec]sandstone Sandstones 18,00019,500 55.551.3 54865944 182168
Therefore, = 18% Limestones 21,00023,000 47.643.5 64007010 156143
(by either weighted average or empirical transform) Dolomites 23,00026,000 43.538.5 70107925 143126
For more information see References 18, 19 and 20.
3-4
Porosity
Schlumberger
Environmental Corrections to Formation Density Log,

Por-15a
Litho-Density* Log and Sidewall Neutron Porosity Log
Under some circumstances, the FDC* Compensated Formation Density Example: d h = 12 in.
log and Litho-Density log must be corrected for borehole size, and the b = 2.20 g/cm3 (mud-filled borehole)
SNP sidewall neutron log must be corrected for mudcake thickness.
Therefore, correction = 0.02 g/cm3
These charts provide those corrections.
For the FDC log, enter the chart with borehole diameter, d h. Go to bcor = 2.20 + 0.02 = 2.22 g/cm3
the apparent formation density, b (FDC log density reading), and read,
For the LDT log, enter the chart abscissa with the
in ordinate, the correction to be added to the FDC log density reading.
product of the borehole diameter, d h, less 8 in. [200 mm]
and the LDT density reading, b , less mud density, m .
FDC Borehole Correction Read, in ordinate, the correction to be added to the Litho-
d h, borehole diameter (mm) Density bulk density reading.
Por
150
225 250 275 300 325 350 375 Example: d h = 325 mm
0.06
2.6 b = 2.45 g/cm3
0.05 Gas-filled holes 2.4
m = 1.05 g/cm3
g/cm3 to be added
2.2
to FDC density
0.04
2.6 giving (d h 200)(b m ) =
2.4
0.03 2.2 (325 200)(2.45 1.05) = 175
0.02 Therefore, correction = 0.014 g/cm3
Apparent
0.01 Mud-filled holes formation bcor = 2.45 + 0.014 = 2.464 g/cm3
density
Note: If the borehole diameter from the FDC or LDT
10 11 12 13 14 15 caliper is less than bit size, use the bit size in the above
69
d h, borehole diameter (in.) charts.
For the SNP log, enter the bottom of the chart with the
Litho-Density Borehole Correction SNP apparent porosity, SNP; go vertically to the bit size
minus caliper reading value; then, follow the diagonal
(d h 200)(b m) in metric units
curves to the top edge of the chart to obtain the corrected
125 0 125 250 375 500 625 SNP apparent porosity.
0.04
0.03 Example: SNP = 13 p.u.
g/cm3 to be added
Caliper = 7 5 8 in.
to LDT density
0.02
0.01 Bit size = 7 7 8 in.
0 giving Bit size caliper = 7 7 8 7 3 8 = 14 in.
0.01 Therefore, SNPcor = 11.3 p.u.
0.02 Note: The full borehole diameter reduction shown on the
0.03 SNP caliper is used as mudcake thickness, since the SNP
5 0 5 10 15 20 25 backup shoe usually cuts through the mudcake.
(d h 8)(b m) in English units
SNP Mudcake Correction

0
14
(in.)
Mudcake thickness
1 2
caliper reading)
(bit size minus
34
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
SNPcor (p.u.)
0
(mm)
10
20
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
*Mark of Schlumberger SNP (p.u.)
Schlumberger
3-6
Porosity
Schlumberger
Formation Density Log Determination of Porosity

Por-5
f 1.0 0.9 0.8
1.1
1.2
)
ite
40
o m
ol
)
ne
(d
sto
87
)
ite
2.
nd
c
83
al
=
sa
2. 1 (c
2.
a
m
rtz
=

7
Por
ua
a
2.
68
m

(q
=
30
65
a
=
m

2.
a
m

= a
m

, porosity, (p.u.)
ma b
20 =
ma f
10
0
2.8 2.6 2.4 2.2 2.0
2.31
b, bulk density (g/cm3)
Schlumberger
Bulk density, b , as recorded with the FDC* Compensated Example: b = 2.31 g/cm3 in limestone lithology
Formation Density or Litho-Density* logs, is converted to poros- ma = 2.71 (calcite)
ity with this chart. To use, enter bulk density, corrected for bore-
f = 1.1 (salt mud)
hole size, in abscissa; go to the appropriate reservoir rock type
and read porosity on the appropriate fluid density, f , scale in Therefore, D = 25 p.u.
ordinate. (f is the density of the fluid saturating the rock imme-
diately surrounding the boreholeusually mud filtrate.)
3-5
Porosity
Schlumberger
Environmental Corrections to FGT Density Log

Por-15b
FGT borehole correction
Mud density (g/cm3) d h, borehole diameter (mm)

2.15 1.9 1.65 1.4
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
0.01 Apparent
0.01
0.02 0.01 formation
0.03 0.02 density
0.01
0.04 0.03 0.02 2.0
g/cm3 to be subtracted
from FGT density
0.05 0.04 0.03 0.02

0.06 2.25 Por
0.05
0.04
0.07 0.03
0.06
0.05
0.08 0.07 0.04
0.09 0.06 2.5

0.08
0.05
0.07
0.10
0.09 0.06 2.75
0.08
18 16 14 12 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Mud weight (lbm/gal) d h, borehole diameter (in.)
Schlumberger
Borehole corrections of the slimhole 2 34-in. FGT formation density and read in ordinate, as a function of mud weight,
density log can be made automatically by the logging unit. To the correction to be subtracted from the FGT log bulk density
determine if corrections have been made, refer to the log. reading.
ALLO (for allowed) following the constant MWCO indi-
cates the FGT log was recorded with borehole correction. Example: b = 2.53 g/cm3
DISA (for disallowed) indicates that no borehole corrections d h = 260 mm
were made. Mud density = 1.65 g/cm3
In case the FGT log was recorded without automatic borehole Therefore, correction = 0.040 g/cm3
correction, this chart provides the correction. Enter the chart
abscissa with borehole diameter. Go to the apparent formation bcor = 2.53 0.040 = 2.49 g/cm3
3-7
Porosity
Schlumberger
Dual-Spacing CNL* Compensated Neutron Log Charts
This section contains interpretation charts to cover the latest Using the neutron correction charts
developments in CNL Compensated Neutron Log porosity trans- For logs labeled NPHI:
forms, environmental corrections, and porosity and lithology
determination. 1. Enter Chart Por-14e with NPHI and caliper reading to convert
CSU software (versions CP-30 and later) and MAXIS* to uncorrected neutron porosity.
software compute three thermal porosities: NPHI, TNPH and 2. Enter Charts Por-14c and -14d to obtain corrections for each
NPOR. environmental effect. Corrections are summed with the uncor-
NPHI is our classic NPHI, computed from instantaneous rected porosity to give a corrected value.
near and far count rates, using Mod-8 ratio-to-porosity trans- 3. Enter corrected porosity in Chart Por-13b for conversion to
form with a caliper correction. sandstone or dolomite.
Por TNPH is computed from deadtime-corrected, depth- and
resolution-matched count rates, using an improved ratio-to- 4. Use Crossplots CP-1e, -1f, -2c and -2cm for porosity and
porosity transform and performing a complete set of environ- lithology determination.
mental corrections in real time. These corrections may be turned For logs labeled TNPH or NPOR, the CSU/MAXIS software
on or off by the field engineer at the wellsite. For more informa- has applied environmental corrections as indicated on the log
tion see Reference 32. heading. Refer to Charts Por-14c and -14d to gain an apprecia-
NPOR is computed from the near-detector count rate and tion for the relative importance of each correction prior to using
TNPH to give an enhanced resolution porosity. The accuracy of crossplot charts. If the CSU/MAXIS software has applied all
NPOR is equivalent to the accuracy of TNPH if the environmen- corrections, TNPH or NPOR can be used directly with the cross-
tal effects on the near detector change less rapidly than the for- plot charts. In this case, follow these steps:
mation porosity. For more information on enhanced resolution
processing, see Reference 35. 1. Enter TNPH or NPOR in Chart Por-13b for conversion
Cased hole CNL logs are recorded on NPHI, computed from to sandstone or dolomite.
instantaneous near and far count rates, with a cased hole ratio-to- 2. Use Crossplots CP-1e, -1f, -2c and -2cm to determine
porosity transform. Chart Por-14a should be used for environ- porosity and lithology.
mental corrections.
3-8
Porosity
Schlumberger
Epithermal Neutron Porosity Equivalence Curves

Por-13a
Sidewall Neutron Porosity (SNP) log;
Accelerator Porosity Sonde (APS) Near-to-Array (APLC) and Near-to-Far (FPLC) logs
40
30
Por
e
on
st
nd ne
)
20
sa
sto
rtz
e
ua
m
(li
Q
te
ci
al ite
C m
lo
Do
10
APLC
FPLC
SNP
0
0 10 20 30 40
SNPcor, apparent limestone neutron porosity (p.u.)

APScor, apparent limestone neutron porosity (p.u.)
Schlumberger
When the APS or SNP log is recorded in limestone porosity Example: Sandstone bed
units, this chart is used to find porosity in sandstones or dolo- SNP = 13 p.u. (apparent limestone porosity)
mites. First, correct the SNP log for mudcake thickness (Chart
Bit size = 7 7 8 in.
Por-15a).
This chart can also be used to find apparent limestone SNP caliper = 7 5 8 in.
porosity (needed for entering the various CP crossplot charts) if giving hmc = 14 in.
the APS or SNP recording is in sandstone or dolomite porosity SNP = 11.3 p.u. (corrected for mudcake)
units.
and SNP (sandstone) = 14.5 p.u.
3-9
Porosity
Schlumberger
Thermal Neutron Porosity Equivalence Curves

Por-13b
CNL* Compensated Neutron Log; TNPH and NPHI porosity logs
40
Formation salinity
0 kppm
250 kppm TNPH

NPHI
30
Por
e
on
20 )
st ne
nd
o
st
sa
e
m
rtz
( li it e
ua
ci
te lom
Do
Q
l
a
C
10
0
0 10 20 30 40
CNLcor, apparent limestone neutron porosity (p.u.)
Schlumberger
Chart Por-13b can be used in the same way as Chart Por-13a, Example: Quartz sandstone formation
on the previous page, to convert CNL porosity logs (TNPH or TNPH = 18 p.u. (apparent limestone porosity)
NPHI) from one lithology to another. If a log is recorded in lime-
stone porosity units in a pure quartz sandstone formation, the
true porosity can be derived. giving True porosity in sandstone = 24 p.u.
3-10
Porosity
Schlumberger

Por-21
6.5-in. CDN* Compensated Density Neutron and 6.75-in. ADN* Azimuthal Density Neutron tools
40
35
30
e
on
dst )
25 sa
n
one Por
t
rtz es
ua ( lim
Q te
lci te
20 Ca lo mi
Do
15
10
0
5 0 10 20 30 40
Schlumberger
3-11
Porosity
Schlumberger

Por-25
8-in. CDN* Compensated Density Neutron tool
40
35
30
ne
Por sto )
25 a nd
one
s t
tz es
uar (lim
Q te
20 alci ite
C lom
Do
15
10
0
5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Schlumberger
3-12
Porosity
Schlumberger

Por-27
6.75-in. ADN* Azimuthal Density Neutron tool
40
35
30
ne
s to Por
25 d )
san one
t
ar
tz es
u (lim
Q te
lci te
20
a lo mi
C
Do
15
10
0
5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
ADNcor, apparent limestone porosity (p.u.)
Schlumberger
3-13
Porosity
Schlumberger
Dual-Spacing CNL* Compensated Neutron Log

Environmental Corrections for Cased Hole
The nomographs of Charts Por-14 provide environmental correc- Example: CNL = 27 p.u. (matrix corrected)
tions for the CNL Compensated Neutron Log when run in cased Borehole size = 10 in.
hole or openhole. Before using the nomographs, CNL log values
Casing thickness = 0.255 in.
must be corrected for matrix effect (Chart Por-13b).
Cement thickness = 1.4 in.
Cased hole (Chart Por-14a) giving = 1.0 + 0.3 + 0.5 + . . .
For cased hole logs, enter the appropriate Chart Por-14a with the
matrix-corrected CNL reading; draw a vertical line through the This provides casing, cement and borehole corrections for the
chart blocks. Find the corrections, relative to the reference lines cased hole CNL log. Continue to Chart Por-14c for salinity,
Por (dashed lines indicated with asterisks), for each block. Then, go borehole fluid, pressure and temperature corrections.
to Chart Por-14c, and starting with the borehole salinity block,
continue through the remaining blocks. Algebraically sum all the *Mark of Schlumberger
corrections to obtain the correction to the CNL reading.
3-14
Porosity
Schlumberger

Por-14a
Correction Nomograph for Cased Hole
English
0 10 20 30 40 50
Neutron log porosity index
4
6
Diameter of borehole 8 3
before running casing 10 8 4 in.
(in.) 12
14
Casing thickness (in.) 16
9.5 0.2 1.0
14 Por
11.6 20 29
Casing 13.5 17 0.3
weight
15.1
20 26
0.304 in.
(lbm/ft) 23 40 0.4
32 47
0.5
412 512 7 958 +0.3
OD (in.) 0
Cement thickness 1
(in.) 2 1.62 in.
3
+0.5
Net correction = 1.0 + 0.3 + 0.5 +
Metric
0 10 20 30 40 50
100
Diameter of borehole 200
before running casing 222 mm
(mm) 300
Casing thickness (mm) 400

14 5
17 21.0 30
43 7
Casing 20 25.5
weight
23
30.0 39 9
7.7 mm
(kg/m) 34.5 60
48 70 11
13
114 140 178 245
OD (mm) 0
Cement thickness 25
(mm) 50 41 mm
75
0 10 20 30 40 50
Neutron porosity equivalence

0 10 20 30 40 50
Calcite (limestone)
0 10 20 30 40 50
Quartz sandstone
0 10 20 30
Dolomite
Schlumberger Reference lines indicated by bullets
3-15
Porosity
Schlumberger

Correction Nomograph for Openhole
The CNL tool is normally run with only a caliper correction of the nomograph and project a line to the right. Then, follow the
applied. Refer to the CNL log heading to determine whether the trend lines from the intersection of the uncorrected porosity read-
log was run with or without automatic caliper correction. To use ing and the environmental parameter to the intersection of the
Charts Por-14c and -14d, this borehole correction must be trend line and the standard condition (for example, for the bore-
removed. hole size correction, the trend line would be followed downward
The way the automatic borehole correction is backed from 12 in. and 34 p.u. to intersect the 8-in. line at 32 p.u.).
out depends on whether the NPHI or TNPH and NPOR curves The porosity reading where the trend line intersects the stan-
are used. With NPHI, the correction is backed out with Chart dard conditions is the corrected porosity considering only that
Por-14e. For TNPH or NPOR, follow these steps: effect; the difference between the corrected and uncorrected
porosity values, or , represents the magnitude of the correc-
Por 1. Enter the top block of Chart Por-14c or -14d, labeled actual tion for each environmental effect. Since several environmental
borehole size, with the matrix-corrected CNL porosity. effects are usually made, a net correction to the uncorrected log
2. Go to the 8-in. standard condition borehole size indicated by reading is computed by summing the individual s for all
the bullet (). effects. Once the net correction has been determined, it is added
3. Follow the trend lines to the borehole size used to correct the to the uncorrected log value to obtain the environmentally cor-
logusually the caliper reading. This value is the uncorrected rected neutron porosity in apparent limestone units.
TNPH value, which should be used to determine the rest of For the conditions listed above, the corrections are
the environmental corrections.
Example: Assume TNPH on the log was 32 p.u. (apparent Borehole size 2 34 p.u.
limestone units) in a 12-in. borehole. This gives an
Mudcake thickness 0
uncorrected TNPH of 34 p.u.
Borehole salinity +1
The rest of the example assumes the following:
Mud weight +11 2
Uncorrected neutron porosity = 34 p.u.
(apparent limestone units) Borehole temperature +4
12-in. borehole Pressure 1
1
4-in. thick mudcake Formation salinity 3
100-kppm borehole salinity Standoff 2
11-lbm/gal mud weight (natural mud) Net correction 2 14
150F borehole temperature
Corrected porosity 34 p.u. 2 14 p.u. = 31 34 p.u.
5-kpsi pressure (water-base mud) (apparent limestone units)
100-kppm formation salinity The oil mud curves in the pressure correction panel are
1
2-in. standoff appropriate for liquid components whose compressibility is four
times that of water. The correction for other cases can be
Enter Charts Por-14c, -14cm, -14d and -14dm at the top with
obtained by multiplying the WBM correction by the ratio of the
the uncorrected log reading in apparent limestone units, and
OBM/WBM compressibilities.
project a line downward through all the correction nomographs.
For each correction, enter the environmental parameter at the left
3-16
Porosity
Schlumberger

Por-14c
Correction Nomograph for Openhole (English)
For CNL curves without environmental corrections
Neutron log porosity index (apparent limestone porosity)

0 10 20 30 40 50
24
20
Actual borehole size 16
(in.) 12
8
4
1.0 Por
Mudcake thickness
(in.) 0.5
0.0
250
Borehole salinity
(kppm)
0
13
12
Natural
11
10
9
Mud weight
8
(lbm/gal) 18
16
Barite
14
12
10
8

300
Borehole temperature
(F)
50
25
Pressure
(kpsi)
Water-base mud
Oil mud 0
250
Limestone
formation salinity
(kppm)
0
0 10 20 30 40 50
*Mark of Schlumberger Standard conditions

Schlumberger
3-17
Porosity
Schlumberger

Por-14cm
Correction Nomograph for Openhole (Metric)

0 10 20 30 40 50
600
500
Actual borehole size 400
(mm) 300
200
100
Por 25
Mudcake thickness
12.5
(mm)
0.0
250
Borehole salinity
(g/kg)
0
1.5
Natural
Mud density 1.0

(g/cm3) 2.0
Barite
1.0
149
121
Borehole temperature 93
(C) 66
38
10
Pressure 172
138
(MPa) 103
Water-base mud 69
Oil mud 34
0
250
Limestone
formation salinity
(g/kg)
0
0 10 20 30 40 50
Standard conditions
Schlumberger
3-18
Porosity
Schlumberger

Por-14d
Standoff Correction Nomograph for Openhole (English)
0 10 20 30 40 50
Actual borehole size
1
6 in.
0
2
8 in. 1
Por
0
3
2
10 in.
1
0
4
3
12 in. 2
1
0
Standoff (in.)
7
6
5
18 in. 4
3
2
1
0
10
9
8
7
6
24 in.
5
4
3
2
1
0
0 10 20 30 40 50
Standard conditions
Schlumberger
3-19
Porosity
Schlumberger

Por-14dm
Standoff Correction Nomograph for Openhole (Metric)
0 10 20 30 40 50
Actual borehole size
25
150 mm
0
50
Por 200 mm 25
0
75
50
250 mm
25
0
100
75
300 mm 50
25
0
Standoff (mm)
175
150
125
450 mm 100
75
50
25
0
250
225
200
175
150
600 mm
125
100
75
50
25
0
0 10 20 30 40 50
Standard conditions
Schlumberger
3-20
Porosity
Schlumberger

Por-14e
NPHI-TNPH Conversion Nomograph for Openhole
NPHI porosity index (apparent limestone porosity)
5 0 10 20 30 40 50
24
20
Borehole size 16
(in.) 12
8
4
Por
0 10 20 30 40 50
TNPH porosity index (apparent limestone porosity)

Schlumberger
Example: NPHI = 12.5 p.u. If NPHI is recorded in units other than limestone units, it
Caliper = 16 in. must be converted using Chart Por-13 before it can be used in
this chart. The NPHI scale is for use with logs recorded after
Enter the chart from the top at 12.5 p.u.; drop down to 7 7 8-in. January 1976.
hole size, labeled with a bullet () for standard conditions.
Follow the trend lines upward to 16 in. From that point drop
straight down to the TNPH scale and read the uncorrected
TNPH = 17.25 p.u.
3-21
Porosity
Schlumberger
Accelerator Porosity Sonde (APS) Corrections

Openhole APLU and FPLU logs
Epithermal neutron detection with borehole-shielded detectors The nomograph for formation temperature, pressure and for-
considerably reduces the environmental effects on the APS mation salinity correction of both APLU and FPLU curves
response and simplifies their correction. appears in Chart Por-23b. The formation salinity correction is
The near-to-array porosity measurement (APLU in apparent dependent on the amount of salt (NaCl) in the formation. This is
limestone porosity units) and the near-to-far porosity measure- a function of both the salinity of fluid in the formation and its
ment (FPLU in apparent limestone porosity units) require volume. The last part of the nomograph, therefore, applies to the
different mud weight and borehole size corrections, so there are correction a multiplier proportional to the true porosity of the
individual sets of correction nomographs for each measurement. formation.
Formation temperature, pressure and salinity effects are, how- Standoff between the APS detectors and the formation is
ever, the same on each measurement, so there is only one set computed from measurements acquired while logging. This real-
Por of nomographs for these corrections. time standoff measurement allows realistic standoff corrections
Chart Por-23a includes corrections for mud weight and bore- to be made to the porosity measurements for the first time.
hole size for near-to-array and near-to-far porosity measurements The standoff correction is automatically applied during acqui-
in both English and metric units. sition but is difficult to represent accurately on two-dimensional
The borehole size correction is slightly mudweight depen- charts. No standoff correction charts are currently available, so
dent, even with natural muds, so there are two sets of splines the automatic correction should be used.
solid lines for light muds (8.345 lbm/gal) and dashed lines for Continued on next page
heavy muds (16 lbm/gal). Intermediate mud weights can be
interpolated.
3-22
Porosity
Schlumberger
Openhole APS Corrections for Mud Weight and Borehole Size

Por-23a
For APLU and FPLU curves without environmental correction
APS near-to-array apparent limestone porosity uncorrected (APLU)
0 10 20 30 40 50
18
16 2.0
(lbm/gal)
1.8
(g/cm3)
14 1.6
Mud weight 12 1.4
10 1.2
8 1.0 Por
16 400
14 350
(mm)
12 300
(in.)
Actual
borehole size 10 250
8 200
6
APS near-to-far apparent limestone porosity uncorrected (FPLU)

18
16 2.0
(lbm/gal)
1.8
(g/cm3)
14 1.6
Mud weight 12 1.4
10 1.2
8 1.0
16 400
14 350
(mm)
12 300
(in.)
Actual
borehole size 10 250
8 200
6
0 10 20 30 40 50
Schlumberger
Charts Por-23a and -23b are used to apply environmental correction). At this point, you will have moved to the left
corrections to APLU and FPLU measurements. (minus) or the right (plus) by a distance readable on the porosity
Enter at the top of each nomograph on Chart Por-23a with the scale. Make a note of this correction, , to be applied to the
relevant uncorrected log reading in apparent limestone units and uncorrected log reading for that environmental effect.
project a line down through the nomographs. For each correction Since several small corrections are usually made for different
to be applied, enter the environmental parameter at the left of the environmental effects, including mud weight and borehole size
nomograph if using English units or at the right if using metric using Chart Por-23a, and formation temperature, pressure and
units. Draw a horizontal line to meet the uncorrected log reading, formation salinity using Chart Por 23b, the small corrections,
then follow the direction of the trend lines downward to meet , for each relevant environmental effect are added together.
the standard condition (for example, 8 in. for the borehole size Continued on next page
3-23
Porosity
Schlumberger
Openhole APS Corrections for Temperature,

Por-23b
Pressure and Formation Salinity
For APLU and FPLU curves without environmental corrections
12 12
11 Pressure 11
(psi) (MPa)
10 0 0
10
9 2500 9
Porosity correction (p.u.)
Porosity correction (p.u.)

5000 34
8 7500 8
10,000 69
7 12,500 7
15,000 103
6 17,500 6
20,000 138
Por 5 5
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
0 0
1 1
(F) 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 50 150 250 50 30 10 0
(C) 10 38 66 93 121 149 177
Formation salinity Formation porosity
Formation temperature (ppk or g/kg) (p.u.)
Schlumberger
For pressure, temperature and salinity corrections, enter the Example: Assume an uncorrected APLU = 34 p.u.
bottom of the left-hand part of Chart Por-23b with formation (apparent limestone porosity)
temperature, and project a line up to the relevant pressure curve. Borehole size = 12 in.
Draw a horizontal line to the left-hand edge of the formation
Mud weight = 11 lbm/gal
salinity part of the nomograph, then follow the trend lines to the
correct formation salinity. Draw another horizontal line to the Borehole temperature = 150F
left-hand edge of the porosity part of the nomograph, and follow Pressure = 5 kpsi
the trend lines to the approximate porosity. A horizontal line Formation salinity = 100 kppm
from here to the right-hand scale gives the porosity correction,
, to be applied for temperature, pressure and salinity effects.
If the correction, , given by Chart Por-23b is large and the first Then, using Chart Por-23a,
estimate of porosity is incorrect, it may be necessary to reiterate
this correction with an improved porosity estimate. Mud weight correction (none) 0.7
Borehole size (interpolate mud weight) 1
and using Chart Por-23b,

Temperature/pressure/salinity +1.6
Net correction 0.1
Corrected porosity 34 p.u. 0.1 p.u. = 33.9 p.u.

