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RAN Transmission
After completing this learning element, the participant will be able to:
• Explain the principles of RAN Transmission
• Describe the ATM Cross Connect (AXC) architecture
• Describe briefly the transport solution for NSN Flexi WCDMA BTS
• List the virtual channels between RNC and WCDMA BTS
• Explain the WCDMA BTS AAL2 multiplexing RAN architecture
MTP3SL/ OAM/SIGTRAN
User Plane /User Plane
MGW
3G SGSN
MTP3SL OAM/SIGTRAN
/User Plane
ATM cell
Header Payload
E1 frame E1 frame
0 1 2 ... 15 16 17 18 . . . 31 0 1 2 ... 15 16 17 18 . . . 31
When transmitting ATM cells over a digital interface like E1, we map the cells into the physical layer
frame. ITU-T Recommendation G.804 and ATM Forum specification af-phy-0064.000 define the ATM
direct mapping (ADM) process. ADM uses the header error check (HEC) field in the cell header to identify
the first bit of a cell in an E1 frame. A receiving E1 IMA interface examines the incoming bit stream and
checks if a set of eight bits comprises a valid CRC for the preceding 32 bits.
The alternative to ADM is the physical layer convergence protocol (PLCP). PLCP uses special overhead
bytes to delineate the start and end of the ATM cells inside the E1 frame and thus reduces the effective
payload rate. Since PLCP adds overhead, ADM replaces PLCP.
ATM over STM-1
VP1
VP2
VP3
1 byte
9 bytes 260 bytes VC-4
P
Section
9 bytes O
Overhead . VC-4
H .
.
STM-1 (155,52 Mbps) can fit 44.15 cells per frame -> 353 207 cells per second.
RNC
• Hybrid BTS Backhaul allows for the backhauling of the BTS over packet-
switched technologies, IP and Ethernet in particular.
• The HSPA traffic is offloaded onto the packet-switched network. Delay
sensitive traffic is carried over TDM links.
ATM ATM
E1 IP
Ethernet
TDM
TDM
BTS
STM1
E1
ATM
Packet
Packet ATM ATM
Eth IP IP STM1 STM1
Ethernet Ethernet
In the first case only HSPA traffic is offloaded to the packet-switched network; an existing
path, based on ATM over TDM technologies, is used for all other traffic. HSPA traffic is less
sensitive to delay and delay variation, and the QoS requirements to the packet-switched
network can be relaxed accordingly.
AXU IFU
IFU
IFU
IFU
IFU
AXC (ATM Cross Connect) is the Integrated ATM Transmission Node of the Nokia WCDMA base station and
a Stand-alone ATM Transmission Network Element. The Integrated AXC for Supreme and S-AXC supports 5
IFUs. The S-AXC can be installed in a standard ETSI or 19-inch rack and co-located with the BTS
S-AXC is needed
¾For providing additional slots for interface units at WCDMA BTS sites. At some sites the available 1-5
slots for interface units in the BTS integrated AXC may not be sufficient
¾As a hub for grooming/concentrating WCDMA traffic at a site without a WCDMA BTS
Maximum configuration
¾One ATM cross connect unit, AXU.
¾Five interface units, IFUs (any IFU and any combination of IFUs possible)
Any combination of interfaces and interface units is possible with a very few limitations
¾Maximum switching capacity = 1.2Gbit/s
¾Maximum amount of physical STM-1 interfaces = 15
¾Maximum amount of physical E1 interfaces = 40
¾Between 1 and 8 E1 links per IMA group for E1 IFU
¾Between 1 and 8 E1 links per IMA group for Flexbus IFU
¾Between 1 and 32 VC-12 links per IMA group for IFUF
AXU - ATM cross connect unit
Power
module
Microcontroller
module
• Switching capacity: 1.2G.
