OSI Reference Model and TCP/IP Model Interview Questions and Answers

is "Segment"?

"Segment" is a PDU (Protocol Data Unit) of Transport layer of OSI model. What is the PDU of
"Network layer" and "Data link layer".

PDU for Network Layer is: "Packet" and PDU for Data Link Layer is :"Frame"

You have one IP: 192.168.10.29. In which layere this IP works?

Network layer.

You are in home. But you need to access the office server router. How can you do that?

By using "Telnet"

DNS uses which protocol? Why?

DNS uses both TCP or UDP or both. UDP can handle only 512bytes. If data size is withing 512 bytes UDP
is used, otherwise, TCP is used.

Which layer is closer to the user?

Upper layer i.e. Application layer is closer to the user.

Differentiate between forward lookup and reverse lookup in DNS?

• Forward lookup is: name-to-address,

• Reverse lookup is: address-to-name.

what are the difference between TCP and UDP?

• TCP: Connection oriented protocol, acknowledged one, Point to point communication.

• UDP: Connection less protocol, unreliable, less traffic

What is IPSec?

IPSec is "Internet Protocol Security". It is a suite of protocols for securing Internet Protocol(IP)
communications.

What is the way to establish a TCP connection?

By using acknowledgement.

What is the difference between flow control and error control?

• Flow control: adjust and confirm data flow rate for successful transmission.
 • Error Control: a way to recover corrupted data .

Mark one of the most important difference between TCP and UDP.

TCP is a connection-oriented and UDP is a connection-less protocol

Mention one real place to use TCP/IP.

LAN cards

What is the responsibilities of Network Layer?

• Logical addressing
• Best effort delivery

Data link layer is sub-divide into how many groups?

• 2 sub-divided groups: MAC Layer and LLC layer

• MAC: Media Access Control/Medium Access Control
• LLC: Logical Link Control

What is the port number of Telnet and DNS?

Telnet = 23 and DNS = 53

What is the port number of ftp(data) and ftp?

ftp(data) = 20 and ftp=21

ARP resolves what? Address or IP?

ARP stands for Address Resolution Protocol. It helps to find the hardware address or MAC address when
IP address is known.

Which layer of OSI is responsible for end-to-end communication?

Transport layer.

Why we have to use router?

To communicate several networks, routers are used. Routers have both broadcast domain and collision
domain.

RARP resolves what? Address or IP?

RARP stands for Reverse Address Resolution Protocol. It helps to find the IP address when physical or
hardware or MAC address is known.

What is OSI model?

OSI model is a reference model containing 7 layers such as physical layer, data link layer, network layer,
transport layer, session layer, presentation layer and application layer.

What is TCP/IP model?

TCP/IP model is an implementation of OSI reference model. It has five layers. They are: Network layer,
Internet layer, Transport layer and Application layer.

What is the full form of OSI and TCP/IP model?

• OSI stands for = Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model

• TCP/IP stands for = Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol

What are the differences between OSI and TCP/IP model?

Important differences are:

OSI is a reference model and TCP/IP is an implementation of OSI model.

OSI has 7 layers whereas TCP/IP has only 4 layers The upper 3 layers of the OSI model is combined on the
TCP/IP model.

OSI has: physical layer, data link layer, network layer, transport layer, session layer, presentation layer and
application layer TCP/IP has : Network layer, Internet layer, transport layer and application layer.

What are the differences among router, switch, bridge and hub?

All of them are devices and are used in network. Their differences are:

• Router: Layer 3 device, can work on physical, data and network layer.
• Switch: Layer 2 device, can work on data link layer
• Bridge: Layer 2 device, can work on data link layer.
• Hub: Layer 1device, just a multi-port repeater and works on physical layer

Networking Books

Switch operates on which layer of OSI model?

Normal switch operates at Layer 2 i.e. data link layer and Intelligent switch operates at Layer 3 i.e. network
layer.

What is the upper layer name of OSI layer?

Application layer.

Name 4 example of application layer?

DNS, FTP, Telnet, http

How does ARP response the request?

ARP sents the request in broadcast, response is unicast

Error control is down in which layer?

Layer 4

Name the 2 sublayers of data link layer.

MAC sublayer and LLC sublayer

How is data send by IP layer?

IP layer PDU is "packet". So, data is send as packet.

TCP/IP has how many layers?

5 layers: Network layer, Internet layer, Transport layer and Application layer.

What is the data unit of "Transport layer"?

Segment

What are the differences of MAC sublayer and LLC sublayer?

In fact, Data Link layer has 2 sublayes: MAC sublayer & LLC sublayer.

• MAC sublayer(802.3): defines how to transmit data on physical layer

• LLC sublayer(802.2): responsible for identifying different protocol logically & encapsulate them.

Q—What are the two routing protocols specified in the OSI suite?

A—End System-to-Intermediate System (ES-IS) and Intermediate System-to-

Intermediate System (IS-IS).

Q—Describe the OSI connectionless network protocol.

A—OSI connectionless network service is implemented by using the Connectionless

Network Protocol (CLNP) and Connectionless Network Service (CLNS). CLNP and
CLNS are described in the ISO 8473 standard.

Q—Describe the OSI connection-oriented network protocol.

A—OSI connection-oriented network service is implemented by using the Connection-
Oriented Network Protocol (CONP) and Connection-Mode Network Service (CMNS).

Q—How are requests to services at the session layer made within OSI protocols?

A—Requests are made at session-service access points (SSAPs), and SS-users are
uniquely identified by using an SSAP address.

Q—Describe common-application service elements (CASEs).

A—Common-application service elements (CASEs) are ASEs that provide services used
by a wide variety of application processes. In many cases, multiple CASEs are used by a
single application entity.

Q—Name some of the media types that the OSI protocol suite supports.

A—IEEE 802.2 LLC, IEEE 802.3, Token Ring/IEEE 802.5, Fiber Distributed Data
Interface (FDDI), and X.25.

Q—Why was the OSI protocol suite created?

A—The OSI specifications were conceived and implemented by two international

standards organizations: the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the
International Telecommunication Union-Telecommunications Standards Sector (ITU-T).

Q—Describe the session layer protocols within the OSI protocol suite.

A—The session layer implementation of the OSI protocol suite consists of a session
protocol and a session service. The session protocol enables session-service users (SS-
users) to communicate with the session service. An SS-user is an entity that requests the
services of the session layer. Such requests are made at session-service access points
(SSAPs), and SS-users are uniquely identified by using an SSAP address.

Q—Describe the presentation layer protocols of the OSI protocol suite.

A—The presentation layer implementation of the OSI protocol suite consists of a

presentation protocol and a presentation service. The presentation protocol enables
presentation-service users (PS-users) to communicate with the presentation service.

Q—What are the two types of ASEs?

A—ASEs fall into one of the two following classifications: common-application service
elements (CASEs) and specific-application service elements (SASEs). Both of these
might be present in a single application entity.

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