(apparent limestone units)
The overall correction is small. If this is a limestone forma-

tion, the first estimate of porosity used in Chart Por-23b is good
and no reiteration is required.
3-24
Porosity
Schlumberger

Formation Correction Nomograph for Openhole
When measured formation data are available, Chart Por-16 calculated by taking the difference between the final corrected
may be used for correcting thermal neutron porosity from the and apparent porosity values. This difference can then be
CNL log for the effect of total formation capture cross section. summed with corrections for other environmental effects to
At the bottom of the chart, an additional nomograph is provided determine the total correction for all effects.
to correct the resulting porosity for salt displacement in cases
where elevation of formation is due to salinity. This chart can Example:
be used instead of the salinity correction on Chart Por-14c or Given: Apparent neutron porosity 37.9 p.u. (sandstone)
Por-14cm. Do not use both charts. Formation from log 32.7 c.u.
In each of the lithology panels, the nominal situation for Formation water salinity 160.0 kppm
freshwater pore fluid is drawn to correspond to the values of
Results: Porosity corrected for 32.9 p.u. (sandstone)
ma of the formations used to calibrate the porosity response. For Por
Final corrected porosity 35.0 p.u. (sandstone)
reference, the sloping dashed line indicates the value of for the
formations filled with salt-saturated water. The total formation and salinity effect in this example is
To use Chart Por-16, enter the apparent porosity and mea- 2.9 p.u.
sured into the appropriate lithology box. Follow the equiporos-
As an alternate approach, with Chart Por-17 it is possible to
ity trend lines down to the nominal line, and read the corrected
correct the neutron porosity for the matrix capture cross section
porosity there. If at least some of the reading is caused by salt
in freshwater-filled formations if matrix is known from
water, a correction for salt displacement is made as follows:
auxiliary measurements. Chart Por-18 provides corrections for
1. Enter the top of the formation salinity box at 0 ppm with the CNL thermal neutron porosity for of the formation fluid and,
corrected porosity from the previous step. optionally, for hydrogen displacement in saltwater-filled
formations.
2. Follow the equiporosity trend lines down to the known water
For more information see Reference 38.
salinity value, and read the final corrected porosity there.
If other environmental corrections are required, the amount *Mark of Schlumberger
of correction for formation and formation salinity should be
3-25
Porosity
Schlumberger

Por-16
Formation Correction Nomograph for Openhole

0 10 20 30 40 50
70
60
Sandstone formations 50
Formation (c.u.)
40
Por
30
20
Fresh water
250-kppm water 10
0
70
60
Limestone formations 50
Formation (c.u.)
40
30
20
Fresh water
250-kppm water 10
0
70
60
Dolomite formations 50
Formation (c.u.)
40
30
20
Fresh water
250-kppm water 10
0
0
Formation salinity
(kppm)
250
0 10 20 30 40 50
Schlumberger
3-26
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
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?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
Porosity ?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e

Formation Correction Nomograph for Openhole Por-16
Por
Schlumberger
3-26
Porosity
Schlumberger

Por-18
Fluid Correction Nomograph for Openhole

0 10 20 30 40 50
160
140
Sandstone formations
120
Fluid (c.u.)
100
Por
80
Fresh water 60
250-kppm water 40
20
160
140
Limestone formations
120
Fluid (c.u.)
100
80
Fresh water 60
250-kppm water 40
20
160
140
Dolomite formations
120
Fluid (c.u.)
100
80
Fresh water 60
250-kppm water 40
20
0
Formation salinity
(kppm)
250
0 10 20 30 40 50
Schlumberger
3-28
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
Porosity ?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e

Formation Correction Nomograph for Openhole Por-16
Por
Schlumberger
3-26
Porosity
Schlumberger
CDN* Compensated Density Neutron

Log Correction Nomographs
This section contains log interpretation charts for the logging- mud, mud salinity and formation salinity effects is strongly
while-drilling CDN neutron porosity measurement. Correction dependent on the hole size, correction nomographs are provided
Nomographs Por-19 through Por-21 provide an environmentally for 8-, 10-, 12-, 14- and 16-in. borehole sizes and for 6.5- and
corrected neutron porosity referenced to the appropriate lithol- 8-in. tools.
ogy matrix. The neutron-density crossplot, Chart CP-22, pro- Since the borehole size in the example is 10 in. and the tool
vides insight into the formation lithology and permits the deter- size is 6.5 in., Chart Por-20b is selected for the corrections. Enter
mination of porosity. The following example illustrates the the top of the chart with the uncorrected CDN neutron porosity
procedure for using the charts. of 40 p.u. and drop a line straight down to the 10-in. borehole
size (point B). Follow the sloping trend lines down to the stan-
Assume the following: dard conditions (8-in. borehole), and then drop straight down to
Uncorrected neutron log porosity 40 p.u. the H m value of 0.78, as determined from Chart Por-19. From Por
(apparent limestone units) here (point D), follow the trend lines to the standard conditions
Tool size 6.5 in. of H m = 1.0 (point E). Then, drop straight down to the mud
Borehole size 10 in. salinity value of 100 kppm (point F). Follow the trend lines to
Mud weight 14 lbm/gal (barite mud) the standard conditions of 0 kppm. Drop straight down to the
Mud salinity 100 kppm 100-kppm value for formation salinity (point H) and follow the
Mud temperature 150F trend lines down to 0 kppmthe standard condition value (point
Mud pressure 5 kpsi I). There, read the environmentally corrected apparent limestone
Formation salinity 100 kppm porosity of 31 p.u. for this example.
The porosity equivalence curves in Chart Por-21 are used to
First, determine the temperature and pressure-corrected find the porosity of sandstones or dolomites. Enter the chart in
hydrogen index of the mud (H m). Enter the left of the bottom
abscissa with the environmentally corrected apparent limestone
chart of Nomograph Por-19 at the 14-lbm/gal mud weight.
porosity as determined from Chart Por-20, go up to the appro-
Project a line to the right until it intersects the line for barite mud
priate matrix line, and read true porosity on the ordinate.
(point A). From this point, draw a line straight up until it inter-
If the lithology is unknown, the neutron-density crossplot,
sects the bottom of the middle chart (point B). Follow the trend
Chart CP-22, can provide insight into lithology and permit the
lines up to the mud temperature of 150F (point C), then go
determination of porosity. To use this chart, enter the abscissa
straight up to the bottom of the top chart (point D). Follow the
with the environmentally corrected apparent limestone porosity
trend lines up to the line for 5-kpsi mud pressure (point E) and and the ordinate with the bulk density. The point of intersection
then straight up to the top of the chart to read the value of 0.78 defines the lithology (mineralogy) and the porosity.
the corrected hydrogen index of the mud.
Second, determine the environmental corrections with the
appropriate Por-20 or -24 chart. Since the hydrogen index of the *Mark of Schlumberger
3-29
Porosity
Schlumberger
CDN* Compensated Density Neutron Log and

Por-19
ADN* Azimuthal Density Neutron Log Correction Nomograph
Mud hydrogen index determination
Hm, mud hydrogen index
0.70 0.75 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95 1
25 F
20
Mud 15
Por
pressure
(kpsi) 10
5 E
0 D
300
250
Mud 200
temperature
(F) 150 C
100
50 B
16
15
14 A
13
Mud
weight 12 Barite
(lbm/gal) 11
10
9 Bentonite
8
0.70 0.75 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95 1

Schlumberger
3-30
Porosity
Schlumberger
CDN* Compensated Density Neutron Log

Por-20a
Correction Nomograph for 6.5-in. Tool
8-in. borehole
CDN neutron porosity index (apparent limestone porosity)

0 10 20 30 40 50
16
14
Borehole
size 12
(in.)
10 Por
8
0.7
0.8
Hm, mud
hydrogen
index 0.9
1.0
250
200
Mud 150
salinity
(kppm) 100
50
0
250
200
Formation 150
salinity
(kppm) 100
50
0
0 10 20 30 40 50
Standard conditions
Schlumberger
3-31
Porosity
Schlumberger

Por-20b
10-in. borehole

0 10 20 30 40 50
16 A
14
Borehole
size 12
(in.)
Por 10 B
8
C
0.7
D
0.8
Hm, mud
hydrogen
index 0.9
1.0
E
250
200
Mud 150
salinity
(kppm) 100
F
50
0
G
250
200
Formation 150
salinity
(kppm) 100
H
50
0 I

0 10 20 30 40 50
Standard conditions
Schlumberger
3-32
Porosity
Schlumberger

Por-20c
12-in. borehole

0 10 20 30 40 50
16
14
Borehole
size 12
(in.)
10 Por
8
0.7
0.8
Hm, mud
hydrogen
index 0.9
1.0
250
200
Mud 150
salinity
(kppm) 100
50
0
250
200
Formation 150
salinity
(kppm) 100
50
0 10 20 30 40 50
Standard conditions
Schlumberger
3-33
Porosity
Schlumberger

Por-20d
14-in. borehole

0 10 20 30 40 50
16
14
Borehole
size 12
(in.)
Por 10
8
0.7
0.8
Hm, mud
hydrogen
index 0.9
1.0
250
200
Mud 150
salinity
(kppm) 100
50
0
250
200
Formation 150
salinity
100
(kppm)
50
0 10 20 30 40 50
Standard conditions
Schlumberger
3-34
Porosity
Schlumberger

Por-24c
Correction Nomograph for 8-in. Tool
12-in. borehole

0 10 20 30 40 50
18
17
16
Borehole
size 15
(in.) 14 Por
13
12
0.7
0.8
Hm, mud
hydrogen
index 0.9
1.0
250
200
Mud 150
salinity
(kppm) 100
50
0
250
200
Formation 150
salinity
(kppm) 100
50
0 10 20 30 40 50
Standard conditions
Schlumberger
3-35
Porosity
Schlumberger

Por-24d
14-in. borehole

0 10 20 30 40 50
18 A
17
16
Borehole
size 15
(in.) 14 B
Por
13
12
C
0.7
D
0.8
Hm, mud
hydrogen
index 0.9
1.0
E
250
200
Mud 150
salinity
(kppm) 100
F
50
0
G
250
200
Formation 150
salinity
(kppm) 100 H
50
0 I

0 10 20 30 40 50
Standard conditions
Schlumberger
3-36
Porosity
Schlumberger

Por-24e
16-in. borehole

0 10 20 30 40 50
18
17
16
Borehole
size 15
(in.) 14 Por
13
12

0.7
0.8
Hm, mud
hydrogen
index 0.9
1.0
250
200
Mud 150
salinity
(kppm) 100
50
0
250
200
Formation 150
salinity
(kppm) 100
50
0 10 20 30 40 50
Standard conditions
Schlumberger
3-37
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
Porosity ?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
ADN* Azimuthal Density Neutron

This section contains log interpretation charts for the logging- mud salinity and formation salinity effects is strongly dependent
while-drilling ADN azimuthal neutron porosity measurement. It on the hole size, correction nomographs are provided for 8- and
is assumed that the tool is stabilized in the borehole. Correction 10-in. borehole sizes.
Nomographs Por-19, Por-26a and Por-26b provide an environ- Since the borehole size in the example is 10 in. and the tool
mentally corrected neutron porosity referenced to the appropriate size is 6.5 in., Chart Por-26b is selected for the corrections. Enter
lithology matrix. The neutron-density crossplot, Chart CP-24, the top of the chart with the uncorrected CDN neutron porosity
provides insight into the formation lithology and permits the of 40 p.u. and drop a line straight down to the 10-in. borehole
determination of porosity. The following example illustrates the size (point B). Follow the sloping trend lines down to the stan-
procedure for using the charts. dard conditions (8-in. borehole), and then drop straight down to
the H m value of 0.78, as determined from Chart Por-19. From
Por Assume the following: here (point D), follow the trend lines to the standard conditions
Uncorrected neutron log porosity 40 p.u. of H m = 1.0 (point E). Then, drop straight down to the mud
(apparent limestone units) salinity value of 100 kppm (point F). Follow the trend lines to
Borehole size 10 in. the standard conditions of 0 kppm. Drop straight down to the
Mud weight 14 lbm/gal (barite mud) 100-kppm value for formation salinity (point H) and follow the
Mud salinity 100 kppm trend lines down to 0 kppmthe standard condition value (point
Mud temperature 150F I). There, read the environmentally corrected apparent limestone
Mud pressure 5 kpsi porosity of 31 p.u. for this example.
Formation salinity 100 kppm The porosity equivalence curves in Chart Por-27 are used to
find the porosity of sandstones or dolomites. Enter the chart in
First, determine the temperature and pressure-corrected abscissa with the environmentally corrected apparent limestone
porosity as determined from Chart Por-26b, go up to the appro-
chart of Nomograph Por-19 at the 14-lbm/gal mud weight. priate matrix line, and read true porosity on the ordinate.
Project a line to the right until it intersects the line for barite mud If the lithology is unknown, the neutron-density crossplot,
(point A). From this point, draw a line straight up until it inter- Chart CP-24, can provide insight into lithology and permit the
sects the bottom of the middle chart (point B). Follow the trend determination of porosity. To use this chart, enter the abscissa
lines up to the mud temperature of 150F (point C), then go with the environmentally corrected apparent limestone porosity
straight up to the bottom of the top chart (point D). Follow the and the ordinate with the bulk density. The point of intersection
trend lines up to the line for 5-kpsi mud pressure (point E) and defines the lithology (mineralogy) and the porosity.
then straight up to the top of the chart to read the value of 0.78
Second, determine the environmental corrections with the *Mark of Schlumberger
appropriate Por-26 chart. Since the hydrogen index of the mud,

?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
Porosity ?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
ADN* Azimuthal Density Neutron

This section contains log interpretation charts for the logging- mud salinity and formation salinity effects is strongly dependent
while-drilling ADN azimuthal neutron porosity measurement. It on the hole size, correction nomographs are provided for 8- and
is assumed that the tool is stabilized in the borehole. Correction 10-in. borehole sizes.
Nomographs Por-19, Por-26a and Por-26b provide an environ- Since the borehole size in the example is 10 in. and the tool
mentally corrected neutron porosity referenced to the appropriate size is 6.5 in., Chart Por-26b is selected for the corrections. Enter
lithology matrix. The neutron-density crossplot, Chart CP-24, the top of the chart with the uncorrected CDN neutron porosity
provides insight into the formation lithology and permits the of 40 p.u. and drop a line straight down to the 10-in. borehole
determination of porosity. The following example illustrates the size (point B). Follow the sloping trend lines down to the stan-
procedure for using the charts. dard conditions (8-in. borehole), and then drop straight down to
the H m value of 0.78, as determined from Chart Por-19. From
Por Assume the following: here (point D), follow the trend lines to the standard conditions
Uncorrected neutron log porosity 40 p.u. of H m = 1.0 (point E). Then, drop straight down to the mud
(apparent limestone units) salinity value of 100 kppm (point F). Follow the trend lines to
Borehole size 10 in. the standard conditions of 0 kppm. Drop straight down to the
Mud weight 14 lbm/gal (barite mud) 100-kppm value for formation salinity (point H) and follow the
Mud salinity 100 kppm trend lines down to 0 kppmthe standard condition value (point
Mud temperature 150F I). There, read the environmentally corrected apparent limestone
Mud pressure 5 kpsi porosity of 31 p.u. for this example.
Formation salinity 100 kppm The porosity equivalence curves in Chart Por-27 are used to
find the porosity of sandstones or dolomites. Enter the chart in
First, determine the temperature and pressure-corrected abscissa with the environmentally corrected apparent limestone
porosity as determined from Chart Por-26b, go up to the appro-
chart of Nomograph Por-19 at the 14-lbm/gal mud weight. priate matrix line, and read true porosity on the ordinate.
Project a line to the right until it intersects the line for barite mud If the lithology is unknown, the neutron-density crossplot,
(point A). From this point, draw a line straight up until it inter- Chart CP-24, can provide insight into lithology and permit the
sects the bottom of the middle chart (point B). Follow the trend determination of porosity. To use this chart, enter the abscissa
lines up to the mud temperature of 150F (point C), then go with the environmentally corrected apparent limestone porosity
straight up to the bottom of the top chart (point D). Follow the and the ordinate with the bulk density. The point of intersection
trend lines up to the line for 5-kpsi mud pressure (point E) and defines the lithology (mineralogy) and the porosity.
then straight up to the top of the chart to read the value of 0.78
Second, determine the environmental corrections with the *Mark of Schlumberger
appropriate Por-26 chart. Since the hydrogen index of the mud,

Porosity
Schlumberger
ADN* Azimuthal Density Neutron Log

Correction Nomograph for 6.75-in. Tool Por-26a
8-in. borehole
ADN neutron porosity index (apparent limestone porosity)

0 10 20 30 40 50
16
15
14
Borehole 13
size 12
(in.) 11
10
9
8 Por

300
250
Mud 200
temperature
(F) 150
100
50
0.7
Hm, mud 0.8

hydrogen
index 0.9
1.0
250
200
Mud 150
salinity
(kppm) 100
50
0
250
200
Formation 150
salinity
(kppm) 100
50
0
0 10 20 30 40 50
Schlumberger
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
Porosity ?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
ADN* Azimuthal Density Neutron Log

Correction Nomograph for 6.75-in. Tool Por-26b
10-in. borehole
Por
Schlumberger
Crossplots for Porosity, Lithology and Saturation
Schlumberger
Porosity and Lithology Determination from

CP-1a
Formation Density Log and SNP Sidewall Neutron Porosity Log
Fresh water, liquid-filled holes (f = 1.0)

1.9
45 45
40
2.0
Sulfur 40 40
Salt
35
2.1 Ap 35
pro 35
xim Trona
co gas ate 30
rre
ctio
n 30 CP
2.2 35 30
25
ity
D, density porosity (p.u.) (ma = 2.71, f = 1.0)

ros
Po 25
e 25
2.3 20 n 30
dsto
n )
sa 20 ne
rtz sto 20
15 a e
2.4 Qu (lim 25
te
lci
15 Ca 15
10
20
2.5 ite
om
10 ol
D 10
5
15
2.6 5
0 5
10
2.7 0
0
5
Polyhalite
2.8 5
Langbeinite
0
10
2.9
ite
ydr
0 h
An 15
3.0
0 10 20 30 40
SNPcor, neutron porosity index (p.u.) (apparent limestone porosity)
Schlumberger
The neutron-density-sonic crossplot charts (Charts CP-1, CP-2 Sonic-neutron can be used to differentiate between the common
and CP-7) provide insight into lithology and permit the determi- reservoir rocks when clay content is negligible. Sonic-density
nation of porosity. Chart selection depends on the anticipated can be used to differentiate between a single known reservoir
mineralogy. Neutron-density can be used to differentiate between rock and shale and to identify evaporate minerals.
the common reservoir rocks [quartz sandstone, calcite (lime- Continued on next page
stone) and dolomite] and shale and some evaporites.
4-1
Schlumberger

CP-1b
Formation Density Log and SNP Sidewall Neutron Porosity Log
Salt water, liquid-filled holes (f = 1.1)

1.9
45
45
45
2.0
Sulfur 40
Salt 40
40
2.1 Ap 35 Trona
pro
xim 35 35
co gas ate 40
rre 30
ctio
CP 2.2 n
30 30
25 35

y
sit
oro
2.3 P 25 25
e
20 to
n 30
nds
)
sa 20 ne
artz sto 20
2.4 15 Qu
e
(lim 25
te
15 lci
Ca 15
10
2.5 20 ite
10 lom
10
5 Do
2.6 15
5
0 5
0 10
2.7 0
5 Polyhalite
5
2.8 Langbeinite
0 10
2.9
ite
ydr 15
0 h
An
3.0
0 10 20 30 40
Schlumberger
To use any of these charts, enter the abscissa and ordinate Note that all neutron input is in apparent limestone porosity,
with the required neutron, density or sonic value. The point that charts for fresh water (f = 1.0 g/cm3) and saline water
of intersection defines the lithology (mineralogy) and the (f = 1.1 g/cm3) invasion exist, and that the sonic charts contain
porosity, . curves assuming weighted average response (blue) and empirical
observation response (red).
4-2
Schlumberger

CP-1e
Litho-Density* Log and CNL* Compensated Neutron Log
For CNL curves after 1986 labeled TNPH
Liquid-filled holes (f = 1.000 g/cm3; Cf = 0 ppm)

1.9
45 45
40
2.0
Sulfur 40 40
Salt
35
2.1 Ap 35
pro 35
xim
co gas ate 30
rre
ctio ity
n ros 30 35 30 CP
2.2
Po
25 ne
sto
D, density porosity (p.u.) (ma = 2.71; f = 1.0)

nd
sa 25
tr z ) 30 25
2.3 20 a ne
Qu sto
e
20 (lim
te 20
15 lci 25
2.4 Ca
15 15
10 20 ite
2.5 olom
D
10 10
5 15
2.6
5
5
0
10
2.7 0
0
5
2.8 5
0
10
2.9
15
Anhydrite
3.0
0 10 20 30 40
CNLcor, neutron porosity index (p.u.) (apparent limestone porosity)
Schlumberger
4-3
Schlumberger

CP-1f
Litho-Density* Log and CNL* Compensated Neutron Log
For CNL curves after 1986 labeled TNPH
Liquid-filled holes (f = 1.190 g/cm3; Cf = 250 kppm)

1.9
45
2.0
Sulfur 45 45
Salt
40
2.1 Ap
pro 40 40
xim 35
co gas ate
rre
ctio 35 35
n
CP 2.2 y 30
sit
oro
P

30 35 30
25 ne
2.3 d sto
n
sa 25 25
tr z 30
20 a e)
Qu
ston
20 e
2.4 (lim 20
15 te 25
lci
Ca
15 15
2.5 10
20
10 te
5 lomi 10
Do
2.6 15
5
0 5
10
2.7 0 0
5
5
2.8
0
10
2.9
15
Anhydrite
3.0
0 10 20 30 40
CNLcor, neutron porosity index (p.u.) (apparent limestone porosity)
Schlumberger
4-4
Schlumberger
Porosity and Lithology Determination from Formation Density Log

CP-22
and CDN* Compensated Density Neutron Log for 6.5-in. Tool

1.9
40
2.0
40
35
2.1 35
30
y 30 35
2.2 sit ne
oro 25 sto
P nd CP
sa
rtz 25
ua 30
2.3 20 Q
e)
ton
20 es
(lim 25
2.4 15 te
alci
C
15
10 20
2.5 ite
10 lom
5 Do
15
2.6 5
0
10
2.7 0
2.8
0
2.9
3.0
0 10 20 30 40
Schlumberger
4-5
Schlumberger

CP-23
and CDN* Compensated Density Neutron Log for 8-in. Tool

1.9
40
2.0
40
35
2.1 35
30
y 30 35
2.2 sit ne
CP oro 25 to
P s
nd
sa 25
tr z 30
a
2.3 20 Qu )
ne
0 sto
2 e
(lim 25
15 te
2.4 lci
Ca
15
10 20
2.5 ite
10 olom
5 D
15
2.6 5
0
10
2.7 0
2.8
0
2.9
3.0
0 10 20 30 40
Schlumberger
4-6
Schlumberger

CP-24
and ADN* Azimuthal Density Neutron Log for 6.75-in. Tool

1.9
40
2.0
40
35
2.1 35
30
30 35
2.2 ity
os 25 e CP
r on
Po d st
n
sa 25 30
tr z
2.3 20 ua )
Q ne
s to
20
e
(lim 25
15 te
2.4 lci
Ca
15
10 20
2.5 ite
10 olom
5 D
15
2.6 5
0
10
2.7 0
2.8
0
2.9
3.0
0 10 20 30 40
Schlumberger
4-7
Schlumberger

CP-24
and ADN* Azimuthal Density Neutron Log for 6.75-in. Tool

1.9
40
2.0
40
35
2.1 35
30
30 35
2.2 ity
os 25 e CP
r on
Po d st
n
sa 25 30
tr z
2.3 20 ua )
Q ne
s to
20
e
(lim 25
15 te
2.4 lci
Ca
15
10 20
2.5 ite
10 olom
5 D
15
2.6 5
0
10
2.7 0
2.8
0
2.9
3.0
0 10 20 30 40
Schlumberger
4-7
Schlumberger
Porosity and Lithology Determination from Sonic Log

CP-2a
and SNP Sidewall Neutron Porosity Log (English)
t f = 189 sec/ft
110
40
Time average
Field observation
40
40
35
40
100
35
35
30
30
CP
35
30
90
25
35
30
y
sit
25
ro
Po
25
20
)
t , sonic transit time (sec/ft)
ec
t/s
80 25
0f
,00
20 20
18
30
25
15
20 e)
ma
ton
(v
ite
ne
es
lom
(lim
sto
Do
nd
te
70
15 15
sa
lt
lci
Sa
Ca
tz
20
25
ar
0
Qu
15
10 10
5
15
20
60
10
5
10
0
15
5
ite
hy 0
dr
An
50 10
0 0
0
5
0
0
40
0 10 20 30 40
Schlumberger
4-8
Schlumberger

CP-2am
and SNP Sidewall Neutron Porosity Log (Metric)
t f = 620 sec/m
40
Time average
Field observation
340
40
40
35
40
35
320
35
30
30
35
CP
300
30
25
35
30
y
sit
25
280
ro
Po
25
20
t , sonic transit time (sec/m)
c)
se
25
m/
260
86
54
20 20
30
=
25
15
)
20 one
ma
(v
ite
t
ne
es
240
lom
(lim
sto
Do
nd
te
sa
lci
15 15
lt
Sa
Ca
tz
ar
20
25
0
Qu
220
15
10 10
5
15
20
200
10
5
10
0
15
5
ite
180
hy 0
dr
An
10
0
0
160
0
5
0
140 0
0 10 20 30 40
Schlumberger
4-9
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
Crossplots for Porosity, Lithology and Saturation ?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e

?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e

Litho-Density* Log and Array Porosity Sonde (APS) CP-1g
CP
Schlumberger
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
Crossplots for Porosity, Lithology and Saturation ?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e

?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e

Litho-Density* Log and Array Porosity Sonde (APS) CP-1h
CP
Schlumberger
Schlumberger

CP-2c
and CNL* Compensated Neutron Log (English)
For CNL logs after 1986 labeled TNPH
t f = 190 sec/ft; Cf = 0 ppm

110
40
Time average
Field observation
40
35
100
3535
30
ne
sto
30
nd
CP
35
sa
tz
ar
y
Qu
sit
30
90 ro
25 25
Po
35
30
30
25
20
25
80
)
25 tone
20
30
es
20 (lim
20
15
te
ite
lci
lom
Ca
15
Do
70
10
15
25
20
lt
Sa
10
15
15
5
10
20
5
60
10
10
0
15
0
5
ite
10
dr
5
hy
50 0
An
5
0
0
0
40
0 10 20 30 40
*Mark of Schlumberger CNLcor , neutron porosity index (p.u.) (apparent limestone porosity)
Schlumberger
4-12
Schlumberger

CP-2cm
and CNL* Compensated Neutron Log (Metric)
For CNL logs after 1986 labeled TNPH
t f = 620 sec/m; Cf = 0 ppm