• Supported simultaneous
connections: 1000 (with any mix Lever
of VP and VC) LED
LMP
Q1
ERC1
ERC2
AAM-Module
(AXUB, C2.0
Lever
AXU Performance
¾Switching capacity: 1.2G
¾Supported simultaneous connections: 1000 (with any mix of VP and VC)
¾Supported ATM service categories: CBR, UBR
¾Supported cross-connection: Semi-Permanent Virtual Path Connection, Semi-Permanent Virtual
Channel Connection
AXC compact – AXCC/AXCD
Ejector Ejector
LED LED
LMP LMP
Q1 Q1
ERC 8x ERC
8 x E1
E1/JT1/T1
Ejector Ejector
Nokia AXC Compact contains AXU and IFU functionality in a single unit and provides eight symmetrical
(AXCC) or coaxial (AXCD) connections
¾AXCC/D is non-expandable but is it possible to add IFUG unit(s)
¾Supports BTS AAL2 Multiplexing and Inverse Multiplexing for ATM, but not fractional E1
¾Local Management Port (LMP)
¾10baseT crossed Ethernet interface, RJ- 45 connector
¾Q1 management port
¾V.11 interface, D-sub 9 connector
¾External reference clock interface (ERC)
Performance
¾Switching capacity: 165 Mbit/s
¾Supported simultaneous connections: 250 (with any mix of VP and VC)
¾Supported ATM service categories: CBR, UBR
¾Supported cross-connection: Semi-Permanent Virtual Path Connection, Semi-Permanent Virtual
Channel Connection
WCDMA BTS Transmission Overview
Ethernet network
CAT-5 or optical
WBTS 1.2 Gbit/s
2 x Fast Ethernet Nokia FlexiHopper
1 x Gigabit Ethernet max. 16 x 2 Mbits/s
IFUH
3 x Flexbus Nokia MetroHopper
AXU IFUE interfaces max. 4 x 2 Mbits/s
IFUF Flexbus
1 x STM – 1 (VC12) Nokia GSM /
cable
EDGE Base Station
IFUC 63xE1
IFUG 3 x STM-0/STM –1
or SDH equipment or
IFUA/D OC-1 /OC-3 ATM Leased Lines
interfaces Optical
Fibre
8 x RJ 45 Ethernet
AXC IFU slots available:
Leased Lines or
Supreme 5 8 x E1/JT1/T1 PDH / SDH equipment
Optima & Optima Compact 3 interfaces
MetroSite WCDMA 1
GSM Base Stations
Copper Nokia and other
MetroSite 50 1 cable
Triple-mode UltraSite EDGE 1
The Nokia UltraSite WCDMA BTS supports the following transmission media.
Radio transmission
¾IFUE with Nokia Flexbus interface: 16 x 2 Mbit/s, three Flexbus connectors. The IFUE unit
can be connected to the Nokia FlexiHopper and MetroHopper Microwave Radios.
IFUC
¾3 x SDH optical interfaces
¾Mixed configuration supported
¾Intra-office/short-haul
¾Used connector: optical, LC type
IFUF
¾1 x SDH optical interface for structured STM-1 connections
¾LC connector
¾Up to 63 VC-12 with IMA
IFUE
WBTS
IFUE
Flexbus
(16 x 2M)
BTS Site
IFUE
¾3 x Flexbus interfaces per PIU
¾IMA support
¾IFUE capacity up to 16 x E1 (4 x 2M for MetroHopper)
¾Connects WBTS to Nokia microwave radio or Nokia GSM BTS
¾Allows combination of 2G (TDM) and 3G (ATM) traffic with a granularity of E1
¾RNC site - Flexbus interface is implemented using stand-alone AXC or FIU19" equipment
¾A BTS connects directly to Nokia Flexi/Metro Hopper with the Flexbus feature
¾2M cross-connection within one plug-in unit
¾TNC-connector 50 Ω (female)
IFUG
IFUG
¾Eight Ethernet interfaces
¾10baseT, RJ-45 connector
¾Can be used to connect external equipment on the AXC site to the common DCN
IFUA and IFUD
IFUA
¾8 x E1/T1/JT1 interfaces
¾110 Ω / 120 Ω balanced TQ connectors
¾Inverse Multiplexing for ATM (IMA) support
¾fractional Interface (E1/T1/JT1)
IFUD
¾8 x E1 interfaces
¾75 Ω unbalanced BT 43 connectors
¾Inverse Multiplexing for ATM (IMA) support
¾Fractional interface (E1)
FTPB (RAS05.1)
FTOA (RAS05.1ED
4xE1/T1/JT1
Support Timing over
FTIB 2xFast Ethernet, RU10
Packet
1xGE
FTHA 16xE1/T1 RU10 2xMDR68 connectors
4xE1 coaxial Optional Gigabit
FTJA RAS06 Ethernet interface
2xFast Ethernet,
(SFP)
1xGE SMB, RJ45, SFP (LC)
• IMA allows the combining of several physical links (E1 or T1/JT1, max. 8) to one
logical link
NIP1 AXC
IMA Group Link # 0 IMA Group
E1/JT1 E1/JT1
Link # 1
Single ATM cell stream E1/JT1 E1/JT1 Original ATM cell stream
from ATM layer to ATM layer
Link # 2
E1/JT1 E1/JT1
Inverse Multiplexing for ATM (IMA) is a method which provides a modular bandwidth for user access
to ATM networks and for connection between ATM network elements, at rates between the traditional
order multiplex level. An example is to achieve rates between the T1/E1 and T3/E3 levels in the
asynchronous digital hierarchies. T3/E3 links are not necessarily readily available throughout a given
network, and therefore the introduction of ATM Inverse Multiplexers provides an effective method of
combining the transport bandwidths of multiple links (such as T1/E1 links) grouped to collectively
provide higher intermediate rates.
The ATM Inverse Multiplexing technique involves inverse multiplexing and de-multiplexing of ATM cells
in a cyclical fashion among links grouped to form a higher bandwidth logical link whose rate is
approximately the sum of the link rates. This is referred to as an IMA group.