360
40
Time average
Field observation
40
340
35
3535
ne
30 30
320
sto
nd
sa
35
CP
tz
ar
Qu
300
y
sit
30
ro
25
Po
35
25
30
30
280
25
20
e)
ton
es
25
25 (lim
260
20
te
30
lci
20
15
Ca
ite
lom
240
20
Do
15
10
15
20
25
lt
Sa
220
15
10
15
5
10
20
200 5
10
0 10
15
0
180
5
5
ite
dr
10
hy
5
An
0
160
5
0
0
0
140
0 10 20 30 40
CNLcor , neutron porosity index (p.u.) (apparent limestone porosity)
Schlumberger
4-13
Schlumberger
Lithology Identification from

CP-7
Formation Density Log and Sonic Log (English)
t f = 189 sec/ft; f = 1.0

1.8
Sylvite
1.9
Time average
Field observation
2.0 40
40
40
Salt Sulfur
CP Trona
2.1
40
40
30
30 30
30
2.2
ity
ros
Po
2.3
30
20
20
Gypsum
20
20
2.4
2.5
10
10
20
20
0
10
) 1
ne
to
2.6
es
(lim
ite
0
0 alc
10 ne
0
0 C
sto
2.7
nd
10
sa
tz
ar
Qu
2.8 Polyhalite
ite
lom
Do
00
2.9
Anhydrite
3.0
40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120
Schlumberger
4-14
Schlumberger
Lithology Identification from

CP-7m
Formation Density Log and Sonic Log (Metric)
t f = 620 sec/m; f = 1.0

1.8
Sylvite
1.9
Time average
Field observation
2.0
40
40
40
Salt
Sulfur CP
2.1 Trona
40
40
30
30 30
30
2.2
ity
ros
Po
2.3
30
20
20
Gypsum
20
20
2.4
2.5
10
10
20
20
10
) 10
ne
to
2.6
es
(lim
ite
0 alc
0
10 e
0
0 C
n
sto
2.7
10
nd
sa
tz
ar
Qu
2.8 Polyhalite
ite
m
olo
0 D
2.9
0
Anhydrite
3.0
150 200 250 300 350 400
Schlumberger
4-15
Schlumberger

CP-1c
Formation Density Log and CNL* Compensated Neutron Log
For CNL logs before 1986, or labeled NPHI

1.9
45 45
40
2.0
Sulfur 40 40
Salt
35
2.1 35
Ap 35
40
pro
xim 30
co gas ate
rre
2.2 ctio sit
y 30 30
CP n ro
35
o
P 25

ne
sto 25
nd 25
2.3 sa
30
20 tz )
uar ne
Q sto
20
e
(lim 20
15 te
25
2.4
alci
C
15
15
10
20
2.5
10
ite
10
om
5
ol
15
D
2.6 5
5
0
10
2.7 0
0
5
2.8 Langbeinite 5
Polyhalite
0
10
2.9
ite
dr
hy
15
0
An
3.0
0 10 20 30 40
Schlumberger
4-16
Schlumberger

CP-1d
Formation Density Log and CNL* Compensated Neutron Log

1.9
45
45 45
2.0
Sulfur 40
Salt 40 40
2.1 35
Ap
pro 35
xim 35
co gas ate
40
rre
ctio 30
2.2 n CP
y 30 30
sit
35

oro 25
P
ne 25
2.3
d sto 25
n
20 sa
30
tr z )
ne
a to
Qu 20 es 20
2.4
15 (lim
e
25
t
lci
5 Ca
1 15
2.5 10
20
10
ite
10
om
5
ol
D
2.6 15
5
5
0
0 10
2.7 0
5
2.8 Langbeinite 5
Polyhalite
0
10
2.9
ite
ydr 15
h
An
0
3.0
0 10 20 30 40
Schlumberger
4-17
Schlumberger

CP-2b
Sonic Log and CNL* Compensated Neutron Log (English)
t f = 189 sec/ft
110
40
Time average
Field observation
40
40
35
40
100
35
35
30
30
35
CP
30
90
25
35
30
30
25 5
y
sit
2
ro
Po
20
ne
sto
25
e)
80
ton
nd
sa
es
30
20
(lim
tz
20
15
ar
25
Qu
te
lci
Ca
ite
20
lom
Do
15 5
70
10
1
lt
Sa
25
15 20
0
10 0
1
5
15
20
60
10
5
0
10
15
5
ite
0
dr
hy
5
An
5
0
50 10
0
0
5
0
0
40
0 10 20 30 40
Schlumberger
4-18
Schlumberger

CP-2bm
Sonic Log and CNL* Compensated Neutron Log (Metric)
t f = 620 sec/m
40
Time average
Field observation
40
40
340
35
40
35
320
35
30
30
35
CP
300
30
25
35
30
30
25
280
y
sit
25
ro
ne
Po
2
sto
nd
25
260
sa
e)
ton
tz
30
20
ar
es
20
Qu
15
25
(lim
te
240
lci
20
Ca
ite
lom
15
lt
10
15
Do
Sa
25
20
0
220
15
10
5
10
15
20
200
5
10
10
0
15
5
ite
180
dr
hy
5
An
5
10
0
160
0
0
5
0
140 0
0 10 20 30 40
Schlumberger
4-19
Schlumberger
M-N Plot for Mineral Identification

CP-8
For CNL* curves that have been environmentally corrected
1.1
Gypsum
1.0
s
Ga or
Secondary lt
porosity sa
0.9
CP vma = 5943 m/sec
= 19,500 ft/sec
Quartz sandstone
Calcite (limestone)
vma = 5486 m/sec
= 18,000 ft/sec
0.8 1 2 34
Dolomite
M 324 1
0.7 Anhydrite
Sulfur
Approximate
0.6
shale
region
Fresh mud
f = 1.0 Mg/m3, f = 620 sec/m
t
f = 1.0 g/cm3, f = 189 sec/ft
t
0.5 Salt mud
f = 1.1 Mg/m3, f = 607 sec/m
t
f = 1.1 g/cm3, f = 185 sec/ft
t
0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8

Schlumberger N
This crossplot may be used to help identify mineral mixtures ( N ) f N

from sonic, density and neutron logs. (The CNL neutron log N= ( English or metric)
b f
is used in the above chart; the time average sonic response is
assumed.) Except in gas-bearing formations, M and N are Points for binary mixtures plot along a line connecting the
practically independent of porosity. They are defined as: two mineral points. Ternary mixtures plot within the triangle
defined by the three constituent minerals. The effect of gas,
M=
tf t 0.01 (English)
shaliness, secondary porosity, etc., is to shift data points in the
b f directions shown by the arrows.
The dolomite and sandstone lines on Chart CP-8 are divided
t f t 0.003 (metric) by porosity range as follows: 1) = 0 (tight formation);
M= 2) = 0 to 12 p.u.; 3) = 12 to 27 p.u.; and 4) = 27 to 40 p.u.
b f
4-20
Schlumberger
M-N Plot for Mineral Identification

CP-8a
For APS curves that have been environmentally corrected
1.1
Gypsum
1.0
s
Ga or
Secondary lt
porosity sa
0.9
vma = 5943 m/sec CP
= 19,500 ft/sec
Quartz sandstone
Calcite (limestone)
vma = 5486 m/sec
= 18,000 ft/sec
0.8 Dolomite 12 3&4
0.7 Anhydrite
Sulfur
Approximate
0.6
shale
region
Fresh mud
f = 1.0 Mg/m3, f = 620 sec/m
t
f = 1.0 g/cm3, f = 189 sec/ft
t
0.5 Salt mud
f = 1.1 Mg/m3, f = 607 sec/m
t
f = 1.1 g/cm3, f = 185 sec/ft
t
0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8

*Mark of Schlumberger N
Schlumberger
On Chart CP-8a, the APS apparent limestone porosity (APLC) Since there is negligible dolomite spread, a single dolomite
replaces the CNL* apparent limestone porosity (NPHI) used on point is plotted for each mud.
Chart CP-8.
4-21
Schlumberger
Determination of Apparent Matrix Parameters from

CP-14
Bulk Density or Interval Transit Time and Apparent Total Porosity (English)
Fluid density = 1.0
t maa, apparent matrix transit time (sec/ft)

130 120 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30
3 130
2.9 120
2.8 110
40
CP
2.7 100
30 Apparent
t , interval transit time (sec/ft)

crossplot
porosity
2.6 90
c
ni
20
so
n-
tro
eu
10
N
2.5 80
n
tro
eu
-n
2.4 70
ty
si
10
en
D
2.3 20 60
2.2 30 50
2.1 40 40
2 30
3 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.1 2
maa, apparent matrix density (g/cm3)

Schlumberger
The MID plot permits the identification of rock mineralogy or neutron-density and empirical (red curves) neutron-sonic cross-
lithology through a comparison of neutron, density and sonic plot (Charts CP-1 through CP-7). For any data plotting above the
measurements. sandstone curve on these charts, the apparent crossplot porosity
To use the MID plot, three steps are required. First, an appar- is defined by a vertical projection to the sandstone curve.
ent crossplot porosity must be determined using the appropriate Continued on next page
4-22
Schlumberger
Determination of Apparent Matrix Parameters from

CP-14m
Bulk Density or Interval Transit Time and Apparent Total Porosity (Metric)
Fluid density = 1.0
t maa, apparent matrix transit time (sec/m)

350 325 300 275 250 225 200 175 150 125 100
3 350
2.9 325
40
2.8 300
CP
Apparent
2.7 30 crossplot 275
porosity
t , interval transit time (sec/m)

2.6 250
c
20
ni
so
n-
tro
eu
10
N
2.5 225
n
tro
eu
-n
2.4 200
ty
si
10
en
D
2.3 20 175
2.2 30 150
2.1 40 125
2 100
3 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.1 2
maa, apparent matrix density (g/cm3)

Schlumberger
Next, enter the appropriate CP-14 chart with the interval tran- time and apparent grain density on the MID plot (Chart CP-15)
sit time. Go to the apparent crossplot porosity previously found identifies the rock mineralogy by its proximity to the labeled
on the appropriate neutron-sonic crossplot chart. This defines an points on the plot.
apparent matrix interval transit time, t maa. Similarly, enter the The presence of secondary porosity in the form of vugs or
same chart with the bulk density, b . Go to the apparent crossplot fractures produces displacements parallel to the t maa axis. The
porosity previously found on the appropriate density-neutron presence of gas displaces points as shown on the MID plot.
crossplot chart. This defines an apparent matrix grain density, Identification of shaliness is best done by plotting some shale
maa. points to establish the shale trend lines.
Finally, the crossplot of the apparent matrix interval transit Continued on next page
4-23
Schlumberger
Matrix Identification (MID) Plot

CP-15
(English)
maa versus t maa

2.0
Salt
CNL*
2.1 Salt
SNP
2.2
2.3
CP
2.4
2.5 n
tio
ec
maa (g/cm 3)
ir
sd
Ga
2.6
Quartz
2.7
Calcite
2.8
Dolomite
2.9
Anhydrite
3.0
3.1
30 40 50 60 70
t maa (sec/ft)
Schlumberger
Examples: Level 1 Level 2 giving aND = 1 aND = 21

t = 67 sec/ft t = 63 sec/ft aNS = 1 aNS = 21
b = 2.04 g/cm3 b = 2.46 g/cm3 and t maa = 66 sec/ft t maa = 43.5 sec/ft
CNL = 3 CNL = 24 p.u. maa = 2.03 g/cm3 maa = 2.85 g/cm3
f = 1.0 g/cm3
From the MID plot, Level 1 is identified as salt and Level 2
as dolomite.
4-24
Schlumberger
Matrix Identification (MID) Plot

CP-15m
(Metric)
maa versus t maa

2.0
Salt
CNL*
2.1 Salt
SNP
2.2
2.3
CP
2.4
2.5 n
tio
ec
maa (g/cm 3)
ir
sd
Ga
2.6
Quartz
2.7
Calcite
2.8
Dolomite
2.9
Anhydrite
3.0
3.1
100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240

t maa (sec/m)
Schlumberger
For fluid density, f (other than 1.0 g/cm3), correct (multiply) f Multiplier
the apparent total porosity by the multiplier in the table before
1.0 1.00
entry into the density portion of the chart.
1.05 0.98
For more information see Reference 8. 1.1 0.95
1.15 0.93
4-25
Schlumberger
Porosity and Lithology Determination

CP-16
from Litho-Density* Log

1.9
40
2.0
Salt
40
0
2.1
40
30
CP
30
2.2
Quartz sandstone
ne)
2.3
30
(limesto
20
20
Calcite
2.4
Dolomite
10
20
2.5 10
2.6
0
10
2.7
0
2.8
0
2.9
Anhydrite
3.0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
*Mark of Schlumberger Pe, photoelectric factor
Schlumberger
4-26
Schlumberger
Porosity and Lithology Determination

CP-17
from Litho-Density* Log

1.9
2.0
Salt
40
0
40
2.1
CP
40
30
2.2
Quartz sandstone
30
ne)
2.3
(limesto
20
30
Calcite
20
2.4
Dolomite
10
2.5
20
10
2.6
0
10
2.7
0
2.8
0
2.9
Anhydrite
3.0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Pe, photoelectric factor
Schlumberger

4-27
Schlumberger
Mineral Identification from Litho-Density* Log

and NGS* Natural Gamma Ray Spectrometry Log
Chart CP-18 provides clay mineralogy information using NGS Example: Th NGScor = 10.6 ppm
Natural Gamma Ray Spectrometry and Litho-Density measure- UNGScor = 4.5 ppm
ments. Because the porosity and the composition of many clay
K NGScor = 3.9%
minerals may vary, the minerals plot on these crossplots not as
unique points but as general areas. Pe = 3.2
After environmental correction, the appropriate parameters giving Th/K = 10.6/3.9 = 2.7
are plotted to provide qualitative information about the
mineralogy. Plotting these parameters on Chart CP-18 suggests that the
clay mineral is illite.
CP
4-28
Schlumberger
Mineral Identification from Litho-Density* Log

CP-18
and NGS* Natural Gamma Ray Spectrometry Log
10
8
Glauconite
Chlorite Biotite
CP
4
Illite
Muscovite
Montmorillonite
2
Kaolinite
0
0 2 4 6 8 10
K, potassium concentration (%)
10
8
Glauconite
Biotite Chlorite
Mixed layer
4
Illite
Muscovite
2
Montmorillonite
Kaolinite
0
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.6 1 2 3 6 10 20 30 60 100
Th/K, thorium/potassium ratio
Schlumberger
4-29
Schlumberger
Mineral Identification from

CP-19
NGS* Natural Gamma Ray Spectrometry Log
25
: 25
2
Th/K
:1
Possible 100% kaolinite,
/K
montmorillonite,
als
Th
100% illite point
illite clay line
iner
20
ng m
Kaolinite
eari
.5
K: 3
Th/
m-b
15
oriu
Thorium (ppm)
vy th
CP
~70% illite
Hea
10 clay : 2.0
layer Th/K
ed
Mix ~40%
e
nit
mica
illo
Illite s
Mica
or
tm
5
on
~30% glauconite Th/K: 0.6

M
lori
te Glauconite Th/K: 0.3
Ch Feldspar
0 Potassium evaporites, ~30% feldspar
0 1 2 3 4 5
Potassium (%)
Schlumberger
Radioactive minerals often occur in relatively small concentra- thorium/potassium ratio, Th/Kdoes not vary with mineral
tions in sedimentary rocks. Even shales typically contain only concentration. A sandstone reservoir with varying amounts of
30 to 70% radioactive clay minerals. shaliness, with illite as the principal clay mineral, usually plots
Unless there is a complex mixture of radioactive minerals in the illite segment of the chart, with Th/K between 2.0 and 2.5.
in the formation, Chart CP-19 can be used to identify the more Less shaly parts of the reservoir plot closer to the origin, and
common ones. The ratio of thorium to uranium activitythe more shaly parts plot closer to the 70% illite area.
4-30
Schlumberger
Determination of Apparent Matrix

CP-20
Volumetric Photoelectric Factor
3.0
Fresh water (0 ppk), f = 1.0, U f = 0.398
Salt water (200 ppk), f = 1.11, Uf = 1.36 %
2.5 0
10
ta, apparent total porosity (%)

2.0 20
30
40 CP
6 5 4 3 2 1 4 6 8 10 12 14
Pe, photoelectric factor Umaa, apparent matrix
volumetric photoelectric factor
Schlumberger
4-31
Schlumberger
Lithology Identification Plot
Plot CP-21 identifies rock mineralogy through a comparison of go vertically to the bulk density, b; then, go horizontally across
apparent matrix grain density and apparent volumetric photo- to the total porosity, t; and finally, go vertically downward to
electric factor. define the matrix volumetric photoelectric factor, Umaa.
To use, apparent matrix grain density, maa, and apparent
volumetric photoelectric factor, Umaa, are entered in ordinate Example: Pe = 3.65
and abscissa, respectively, on Plot CP-21. Rock mineralogy is b = 2.52 g/cm3 (f = 1.0 g/cm3)
identified by the proximity of the plotted data point to the labeled ta = 16%
points on the plot.
giving maa = 2.81 g/cm3 (from Chart CP-14)
To determine apparent matrix grain density, an apparent total
porosity must first be determined (using, for example, a neutron- and Umaa = 10.9
density crossplot). Then, Chart CP-14 may be used with bulk Plotting these values indicates the level to be a mixture of
density, b, to define the apparent matrix grain density, maa. approximately 60% dolomite and 40% limestone.
To find the apparent matrix volumetric photoelectric factor, For more information see Reference 27.
CP Umaa, enter Nomograph CP-20 with the photoelectric factor, Pe;
4-32
Schlumberger
Plot CP-21 identifies rock mineralogy through a comparison of go vertically to the bulk density, b; then, go horizontally across
apparent matrix grain density and apparent volumetric photo- to the total porosity, t; and finally, go vertically downward to
electric factor. define the matrix volumetric photoelectric factor, Umaa.
To use, apparent matrix grain density, maa, and apparent
volumetric photoelectric factor, Umaa, are entered in ordinate Example: Pe = 3.65
and abscissa, respectively, on Plot CP-21. Rock mineralogy is b = 2.52 g/cm3 (f = 1.0 g/cm3)
identified by the proximity of the plotted data point to the labeled ta = 16%
points on the plot.
giving maa = 2.81 g/cm3 (from Chart CP-14)
To determine apparent matrix grain density, an apparent total
porosity must first be determined (using, for example, a neutron- and Umaa = 10.9
density crossplot). Then, Chart CP-14 may be used with bulk Plotting these values indicates the level to be a mixture of
density, b, to define the apparent matrix grain density, maa. approximately 60% dolomite and 40% limestone.
To find the apparent matrix volumetric photoelectric factor, For more information see Reference 27.
CP Umaa, enter Nomograph CP-20 with the photoelectric factor, Pe;
4-32
Schlumberger

CP-21
maa versus Umaa

2.2
2.3
Salt
2.4
tion
Gas direc
CP
2.5
maa, apparent matrix grain density (g/cm3)
2.6 K-Feldspar
% Calcit
20 e
Quartz
40
60
2.7 80
80
Calcite
60
20
40
%
40 Barite
2.8
Q
ua
ite
60
rtz
20 olom
D
80 %
2.9 Dolomite
Heavy minerals
Anhydrite
3.0
Kaolinite
Illite
3.1
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Umaa, apparent matrix volumetric photoelectric factor
Schlumberger
4-33
Schlumberger
Porosity Estimation in Hydrocarbon-Bearing Formations

CP-9
From neutron, density and Rxo logs
This nomograph estimates porosity in hydrocarbon-bearing for-

mations using neutron, density and Rxo logs. The neutron and
cor cor 1 Dcor
density logs must be corrected for environmental effects and
(CNL*) (SNP)
lithology prior to entry into the nomograph. The chart includes
50 50 50 50 an approximate correction for excavation effect, but if h < 0.25
(p.u.)
(gases), the chart may not be accurate in some extreme cases:
very high values of porosity (> 35 p.u.) coupled with medium to
high values of Shr, and for Shr 100% for medium to high values
of porosity.
To use, connect the apparent neutron porosity point on the
appropriate neutron stem with the apparent density porosity on
the density stem with a straight line. From the intersection of this
40 40 40 40 line with the porosity, 1, stem, draw a line to the origin of the
CP Shr versus chart. Entering this chart with the hydrocarbon
saturation, Shr, (Shr = 1 Sxo) defines a porosity correction factor
. This correction factor algebraically added to porosity, 1,
gives the true porosity.
Example: CNLcor = 12 p.u. giving 1 = 32.2 p.u.

Dcor = 38 p.u. and = 1.6 p.u.
Shr = 50% Therefore, = 32.2 1.6
30 30 30 30
= 30.6 p.u.
20 20 20 20 4

(p.u.)
10 10 10 10 2
0 0 0 0 0
100 80 60 40 20 0
Shr (%)
Schlumberger
4-34
Schlumberger
Estimation of Hydrocarbon Density

CP-10
From neutron and density logs
1.0
h
0.8
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.6
SNPcor
Dcor 0.5
0.4
0.4
CP
0.3
0.2 0.2
0.1
0
0
0 20 40 60 80 100
Shr
1.0
h
0.8
0.8
0.7
0.6
CNLcor 0.6
Dcor
0.4 0.5
0.4
0.2 0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0
0 20 40 60 80 100
*Mark of Schlumberger Shr

Schlumberger
These charts estimate the density of the saturating hydrocarbon Example: CNLcor = 15 p.u.
from a comparison of neutron and density measurements, and Dcor = 25 p.u.
the hydrocarbon saturation in the portion of the rock investigated
and Shr = 30%
by the neutron and density logs (invaded or flushed zone). The
neutron log (either CNL* or SNP log) and the density log must Therefore, h = 0.28 g/cm3
be corrected for environmental effect and lithology before entry
Charts CP-9 and CP-10 have not been updated for CNL logs
into the charts.
run after 1986 or labeled TNPH; approximations may therefore
To use, enter the appropriate chart with the ratio of neutron
be greater with more recent logs. For approximate results with
porosity to density porosity, and the hydrocarbon saturation. The
APLC porosity (from IPL* logs), use Charts CP-9 and CP-10 for
intersection defines the hydrocarbon density in g/cm3.
SNP logs.
4-35
Schlumberger
Gas-Bearing Formations
CP-5
Porosity from Density and Neutron Logs
50
40
0
35
20
35
40 40 Porosity
30
30
60
CP
0
D, density-derived porosity (p.u.)
25 80
30 20 25
40
100
60
20 Sxo
20 80
100
20 Sxo
15
15
10
10
10
For shallow reservoirs, use blue curves.

5 For deep reservoirs, use red curves.
5
0
0 10 20 30 40
N, neutron-derived porosity (p.u.)
Schlumberger
Based on reservoir depth and conditions, enter the appropriate The conditions represented by the curves are listed in the
chart with matrix-corrected porosity values. Average water table below.
saturation in the flushed zone, Sxo, and porosity are derived. This
chart assumes fresh water and gas of composition C1.1H4.2, and it Example: D reads 25%, and N reads 10% in a low-pressure,
includes correction of the neutron log for excavation effect. shallow (4000-ft) reservoir.
For more information see Reference 6. Therefore, = 20%, and Sxo = 62%.
Depth Pressure Temperature Pw IHw Pg IHg

Shallow reservoirs (blue) ~2000 psi ~120F
1.00 1.00 0 0
[~14,000 kPa] [~50C]
Deep reservoirs (red) ~7000 psi ~240F
1.00 1.00 0.25 0.54
[~48,000 kPa] [~120C]
4-36
Schlumberger
Porosity and Gas Saturation in Empty Holes

Sw-11
Density and hydrogen index of gas assumed to be zero
Use only if no Use only if no

shale is present oil is present
, porosity (p.u.)
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
100 10,000
2 4000
90 2000
4 1000
400
6 80 300
Neutron porosity index (corrected for lithology)
200
8 150
70
10 100
12 70
60
60
14
)
50 Sw
(%
Rt
50
g
16 40
S
Rw
on,
18 40 30
rati
atu
20
ss
22 30
20
24 Ga
20
26 15
14
10 13
28
12
30 0 11
2.6 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.0 1.9 1.8

2.65 Sandstone
Grain density (ma)
Limy sandstone
2.70 Limestone
2.75
2.80
2.85
Dolomite
2.90
2.8 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.0 1.9
Apparent bulk density from density log
Schlumberger
Porosity, , and gas saturation, Sg, can be determined from this total hydrocarbon saturation. For more information see
chart using either the combination of density-neutron measure- Reference 14.
ments or density-resistivity measurements. To use, enter the Example: In a limy sandstone (ma = 2.68)
chart vertically from the intersection of the apparent bulk density b = 2.44 g/cm3
and appropriate grain density values. The intersection of this line N = 9 p.u.
with either the neutron porosity (corrected for lithology) or the
R t = 74
R t /R w ratio (true resistivity/connate water resistivity) defines
R w = 0.1
actual porosity and gas saturation.
With all three measurements (density, neutron and resistivity), Therefore, R t /R w = 740
oil saturation can be determined as well. To do so, enter the chart and = 12 p.u.
with apparent bulk density and neutron porosity (as described Sg = 25%
above) to define porosity and gas saturation. Moving along the Sh = 70% (total hydrocarbon saturation)
defined porosity to its intersection with the R t /R w ratio gives the So = 70 25 = 45%
Sw = 100 70 = 30%
4-37
Schlumberger
Permeability from Porosity and Water Saturation

K-3
60
0.5
0.2 1.0
50
0.1
Swi, water saturation above transition zone (%)
0.01 2 S wi
40 5
0.12
10
k, 0.10
20 pe
rm
30 ea
bil 0.08
50 ity
(m
d)
100
0.06
200
K 20 500
0.04 1000
2000
5000
0.02
10
0.01
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
, porosity (p.u.)
Schlumberger
2.0
Pc = 200
Charts K-3 and K-4 provide an estimate of permeability for
1.8
sands, shaly sands or other hydrocarbon-saturated intergranular
rocks at irreducible water saturation, Swi. Both charts are
based on empirical observations and are similar in form
1.6 h(w o)
Correction factor, C
to a general expression proposed by Wyllie and Rose (1950): Pc =

k1 2 = (c/Swi) + C. 2.3
Chart K-3 presents the results of one study; the relationship
1.4
observed was k1 2 = 100 2.25/Swi. Chart K-4 presents the
results of another study; the relationship observed was
k1 2 = 70 e2 [(1 Swi)/Swi]. Both charts are valid only for Pc = 100
1.2
zones at irreducible water saturation.
To use, porosity, , and irreducible water saturation, Swi , are
Pc = 40
entered. Their intersection defines the intrinsic (absolute) rock Pc = 10
1.0
Continued on next page Pc = 0
0.8
0 20 40 60 80 100
Irreducible water saturation, Swi (%)
4-38
Schlumberger
Permeability from Porosity and Water Saturation

K-4
40
35
5000
30
2000
k, p
25
erm
1000
, porosity (p.u.)
ea
bili
500 Swi
ty (
20
md
200 0.12
)
100 0.10
15 50 0.08
20 K
0.06
10
5 0.04
10
0.02 1
0.01 0.10
5
0.01
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Swi, water saturation above transition zone (%)

Schlumberger
permeability. A medium-gravity oil is assumed. If the saturating C correction factor = 1.08

hydrocarbon is other than a medium-gravity oil, a correction Corrected Swi for chart entry = 1.08 (30) = 32.4%
factor based upon fluid densities, w and h , and elevation above
giving k 130 md (Chart K-3)
the free water level, h, should be applied to the irreducible water
saturation prior to entry into Chart K-3 or K-4. The inset figure or k 65 md (Chart K-4)
provides this correction factor.
These charts can also be used to recognize zones at irre-
Example: = 23% ducible water saturation. Over intervals at irreducible water
saturation, the product of porosity and water saturation is
Swi = 30%
generally a constant; thus, data points from levels at irreducible
Gas saturation (h = 0.3 g/cm3, w = 1.1 g/cm3) water saturation should plot in a fairly coherent pattern on or
h (elevation above water) 120 ft parallel to one of the Sw lines.
For more information see References 16, 17, 21 and 22.
h (w h ) 120 (1.1 0.3)
Therefore, Pc = = = 42
2.3 2.3
4-39
Electromagnetic Propagation and Microresistivity
Schlumberger
Flushed Zone Saturation from EPT* Propagation Time

Sxo-1
tpma tpma
7 8 9 10 7 8 9 10
21 Sxo
(%)
20 100
19
90
18
17 80
16
Ga il
70
O
s
21 t pw
15
25
14 60
tpl (nsec/m)
13 30
53%
50
4 35 50
12 40 5 40
35
ity
11 30 40
10.9 50
ros
25
60
Po
10 20
70
on
15 30
80
ati
9
rm
10 90
Fo
Sxo 8 5 20
7
10
6
5 0
SD DOL LS SD DOL LS
Lithology Lithology
Schlumberger
This nomograph defines water saturation in the rock immediately the diagonal lines to the appropriate t pma value, then horizontal
adjacent to the borehole, Sxo, using the EPT* propagation time to the right edge of the grid. From this point, extend a straight
measurement, t pl. It requires knowledge of reservoir lithology or line through the intersection of t pw and hydrocarbon type point
matrix propagation time (t pma), the saturating water propagation to the Sxo axis.
time (t pw), porosity and the expected hydrocarbon type. For more information see Reference 25.
Water propagation time, t pw, can be estimated from the
appropriate chart on the previous page as a function of equiva- Example: t pl = 10.9 nsec/m
lent water salinity and formation temperature. Rock lithology = 28%
must be known from other sources. For rock mixtures the chart Limy sandstone with maa = 2.67 g/cm3
on the previous page can be used to estimate matrix propagation Water salinity 20 kppm
time, t pma , when the apparent matrix density, maa, is known. The
estimation requires some knowledge of the expected mineral BHT = 150F
mixture. Gas saturation expected
To use the nomograph, t pl is entered on the left grid; follow giving t pma = 7.8 nsec/m (sand-lime mixture)
the diagonal lines to the appropriate t pma value, then horizontal t pw = 32 nsec/m
to the right edge of the grid. From this point, a straight line is
extended through the porosity to the center grid; again follow and Sxo = 53%
5-2
Schlumberger
EPT* Propagation Time for NaCl Solutions

EPTcor-1
90
120C
80 250F
100C
200F
80C
70 175F
150F
60C
60 125F
tpw (nsec/m)
40C
100F
50
75F
20C
40
EPT
30
20
EPT Matrix
0 50 100 150 200 250 Propagation Travel Time
Equivalent water salinity (kppm or g/kg NaCl) 2.6
Quartz
Apparent matrix density (maa)

2.7
Calcite
2.8
Dolomite
2.9
Anhydrite
3.0
7 8 9
Matrix propagation time (tpma)
Schlumberger
5-1
Schlumberger
EPT* Attenuation for NaCl Solutions

EPTcor-2
5000
120C
250F
100C
200F
80C
4000 175F
150F
60C
125F
40C
Aw (dB/m)
3000 100F
75F
20C
2000
1000
EPT
0
0 50 100 150 200 250
Equivalent water salinity (kppm or g/kg NaCl)
EPT-D Spreading Loss
40
60
80
Correction to AEPT (dB/m)

100
120
140
160
180
200
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Uncorrected tpl (nsec/m)
Schlumberger
5-3
Schlumberger
EPT-G Mudcake Correction Charts for Water-Base Mud

EPTcor-3a
EMD-L (endfire array)
Smf = 27 kppm; temperature = 125F [52C]

25
tpl (nsec/m) hmc = 0.5 in. [1.27 cm]
22
20 20
18
TPL (nsec/m)
16
15
14
12
400 450 500
10 A c (dB/m)
10
8
7.2
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
5
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
EATT (dB/m)
EPT
25
22
20 20
18
TPL (nsec/m)
16
15
14
12
400 450 500
10 A c (dB/m)
10
8
7.2
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
5
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
EATT (dB/m)
Schlumberger
The EPT-G mudcake charts are used to correct the raw log travel times (t pl) and attenuations (A c), which are used to evaluate the
times (TPL) and log attenuations (EATT) for the effects of mud- flushed zone. For example, these latter quantities are the inputs
cakes on the tool responses. (Caution: Do not use TPPW and to petrophysical models such as the Complex Refractive Index
EAPW as inputs into these charts.) The charts also correct the Method (CRIM).
log attenuations for spreading losses so that no further correc- Continued on next page
tions are required. The chart outputs are the true formation travel
5-4
Schlumberger

EPTcor-3b
EMD-L (endfire array)
Smf = 10 kppm; temperature = 125F [51.67C]

30
hmc = 0.5 in. [1.27 cm]
25 tpl (nsec/m)
22
20 20
18
TPL (nsec/m)
16
15 500 A c (dB/m)
14
450
12 400
10 10
8
7.2
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
5
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
EATT (dB/m)
EPT
25
22
20
20
18
16
TPL (nsec/m) 15
14
12 450 500
400
A c (dB/m)
10 10
8
7.2
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
5
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
EATT (dB/m)
Schlumberger
The true travel times, t pl, can also be used in nomograms such temperatures and mud-filtrate salinities in kppm by weight
as Sxo-1 to determine flushed-zone water saturations, Sxo. The NaCl (Smf). The mudcake effects depend on h mc and the contrast
charts displayed here are for water-base muds and are applicable, between the mudcake and formation dielectric properties.
as indicated, for the EMD-L and BMD-S arrays. The charts Continued on next page
are valid for the indicated mudcake thicknesses (h mc), borehole
5-5
Schlumberger

EPTcor-4a
BMD-S (broadside array)

30
hmc = 0.5 in. [1.27 cm]
tpl (nsec/m) 22
25 20
18
20 16
TPL (nsec/m) 14
12 A c (dB/m)
15 400 450 500
10
350
8 250 300
10 7.2 100 150 200
0 50
EPT
5
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
EATT (dB/m)
25
22 hmc = 0.25 in. [0.635 cm]
tpl (nsec/m)
20
20 18
16
14
TPL (nsec/m) 15
12
400 450 500 A c (dB/m)
10
10
8
7.2 250 300 350
0 50 100 150 200
5
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
EATT (dB/m)
Schlumberger
In general, low-conductivity muds produce the largest effects Reference 31.) The mudcake thicknesses are estimated from a
so that increases in temperature, mudcake porosity and salinity caliper or a Microlog using Chart Rxo-1.
generally reduce the mudcake effects. The charts displayed here Continued on next page
assume a mudcake porosity of 40 p.u. (For more information see
5-6
Schlumberger

EPTcor-4b
BMD-S (broadside array)

30
tpl (nsec/m)
25 22
700
20 550 600 650
20 A c (dB/m)
18
16
TPL (nsec/m) 15 14
12
400 450 500
10
10
5 8
7.2 250 300 350
50 100 150 200 hmc = 0.5 in. [1.27 cm]
0
0
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200
EATT (dB/m)
EPT
25
22
m)
20
sec/
20 18 550 600 650 700

tpl (n
16 A c (dB/m)
TPL (nsec/m) 15 14
12
10 10 400 450 500
8 hmc = 0.25 in. [0.635 cm]

7.2
5 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100
EATT (dB/m)
Schlumberger
Example: EMD-L array Entering Chart EPTcor-3a with the above log
h mc = 0.5 in. (estimated from bit size and caliper) values, one reads a true formation travel time,
t pl = 19.7 nsec/m, and true formation attenuation,
Borehole temperature = 125F
A c = 307 dB/m.
Mud filtrate salinity = 27,000 ppm NaCl
Log TPL = 20 nsec/m
Log EATT = 500 dB/m
5-7
Schlumberger
Flushed Zone Saturation from EPT* Attenuation

Sxo-2
Sxo
(%)
5
6
Aw
(dB/m) 7
6000 8
AEPTcor 9
5000 10
(dB/m)
4000
1
3000
2

2000 (p.u.) 3 20
1 4
6
2 30
8
1000 3 10
900 4
800 40
5
700 20
600 50
10 30
500 40 60
Sxo 15
400 70
20 60
80
30 80
300 90
40 100
100
200 200
300
400
100 600
90 800
80 1000
Schlumberger
The nomograph defines water saturation in the rock immediately These values, together with porosity, inserted into the nomo-
adjacent to the borehole, Sxo , using the EPT attenuation measure- graph lead to the flushed zone water saturation, Sxo .
ment. It requires knowledge of saturating fluid (usually mud
filtrate) attenuation (Aw), porosity and the EPT attenuation Example: A EPT = 250 dB/m
(A EPTcor) corrected for spreading loss. t pl = 10.9 nsec/m
Fluid attenuation (Aw) can be estimated from Chart EPTcor-2 = 28%
by knowing the equivalent water salinity and formation tempera- Water salinity = 20 kppm
ture. EPT-D spreading loss is also determined from Chart
EPTcor-2 based on the uncorrected EPT t pl measurement. The BHT = 150F
spreading loss correction algebraically added to the EPT-D giving Spreading loss = 82 dB/m
attenuation measurement gives the corrected EPT attenuation, A EPT = 250 82 = 168 dB/m
A EPTcor. Aw = 1100 dB/m
and Sxo = 56%
5-8
Schlumberger
Microlog Interpretation Chart

Rxo-1
8-in. [203-mm] hole

20
20
30
0 100
c
15 hm
00
15
ro
50
Ze
20
12
116 in.
[1.5 mm]
10
10
9
9
8 in. [3 mm]
18
8
7
7
c
6
m
R
6
xo /
R
of
5 in. [6.4 mm]

14
es
5
lu
R1 1
Va
5
4.
Rmc
4
4
5
in. [9.5 mm]

38
3.
3
3
in. [13 mm]

12
5
2.
c
m
Rxo
h
in. [16 mm]

58
ro
2
Ze
in. [19 mm]

34
1.5
5
1 in. [25.4 mm]

1.
1
1 1.5 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 15 20
R2
Rmc
Schlumberger
Enter the chart with the ratios R 11 /R mc and R 2 /R mc. The point the mudcake thickness is different from direct measurement
of intersection defines the R xo /R mc ratio and the mudcake thick- by the microcaliper. To correct, move the plotted point at 45
ness, h mc. Knowing R mc , R xo can be calculated. to intersect the known h mc. For this new point, read R xo /R mc
For hole sizes other than 8 in. [203 mm], multiply R 11 /R mc from the chart and R 2 /R mc from the bottom scale of the chart.
by the following factors before entering the chart: 1.15 for
434-in. [120-mm] hole, 1.05 for 6-in. [152-mm] hole, and 0.93 R / R mc
R xo = R 2 xo
for 10-in. [254-mm] hole. R 2 / R mc
Note: An incorrect R mc will displace the points in the chart
along a 45 line. In certain cases this can be recognized when
5-9
Schlumberger
Microlaterolog and Proximity Log

Rxo-2
Mudcake Correction
Microlaterolog
(Type VIII hydraulic pad)
3.0
1 in. [25.4 mm] in. [19 mm]

34
2.0
RMLLcor /RMLL
hmc
in. [9.5 mm]

38
1.0 0 14 in.
[0 6.4 mm]
0.7
1 2 5 10 20 50 100
RMLL/Rmc
Proximity Log
(Isotropic mudcake)
3.0
hmc
2.0
Rpcor /Rp
1 in. [25.4 mm]

Rxo in. [19 mm]
34
0 in.
1.0
12 in. [6.4 12.7 mm]
14
0.8
1 2 5 10 20 50 100
Rp /Rmc
Schlumberger
Charts Rxo-2 and Rxo-3 correct microresistivity measurements the ratio of the corrected microresistivity value to the microresis-
for mudcake effect. To use, enter the ratio of the microresistivity tivity log reading is then given on the ordinate. Multiplication of
log reading divided by the mudcake resistivity into the abscissa this ratio by the microresistivity log reading yields the corrected
of the appropriate chart. Go vertically to the mudcake thickness; microresistivity.
5-10
Schlumberger
MicroSFL* Mudcake Correction

Rxo-3
Standard MicroSFL
MSFL version III mudcake correction, 8-in. borehole
3.0
2.5
hmc 1 in. [25.4 mm]
2.0
RMSFLcor /RMSFL
in. [19 mm]

34
1.5
in. [6.4 mm]

14
in. [12.7 mm]
12
1.0
0.9
0.8
0 in.
0.7 in. [3.2 mm]
18
0.6
1 2 5 10 20 50 100
RMSFL/Rmc
Slimhole MicroSFL
Slim MSFL mudcake correction, 8-in. borehole
3.0
2.5
1 in. [25.4 mm] in. [19 mm]
34
2.0 Rxo
hmc
RMSFLcor /RMSFL
1.5
14 in. [6.4 mm]

in. [12.7 mm]
12
1.0
0.9
0.8 0 18 in. [0 3.2 mm]
0.7
0.6
1 2 5 10 20 50 100
RMSFL/Rmc
Schlumberger
Example: R MLL = 9.0 ohm-m

R mc = 0.15 ohm-m at formation temperature
h mc = 9.5 mm
giving R MLL /R mc = 9.0/0.15 = 60
Therefore, R MLLcor /R MLL = 2
and R MLLcor = 2(9.0) = 18 ohm-m
5-11
Resistivity
Schlumberger
Dual Laterolog (D/E) Borehole Correction

Rcor-2b
Deep Laterolog
DLT-D/E (LLD) centered, thick beds
1.5
Hole diameter (in.)

30 28 26 24 22 20 18
RLLDcor/RLLD
16 14
1 12
10
8
6
0.5
1 10 100 1000 10,000
RLLD/Rm
Shallow Laterolog
DLT-D/E (LLS) centered, thick beds
2
Rcor
1.5
30 28 26 24
22
20
RLLScor/RLLS
18
16
14
12
10
1
8
6
Hole diameter (in.)
0.5
1 10 100 1000 10,000
RLLS/Rm
Schlumberger
6-1
Resistivity
Schlumberger
Dual Laterolog (D/E) Borehole Correction

Rcor-2c
Deep Laterolog
DLS-D/E eccentered (standoff = 1.5 in.), thick beds
1.4
1.3
1.2
Hole diameter (in.)
RLLDcor /RLLD
1.1 16 14
12
10 300
1.0 8 250
400 350 200
0.9
Hole diameter (mm)
0.8
0.7
1 2 5 10 20 50 100 200 500 1000 5000 10,000
RLLD /Rm
Shallow Laterolog
DLS-D/E eccentered (standoff = 1.5 in.), thick beds
1.6
1.5
(mm)
1.4 400
Hole diameter
RLLScor /RLLS
1.3 (in.)
350
16
1.2 14
Rcor 12 300
1.1 10
250
8
1.0 200
0.9
1 2 5 10 20 50 100 200 500 1000 5000 10,000
RLLS /Rm
Schlumberger
6-2
Resistivity
Schlumberger
ARI* Azimuthal Resistivity Imager Borehole Correction

Rcor-14
For high-resolution LLhr curve
358-in. tool centered, active mode, thick beds

1.5
6
Rcor /Ra 1 8
10
12
Hole diameter (in.)
0.5
1 10 100 1000 10,000
Ra /Rm
Schlumberger
The high-resolution deep resistivity curve available from the LLD and LLS curves recorded with the ARI tool are identical
ARI Azimuthal Resistivity Imager log is subject to borehole to the curves recorded with a standard dual laterolog tool (type D
effects like any other laterolog measurement. Borehole correc- or E) and may be corrected for borehole effects using Chart
tion is performed using Chart Rcor-14 in the same way as the Rcor-2b or Rcor-2c.
deep and shallow laterolog borehole corrections and the
microlog and MicroSFL* mudcake corrections (see Charts Rxo-2
and Rxo-3 for an explanation and illustration).
Rcor
6-3
Resistivity
Schlumberger
Dual Laterolog (D/E) Bed-Thickness Corrections
Chart Rcor-10 corrects the Dual Laterolog (LLD and LLS) for Example: R LLD = 4.2 ohm-m
bed thickness. R LLS = 3.0 ohm-m
To use, laterolog readings should first be corrected for bore-
R S 30 ohm-m
hole effects (see Charts Rcor-2b and -2c). Then, enter Chart
Rcor-10 with the bed thickness and proceed upward to the proper Bed thickness = 6 ft
R LL /R s ratio (apparent laterolog reading corrected for borehole/ R LLD 4.2
adjacent-bed resistivity) curve. Read the ratio of the corrected Given = = 0.14
RS 30
laterolog value (R LLcor) to the apparent laterolog value (R LL) in
ordinate. R LLS 3.0
= = 0.10
RS 30
R LLDcor
Therefore, = 0.88
R LLD
R LLScor
= 0.80
R LLS
and R LLDcor = 3.7 ohm-m
R LLScor = 2.4 ohm-m
Rcor
6-4
Resistivity
Schlumberger
Dual Laterolog (D/E) Bed-Thickness Corrections

Rcor-10
DLS-D/E
Deep Laterolog
No invasion, semi-infinite shoulder, 8-in. [203-mm] borehole, squeeze: Rt /Rm 30, antisqueeze: Rs/Rm 30
2.4
2.2
500
2.0 200
100
1.8 50
20
1.6 10 RLLD /RS
RLLDcor /RLLD
5
1.4 500
RLLD /RS
2
1.2 10
2
1.0 1 0.5
0.5
0.2 0.05 0.1
0.8 0.1
0.01
0.02
0.6 0.005 0.005
0.4
1 2 4 6 8 10 20 40 60 80 100 (ft)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 20 30 (m)
Bed thickness
Shallow Laterolog
No invasion, semi-infinite shoulder, 8-in. [203-mm] borehole, squeeze: Rt /Rm 30, antisqueeze: Rs/Rm 30
2.4
Rcor
2.2
500
2.0 200
50
10
1.8
20
1.6 2 5
RLLScor /RLLS
100
1.4 RLLS/RS
RLLS /RS
1.2 500
10
1.0 2
1 0.5
0.8 0.5 0.1
0.2 0.05
0.1 0.005
0.6 0.02 0.01
0.005
0.4
1 2 4 6 8 10 20 40 60 80 100 (ft)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 20 30 (m)
Bed thickness
Schlumberger
6-5
Resistivity
Schlumberger
Invasion Correction Charts

Rint-1
The invasion correction charts, sometimes referred to as tor- An alternate Sw value, designated as SwR (Sw-Ratio), is found
nado or butterfly charts, of the next several pages (labeled using R xo /R t with R mf /R w as in Chart Sw-2.
Rint-) are used to define the depth of invasion d i , the R xo /R t ratio If SwA and SwR are equal, the assumption of a step-contact
and the true resistivity R t. All assume a step-contact profile invasion profile is indicated to be correct, and all values found
of invasion and that all resistivity measurements have been (Sw, R t , R xo , d i) are considered good.
corrected, where necessary, for borehole effect and bed thickness If SwA > SwR, either invasion is very shallow or a transition
using the appropriate Rcor- chart, prior to entry. type of invasion profile is indicated, and SwA is considered a
To use any of these charts, enter the abscissa and ordinate good value for Sw.
with the required resistivity ratios. The point of intersection If SwA < SwR, an annulus-type invasion profile may be indi-
defines d i , R xo /R t and R t as a function of one resistivity cated. In this case a more accurate value of water saturation may
measurement. be estimated using the relation:
1
S 4
Saturation determination in clean formations Swcor = SwA wA
SwR
Either of the chart-derived values of R t and R xo /R t can be used
to find values for Sw. One value, which is designated as SwA The correction factor (SwA /SwR)1 4 can be found from the
(Sw-Archie), is found using the Archie saturation formula (or scale below.
Chart Sw-1) with the Rt value and known values of FR and R w. For more information see Reference 9.
SwA/SwR
0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65 0.70 0.75 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.0
0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.0

(SwA/SwR) 14
Schlumberger
Rint
6-6
Resistivity
Schlumberger
Dual LaterologRxo Device

Rint-9b
DLT-D/E LLDLLSRxo device
Thick beds, 8-in. [203-mm] hole,

no annulus, no transition zone, Rxo /Rm = 50,
use data corrected for borehole effect
100
20 30 40 50
80 60
0.50 100
0.75 80
60 1.01 1.27
1.52
70 2.03 100
40 120
50
Rt 3.04
30 di (in.)
Rxo
1.1 30 di (m)
20 1.2
1.3
1.4
15 20 1.6
1.8
15
10
8 Rt
10
RLLD
6
7
RLLD /Rxo
4 5
3
3
2
2
1.5 1.5
Rint
1
di (in.) Rt
0.8 Rxo
di (m)
0.6
100
2.54 60 0.4
0.4 1.52 40
30
0.3 1.01 20
0.75 0.2
0.50
0.2
0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.5 2 3 4 6 8 10 15 20 30 40 50
RLLD /RLLS
Schlumberger
6-7
Resistivity
Schlumberger
Borehole Correction for 16-in. Normal

Rcor-8
Recorded with induction-electrical log
1000
Hole diameter dh
6
500
150 8
200 10
12
250
200 14
300
350 16
400 (in.)
100
(mm)
50
R16
Rm
20
10
1
1 2 5 10 20 50 100 200 500 1000
R16cor
Rcor
Rm
Schlumberger
6-8
Resistivity
Schlumberger
SFL* Spherically Focused Resistivity Borehole Correction

Rcor-1
Recorded with DIS-DB, EA or equivalent
1.5
1.4 Tool centered, thick beds

112 -in. [38-mm] standoff
1.3
16
400
RSFLcor /RSFL
1.2 14
350
12 300
1.1
10 250
1.0 8 200
0.9 6 150
Hole diameter (in.) (mm)
0.8
1 2 5 10 20 50 100 200 500 1000 5000 10,000
RSFL/Rm
Schlumberger
Most resistivity measurements should be corrected for borehole proper borehole diameter, and read the correction factor from
effect. Charts Rcor-1 and Rcor-8 provide the borehole correction the ordinate.
for the 16-in. Normal and the SFL measurements. The chart contains curves for a centered tool and for a tool
To use, the ratio of the resistivity measurement divided by with 112-in. standoff.
the mud resistivity, R m , is entered in abscissa. Proceed to the
Rcor
6-9
Resistivity
Schlumberger
Induction Log Borehole Correction

Rcor-4a
Hole diameter (mm)

100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
0.01 10
6FF40, ID For very low mud resistivities,
IM divide Rm scale by 10 and
6FF28 0.009 5
multiply hole signal scale by 10.
0
0.008 0
5
2
0
0.007 5
1.0
Borehole geometrical factor
0.006 10
0.5
0
Hole signal (mS/m)

0.3 )
m
0.005 15
m-
Standoff (in.)
0.2 (oh
m
1.5
R
38 2.5 1.5 0.004 20
2.0 64 38
51
0.5 0.003 25
12
0.1
2.0
51
0.002 30
5
1.0
0 .0
25 2.5
64 0.001 35
Rcor
0 40
Hole signal = hole GF/Rm

0.001 45
4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Hole diameter (in. )
Schlumberger
The hole-conductivity signal is to be subtracted, where neces- Rcor-4 gives corrections for 6FF40 or ID, IM and 6FF28 for
sary, from the induction log conductivity reading before other various wall standoffs. Dashed lines illustrate the use of the chart
corrections are made. This correction applies to all zones for a 6FF40 sonde with a 1.5-in. standoff in a 14.6-in. borehole,
(including shoulder beds) having the same hole size and mud and R m = 0.35 ohm-m. The hole signal is found to be 5.5 mS/m.
resistivity. If the log reads R I = 20 ohm-m, C I (conductivity) = 50 mS/m.
The corrected C I is then (50 5.5) = 44.5 mS/m. R I = 1000/44.5
Some induction logs, especially in salty muds, are adjusted so that the hole
signal for the nominal hole size is already subtracted out of the recorded curve. = 22.4 ohm-m.
Refer to the log heading.
6-10
Resistivity
Schlumberger
Induction Log Correction for Thin Conductive Beds

Rcor-7
6FF40, ID, 6FF28
Computed for a shoulder-bed resistivity (SBR)

setting of 1 ohm-m (refer to log heading)
6FF40 or ID
Rt > 1 ohm-m
1.0
ess
hickn
Bed t (m)
(ft) 1.2
4
0.8
0.9 1 .1
3.5
0.9
Rt /Rs
RIDcor /RID 3 0.6
0.8
0.8
2.5 0.5
0 .6
0.4
2
0.7 0.3
0.2
0.1
0.05
0.6
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
RID /Rs
Schlumberger
Charts Rcor-5, Rcor-6 and Rcor-7 correct the induction logs Example: R ID = 4.2 ohm-m
(6FF40, ID, 6FF28 and IM) for bed thickness. A skin-effect R IM = 6.0 ohm-m Rcor
correction is included in these charts.
R S = 2.0 ohm-m
To use, select the chart appropriate for the tool type and for
the adjacent bed resistivity (R S). For Charts Rcor-5 and Rcor-6, Bed thickness = 3 m
enter the bed thickness and proceed upward to the proper R a giving, from the R S = 2 ohm-m charts,
curve. Read the corrected resistivity value (R t) in ordinate. R IDcor = 4.5 ohm-m
For Chart Rcor-7, enter the chart with the R ID /R S ratio
R IMcor = 6.2 ohm-m
(apparent ID reading/adjacent bed resistivity) and go upward
to the bed thickness. Read the correction factor (R IDcor /R ID) For the small-diameter 6FF28, multiply the bed thickness by
in ordinate. 1.43 before entering these correction charts. For example, in a
7-ft bed, the bed thickness used in correcting the 6FF28 reading
is 10 ft (7 1.43 = 10).
6-11
Resistivity
Schlumberger
Induction Log Bed-Thickness Correction

Rcor-5
6FF40 (ID) and 6FF28
Computed for a shoulder-bed resistivity (SBR)

setting of 1 ohm-m (refer to log heading)
200 200
50
100 45 100 50
80 40 80 45
60 60 40
35 35
30 30
40 40
25 25
20 20
20 20
15 15
10 10 10 10
8 8 8 8
6 6 6 6
RIDcor 4 4 RIDcor 4 4
3 3
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1
0.8 0.8
0.6 0.6
0.5 0.5
0.4 0.4
0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3
0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

Ra Ra
Rs = 1 ohm-m (ohm-m) Rs = 2 ohm-m (ohm-m)
0.1 0.1
0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 (ft) 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 (ft)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 (m) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 (m)
Bed thickness Bed thickness

200 200
80
100 100 70
80 50 80 60
45 60 50
60 40
35 40
Rcor 40 30 40
30
25
20 20 20
20
15 15
10 10 10 10
8 8 8 8
6 6 6 6
RIDcor 4 4 RIDcor 4 4
3 3
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1
0.8 0.8
0.6 0.6
0.5 0.5
0.4 0.4
0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3
0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

Ra Ra
0.1 0.1
0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 (ft) 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 (ft)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 (m) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 (m)
Schlumberger
For the small-diameter 6FF28 sonde, multiply the bed thickness a 7-ft bed, the bed thickness used in correcting the 6FF28
by 1.43 before entering these correction charts. For example, in reading is 10 ft (7 1.43 = 10).
6-12
Resistivity
Schlumberger
Induction Log Bed-Thickness Correction

Rcor-6
IM medium induction
200 200
100
90 70
100 80 100 70
70 60
80 80 60
60 50 50
60 60
40 40
40 30 40
30
20 20
20 20
15 15
10 10 10 10
8 8 8 8
6 6 6 6
RIMcor 4 4 RIMcor 4 4
3 3
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1
0.8 0.8
0.6 0.6
0.5 0.5
0.4 0.4
0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3
0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

Ra Ra
0.1 0.1
0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 (ft) 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 (ft)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 (m) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 (m)

200 200
100
80
100 70 100 80
80 60 80 70
60
60 50 60 50
40 40
40 40
30 30
20 20
Rcor
20 20
15 15
10 10 10 10
8 8 8 8
6 6 6 6
RIMcor 4 4 RIMcor 4 4
3 3
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1
0.8 0.8
0.6 0.6
0.5 0.5
0.4 0.4
0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3
0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

Ra Ra
0.1 0.1
0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 (ft) 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 (ft)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 (m) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 (m)
Schlumberger
6-13
Resistivity
Schlumberger
Invasion Correction Charts

Rint-1a
The invasion correction charts, sometimes referred to as Saturation determination in clean formations
tornado or butterfly charts, of the next several pages (labeled Either of the chart-derived values of R t and R xo /R t can be used
Rint-) are used to define the depth of invasion d i , the R xo /R t ratio to find values for Sw. One value, which is designated as SwA
and the true resistivity R t. All assume a step-contact profile of (Sw-Archie), is found using the Archie saturation formula (or
invasion and that all resistivity measurements have been cor- Chart Sw-1) with the Rt value and known values of FR and Rw.
rected, where necessary, for borehole effect and bed thickness An alternate Sw value, designated as SwR (Sw-Ratio), is found
using the appropriate Rcor- chart, prior to entry. using R xo /R t with R mf /R w, as in Chart Sw-2.
To use any of these charts, enter the abscissa and ordinate If SwA and SwR are equal, the assumption of a step-contact
with the required resistivity ratios. The point of intersection invasion profile is indicated as correct, and all values found (Sw,
defines d i , R xo /R t and R t as a function of one resistivity R t , R xo and d i) are considered good.
measurement. If SwA > SwR, either invasion is very shallow or a transition-
Example: R SFL = 25 ohm-m type invasion profile is indicated, and SwA is considered a good
R IM = 5.9 ohm-m
R ID = 4.8 ohm-m
} After correction
for borehole effect
and bed thickness
value for Sw.
If SwA < SwR, an annulus-type invasion profile may be indi-
cated. In this case a more accurate value of water saturation may
be estimated using the relation:
R m = 0.5 ohm-m
Entering the R xo /R m 100 chart (Chart Rint-2c) with 1
S 4
R SFL/R ID = 25/4.8 = 5.2 Swcor = SwA wA
SwR
R IM /R ID = 5.9/4.8 = 1.2
yields R xo /R t = 8 The correction factor (SwA/SwR)1 4 can be found from the
d i = 39 in. or 1 m scale below.
R t /R ID = 0.97
Therefore, R t = R ID (R t /R ID) = 4.8 0.97 = 4.7 ohm-m
R xo = R t (R xo /R t) = 4.7 8 = 37.6 ohm-m
Use of Chart Rint-2c is confirmed since R xo /Rm = 75
(i.e., R xo /R m 100).
SwA/SwR
Rint 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65 0.70 0.75 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.0
0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.0

(SwA/SwR) 14
Schlumberger
6-14
Resistivity
Schlumberger
DIL* Dual InductionSFL* Spherically Focused Resistivity Log

Rint-2b
IDIMSFL
Thick beds, 8-in. [203-mm] hole, skin-effect corrected,

DIS-EA or equivalent
Rxo /Rm 20
Rxo
40
20 Rt 50
30 60
30
25 70
.)
(in 25
di
80
20
20 90
10
9 15
15
8
0.95 0.85
Rt 1.0
7 0.75
RD
10
6
RSFL /RID 1.27 1.52
) 1.01
5 d i (m 1.78
0.75
0.63 7
4
0.50
5
3
0.38
Rint
3
2
1
1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.7 1.9
RIM /RID
Schlumberger
6-15
Resistivity
Schlumberger
DIL* Dual InductionSFL* Spherically Focused Resistivity Log

Rint-2c
IDIMSFL
Thick beds, 8-in. [203-mm] hole, skin-effect corrected,

DIS-EA or equivalent
40
Rxo /Rm 100

30
Rxo 50
20 40 60
70
) Rt
di (in. 80
30
30 90
25
25
20
20
10 15
9
15
8
7 1.01 1.27 1.52

2.03
)
RSFL/RID d i (m
6 0.75 10
0.63 0.95 0.90 0.80
5 Rt 1.0
0.50 RID
7
4
0.38
Rint 5
3
3
2
1
1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.7 1.9
RIM /RID
Schlumberger
6-16
Resistivity
Schlumberger
Deep InductionSFL* Spherically Focused Resistivity Log

Rint-5
Rxo Device
IDSFLRxo device

no annulus, no transition zone,
induction log is skin-effect corrected
0.75
1.01 0.63 0.50 0.38 Rxo
1.27 Rt
30 25 20 15
50 1.78 50 40
50
40 70 40
di (m) 2.54
30 30
di (in.) 100 25
20 20
0.25 m
15
10 in.
10 10
8
7
6
5 5
4
on
Rxo /RID 3 3 si
va
in
o
N
2 2
1
Rint
0.8
0.6
0.5 0.5
0.4 Rxo
Rt 0.33
0.3
0.2 0.2
10 30 40 di (in.)
20
0.25 0.75
0.50 1.01 di (m)
0.1
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 10
Rxo /RSFL
Schlumberger
6-17
Resistivity
Schlumberger
DIL* Dual InductionRxo Device

Rint-10
IDIMRxo device

no annulus, no transition zone, Rxo 20,
induction log is skin-effect corrected
100
90
80 20 30
40
70 di (
70 50 in.)
60 0.50 0.75 60
1.01
50 50 1.27 70
40 Rxo 80
Rt
30
30
1.52
1.78
100
20 2.03
20
15
120
Rxo /RID 2.54
10 10
9
8 3.04
7 7
di (m)
6
5 5
Rint
4
3 3
2 2
1.5
1
1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0
*Mark of Schlumberger RIM /RID
Schlumberger
To use this chart in an oil-base mud environment, use synthetic R xo calculated from EPT* or TDT* logs.
6-18
Resistivity
Schlumberger
SFL* Borehole Correction

Rcor-3
DIT-E Phasor* Induction tool
Tool centered, thick beds

1.8
Hole diameter
1.7 (in.) (mm)
1.6 600
24
1.5 22
550
20
1.4
Rcor /RSFL 18 500
1.3 16 450
14 400
1.2
12 350
1.1 10 300
8 250
1
200
6
0.9 150
0.8
0.1 1 10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000
RSFL /Rm
Schlumberger
Rcor
6-19
Resistivity
Schlumberger
Phasor* Induction Borehole Correction
Borehole corrections can now be based on exact modeling as where G BD4b is the ID GF from Chart Rcor-4b and G BD4b
well as on traditional experiments. Borehole correction requires is from Chart Rcor-4c (D refers to ID and M refers to IM). The
four inputs: borehole conductivity (C B), formation conductivity parameter A M is derived from the formation and mud conduc-
(C f), borehole diameter (D) and standoff (S). For smooth round tivities through the formula
holes, correction of Phasor Induction logs may be based on
Charts Rcor-4b and Rcor-4c. For cases when R t /R m > 100, A M = 2.58414 + 3.59087F 1.49684 F 2 , (5)
Chart Rcor-4b is used alone. For cases when R t /R m < 100, both
Charts Rcor-4b and Rcor-4c are needed. Each chart gives the and
borehole geometrical factor (G B) as a function of borehole A D = 0.994584 1.59245F + 0.663813F 2 (6)
diameter and standoff. G B is used to get from apparent conduc-
tivity (C a) to corrected conductivity (C cor) through the correction
where
formula
CB Cf
C a C BG B F= (7)
C cor = . (1) CB + CF
1 GB
Since C f represents the formation conductivity just inside the
G B is obtained from the charts for the appropriate borehole
borehole, SFL is the best estimator of this conductivity. The
and standoff. All conductivities are expressed in mS/m and
interpolated borehole geometrical factor is used in Eq. 1.
are calculated through the formula
Note: All resistivity logs are limited near 2000 ohm-m.
1000 Borehole conditions can cause legitimate negative conductivity
C= (2) readings in conditions such as very resistive formations. The
R
conductivity channels CIDP and CIMP are not limited and are
where R is the resistivity in ohm-m. better choices for borehole correction.
When the formation-to-borehole contrast is low and the bore- All Phasor Induction borehole corrections are applicable
holes are large enough to warrant correction, the following to ERL* Enhanced Resolution Logging and ERA* Enhanced
formula for interpolation between charts gives the approximate Resolution Analysis presentations.
borehole geometrical factor: Borehole corrections for the Phasor Induction tool are usually
made in real time. These charts provide only approximate cor-
G B IM = A M G B M 4 c + (1 A M )G B M 4 b (3) rections for specific cases of R t /R m and unique hole diameters.
Any discrepancy between real-time (or Data Services Center)
G B ID = A D G B D 4 c + (1 A D )G B D 4 b (4)
Rcor and manual chart-based corrections should normally be resolved
in favor of the real-time corrections.
6-20
Resistivity
Schlumberger

Rcor-4b
Rt /Rm > 100
Hole diameter (mm)

100 200 300 400 500 600 700
0.015
Centralized 5 3.5 Standoff (in.)
0.013 4
3
0 0
0.011 2.5
0.5
0.009
1
2
0.007
1.5
1.5
0.5 2
0.005
2.5
3
0.003
1 3.5
Rcor
4
0.001
5
0.001
0.003 IDPH
IMPH Centralized
0.005
4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28
Hole diameter (in.)
Schlumberger
The borehole geometrical factor obtained from this chart or

Chart Rcor-4c can be inserted into Nomograph Rcor-4a with the
mud resistivity (R m) to determine the hole signal (in mS/m).
6-21
Resistivity
Schlumberger

Rcor-4c
Rt /Rm = 1
Hole diameter (mm)

100 200 300 400 500 600 700
0.050
Standoff (in.)
0.045
0.040 0
0.035 1
0.030 2
0.025 3
4
0.020 0
5
1
0.015
2
Rcor 3
0.010
4
5
0.005
0.000
0.005 IDPH
IMPH
0.010
4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28
*Mark of Schlumberger Hole diameter (in.)

Schlumberger
6-22
Resistivity
Schlumberger
Phasor* Induction Bed-Thickness Correction

Rcor-9
DIT-E Phasor Dual InductionSFL
IM Medium Phasor Induction ID Deep Phasor Induction

50 50
40 RIMP 40 RIDP
30 Rs 30 Rs
25
20 20 20 20
15 15
10 10 10 10
8 7.5 8 7.5
6 6
5 5 5 5
4 3.75 4 3.75
3 3
2.5 2.5
2 2 2 2
RIMPcor /Rs
RIDPcor /Rs
1.5 1.5
1 1 1 1
0.8 0.8
0.6 0.6
0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
0.4 0.4
0.3 0.3
0.25 0.25
0.2 0.2
0.125 0.125
0.1 0.1
0.08 0.075 0.08 0.075
0.06 0.06
0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05
0.04 0.04
0.03 0.03
0 4 8 12 (ft) 16 20 24 28 0 4 8 12 (ft) 16 20 24 28
0 1 2 3 4 (m) 5 6 7 8 0 1 2 3 4 (m) 5 6 7 8 Rcor

Schlumberger
These charts (Rcor-9) correct the DIT-E Phasor Induction Example: R IDP = 7.5 ohm-m
(IM and ID) measurements for bed thickness. R IMP = 6 ohm-m
To use, enter the appropriate chart with the ratio of the
R s = 2 ohm-m
apparent resistivity (R IMP or R IDP) divided by the adjacent bed
resistivity (R s) and the bed thickness. At this resulting intersec- Bed thickness = 6 ft
tion, the ratio of the corrected resistivity to the adjacent bed giving R IDP/R s = 7.5/2 = 3.75
resistivity is read on the ordinate. R IMP/R s = 6/2 = 3
Therefore, R IDPcor /R s = 4
R IMPcor /R s = 3.1
and R IDPcor = 8 ohm-m
R IMPcor = 6 ohm-m
6-23
Resistivity
Schlumberger
Phasor* Dual InductionSFL* Spherically Focused Resistivity Log

Rint-11a
ID PhasorIM PhasorSFL
Thick beds, 8-in. [203-mm] hole, skin-effect and borehole corrected

Rxo /Rm 100, DIT-E or equivalent, frequency = 20 kHz
200
di (in.)
40 50 60
30 70 80
25 90
100 20 100
15 Rt 120
0.9 R 0.8 0.7
200 0.95 IDPH 0.6
50 0.5
0.4 160
140 0.3
100 200
20
70
RSFL/RIDPH
50
10 40
30
20 1
5
15
10
7
2 5
Rxo 3
2
Rt
1
1 2 3 4 5
RIMPH /RIDPH
Schlumberger
Charts Rint-11, Rint-12, Rint-13 and Rint-15 apply to the R xo /R t and R t /R IDPH for tool operation at 10 kHz and 40 kHz
Rint Phasor Induction tool when operated at a frequency of 20 kHz. when only moderately deep invasion exists (less than 100 in.).
Similar charts (not presented here) are available for tool opera- All Phasor Induction invasion correction charts are applicable
tion at 10 kHz and 40 kHz. to ERL* Enhanced Resolution Logging and ERA* Enhanced
The 20-kHz charts provide reasonable approximations of Resolution Analysis presentations.
6-24
Resistivity
Schlumberger

Rint-11b

Rxo /Rm 20, DIT-E or equivalent, frequency = 20 kHz
40
di (in.)
40 50 60 70
30 80
25 90
20 100
20 120
Rt 0.8
15 0.9 0.7
0.95 RIDPH 0.6
50
10 0.5 160
0.4
30 0.3
RSFL/RIDPH
5 20 200
14
10
8 1
2 6
4
Rxo
3
Rt 2
1
1 2 3 4
RIMPH /RIDPH
Schlumberger
Rint
6-25
Resistivity
Schlumberger

Rint-11c

Rxo < Rt , Rxo < 2 ohm-m, frequency = 20 kHz
2
40
7
di (in.) 50
5
60
1 3 0.8
Rxo 70
30
2 80 0.6
1.5 Rt
0.4
0.005 0.0075 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.2 0.3
0.7
RSFL/RIDPH 1.2
1.1
1
0.5 0.9
0.8
0.7 Rt
0.4
25 RIDPH
0.3
20
0.2
0.05 0.07 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.7 1
RIMPH /RIDPH
Schlumberger
Rint
6-26
Resistivity
Schlumberger
Phasor* Dual Induction in Oil-Base Mud

Rint-12
ID PhasorIM PhasorRaw, unboosted I signals
Thick beds, 8-in. [203-mm] hole

RIDP < 10 ohm-m, DIT-E or equivalent, frequency = 20 kHz
3
160
15 20 di (in.) 100 120
25 80 90
40 70
50 60
50
2 Rxo
Rt
0.4
0.5
30 0.6
RIID /RIDP 0.7
Rt 0.8
0.95 0.9 RIDP
20
14
1.0
10
8
6
4
3
2
1
1 2 3 4
Rint
RIIM /RIDP
Schlumberger
This chart uses the raw, unboosted induction signals and the ID Example: R IDP = 1.6 ohm-m
Phasor value to define the invasion profile in a rock drilled with R IID = 2.4 ohm-m
oil-base mud. To use the chart, the ratio of the raw, unboosted
R IIM = 2.4 ohm-m
medium induction signal (IIM) and the deep Phasor induction
(IDP) is entered in abscissa. The ratio of the raw, unboosted giving R IID/R IDP = 2.4/1.6 = 1.5
deep induction signal (IID) and the deep Phasor induction (IDP) R IIM/R IDP = 2.4/1.6 = 1.5
is entered in ordinate. Their intersection defines d i , R xo /R t and Therefore, d i = 50 in.
R t /R IDP.
R xo /R t = 15
R t /R IDP = 0.94
R t = 0.94 (1.6) = 1.5 ohm-m
6-27
Resistivity
Schlumberger
Phasor* Dual InductionRxo Device

Rint-13a
ID PhasorIM PhasorRxo device

Rxo = 50, Rxo /Rm = 100, frequency = 20 kHz
400
15 20 25 30 di (in.)
200 40
200 50
60
140 70
80
90
0.95 0.9 100
100 100 Rt 0.8
0.7 120
70 RIDPH 0.6
0.5
50 50 0.4
40 160
1 0.3
30
20 20
Rxo /RIDPH 200
15
10 10
7
5 5
Rxo
Rt 3
2 2
1
1 2 3 4 5
RIMPH /RIDPH
Schlumberger
Rint
6-28
Resistivity
Schlumberger

Rint-13b

70
15 20 25 di (in.)
30
50 40
50 50
60
70
30 0.9 Rt 0.8 80
RIDPH 0.7 90
0.95 0.6 100
20 20
0.5 120
14 0.4
0.3
10 10 160
Rxo /RIDPH 8
1
6
5 200
4
3
Rxo
2 Rt 2
1
1 2 3 4
RIMPH /RIDPH
Schlumberger
Rint
6-29
Resistivity
Schlumberger

Rint-13c

Rxo < R t, frequency = 20 kHz
1
0.8
0.6
0.50
90 0.4
80
0.3
70
0.20 0.2
60 0.14
Rxo /RIDPH 0.10 0.1

.) 50
(in
d i
Rxo
0.06
0.05 Rt
40
0.04
0.03
0.02 30
0.02
25 15
20 0.015
0.01
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.7 1 2
RIMPH /RIDPH
Schlumberger
Rint
6-30
Resistivity
Schlumberger
Phasor* Dual InductionSFL*Rxo Device

Rint-15a
ID PhasorSFLRxo device

400
di (in.) 25 20 15
40 30
200 60 50 200
70
80 140
90
100 0.9 0.95 Rt 1
100 0.8 100
120 R IDPH
0.7 70
0.6
0.5
50 160 50
0.4
40
0.3
30
Rxo /RIDPH 20 20
15
10 R xo
10
Rt
7
5 5
3
2 2
1
1 2 3 4 5
Rxo /RSFL
Schlumberger
Rint
6-31
Resistivity
Schlumberger
Phasor* Dual InductionSFL*Rxo Device

Rint-15b
ID PhasorSFLRxo device

70
di (in.)
50 30 25 20 15
40 50
50
60
70 30
80
90 Rt
100 0.95 1
20 0.9 RIDPH 20
0.8
120 0.7
0.6 14
0.5
10 160 10
0.4
Rxo /RIDPH 8
0.3
6 Rxo
5 200
Rt
4
2 2
1
1 2 3 4 5
Rxo /RSFL
Schlumberger
Rint
6-32
Resistivity
Schlumberger
CDR* Compensated Dual Resistivity

Rcor-11a
Borehole Correction for 6.5-in. Tool
Rm = 1.0 ohm-m Rm = 1.0 ohm-m

2.0 2.0
1.8 Borehole 1.8 Borehole
diameters 18 14 diameters 18 16
1.6 (in.)
1.6 (in.)
16 8
1.4 1.4
14
1.2 1.2
12
RADcor / 1.0 RPScor / 1.0 10
8
RAD 0.9 10 RPS 0.9
12
0.8 0.8
0.7 0.7
0.6 0.6
0.5 0.5
0.1 1 10 100 1000 0.1 1 10 100 1000
RAD RPS

2.0 2.0
diameters 18 16 14 12 10 diameters 18 16 14 12
1.6 (in.)
1.6 (in.)
8
1.4 1.4
10
1.2 1.2
8
RADcor / 1.0 RPScor / 1.0
RAD 0.9 RPS 0.9
0.8 0.8
0.7 0.7
0.6 0.6
0.5 0.5
0.1 1 10 100 1000 0.1 1 10 100 1000
RAD RPS Rcor
Rm = 0.05 ohm-m Rm = 0.05 ohm-m

2.0 2.0
1.8 Borehole 1.8
diameters 18 16 14 12 10 8
1.6 (in.)
1.6
1.4 1.4
12
1.2 1.2 10
8
RAD 0.9 RPS 0.9 Borehole
diameters 18 16
0.8 0.8 (in.)
0.7 0.7
0.6 0.6
0.5 0.5
0.1 1 10 100 1000 0.1 1 10 100 1000
RAD RPS
Schlumberger
The CDR Compensated Dual Resistivity tool, a logging-while- 2-MHz electromagnetic waves are independently transformed
drilling (LWD) electromagnetic propagation tool, provides into two apparent resistivitiesproviding two depths of
measurements with similarities to the medium (IM) and deep investigation.
(ID) wireline induction logs. The phase shift and attenuation of Continued on next page
6-33
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Resistivity ?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e
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?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e

Borehole Correction for 8-in. Tool Rcor-11b
Rcor
Schlumberger
RPS is the apparent resistivity from the phase shift-shallow, of 0.05, 0.2 and 1 ohm-m. To use, select the chart appropriate
and RAD is the apparent resistivity from the attenuation-deep. for the tool size, the measurement (RPS or RAD) and the proper
Charts Rcor-11a, -11b and -11c provide borehole corrections mud resistivity. Enter the chart in abscissa with the apparent
for the 6.5-, 8- and 9.5-in. CDR tools run in mud resistivities resistivity. Proceed upward to the proper hole diameter curve
and read the correct/apparent resistivity value on the ordinate.
Resistivity
Schlumberger

Rcor-11c
Borehole Correction for 9.5-in. Tool

2.0 2.0
diameters 22 18 diameters 22
1.6 (in.)
1.6 (in.)
16
1.4 1.4
14 18
1.2 1.2
12 16 14
RAD 0.9 RPS 0.9
0.8 0.8
0.7 0.7
0.6 0.6
0.5 0.5
0.1 1 10 100 1000 0.1 1 10 100 1000
RAD RPS

2.0 2.0
diameters 22 18 16 14 12 diameters 22 18 16 14
1.6 (in.)
1.6 (in.)
1.4 1.4
1.2 1.2
12
RAD 0.9 RPS 0.9
0.8 0.8
0.7 0.7
0.6 0.6
0.5 0.5
0.1 1 10 100 1000 0.1 1 10 100 1000
RAD RPS Rcor
Rm = 0.05 ohm-m Rm = 0.05 ohm-m

2.0 2.0
1.8 Borehole 1.8
diameters 18 22 14 12 14 12
1.6 (in.)
1.6
16
1.4 1.4
1.2 1.2
16 18
RAD 0.9 RPS 0.9 Borehole
diameters 22
0.8 0.8 (in.)
0.7 0.7
0.6 0.6
0.5 0.5
0.1 1 10 100 1000 0.1 1 10 100 1000
*Mark of Schlumberger RAD RPS
Schlumberger
6-35
Resistivity
Schlumberger
CDR* Bed-Thickness Correction

Rcor-13
RAD
200 200
Ra Ra
(ohm-m) 100 (ohm-m)
100
80 80
60 60
50 50
40 40 40 40
30 30
20 20 20 20
15 15
10 10 10 10
8 8 8 8
6 6 6
Rt 6 Rt
(ohm-m) 4 4 (ohm-m) 4 4
3 3
2 2 2 2
1 1 1
1
0.8 0.8
0.6 0.6
0.5 0.5
0.4 0.4
0.3 0.3 0.3
0.3
0.2 0.2 0.2
0.2
Rs = 1 ohm-m Schlumberger Rs = 2 ohm-m
0.1 0.1
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 (ft) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 (ft)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 (m) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 (m)
200 200
Ra Ra
100 (ohm-m) 100 (ohm-m)
80 80
60 60
50 50
40 40 40 40
30 30
20 20 20 20
15
15 Rcor
10 10 10 10
8 8 8 8
6 6 6 6
Rt Rt
4 4
(ohm-m) 3
4 (ohm-m) 3
4
2 2 2 2
1 1 1
1
0.8 0.8
0.6 0.6
0.5 0.5
0.4 0.4
0.3 0.3 0.3
0.3
0.2 0.2 0.2
0.2
Rs = 4 ohm-m Rs = 10 ohm-m
0.1 0.1
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 (ft) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 (ft)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 (m) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 (m)
Schlumberger
6-37
Resistivity
Schlumberger

Rcor-12
RPS
200 200
Ra Ra
100 (ohm-m) 100 (ohm-m)
80 80
60 60
50 50
40 40 40 40
30 30
20 20 20 20
15 15
10 10 10 10
8 8 8 8
6 6 6 6
Rt Rt
4 4
(ohm-m) 4 (ohm-m) 4
3 3
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1
0.8 0.8
0.6 0.6
0.5 0.5
0.4 0.4
0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3
0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2
Rs = 1 ohm-m Rs = 2 ohm-m Schlumberger

0.1 0.1
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 (ft) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 (ft)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 (m) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 (m)
200 200
Ra Ra
100 (ohm-m) 100 (ohm-m)
80 80
60 60
50 50
40 40 40 40
30 30
20 20 20 20
Rcor 15 15
10 10 10 10
8 8 8 8
6 6 6 6
Rt Rt
4 4
(ohm-m) 4 (ohm-m) 3
4
3
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1
0.8 0.8
0.6 0.6
0.5 0.5
0.4 0.4
0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3
0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

0.1 0.1
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 (ft) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 (ft)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 (m) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 (m)
*Mark of Schlumberger Bed thickness Bed thickness

Schlumberger
Charts Rcor-12 and Rcor-13 correct the CDR tool resistivities Proceed upward to the R a curve corresponding to the center bed
for bed thickness. To use, select the chart appropriate for the resistivity value. Read the corrected resistivity value (R t) on the
measurement (R PS or R AD) and for the adjacent bed resistivity ordinate.
(R S). Enter the chart with the bed thickness, which can be deter- For more information see Reference 37.
mined from the distance between the crossovers of R PS and R AD.
6-36
Resistivity
Schlumberger

Rcor-13
RAD
200 200
Ra Ra
(ohm-m) 100 (ohm-m)
100
80 80
60 60
50 50
40 40 40 40
30 30
20 20 20 20
15 15
10 10 10 10
8 8 8 8
6 6 6
Rt 6 Rt
(ohm-m) 4 4 (ohm-m) 4 4
3 3
2 2 2 2
1 1 1
1
0.8 0.8
0.6 0.6
0.5 0.5
0.4 0.4
0.3 0.3 0.3
0.3
0.2 0.2 0.2
0.2
0.1 0.1
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 (ft) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 (ft)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 (m) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 (m)
200 200
Ra Ra
100 (ohm-m) 100 (ohm-m)
80 80
60 60
50 50
40 40 40 40
30 30
20 20 20 20
15
15 Rcor
10 10 10 10
8 8 8 8
6 6 6 6
Rt Rt
4 4
(ohm-m) 3
4 (ohm-m) 3
4
2 2 2 2
1 1 1
1
0.8 0.8
0.6 0.6
0.5 0.5
0.4 0.4
0.3 0.3 0.3
0.3
0.2 0.2 0.2
0.2
Rs = 4 ohm-m Rs = 10 ohm-m
0.1 0.1
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 (ft) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 (ft)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 (m) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 (m)
Schlumberger
6-37
Resistivity
Schlumberger
RAB* Resistivity-at-the-Bit Borehole Correction

Rcor-15
for 6.75-in. Tool
8.5-in. borehole
1.2
1.1
1.0
0.9
R t /Rapp
0.8
0.7
Bit
Ring
0.6 Shallow button
Medium button
Deep button
0.5
0.1 1 10 100 1000 10,000
Rapp /Rm
Schlumberger
Rcor Chart Rcor-15 demonstrates the relative size of the borehole cor- are dependant upon the bottomhole assembly and are normally
rections for RAB measurements as a function of mud resistivity. applied in the software. This example was generated for a RAB
This chart is for illustration purposes only. Borehole corrections tool running behind a 12-in. bit.
6-38
Resistivity
Schlumberger
Saturation Determination
Sw-1
Clean formations, m = 2
Sw
(%)
R0 Rt 5
(ohm-m) (ohm-m)
30 10,000
Rw FR 8,000 6
(ohm-m) (%) 6,000
5,000 7
0.01 2000 20 4,000
2.5 18 3,000
16 8
3 1000 14 2,000
800 9
4 12
600 1,000 10
0.02 10
5 400 9 800
8 11
6 300 600
0.03 7 500 12
7 200 400
6 13
0.04 8 300 14
9 5 Sw
10 100 200 15
0.05 80 4 16
0.06 60 100
15 50 3 18
0.07 40 80
0.08 30 60 20
0.09 20 50
0.1 20 2 40
25 1.8 30
1.6 25
30 10 1.4 20
35 8 1.2
40 6 30
0.2 45 5 1.0 10
50 4 0.9 8
0.8 6
0.3 1 0.7 5
FR = 4 40
2.0 0.6
0.4 3
0.5
2
0.5 0.4 50
0.6 m = 2.0 1.0
0.7 0.3 0.8 60
0.8 0.6
0.9 0.5 70
1 0.2 0.4
0.18 0.3
0.16 80
1.5 0.14 0.2
0.12 90
2 0.10 0.1 100
R0
R0 = FRRw Sw =
Rt
Schlumberger
This nomograph solves the Archie water saturation equation connecting the formation water resistivity, R w, with the forma-
tion resistivity factor, FR , or porosity, .
R0 FR R w
Sw = = . Example: Rw = 0.05 ohm-m at formation temperature
Rt Rt
= 20% (FR = 25)
It should be used in clean (nonshaly) formations only. If R 0 Rt = 10 ohm-m
(resistivity when 100% water saturated) is known, a straight line Therefore, Sw = 35%
from the known R 0 value through the measured R t value gives
water saturation, Sw. If R 0 is unknown, it may be determined by For other /F relations, the porosity scale should be changed
according to Chart Por-1.
6-39
Resistivity
Schlumberger
Saturation Determination
Ratio method
Chart Sw-2 (next page) is used to determine water saturation In shaly sands, plot R xo /R t against EpSP (the SP in the shaly
in shaly or clean formations when knowledge of porosity is sand). This point gives an apparent water saturation. Draw a
unavailable. It may also be used to verify the water saturation line from the charts origin (the small circle located at R xo /R t =
determination from another interpretation method. The main R mf /R m = 1) through this point. Extend this line to intersect with
chart assumes the value of ESSP to obtain a value of R xo /R t corrected for shali-
ness. Plot this value of R xo /R t versus R mf /R w to find Sw. If
Sxo = 5 Sw
R mf /R w is unknown, the point defined by R xo /R t and ESSP is
however, the small chart to the right provides an Sxo correction a reasonable approximation of Sw. Use the diagram at right to
further refine Sw if Sor is known.
when Sxo is known. Note, too, that the SP portion of the chart
does not provide for any water activity (Chart SP-2) correction. Example: R xo /R t = 2.8
For clean sands, plot the ratio R xo /R t against R mf /R w to find
R mf /R w = 25
water saturation at average residual oil saturation. If R mf /R w is
unknown, the chart may be entered with the SP value and the EpSP = 75 mV
formation temperature. If Sxo is known, proceed diagonally ESSP = 120 mV
upward, parallel to the constant Swa lines, to the edge of the K = 80 (formation temperature = 150F)
chart. Then, go horizontally to the known Sxo (or Sor) value to
Sw Therefore, Sw = 38%
obtain the corrected water saturation Sw.
(If Sor were known to be 10%, Sw = 40%)
Example: R xo = 12 ohm-m
R t = 2 ohm-m
R mf /R w = 20
Sor = 20%
Therefore, Sw = 43% (after ROS correction)
6-40
Through-Pipe Evaluation
Schlumberger
TDT* Thermal Decay Time Log

Tcor-2a
Equivalent water salinity
300 300
C]
3
275 [9 C] 275
F 0
0 [2
20 8F
6
250 250
225 225
200 200
t
en
bi
Am
175
]
150 C ] 300
205 0C ]
[
F [15 C
0 F [93 C]
125 40 00 F 20 275
3 00 F [
2 8
6
100 250
)
Pa
Equivalent water salinity (kppm NaCl)
75 225
M
9
6.
i(
50 200
ps
00
10
25 175 175
0 150 150 ]
C ]
300
05 C
[2 50 C]
F [ 1
0 F [93 C] 275
125 125 40 00 F 20
3 00 F [
2 8
6
100 250
75 225
)
Pa
M
34
50 200
i(
ps
00
25 175
50
0 150
125
Tcor 100 100
75 75
50 50
25 25
0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140
w (c.u.)
Schlumberger
Chart Tcor-1 provides the capture cross section, , for oil and range to 500F and 20,000 psia. Knowledge of water salinity,
methane, while Charts Tcor-2a and Tcor-2b give the value for reservoir pressure, GOR and reservoir temperature is required.
water salinity. These updated charts have an extended utility
7-2
Schlumberger

Tcor-2b
Equivalent water salinity
300 300
]
C ]
205 0C ]
[
275 F [15 C 275
0 F [93 C]
40 00 F 20
3 00 F [
2 8
250 6 250
225 225
)
Pa
M
200 200
69
i(
ps
175
00
,0
10
150 ]
300
C ]
05 C
[2 50 C]
125 F [1
0 F [93 C]
275
40 00 F 20
3 00 F [
2 8
100 6 250
)
Pa
Equivalent water salinity (kppm NaCl)
75 225
M
3
10
i(
50 200
ps
00
,0
25
15
175 175
0 150 150 300

]
C ]
60 C ]
[2 05 C ]
125 125 F [2 0
0 F [15 C
275
50 00 F [93 C]
4 00 F 20
3 00 F [
100 2 8 250
6
)
75 225
Pa
M
8
13
50 200
i(
ps
00
25 175
,0
20
0 150
125
100 100 Tcor
75 75
50 50
25 25
0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140
*Mark of Schlumberger w (c.u.)
Schlumberger
Example: Results: w = 87 c.u.

Given: A reservoir section at 90C temperature and 25-MPa o = 19 c.u.
pressure contains water of 175,000-ppm (NaCl) g = 6.9 c.u.
salinity, 30 API oil with a gas/oil ratio of 2000
ft3/bbl and methane gas.
7-3
Schlumberger
Saturation Determination from

TDT* Thermal Decay Time Logs
Neutron capture cross section, , is expressed in capture units Shaly formations

(c.u.). is related to thermal decay time, (in sec), by the for- Information required:
mula = 4550/. A capture unit is equivalent to one-thousandth
ma Based on lithology
of a reciprocal centimeter (cm1).
Matrix capture cross section, ma , varies over a small range sh Read from TDT log in adjacent shale
for each lithology. Practical values, empirically determined, are w From NaCl salinity; see Tcor-2a or Tcor-2b
somewhat larger than those calculated for the pure rock minerals. h See Tcor-1
Average values commonly used are sandstone, 8 c.u.; dolomite,
Vsh From porosity-log crossplot or gamma ray
9 c.u.; and limestone, 11 to 12 c.u.
w , the capture cross section of the formation water, depends sh Read from porosity log in adjacent shale
on the type and abundance of the elements in solution. The value From porosity log, corrected for shaliness; for
of w corresponding to the NaCl concentration can be consid- neutron and density logs in liquid-filled formations,
ered a minimum value; traces of certain elements in the water , = LOG Vsh sh.
can increase w beyond the value indicated by the chemically
equivalent concentration of NaCl. Procedure:
For more information see Reference 11. Enter the value of ma on Bar B; connect with Pivot Point A
Sw (Line 1). From the value of sh on Bar A, draw Line 2 through
Description and use of Chart Sw-12 the intersection of Line 1 and Vsh to determine cor. Draw Line 3
If ma , w and porosity are known, Chart Sw-12 may be used to from cor to the value of ma on the scale at left of Bar C. Enter
determine water saturation. It may be used in shaly formations if LOG on Bar B; draw Line 4 through the intersection of Line 3
porosity, , and the fraction of shale in the formation, Vsh, are and to f. From f draw Line 5 through h and w to Sw.
known.
Example:
Clean formations Given: LOG = 25 c.u.
Information required: ma = 8 c.u.
ma Matrix capture cross section, based on lithology h = 21 c.u.
Porosity w = 80 c.u.
w From NaCl salinity; see Tcor-2a or Tcor-2b sh = 45 c.u.
h See Tcor-1 LOG = 33 p.u.
Procedure: sh = 45 p.u.
Enter the value of ma on Bar B; draw Matrix Line a from ma to Vsh = 20%
Pivot Point B. Enter LOG on Bar B; draw Line b through the = LOG Vsh sh
intersection of Line a and the value of to f on Bar C. Draw = 24 p.u.
Line 5 from f through the intersection of h and w to the value
Solution: Sw = 43%
of Sw.
Example: *Mark of Schlumberger
Given: LOG = 20 c.u.

ma = 8 c.u. (sandstone)
h = 21 c.u. (oil)
w = 80 c.u. (150,000 ppm or mg/kg)
= 30 p.u.
Solution: Sw = 43%
7-4
Schlumberger
Sw Determination from
Sw-12
sh (c.u.)
sh
20 30 40 50 60
A
200 150 120 100 90 80
sh (sec)
Pivot point A
1
0.5
0.4 Vsh
0.3
0.2 Sw
(c.u.) cor ma
LOG 0.1
50 40 30 20 10 0
B
100 120 140 160 200 300 400
5
(sec)
10
15
20
25 (p.u.)
30
35
40
45
a b
4
3 Pivot point B
ma (c.u.) f (c.u.)
0 5 10 15 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120

C
30
40
50
60 w (c.u.)
70
20
40
80
60
90
0
12
10
0
Formation-water 0
salinity (ppm 1000) 20
0
21
10
25
15
0
h (c.u.)
5
Sw (%)
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
D
( LOG ma) (h ma) Vsh (sh ma)

Sw =
(w h)
Schlumberger
7-5
Schlumberger
Graphical Determination of Total Water Saturation (Swt)

from TDT* Thermal Decay Time Data
Grid Sw-17 can be used for graphical interpretation of the TDT

Thermal Decay Time log. In one technique, applicable in shaly 90
as well as clean sands, apparent water capture cross section, wa, 85
is plotted versus bound water saturation on a specially construct- Bound water
80 point
ed grid. wb = 76
To construct this grid, refer to the chart on this page. Three 75 100% water line
fluid points must be located: a free water point, a hydrocarbon Free water 90%
point and a bound water point. The free (or connate/formation) 70 point
wf = 61 80
water point is located on the left edge of the grid and can be 7
65
70
obtained from measurement of a formation water sample, from 6 5
60 8 60
Chart Tcor-2 if water salinity is known, or from the TDT log in
a clean water-bearing sand using the following equation: 55 50
4
40
50
log ma
b
w
S
wa = + ma . wa 30
=
(1)
t
45
w
S
20
40 3
10
Sw The hydrocarbon point is also located on the left edge of the 2
grid. It can be determined from Chart Tcor-1 based upon the 35 0
1
known or expected hydrocarbon type. 30
The bound water point, wb, can be obtained from the TDT
log in shale intervals using Eq. 1 above. It is located on the right 25
edge of the grid. 20 Hydrocarbon
The distance between the free water and hydrocarbon points point
is linearly divided into constant water saturation lines drawn 15 h = 21
parallel to a straight line connecting the free water and bound 10

water points. The Swt = 0% line originates from the hydrocarbon
5
point, and the Swt = 100% line originates from the free water 0.0 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.0
point.
Swb
Apparent water capture cross section, wa , from Eq. 1, is then
plotted versus bound water saturation, Swb , to give the total water
saturation. Bound water saturation can be estimated from the 40 44 48 52 56 60 64 68 72 76 80
gamma ray or other bound water saturation estimator. *Mark of Schlumberger GR
Schlumberger
Knowing the total water saturation and the bound water
saturation, the effective water saturation (water saturation
of reservoir rock exclusive of shale) can be determined using The grid can also be used to graphically determine water
Chart Sw-14. saturation, Sw, in clean formations by crossplotting LOG in
ordinate versus porosity, , in abscissa. The matrix capture cross
Example (see chart on this page): section, ma, and the formation water capture cross section, w ,
Free water point = 61 c.u. need not be known but must be constant over the interval
(from TDT log in a water-bearing clean sand studied. There must be some points from 100% water zones,
Eq. 1, Chart Tcor-2 or measurement of a water and there must be a good variation in porosity. These water
sample) points define the Sw = 100% line; when extrapolated, this line
Hydrocarbon point = 21 c.u. intersects the zero-porosity axis at ma. The Sw = 0% line is
(medium-gravity oil with modest gas/oil ratio drawn from ma at = 0 p.u. to = h at = 100 p.u. [or =
Chart Tcor-1)
1
2 ( ma + h) at = 50 p.u.]. The vertical distance from Sw = 0%
to Sw = 100% is divided linearly to define lines of constant water
Bound water point = 76 c.u.
saturation. The water saturation of any plotted point can thereby
(from TDT log in a shale intervalEq. 1)
be determined.
Analysis of Point 4:
wa = 54 c.u. (from Eq. 1)
Swb = 25% (from gamma ray)
Therefore, Swt = 72%
and Sw = 63% (from Chart Sw-14)
7-6
Schlumberger
Graphical Determination of Water Saturation (Sw) or

Sw-17
Total Water Saturation (Swt ) from TDT* Thermal Decay Time Log
Sw
LOG
or
wa
or Swb
Schlumberger
7-7
Schlumberger
Graphical Determination of Sw from Swt and Swb

Sw-14
Swt Swb
Sw =
1 Swb
100
90 S wb
0.7
80 0.6
0.5
70 0.4
0.3
Sw
60 0.2
0.1
Swt (%) 50 0
40
30
20
10
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Sw (%)
Schlumberger
7-8
Schlumberger

GST-1
GST* Induced Gamma Ray Spectrometry Log
8-in. borehole, 512-in. water-filled casing
0.45
0.40
0.35
0.30 Sw = 0%
C/O, carbon/oxygen ratio
20
0.25
Calcite (limestone) 40
60
0.20
80
0.15
100
Sw = 0%
0.10
20
Quartz sandstone
40
0.05
60
80
0.00
100 GST
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
, porosity (p.u.)
Schlumberger
These charts permit the determination of water saturation from ordinate and abscissa, respectively, on the appropriate chart
carbon/oxygen (C/O) ratio measurements made with the GST (dependent upon borehole and casing size). Water saturation is
Induced Gamma Ray Spectrometry Tool in inelastic mode defined by the location of the plotted point within the appropriate
operation. matrix fan chart.
To use, the C/O ratio and the porosity, , are entered in Continued on next page
7-9
Schlumberger

GST-2
10-in. borehole, 758-in. water-filled casing
0.35
0.30
0.25
Sw = 0%
20
0.20
60
0.15 80
100
0.10 Sw = 0%
20
40
0.05 Quartz sandstone
60
80
0.00 100
GST
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
, porosity (p.u.)
Schlumberger
Example: 5 12-in. water-filled casing cemented Therefore, Sw = 30%

in 7 7 8-in. borehole (use Chart GST-1)
C/O ratio = 0.10
= 28 p.u.
Lithology is quartz sandstone
7-10
Schlumberger

GST-5
1214-in. borehole; 958-in., 40-lbm/ft casing

0.35
0.30
0.25
0.20
Sw = 0%
0.15 40
60
80
0.10 100
Quartz sandstone Sw = 0%
20
0.05
40
60
80
0.00 100
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
, porosity (p.u.)
Schlumberger
GST
7-11
Schlumberger
Apparent Water Salinity Determination from

GST-3
Inelastic mode
8-in. [203-mm] borehole, 512-in. [140-mm] casing 10-in. [255-mm] borehole, 758-in. [194-mm] casing
250k
Borehole fluid salinity (ppm) Borehole fluid salinity (ppm)
25k
k
50k
25k
0
100k
200k
50k
k
100
200
200
Apparent water salinity (ppm)
25k
50k
100k
0
25k
200k
100
200
50k
0
150k
100k
32-p.u. sandstone 32-p.u. sandstone

50k
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Cl/H, chlorine-hydrogen salinity ratio Cl/H, chlorine-hydrogen salinity ratio
Schlumberger
Charts GST-3 and GST-4 permit the determination of an appar- The apparent water salinity value can then be compared to the
ent water salinity from the chlorine-hydrogen ratio (Cl/H) as known connate water salinity to provide water saturation in clean
recorded with the GST Induced Gamma Ray Spectrometry Tool. formations.
Two sets of charts are presented. Chart GST-3 applies when the
GST tool is operated in inelastic mode; Chart GST-4 applies Example: Cl/H ratio = 5
when the tool is operated in capture-tau mode. = 30%
GST To use, enter the chlorine-hydrogen (Cl/H) ratio into the chart Borehole fluid salinity 25,000 ppm
that most nearly matches the borehole and casing size conditions 5 12-in. casing in a 7 7 8-in. borehole
and matches the tool operating mode. Proceed upward to the
appropriate combination of borehole fluid salinity and formation Tool operating in capture-tau mode
porosity conditions. Interpolation between curves may be neces- From Chart GST-4,
sary. The apparent water salinity is given in ordinate. Apparent water salinity = 80,000 ppm
If the connate water salinity were 200,000 ppm, water
saturation would be 40% (Sw = 80,000/200,000).
7-12
Schlumberger
Apparent Water Salinity Determination from

GST-4
Capture-Tau mode
8-in. [203-mm] borehole, 512-in. [140-mm] casing 10-in. [255-mm] borehole, 758-in. [194-mm] casing
250k
Borehole fluid salinity (ppm) Borehole fluid salinity (ppm)
20 k
0k
0k
200k
25k
25k
50k
50k
0k
0
10
10
20
Apparent water salinity (ppm)
k
0k
k
0k
25k
25k
50k
100
0
50k
200
0
20
10
150k
100k

50k
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Cl/H, chlorine-hydrogen salinity ratio Cl/H, chlorine-hydrogen salinity ratio
Schlumberger
GST
7-13
Schlumberger
RST* Reservoir Saturation Tool

Carbon/Oxygen Ratio Response
Charts RST-1, -2 and -3, drawn for specific cased hole

and openhole cases, help to ensure that the measured
Dual-Detector COR Model
for 11116-in. RST-A Tool near-detector and far-detector carbon/oxygen ratio data
are consistent with the interpretation model. Known for-
mation and borehole data define the expected values of
oo
carbon/oxygen ratio for each detector using water satu-
ration and borehole holdup values ranging from 0 to 1.
All log data for levels with porosity greater than 10 p.u.
l
should lie within the trapezoidal area bounded by the
oi
Far-detector oil
n
e
io
l limits on oil saturation, So, and oil holdup, yo. If data fall
ho
at
carbon/oxygen
re
rm
ratio Bo consistently outside the trapezoid, the interpretation
Fo
ow model may require revision.
Each set of near-detector and far-detector carbon/
wo oxygen ratios represents a formation oil saturation and
a borehole oil holdup. Oil saturation and oil holdup can
be estimated for each level by interpolation within the
ww
trapezoid.
Near-detector carbon/oxygen ratio Additional trapezoid charts can be constructed for
alternative casing and borehole sizes.
Dual-Detector COR Model
for 212-in. RST-B Tool
Far-detector oo
oil
carbon/oxygen hole
ratio Bore
l
oi
wo
n
io
at
yo
rm
So
Fo
ow
ww
Near-detector carbon/oxygen ratio
WW: water in borehole, water in formation

OW: oil in borehole, water in formation
OO: oil in borehole, oil in formation
WO: water in borehole, oil in formation
Schlumberger
RST
7-14
Schlumberger

RST-1
RST-A and RST-B in cased holes
= 30%, 8.5-in. borehole, 7-in. casing

0.9
RST-A, limestone
RST-A, quartz sandstone OO
RST-B, limestone
RST-B, quartz sandstone
0.7
Far detector carbon/oxygen ratio
OO
OW
0.5 OO
OW
0.3 OO
WO OW
WO
WO OW
0.1 WW
WW
WW WW
0.1
0.1 0.1 0.3 0.5 0.7 0.9
Near detector carbon/oxygen ratio
= 20%, 8.5-in. borehole, 7-in. casing

0.9
RST-A, limestone
RST-A, quartz sandstone
RST-B, limestone
RST-B, quartz sandstone OO
0.7
OW
0.5
OO
OO
OW
0.3
WO OW RST
WO OO
WO OW
0.1 WW
WO
WO
WW WW
0.1
0.1 0.1 0.3 0.5 0.7 0.9
Schlumberger
7-15
Schlumberger

RST-2
RST-A and RST-B in cased holes
= 30%, 10-in. borehole, 7-in. casing

0.9
RST-A, limestone
RST-B, limestone OO
0.7
OO
0.5
OW
OO
OW
0.3
WO OO
WO OW
WO OW
0.1
WW
WW
WW WW
0.1
0.1 0.1 0.3 0.5 0.7 0.9
= 20%, 10-in. borehole, 7-in. casing

0.9
RST-A, limestone
RST-B, limestone
0.7
OO
0.5 OW
OO
OO
OW
0.3
RST OW
WO
OO
WO
OW
WW
0.1
WW WO
WO
WW WW
0.1
0.1 0.1 0.3 0.5 0.7 0.9
Schlumberger
7-16
Schlumberger

RST-3
RST-A and RST-B in openholes
= 30%, 6-in. openhole

0.9
RST-A, limestone
RST-A, quartz sandstone OO
RST-B, limestone
0.7
OO
0.5
WO OW OO
WO
0.3
OO
OW
WO OW
WO WW
0.1 WW
OW
WW WW
0.1
0.1 0.1 0.3 0.5 0.7 0.9
= 20%, 6-in. openhole

0.9
RST-A, limestone
RST-B, limestone
RST-B, quartz sandstone OO
0.7
0.5
OW OO
OO
WO
0.3 WO
OO OW RST
WW OW
0.1 WO WW
WO OW
WW WW
0.1
0.1 0.1 0.3 0.5 0.7 0.9
Schlumberger
7-17
Schlumberger
CBL InterpretationCasing Data
The compressive strength of bonded cement (either standard or Example: CBL amplitude = 3.5 mV
foamed) can be estimated from the CBL amplitude recording Casing size = 7 in.
using Chart M-1.
Casing thickness = 0.41 in. (7 in. 29 lbm)
Enter the nomograph with the CBL amplitude in mV; then
follow diagonal lines to the appropriate casing size. This defines Cement is standard
signal attenuation. Connect this value with the casing thickness Therefore, Signal attenuation = 8.9 dB/ft or 29.2 dB/m
to estimate the compressive strength of the cement. and Compressive strength = 2100 psi or 14.5 mPa
Data for Threaded Nonupset Casing
OD Weight Nominal Drift OD Weight Nominal Drift OD Weight Nominal Drift

(in.) per ft ID Diameter (in.) per ft ID Diameter (in.) per ft ID Diameter
(lbm) (in.) (in.) (lbm) (in.) (in.) (lbm) (in.) (in.)
4 11.60 3.428 3.303 7 17.00 6.538 6.413 10 33.00 9.384 9.228

20.00 6.456 6.331
1 3
4 2 9.50 4.090 3.965 10 4 32.75 10.192 10.036
22.00 6.398 6.273
11.60 4.000 3.875 40.00 10.054 9.898
23.00 6.366 6.241
13.50 3.920 3.795 40.50 10.050 9.894
24.00 6.336 6.211
45.00 9.960 9.804
434 16.00 4.082 3.957 26.00 6.276 6.151
45.50 9.950 9.794
28.00 6.214 6.089
5 11.50 4.560 4.435 48.00 9.902 9.746
29.00 6.184 6.059
13.00 4.494 4.369 51.00 9.850 9.694
30.00 6.154 6.029
15.00 4.408 4.283 54.00 9.784 9.628
32.00 6.094 5.969
17.70 4.300 4.175 55.50 9.760 9.604
35.00 6.004 5.879
18.00 4.276 4.151 38.00 5.920 5.795 1134 38.00 11.150 10.994
21.00 4.154 4.029 40.00 5.836 5.711 42.00 11.084 10.928
512 13.00 5.044 4.919 47.00 11.000 10.844
758 20.00 7.125 7.000
14.00 5.012 4.887 54.00 10.880 10.724
24.00 7.025 6.900
15.00 4.974 4.849 60.00 10.772 10.616
26.40 6.969 6.844
15.50 4.950 4.825 29.70 6.875 6.750 12 40.00 11.384 11.228
17.00 4.892 4.767 33.70 6.765 6.640
20.00 4.778 4.653 39.00 6.625 6.500 13 40.00 12.438 12.282
23.00 4.670 4.545
3
858 24.00 8.097 7.972 13 8 48.00 12.715 12.559
534 14.00 5.290 5.165 28.00 8.017 7.892
16 55.00 15.375 15.187
17.00 5.190 5.065 32.00 7.921 7.796
19.50 5.090 4.965 36.00 7.825 7.700 5
18 8 78.00 17.855 17.667
22.50 4.990 4.865 38.00 7.775 7.650
20 90.00 19.190 19.002
40.00 7.725 7.600
6 15.00 5.524 5.399
43.00 7.651 7.526 1
21 2 92.50 20.710 20.522
16.00 5.500 5.375
44.00 7.625 7.500 103.00 20.610 20.422
18.00 5.424 5.299
49.00 7.511 7.386 114.00 20.510 20.322
20.00 5.352 5.227
23.00 5.240 5.115 9 34.00 8.290 8.165 2412 100.50 23.750 23.562
5 38.00 8.196 8.071 113.00 23.650 23.462
6 8 17.00 6.135 6.010
40.00 8.150 8.025
20.00 6.049 5.924 Weight
45.00 8.032 7.907 per foot in pounds is given for plain pipe
22.00 5.989 5.864
55.00 7.812 7.687 (no threads or coupling).
24.00 5.921 5.796 Drift diameter is the guaranteed minimum internal
26.00 5.855 5.730 958 29.30 9.063 8.907 diameter of any part of the casing. Use drift diameter
26.80 5.837 5.712 32.30 9.001 8.845 to determine the largest-diameter equipment that can
28.00 5.791 5.666 36.00 8.921 8.765 be safely run inside the casing. Use internal diameter
29.00 5.761 5.636 40.00 8.835 8.679 for volume capacity calculations.
M 32.00 5.675 5.550 43.50 8.755 8.599
47.00 8.681 8.525
53.50 8.535 8.379
7-18
Schlumberger
CBL Interpretation Chart

M-1
Casing size (mm) Centered tool only, 3-ft [0.914-m] spacing

194
140 273
115 176 340
dB/m Compressive strength

(psi)
1
4 (mPa)
70
2
50 8
40 3
12
30 30
4
4000
5 16 25
20
15 6 20 Casing thickness 3000

(mm) (in.) 20
15 0.6
10 7
9 24 15
0.5 lbm
8
8 7 in. 29 2000
7
6 28 0.4
10
CBL amplitude (mV)
5 9 10
Standard cement
4 32 8
10 0.3
3 7 1000
1000
11 36
6 5
2 6
12 800
40
5 0.2
13 5 500
44 3
1
14
4
Foamed cement
48 2
500 250
15
0.5 3
16 52 1
100
17 56 300 0.5
2 M
50
18
0.2 0.3
412 7 1338 dB/ft 200
1034
512 758 1
Casing size (in.)
100
Schlumberger
See opposite page for instructions.

7-19
Appendix A Linear Grid
Appendix A Log-Linear Grid
1
9
1
A-2
Appendix A Water Saturation Grid for Porosity Versus Resistivity
0.62
For FR =
2.15
5000 0.20
Resistivity scale may be

multiplied by 10 for use
in a higher range
4000 0.25
0.30
3000
0.35
2500 0.40
0.45
2000 0.50
0.60
1500 0.70
Conductivity
Resistivity
0.80
0.90
1000 1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
500 2.0
400 2.5
3.0
300
4.0
200 5.0
6.0
150
8.0
100 10
15
50 20
30
25 40
50
10 100
200
0
t , b

FR
A-3
1
For FR =
2
500 2

in a higher range
400 2.5
300
3.5
250 4
4.5
200 5
6
150
7
Conductivity
Resistivity
8
9
100 10
12
14
16
50 20
40 25
30
30
40
20 50
10 100
5 200
500
1000
2000
0
t , b

FR
A-4
1
9
1
A-2
1
9
1
A-2
0.62
For FR =
2.15
5000 0.20

in a higher range
4000 0.25
0.30
3000
0.35
2500 0.40
0.45
2000 0.50
0.60
1500 0.70
Conductivity
Resistivity
0.80
0.90
1000 1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
500 2.0
400 2.5
3.0
300
4.0
200 5.0
6.0
150
8.0
100 10
15
50 20
30
25 40
50
10 100
200
0
t , b

FR
A-3
1
For FR =
2
500 2

in a higher range
400 2.5
300
3.5
250 4
4.5
200 5
6
150
7
Conductivity
Resistivity
8
9
100 10
12
14
16
50 20
40 25
30
30
40
20 50
10 100
5 200
500
1000
2000
0
t , b

FR
A-4
Appendix B Logging Tool Response in Sedimentary Minerals
LOG SNP CNL APS t c t s tp GR

Name Formula Pe U
(g/cm3) (p.u.) (p.u.) (p.u.) (sec/ft) (sec/ft) (farad/m) (nsec/m) (API units) (c.u.)
Silicates
Quartz SiO2 2.64 1 2 1 56.0 88.0 1.8 4.8 4.65 7.2 4.3
-Cristobalite SiO2 2.15 2 3 1.8 3.9 3.5
Opal (3.5% H2O) SiO2 (H2O).1209 2.13 4 2 58 1.8 3.7 5.0
Garnet Fe3Al2(SiO4)3 4.31 3 7 11 48 45
Ca2NaMg2Fe2
Hornblende 3.20 4 8 43.8 81.5 6.0 19 18
AlSi8O22(O,OH)2
Tourmaline NaMg3Al6B3Si6O2(OH)4 3.02 16 22 2.1 6.5 7450
Zircon ZrSiO4 4.50 1 3 69 311 6.9
Carbonates
Calcite CaCO3 2.71 0 0 0 49.0 88.4 5.1 13.8 7.5 9.1 7.1
Dolomite CaCO3MgCO3 2.85 2 1 1 44.0 72 3.1 9.0 6.8 8.7 4.7
Ankerite Ca(Mg,Fe)(CO3)2 2.86 0 1 9.3 27 22
Siderite FeCO3 3.89 5 12 3 47 15 57 6.87.5 8.89.1 52
Oxidates
Hematite Fe2O3 5.18 4 11 42.9 79.3 21 111 101
Magnetite Fe3O4 5.08 3 9 73 22 113 103
Geothite FeO(OH) 4.34 50+ 60+ 19 83 85
Limonite FeO(OH)(H2O)2.05 3.59 50+ 60+ 56.9 102.6 13 47 9.910.9 10.511.0 71
Gibbsite Al(OH)3 2.49 50+ 60+ 1.1 23
Phosphates
Hydroxyapatite Ca5(PO4)3OH 3.17 5 8 42 5.8 18 9.6
Chlorapatite Ca5(PO4)3CL 3.18 1 1 42 6.1 19 130
Fluorapatite Ca5(PO4)3F 3.21 1 2 42 5.8 19 8.5
Carbonapatite (Ca5(PO4)3)2CO3H2O 3.13 5 8 5.6 17 9.1
FeldsparsAlkali
Orthoclase KAISi3O8 2.52 2 3 69 2.9 7.2 4.46.0 7.08.2 ~220 16
Anorthoclase KAISi3O8 2.59 2 2 2.9 7.4 4.46.0 7.08.2 ~220 16
Microcline KAISi3O8 2.53 2 3 2.9 7.2 4.46.0 7.08.2 ~220 16
FeldsparsPlagioclase
Albite NaAlSi3O8 2.59 1 2 2 49 85 1.7 4.4 4.46.0 7.08.2 7.5
Anorthite CaAl2Si2O8 2.74 1 2 45 3.1 8.6 4.46.0 7.08.2 7.2
Micas
Muscovite KAl2(Si3AlO10)(OH)2 2.82 12 ~20 ~13 49 149 2.4 6.7 6.27.9 8.39.4 ~270 17
K 0.7(Mg,Fe2,Al)
Glauconite 2.86 ~38 ~15 4.8 14 21
(Si4,Al10)O2(OH)
Biotite K(Mg,Fe)3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 ~2.99 ~11 ~21 ~11 50.8 224 6.3 19 4.86.0 7.28.1 ~275 30
Phlogopite KMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 50 207 33
APS porosity derived from near-to-array ratio (APLC)

Mean value, which may vary for individual samples
B-5
Appendix B Logging Tool Response in Sedimentary Minerals
LOG SNP CNL APS t c t s tp GR

Name Formula Pe U
(g/cm3) (p.u.) (p.u.) (p.u.) (sec/ft) (sec/ft) (farad/m) (nsec/m) (API units) (c.u.)
Clays
Kaolinite Al4Si4O10(OH)8 2.41 34 ~37 ~34 1.8 4.4 ~5.8 ~8.0 80130 14
(Mg,Fe,Al)6(Si,Al)4
Chlorite 2.76 37 ~52 ~35 6.3 17 ~5.8 ~8.0 180250 25
O10(OH)8
K11.5Al4(Si76.5,Al11.5)
Illite 2.52 20 ~30 ~17 3.5 8.7 ~5.8 ~8.0 250300 18
O20(OH)4
(Ca,Na)7(Al,Mg,Fe)4
Montmorillonite 2.12 ~60 ~60 2.0 4.0 ~5.8 ~8.0 150200 14
(Si,Al)8O20(OH)4(H2O)n
Evaporites
Halite NaCl 2.04 2 3 21 67.0 120 4.7 9.5 5.66.3 7.98.4 754
Anhydrite CaSO4 2.98 1 2 2 50 5.1 15 6.3 8.4 12
Gypsum CaSO4(H2O)2 2.35 50+ 60+ 60 52 4.0 9.4 4.1 6.8 19
Trona Na2CO3NaHCO3H2O 2.08 24 35 65 0.71 1.5 16
Tachhydrite CaCl2(MgCl2)2(H2O)12 1.66 50+ 60+ 92 3.8 6.4 406
Sylvite KCl 1.86 2 3 8.5 16 4.64.8 7.27.3 500+ 565
Carnalite KClMgCl2(H2O)6 1.57 41 60+ 4.1 6.4 ~220 369
Langbeinite K2SO4(MgSO4)2 2.82 1 2 3.6 10 ~290 24
K2SO4Mg
Polyhalite 2.79 14 25 4.3 12 ~200 24
SO4(CaSO4)2(H2O)2
Kainite MgSO4KCl(H2O)3 2.12 40 60+ 3.5 7.4 ~245 195
Kieserite MgSO4H2) 2.59 38 43 1.8 4.7 14
Epsomite MgSO4(H2O)7 1.71 50+ 60+ 1.2 2.0 21
Bischofite MgCl2(H2O)6 1.54 50+ 60+ 100 2.6 4.0 323
Barite BaSO4 4.09 1 2 267 1090 6.8
Celestite SrSO4 3.79 1 1 55 209 7.9
Sulfides
Pyrite FeS2 4.99 2 3 39.2 62.1 17 85 90
Marcasite FeS2 4.87 2 3 17 83 88
Pyrrhotite Fe7S8 4.53 2 3 21 93 94
Sphalerite ZnS 3.85 3 3 36 138 7.88.1 9.39.5 25
Chalopyrite CuFeS2 4.07 2 3 27 109 102
Galena PbS 6.39 3 3 1630 10,400 13
Sulfur S 2.02 2 3 122 5.4 11 20
Coals
Anthracite CH.358N.009O.022 1.47 37 38 105 0.16 0.23 8.7
Bituminous CH.793N.015O.078 1.24 50+ 60+ 120 0.17 0.21 14
Lignite CH.849N.015O.211 1.19 47 52 160 0.20 0.24 13
APS porosity derived from near-to-array ratio (APLC)

Mean value, which may vary for individual samples
B-6
Appendix C Conversions
Length
Multiply
Number Nautical
of Centimeters Feet Inches Kilometers miles Meters Mils Miles Millimeters Yards
to
Obtain by
Centimeters 1 30.48 2.540 105 1.853 10 5 100 2.540 10 3 1.609 105 0.1 91.44
Feet 3.281 10 2 1 8.333 10 2 3281 6080.27 3.281 8.333 10 5 5280 3.281 10 3 3
Inches 0.3937 12 1 3.937 10 4 7.296 10 4 39.37 0.001 6.336 10 4 3.937 10 2 36
Kilometers 10 5
3.048 10 4
2.540 10 5
1 1.853 0.001 2.540 10 8
1.609 10 6
9.144 10 4
Nautical miles 1.645 10 4 0.5396 1 5.396 10 4 0.8684 4.934 10 4
Meters 0.01 0.3048 2.540 10 2 1000 1853 1 1609 0.001 0.9144
Mils 393.7 1.2 10 4 1000 3.937 10 7 3.937 10 4 1 39.37 3.6 10 4
Miles 6.214 10 6 1.894 10 4 1.578 10 5 0.6214 1.1516 6.214 10 4 1 6.214 10 7 5.682 10 4
Millimeters 10 304.8 25.40 105 1000 2.540 10 2 1 914.4
Yards 1.094 10 2 0.3333 2.778 10 2 1094 2027 1.094 2.778 10 5 1760 1.094 10 3 1
Area
Multiply
Number Circular Square Square Square Square Square Square Square Square
of Acres mils centimeters feet inches kilometers meters miles millimeters yards
to
Obtain by
Acres 1 2.296 10 5 247.1 2.471 10 4 640 2.066 10 4
Circular mils 1 1.973 10 5 1.833 108 1.273 10 6 1.973 10 9 1973
Square
centimeters 5.067 10 6 1 929.0 6.452 10 10 10 4 2.590 10 10 0.01 8361
Square feet 4.356 10 4 1.076 10 3 1 6.944 10 3 1.076 10 7 10.76 2.788 10 7 1.076 10 5 9
Square inches 6,272,640 7.854 10 7

0.1550 144 1 1.550 10 9
1550 4.015 10 9
1.550 10 3
1296
Square
kilometers 4.047 10 3 10 10 9.290 10 8 6.452 10 10 1 10 6 2.590 10 12 8.361 10 7
Square meters 4047 0.0001 9.290 10 2 6.452 10 4 10 6 1 2.590 10 6 10 6 0.8361
Square miles 1.562 10 3

3.861 10 11
3.587 10 8
0.3861 3.861 10 7
1 3.861 10 13
3.228 10 7
Square
millimeters 5.067 10 4 100 9.290 10 4 645.2 10 12 10 6 1 8.361 10 5
Square yards 4840 1.196 10 4 0.1111 7.716 10 4 1.196 10 6 1.196 3.098 10 6 1.196 10 6 1
C-7
Volume
Multiply
Number
Bushels Cubic Cubic Cubic Cubic Cubic Gallons Pints Quarts
of Liters
(dry) centimeters feet inches meters yards (liquid) (liquid) (liquid)
to
Obtain by
Bushels (dry) 1 0.8036 4.651 10 4 28.38 2.838 10 2
Cubic
centimeters 3.524 10 4 1 2.832 10 4 16.39 10 6 7.646 10 5 3785 1000 473.2 946.4
Cubic feet 1.2445 3.531 10 5 1 5.787 10 4 35.31 27 0.1337 3.531 10 2 1.671 10 2 3.342 10 2
Cubic inches 2150.4 6.102 10 2 1728 1 6.102 10 4 46,656 231 61.02 28.87 57.75
Cubic meters 3.524 10 2 10 6 2.832 10 2 1.639 10 5 1 0.7646 3.785 10 3 0.001 4.732 10 4 9.464 10 4
Cubic yards 1.308 10 6 3.704 10 2 2.143 10 5 1.308 1 4.951 10 3 1.308 10 3 6.189 10 4 1.238 10 3
Gallons
(liquid) 2.642 10 4 7.481 4.329 10 3 264.2 202.0 1 0.2642 0.125 0.25
Liters 35.24 0.001 28.32 1.639 10 2 1000 764.6 3.785 1 0.4732 0.9464
Pints (liquid) 2.113 10 3 59.84 3.463 10 2 2113 1616 8 2.113 1 2
Quarts (liquid) 1.057 10 3

29.92 1.732 10 2
1057 807.9 4 1.057 0.5 1
Mass and Weight

Multiply
Number
Tons Tons Tons
of Grains Grams Kilograms Milligrams Ounces Pounds
(long) (metric) (short)
to
Obtain by
Grains 1 15.43 1.543 10 4 1.543 10 2 437.5 7000
Grams 6.481 10 2 1 1000 0.001 28.35 453.6 1.016 10 6 10 6 9.072 10 5
Kilograms 6.481 10 5 0.001 1 10 6 2.835 10 2 0.4536 1016 1000 907.2
Milligrams 64.81 1000 10 6

1 2.835 10 4
4.536 10 5
1.016 10 9
10 9
9.072 10 8
Ounces 2.286 10 3 3.527 10 2 35.27 3.527 10 5 1 16 3.584 10 4 3.527 10 4 3.2 10 4
Pounds 1.429 10 4 2.205 10 3 2.205 2.205 10 6 6.250 10 2 1 2240 2205 2000
Tons (long) 9.842 10 7

9.842 10 4
9.842 10 10
2.790 10 5
4.464 10 4
1 0.9842 0.8929
Tons (metric) 10 6
0.001 10 9
2.835 10 5
4.536 10 4
1.016 1 0.9072
Tons (short) 1.102 10 6 1.102 10 3 1.102 10 9 3.125 10 5 0.0005 1.120 1.102 1
Avoirdupois pounds and ounces
C-8
Pressure or Force per Unit Area

Multiply
Bayres or Kilograms Pounds
Number Centimeters Inches Inches Pounds Tons (short)
dynes per per per
of Atmospheres of mercury of mercury of water per per Pascals
square square square
to at 0C at 0C at 4C square foot square foot
centimeter meter inch
Obtain by
Atmospheres 1 9.869 10 7 1.316 10 2 3.342 10 2 2.458 10 3 9.678 10 5 4.725 10 4 6.804 10 2 0.9450 9.869 10 6
Bayres or dynes
per square 1.013 10 6 1 1.333 10 4 3.386 10 4 2.491 10 3 98.07 478.8 6.895 10 4 9.576 10 5 10
centimeter
Centimeters
of mercury 76.00 7.501 10 5 1 2.540 0.1868 7.356 10 3 3.591 10 2 5.171 71.83 7.501 10 4
at 0C
Inches
of mercury 29.92 2.953 10 5 0.3937 1 7.355 10 2 2.896 10 3 1.414 10 2 2.036 28.28 2.953 10 4
at 0C
Inches of 406.8 4.015 10 4 5.354 13.60 1 3.937 10 2 0.1922 27.68 384.5 4.015 10 3
water at 4C
Kilograms
per square 1.033 10 4 1.020 10 2 136.0 345.3 25.40 1 4.882 703.1 9765 0.1020
meter
Pounds
per square 2117 2.089 10 3 27.85 70.73 5.204 0.2048 1 144 2000 2.089 10 2
foot
Pounds per 14.70 1.450 10 5 0.1934 0.4912 3.613 10 2 1.422 10 3 6.944 10 3 1 13.89 1.450 10 4
square inch
Tons (short) per 1.058 1.044 10 5 1.392 10 2 3.536 10 2 2.601 10 3 1.024 10 4 0.0005 0.072 1 1.044 10 5
square foot
Pascals 1.013 10 5 10 1 1.333 10 3 3.386 10 3 2.491 10 4 9.807 47.88 6.895 10 3 9.576 10 4 1

One atmosphere (standard) = 76 cm of mercury at 0C
Bar
To convert height h of a column of mercury at t C to the equivalent height h0 at 0C, use h0 = h {1 [(m l) t / 1 + mt]}, where m = 0.0001818 and l = 18.4 10 6
if the scale is engraved on brass; l = 8.5 10 6 if on glass. This assumes the scale is correct at 0C; for other cases (any liquid) see International Critical Tables,
Vol. 1, 68.
1 gram per square centimeter = 10 kilograms per square meter
psi = MPa 145.038
psi/ft = 0.433 g/cm3 = lb/ft3/144 = lb/gal/19.27
Density or Mass per Unit Volume Temperature

Multiply F 1.8C + 32
Number Grams per Kilograms
Pounds per Pounds per Pounds per C 59 (F 32)
of cubic per
cubic foot cubic inch gallon
to centimeter cubic meter
Obtain R F + 459.69
by
Grams per cubic centimeter 1 0.001 1.602 102 27.68 0.1198 K C + 273.16
Kilograms per cubic meter 1000 1 16.02 2.768 104 119.8
Pounds per cubic foot 62.43 6.243 102 1 1728 7.479
Pounds per cubic inch 3.613 10 2

3.613 10 5
5.787 10 4
1 4.329 10 3
Pounds per gallon 8.347 8.3 10 3 13.37 10 2 231.0 1
C-9
Appendix D Symbols
Standard Standard Standard

Traditional SPE computer Description Customary unit or relation reserve
symbol and symbola symbolb
SPWLAa
a a ACT electrochemical activity equivalents/liter, moles/liter

a KR COER coefficient in FR relation FR = KR/m MR, a, C
A A AWT atomic weight amu
C C ECN conductivity (electrical logging) millimho per meter (mmho/m)
Cp Bcp CORCP sonic compaction correction factor SVcor = Bcp SV Ccp
D D DPH depth ft, m y, H
d d DIA diameter in. D
E E EMF electromotive force mV V
F FR FACHR formation resistivity factor FR = KR/m
G G GMF geometrical factor (multiplier) fG
H IH HYX hydrogen index iH
h h THK bed thickness, individual ft, m, in. d, e
I I X index i
FFI IFf FFX free fluid index iFf
SI Isl SLX silt index Islt, isl, islt
I PRX porosity index i
SPI I2 PRXSE secondary porosity index i2
J Gp GMFP pseudogeometrical factor fGp
K Kc COEC electrochemical SP coefficient Ec = Kc log (aw/amf) Mc, Kec
k k PRM permeability, absolute (fluid flow) md K
L L LTH length, path length ft, m, in. s, l
M M SAD slope, sonic interval transit time versus M = [(t f t LOG)/(b f)] 0.01 mD
density 0.01, in M-N plot
m m MXP porosity (cementation) exponent FR = KR/m
N N SND slope, neutron porosity versus N = (Nf N)/(b f) mND
density, in M-N Plot
n n SXP saturation exponent Swn = FRRw/Rt
P C CNC salinity g/g, ppm c, n
p p PRS pressure 2c
psi, kg/cm , atm P
Pc Pc PRSCP capillary pressure 2c
psi, kg/cm , atm Pc, pc
Pe photoelectric cross section
a References: SPE Letter and Computer Symbols Standard, 1986.
b Reserve symbols are to be used only if conflict arises between standard symbols used in the same paper.
c The unit, kilograms per square centimeter, is to be replaced in use by the SI metric unit, the pascal.
d DEL is in the operator field. RAD is in the main-quantity field.
e Suggested computer symbol.
D-10
Appendix D Symbols

Traditional SPE computer Description Customary unit or relation reserve
symbol and symbola symbolb
SPWLAa
Qv shaliness (CEC per ml water) meq/ml
q f shd FIMSHD dispersed-shale volume fraction of imfshd, q
intermatrix porosity
R R RES resistivity (electrical) ohm-m , r
r r RAD radial distance from hole axis in. R
S S SAT saturation fraction or percent , s
of pore volume
T T TEM temperature F, C, K
BHT, Tbh Tbh TEMBH bottomhole temperature F, C, K BH
FT, Tfm Tf TEMF formation temperature F, C, K
t t TIM time sec, sec, min t
t t TAC interval transit time t
U volumetric cross section barns/cm3
v v VAC velocity (acoustic) ft/sec, m/sec V, u
V V VOL volume cm3, ft3, etc. v
V V VLF volume fraction fv, Fv
Z Z ANM atomic number
SP REDSP SP reduction factor
SPG specific gravity (/w or g /air) s, Fs
POR porosity fraction or percentage f,
of bulk volume, p.u.
1 PORPR primary porosity fraction or percentage f1, e1
2 PORSE secondary porosity fraction or percentage f2, e2
ig PORIG intergranular porosity ig = (Vb Vgr)/Vb fig, ig
z, im im PORIM intermatrix porosity im = (Vb Vma )/Vb fim, im
r r DELRADd radial distance (increment) in. R
t t TAC sonic interval transit time sec/ft t
Nex e
DELPORNX excavation effect p.u.
Kani COEANI coefficient of anisotropy Mani
DEN density g/cm3 D
XST neutron capture cross section c.u., cm1 S
XSTMAC macroscopic
dN TIMDN thermal neutron decay time sec tdn
c The unit, kilograms per square centimeter, is to be replaced in use by the SI metric unit, the pascal.
d DEL is in the operator field. RAD is in the main-quantity field.
e Suggested computer symbol.
D-11
Appendix E Subscripts

Traditional SPE computer Explanation Example reserve
subscript and subscripta subscriptb
SPWLAa
a LOG L apparent from log reading RLOG, RLL log

(or use tool description subscript)
a a A apparent (general) Ra ap
abs cap C absorption, capture cap
anh anh AH anhydrite
b b B bulk b B, t
bh bh BH bottomhole Tbh w, BH
clay cl CL clay Vcl cla
cor, c cor COR corrected tcor
c c C electrochemical Ec ec
cp cp CP compaction Bcp
D D D density log d
dis shd SHD dispersed shale Vshd
dol dol DL dolomite t dol
e, eq eq EV equivalent Rweq, Rmfeq EV
f, fluid f F fluid f fl
fm f F formation (rock) Tf fm
g, gas g G gas Sg G
gr GR grain gr
gxo gxo GXO gas in flushed zone Sgxo GXO
gyp gyp GY gypsum gyp
h h H hole dh H
h h H hydrocarbon h H
hr hr HR residual hydrocarbon S hr
i i I invaded zone (inner boundary) di I
ig ig IG intergranular (incl. disp. and str. shale) ig
im, z im IM intermatrix (incl. disp. shale) im
int int I intrinsic (as opposed to log value) int
irr i IR irreducible Swi ir, i
J j J liquid junction Ej
k k K electrokinetic Ek ek
l L log t pl log
lam l LAM lamination, laminated Vsh l L
lim lim LM limiting value lim
liq L L liquid L l
E-12
Appendix F Abbreviations
These unit abbreviations, which have been adopted by the Society cubic meter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . m3
for Petroleum Engineers (SPE), are appropriate for most publica- cubic millimeter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mm3
tions. However, an accepted industry standard may be used instead. cubic yard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . yd3
For instance, in the drilling field, ppg may be more common than
Curie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ci
lbm/gal when referring to pounds per gallon.
Unit abbreviations are followed by a period only when the darcy, darcies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . spell out
abbreviation forms a word (for example, in. for inch). day . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . spell out
dead-weight ton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DWT
acre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . spell out decibel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . dB
acre-foot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . acre-ft degree (American Petroleum Institute) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . API
alternating-current (adj.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AC degree Celsius . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C
ampere. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A degree Fahrenheit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F
ampere-hour . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . amp-hr degree Kelvin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (see kelvin)
angstrom unit (10 8 cm) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A degree Rankine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R
atmosphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . atm direct-current (as adjective) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DC
atomic mass unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . amu dots per inch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . dpi
average . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . avg electromotive force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . emf
barrel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . bbl electron volt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . eV
barrels of fluid per day . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . BFPD farad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F
barrels of liquid per day . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . BLPD feet per minute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ft/min
barrels of oil per day . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . BOPD feet per second . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ft/sec
barrels of water per day. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . BWPD foot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ft
barrels per day . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B/D foot-pound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ft-lbf
barrels per minute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . bbl/min gallon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gal
billion cubic feet (billion = 10 9). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bcf gallons per minute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gal/min
billion cubic feet per day . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bcf/D gallons per day. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gal/D
billion standard cubic feet per day . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bscf/D gigabyte . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gbyte
bits per inch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . bpi gigahertz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GHz
bits per second . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . bps gigaPascal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gPa
bottomhole pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . BHP gigawatt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GW
bottomhole temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . BHT gram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . g
British thermal unit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Btu hertz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hz
capture unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . c.u. horsepower . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . hp
centimeter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cm horsepower-hour. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . hp-hr
centipoise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cp hour . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . hr
centistoke . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cstk hyperbolic sine, cosine, etc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . sinh, cosh, etc.
coulomb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C inch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . in.
counts per second . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cps inches per second . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . in./sec
cubic centimeter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cm3 kelvin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K
cubic foot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ft3 kilobyte . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kbyte
cubic feet per barrel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ft3/bbl kilogram. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kg
cubic feet per day . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ft3/D kilogram-meter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kg-m
cubic feet per minute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ft3/min kilohertz. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kHz
cubic feet per pound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ft3/lbm kilometer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . km
cubic feet per second . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ft3/sec kilopond (1000 lbf) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . lbf
cubic inch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . in.3
F-15
kilovolt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kV pore volume . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PV

kilowatt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kW porosity unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p.u.
kilowatt-hour . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kW-hr pound (force) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . lbf
kips per square inch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ksi pound (mass) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . lbm
lines per inch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . lpi pound per cubic foot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . lbm/ft3
lines per minute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . lpm pound per gallon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . lbm/gal
lines per second . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . lps pounds per square inch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . psi
liter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . spell out pounds per square inch absolute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . psia
megabyte . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mbyte pounds per square inch gauge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . psig
megahertz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . MHz quart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . qt
meter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . m reservoir barrel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . res bbl
V
mho per meter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . /m reservoir barrel per day . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RB/D
microsecond . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . sec revolutions per minute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . rpm
mile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . spell out saturation unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . s.u.
miles per hour . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mph second . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . sec
milliamperes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . milliamp self-potential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SP
milliCurie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mCi shots per foot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . spf
millidarcy, millidarcies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . md specific productivity index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SPI
milliequivalent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . meq square . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . sq
milligram. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mg square centimeter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cm2
milliliter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mL square foot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ft2
millimeter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mm square inch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . in.2
millimho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mmho square meter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . m2
million cubic feet (million = 10 6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . MMcf square millimeter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mm2
million cubic feet per day . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . MMcf/D standard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . std
million electron volts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . MeV standard cubic feet per day . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . scf/D
million Pascals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . MPa standard cubic foot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . scf
million standard cubic feet per day . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . MMscf/D stock-tank barrel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . STB
millisecond . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . msec stock-tank barrels per day . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . STB/D
millisiemen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mS stoke . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . St
millivolt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mV teragram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tg
mils per year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mil/yr thousand cubic feet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mcf
minute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . min thousand cubic feet per day . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mcf/D
mole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mol thousand pounds per square inch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kpsi
nanosecond . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . nsec thousand standard cubic feet per day. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mscf/D
newton. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N tonne (metric ton) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t
ohm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ohm trillion cubic feet (trillion = 10 12) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tcf
ohm-centimeter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ohm-cm trillion cubic feet per day . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tcf/D
ohm-meter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ohm-m volt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V
ounce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . oz volume per volume . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vol/vol
parts per million . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ppm watt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . W
picofarad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pF yard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . yd
pint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pt year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . yr
F-16
Curie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ci
coulomb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C inch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . in.
cubic inch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . in.3
F-15

V
pint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pt year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . yr
F-16
Curie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ci
coulomb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C inch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . in.
cubic inch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . in.3
F-15

V
pint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pt year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . yr
F-16
Appendix G References
1. Overton HL and Lipson LB: A Correlation of the Electrical 17. Timur A: An Investigation of Permeability, Porosity, and
Properties of Drilling Fluids with Solids Content, Residual Water Saturation Relationships for Sandstone
Transactions, AIME (1958) 213. Reservoirs, The Log Analyst (JulyAugust 1968).
2. Desai KP and Moore EJ: Equivalent NaCl Concentrations 18. Wyllie MRJ, Gregory AR and Gardner GHF: Elastic Wave
from Ionic Concentrations, The Log Analyst (MayJune Velocities in Heterogeneous and Porous Media, Geophysics
1969). (January 1956) 21, No. 1.
3. Gondouin M, Tixier MP and Simard GL: An Experimental 19. Tixier MP, Alger RP and Doh CA: Sonic Logging, JPT
Study on the Influence of the Chemical Composition of (May 1959) 11, No. 5.
Electrolytes on the SP Curve, JPT (February 1957). 20. Raymer LL, Hunt ER and Gardner JS: An Improved Sonic
4. Segesman FF: New SP Correction Charts, Geophysics Transit Time-to-Porosity Transform, Transactions of the
(December 1962) 27, No. 6, PI. SPWLA 21st Annual Logging Symposium (1980).
5. Alger RP, Locke S, Nagel WA and Sherman H: The Dual 21. Coates GR and Dumanoir JR: A New Approach to
Spacing Neutron LogCNL, paper SPE 3565, presented at Improved Log-Derived Permeability, The Log Analyst
the 46th SPE Annual Meeting, New Orleans, Louisiana, (JanuaryFebruary 1974).
USA (1971). 22. Raymer LL: Elevation and Hydrocarbon Density
6. Segesman FF and Liu OYH: The Excavation Effect, Correction for Log-Derived Permeability Relationships,
Transactions of the SPWLA 12th Annual Logging The Log Analyst (MayJune 1981).
Symposium (1971). 23. Westaway P, Hertzog R and Plasic RE: The Gamma
7. Burke JA, Campbell RL Jr and Schmidt AW: The Litho- Spectrometer Tool, Inelastic and Capture Gamma Ray
Porosity Crossplot, Transactions of the SPWLA 10th Annual Spectroscopy for Reservoir Analysis, paper SPE 9461,
Logging Symposium (1969), paper Y. presented at the 55th SPE Annual Technical Conference
8. Clavier C and Rust DH: MID-PLOT: A New Lithology and Exhibition, Dallas, Texas, USA (1980).
Technique, The Log Analyst (NovemberDecember 1976). 24. Quirein JA, Gardner JS and Watson JT: Combined Natural
9. Tixier MP, Alger RP, Biggs WP and Carpenter BN: Dual Gamma Ray Spectral/Litho-Density Measurements Applied
Induction-Laterolog: A New Tool for Resistivity Analysis, to Complex Lithologies, paper SPE 11143, presented at the
paper 713, presented at the 38th SPE Annual Meeting, New 57th SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, New
Orleans, Louisiana, USA (1963). Orleans, Louisiana, USA (1982).
10. Wahl JS, Nelligan WB, Frentrop AH, Johnstone CW and 25. Harton RP, Hazen GA, Rau RN and Best DL: Electromag-
Schwartz RJ: The Thermal Neutron Decay Time Log, netic Propagation Logging: Advances in Technique and
SPEJ (December 1970). Interpretation, paper SPE 9267, presented at the 55th SPE
Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, Dallas, Texas,
11. Clavier C, Hoyle WR and Meunier D: Quantitative
USA (1980).
Interpretation of Thermal Neutron Decay Time Logs, Part I
and II, JPT (June 1971). 26. Serra O, Baldwin JL and Quirein JA: Theory and Practical
Application of Natural Gamma Ray Spectrometry,
12. Poupon A, Loy ME and Tixier MP: A Contribution to
Transactions of the SPWLA 21st Annual Logging Symposium
Electrical Log Interpretation in Shaly Sands, JPT (June
(1980).
1954).
27. Gardner JS and Dumanoir JL: Litho-Density Log
13. Tixier MP, Alger RP and Tanguy DR: New Developments
Interpretation, Transactions of the SPWLA 21st Annual
in Induction and Sonic Logging, paper 1300G, presented at
Logging Symposium (1980).
the 34th SPE Annual Meeting, Dallas, Texas, USA (1959).
28. Edmondson H and Raymer LL: Radioactivity Logging
14. Rodermund CG, Alger RP and Tittman J: Logging Empty
Parameters for Common Minerals, Transactions of the
Holes, OGJ (June 1961).
SPWLA 20th Annual Logging Symposium (1979).
15. Tixier MP: Evaluation of Permeability from Electric Log
29. Barber TD: Real-Time Environmental Corrections for the
Resistivity Gradients, OGJ (June 1949).
Phasor Dual Induction Tool, Transactions of the SPWLA
16. Morris RL and Biggs WP: Using Log-Derived Values of 26th Annual Logging Symposium (1985).
Water Saturation and Porosity, Transactions of the SPWLA
30. Roscoe BA and Grau J: Response of the Carbon-Oxygen
8th Annual Logging Symposium (1967).
Measurement for an Inelastic Gamma Ray Spectroscopy
Tool, paper SPE 14460, presented at the 60th SPE Annual
Technical Conference and Exhibition, Las Vegas, Nevada,
USA (1985).
G-17
Appendix G References
31. Freedman R and Grove G: Interpretation of EPT-G Logs in 36. Lowe TA and Dunlap HF: Estimation of Mud Filtrate
the Presence of Mudcakes, paper presented at the 63rd SPE Resistivity in Fresh Water Drilling Muds, The Log Analyst
Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, Houston, (MarchApril 1986).
Texas, USA (1988). 37. Clark B, Luling MG, Jundt J, Ross M and Best D: A Dual
32. Gilchrist WA Jr, Galford JE, Flaum C, Soran PD and Depth Resistivity for FEWD, Transactions of the SPWLA
Gardner JS: Improved Environmental Corrections for 29th Annual Logging Symposium (1988).
Compensated Neutron Logs, paper SPE 15540, presented at 38. Ellis DV, Flaum C, Galford JE and Scott HD: The Effect of
the 61st SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, Formation Absorption on the Thermal Neutron Porosity
New Orleans, Louisiana, USA (1986). Measurement, paper presented at the 62nd SPE Annual
33. Tabanou JR, Glowinski R and Rouault GF: SP Technical Conference and Exhibition, Dallas, Texas, USA
Deconvolution and Quantitative Interpretation in Shaly (1987).
Sands, Transactions of the SPWLA 28th Annual Logging 39. Watfa M and Nurmi R: Calculation of Saturation,
Symposium (1987). Secondary Porosity and Producibility in Complex Middle
34. Kienitz C, Flaum C, Olesen J-R and Barber T: Accurate East Carbonate Reservoirs, Transactions of the SPWLA
Logging in Large Boreholes, Transactions of the SPWLA 28th Annual Logging Symposium (1987).
27th Annual Logging Symposium (1986). 40. Brie A, Johnson DL and Nurmi RD: Effect of Spherical
35. Galford JE, Flaum C, Gilchrist WA Jr and Duckett SW: Pores on Sonic and Resistivity Measurements, Transactions
Enhanced Resolution Processing of Compensated Neutron of the SPWLA 26th Annual Logging Symposium (1985).
Logs, paper SPE 15541, presented at the 61st SPE Annual 41. Serra O: Element Mineral Rock Catalog, Schlumberger
Technical Conference and Exhibition, New Orleans, (1990).
Louisiana, USA (1986).
G-18
Schlumberger
Gas-Bearing Formations
CP-5a
Porosity from Density and APS Epithermal Neutron Logs
50
40
40
0 35
35
40 20 Porosity
40
30
30
60
C
D, density-derived porosity (p.u.)
0 25 80
30
20 25
40 100
Sxo
60
20 80
20
100
Sxo
20
15 15
10
10
10
For shallow reservoirs, use blue curves.
55 For deep reservoirs, use red curves.
0
0 10 20 30 40
N, APS epithermal neutron-derived porosity (p.u.)
Schlumberger
Based on reservoir depth and conditions, enter the chart with Example: D reads 24%, and N reads 14% in a low-pressure,
sandstone-corrected porosity values. Average water saturation in shallow (4000-ft) reservoir.
the flushed zone, Sxo, and porosity are derived. This chart Therefore, = 20%, and Sxo = 62%.
assumes fresh water and gas of composition CH4.
The conditions represented by the curves are listed in the
table below.
Depth Pressure Temperature w IHw g IHg

Shallow reservoirs (blue) ~2000 psi ~120F
1.00 1.00 0.10 0.23
[~14,000 kPa] [~50C]
Deep reservoirs (red) ~7000 psi ~240F
1.00 1.00 0.25 0.54
[~48,000 kPa] [~120C]
4-37
Schlumberger

SP-2m
(Metric)
0.001
250C
200C
0.002 150C
100C
SP
75C
0.005
50C
25C
0.01
Saturation
0.02
0.05
0.1
0.2
250
C
200
C
0.5 150
C
100

75 C
C
N
50
aC
1.0 C
la
25
t2
C
5
C
2.0
0.005 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.05 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.5 1.0 2 3 4 5
R w or Rmf (ohm-m)
Schlumberger
2-7
Porosity
Schlumberger

Por-20a
8-in. borehole

0 10 20 30 40 50
16
14
Borehole
size 12
(in.)
10 Por
8
300
250
200
Borehole
temperature 150
(F) 100
50
0.7
0.8
Hm, mud
hydrogen
index 0.9
1.0
250
200
Borehole 150
salinity
(kppm) 100
50
0
250
200
Formation 150
salinity
(kppm) 100
50
0
0 10 20 30 40 50
Schlumberger
3-31
Porosity
Schlumberger

Por-20b
10-in. borehole

0 10 20 30 40 50
16 A
14
Borehole
size 12
(in.)
Por 10 B
8
C
300
250
Borehole 200
temperature
150
(F) D
100
50 E
0.7
F
0.8
Hm, mud
hydrogen
index 0.9
1.0 G

250
200
Borehole 150
salinity
(kppm) 100 H
50
0 I

250
200
Formation 150
salinity J
(kppm) 100
50
0 K

0 10 20 30 40 50
Standard conditions
Schlumberger
3-32
Porosity
Schlumberger

Por-20c
12-in. borehole

0 10 20 30 40 50
16
14
Borehole
size 12
(in.)
10
Por
8
350
300
250
Borehole
temperature 200
(F)
150
100
50
0.7
0.8
Hm, mud
hydrogen
index 0.9
1.0
250
200
Borehole 150
salinity
(kppm) 100
50
0
250
200
Formation 150
salinity
(kppm) 100
50
0 10 20 30 40 50
Schlumberger Standard conditions
3-33
Porosity
Schlumberger

Por-20d
14-in. borehole

0 10 20 30 40 50
16
14
Borehole
size 12
(in.)
10
Por
8
350
300
250
Borehole
temperature 200
(F)
150
100
50
0.7
0.8
Hm, mud
hydrogen
index 0.9
1.0
250
200
Borehole 150
salinity
(kppm) 100
50
0
250
200
Formation 150
salinity
100
(kppm)
50
0 10 20 30 40 50
3-34
Porosity
Schlumberger

Por-24c
12-in. borehole

0 10 20 30 40 50
18
17
16
Borehole
size 15
(in.) 14
13 Por
12
350
300
250
Borehole
temperature 200
(F)
150
100
50
0.7
0.8
Hm, mud
hydrogen
index 0.9
1.0
250
200
Borehole 150
salinity
(kppm) 100
50
0
250
200
Formation 150
salinity
(kppm) 100
50
0 10 20 30 40 50
3-35
Porosity
Schlumberger
Openhole APS Corrections for Temperature,

Por-23b
Pressure and Formation Salinity
For APLU and FPLU curves without environmental corrections
12 12
11 Pressure 11
(psi) (MPa)
Apparent porosity correction (p.u.)
Apparent porosity correction (p.u.)

10 0 0
10
9 2500 9
5000 34
8 7500 8
10,000 69
7 12,500 7
15,000 103
6 17,500 6
20,000 138
Por 5 5
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
0 0
1 1
(F) 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 50 150 250 50 30 10 0
(C) 10 38 66 93 121 149 177
Formation salinity Formation porosity
Formation temperature (ppk or g/kg) (p.u.)
Schlumberger
For pressure, temperature and salinity corrections, enter the Mud weight correction (none) 0.7
bottom of the left-hand part of Chart Por-23b with formation Borehole size (interpolate mud weight) 1
temperature, and project a line up to the relevant pressure curve.
Draw a horizontal line to the left-hand edge of the formation and using Chart Por-23b,
salinity part of the nomograph, then follow the trend lines to the
Temperature/pressure/salinity +1
correct formation salinity. Draw another horizontal line to the
left-hand edge of the porosity part of the nomograph, and follow Net correction 0.7
the trend lines to the approximate porosity. A horizontal line
from here to the right-hand scale gives the apparent porosity Corrected porosity 34 p.u. 0.7 p.u. = 33.3 p.u.
correction, , to be applied for temperature, pressure and sal- (apparent limestone units)
inity effects. If the correction, , given by Chart Por-23b is
The overall correction is small. If this is a limestone forma-
large and the first estimate of porosity is incorrect, it may be
tion, the first estimate of porosity used in Chart Por-23b is good
necessary to reiterate this correction with an improved porosity
and no reiteration is required.
estimate.
The apparent porosity correction is a true hydrogen index correction. Recent
Example: Assume an uncorrected APLU = 34 p.u. detailed saltwater measurements indicate that the red correction is slightly
(apparent limestone porosity) smaller than this. It is therefore recommended the apparent correction be multi-
plied 0.70 for APLU values and by 0.78 for FPLU curves.
Borehole size = 12 in.
Mud weight = 11 lbm/gal
Borehole temperature = 150F
Pressure = 5 kpsi

Then, using Chart Por-23a,
3-24
Porosity
Schlumberger

Por-24d
14-in. borehole

0 10 20 30 40 50
18 A
17
16
Borehole
size 15
(in.) 14 B
Por 13
12
C
350
300
250
Borehole
temperature 200
(F)
150 D
100
50
E
0.7
F
0.8
Hm, mud
hydrogen
index 0.9
1.0
G
250
200
Borehole 150
salinity H
(kppm) 100
50
0 I

250
200
Formation 150
salinity
(kppm) 100
J
50
0
K
0 10 20 30 40 50
3-36
Porosity
Schlumberger

Por-24e
16-in. borehole

0 10 20 30 40 50
18
17
16
Borehole
size 15
(in.) 14
13 Por
12
350
300
250
Borehole
temperature 200
(F)
150
100
50
0.7
0.8
Hm, mud
hydrogen
index 0.9
1.0
250
200
Borehole 150
salinity
(kppm) 100
50
0
250
200
Formation 150
salinity
(kppm) 100
50
0 10 20 30 40 50
Schlumberger
Standard conditions
3-37

Symbols Used in Log Interpretation

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Symbols Used in Log Interpretation

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Basic Material

Symbols Used in Log Interpretation

Resistivity of the zone

Basic Material ?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e

Estimation of Formation Temperature

Example: Bottomhole temperature (BHT) at 11,000 ft = 200F

Estimation of Rmf and Rmc

Basic Material ?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@e

Resistivity of NaCl Solutions

Conversion approximated by R2 = R1 [(T1 + 6.77)/(T2 + 6.77)]F or R2 = R1 [(T1 + 21.5)/(T2 + 21.5)]C Gen

NaCl concentration (ppm or grains/gal)

Gamma Ray Corrections for Hole Size and Mud Weight

11116-in. tool, eccentered

Gamma Ray Correction for Cased Holes

Tool size (in.) ST

Gamma Ray Corrections for Barite Mud in Small Boreholes

Rweq Determination from ESSP

Rmfeq /Rweq 0.005

Rw versus Rweq and Formation Temperature

Rw versus Rweq and Formation Temperature

No invasion Invasion, di /dh = 5

0.6 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.6

40 30 20 15 10 7.5 5 40 30 20 15 10 7.5 5 40 30 20 15 10 7.5 5 40 30 20 15 10 7.5 5

0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6

40 30 20 15 10 7.5 5 40 30 20 15 10 7.5 5 40 30 20 15 10 7.5 5 40 30 20 15 10 7.5 5

0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 50

SP Correction Chart (Empirical)

8-in. hole; 338 -in. tool, centered

Bed thickness, h (ft)

SP Correction Chart (Empirical)

200-mm hole; 86-mm tool, centered

Example: SP = 80 mV in a 3-m bed Therefore, R i /R m = 10/0.5 = 20

LWD Neutron Porosity Equivalence Curves

Thermal Neutron Porosity Equivalence Curves

250 kppm TNPH

Formation Resistivity Factor Versus Porosity

50 2.5 5 10 20 50 100 200 500 1000 2000 5000 10,000

FR, formation resistivity factor

Isolated and Fracture Porosity

Porosity Evaluation from Sonic

Porosity Evaluation from Sonic

For more information see References 18, 19 and 20.

Environmental Corrections to Formation Density Log,

SNP Mudcake Correction

Formation Density Log Determination of Porosity

f 1.0 0.9 0.8

Environmental Corrections to FGT Density Log

Mud density (g/cm3) d h, borehole diameter (mm)

0.05 0.04 0.03 0.02

0.09 0.06 2.5

Dual-Spacing CNL* Compensated Neutron Log Charts

Epithermal Neutron Porosity Equivalence Curves

SNPcor, apparent limestone neutron porosity (p.u.)

Thermal Neutron Porosity Equivalence Curves

250 kppm TNPH

LWD Neutron Porosity Equivalence Curves

LWD Neutron Porosity Equivalence Curves

LWD Neutron Porosity Equivalence Curves

Dual-Spacing CNL* Compensated Neutron Log

corrections to obtain the correction to the CNL reading.

Dual-Spacing CNL* Compensated Neutron Log

Casing thickness (mm) 400

Neutron porosity equivalence

Dual-Spacing CNL* Compensated Neutron Log