The picture above provides a simple illustration of the ATM Inverse Multiplexing technique in one
direction. The same technique applies in the opposite direction.
IMA groups terminate at each end of the IMA virtual link. In the transmit direction, the ATM cell stream
received from the ATM layer is distributed on a cell by cell basis, across the multiple links within the IMA
group. At the far-end, the receiving IMA unit recombines the cells from each link, on a cell by cell basis,
recreating the original ATM cell stream. The aggregate cell stream is then passed to the ATM layer.
The IMA interface periodically transmits special cells that contain information that permit reconstruction
of the ATM cell stream at the receiving end of the IMA virtual link after accounting for the link differential
delays, smoothing CDV introduced by the control cells, and so on. These cells, defined as IMA Control
Protocol (ICP) cells, provide the definition of an IMA frame.
WCDMA BTS - RNC connections
Connections
TCP/IP
WBTS IP Router AXC between WAM
C-NBAP
D-NBAP and AXC are
ATM Connection Table automatically
WAM UP
UP HW VPI VCI VCI VPI HW configured
CIF 1 0 30 33 0 IFUC
UP CIF 1 0 33 51 1 IFUC
AAL2 sig CIF 1 0 34 61 1 IFUC ATM VPCs
CIF 1 0 35 71 1 IFUC
TCP/IP CIF 1 0 36 121 1 IFUC
C-NBAP
CIF 1
CIF 1
0
0
37
38
122
123
1
1
IFUC
IFUC
NetAct
D-NBAP x x x x x x
WAM UP
UP
UP
AXU
AAL2 sig
TCP/IP
C-NBAP RNC
D-NBAP
WAM UP
UP
UP
AAL2 sig
C-NBAP
¾Connected to telecom master WAM. Uses AAL5 adaptation and QoS is CBR
D-NBAP
¾Connected to each WAM. Uses AAL5 adaptation and QoS is CBR
AAL2SIG
¾Connected to each WAM. Uses AAL5 adaptation and QoS is CBR
AAL2UP
¾1-3 User Plane VCs per WAM. Uses AAL2 adaptation and QoS is CBR
O&M (DCN)
¾Connected to SAR device in AXC. Uses AAL5 adaptation and QoS class is UBR
Combining WCDMA and GSM traffic
Both options
supported
GSM
BTS
Abis Shared PDH/SDH capacity
PDH/SDH
Iub (n x 2M & n x 64k Fractional E1)
Nokia
UltraSite
WDCMA
BTS
GSM
BTS
Abis Shared ATM capacity
(Unstructured & Structured
Iub Circuit Emulation Service)
Nokia ATM
UltraSite
WDCMA
BTS
TDM
¾Using external PDH and SDH equipment to add and drop different traffic interfaces (E1,STM-1,T1, etc.).
Nokia's MetroHub, DN2 or the GSM BTS DTRU/TRUA can perform these required cross-connections.
¾ATM traffic starts always with TS1 to TSn and then TSn+1 for TDM. A 64 kbit/s cross-connect is necessary
for changing TS. Advantage: existing GSM traffic does not have to be disturbed.
ATM
¾Using Circuit Emulation Service to add GSM (TDM) traffic to WCDMA (ATM) traffic. Disadvantage: GSM
transmission has to be interrupted before connecting it to the WCDMA transmission.
TDM links with fractional PDH interface
The physical link can be fibre, microwave, leased service, etc
BTS site:
• WCDMA BTS connected to GSM Abis
• WCDMA BTS supports ATM over Fractional Interface (E1/T1/JT1)
BSC/RNC site:
• TDM traffic (GSM + WCDMA) separated by TDM cross-connect Hub
• Possible ungroomed fractional E1 traffic is terminated in a standalone AXC
BSC
GSM BTS
n x E1 or FB for GSM BTS
TRX TRX
COMMON
TRANSPORT ET
TRX TRX TRUA RRIC ON MICROWAVE
TRX TRX
Stand-alone
AXC
NIU SFU
WCDMA BTS
WAM AXC
WSP WSP WSP
...
IFU
WAM
WSP WSP WSP
RNC
...
FB from WCDMA BTS
¾In basic configuration without AAL2 Multiplexing 1 AAL2SIG and 1-2 AAL2UP per WAM is
needed.
AAL2 VC configuration without AAL2 multiplexing (2/2)
BTS AAL2 Multiplexing is an BTS feature that allows to concentrate the AAL2 Signalling VCs
and AAL2 User Data VCs between BTS and AXC to one VC on the IUB Interface. This reduces
the number of used AAL2-VCs between BTS and RNC, simplifies the network configuration
and provides a gain in transmission capacity using the statistical multiplexing effect.
Depending on the traffic mix and other parameters, the expected Iub transmission capacity
savings can be up to 30%.
BTS AAL2 multiplexing (2/2)
CID 21 CID 22
AXUA
AAM Module
Working link
RNC Site
Protecting link
RNC Configuration:
Note that RNC does not support MSP1:1 as such. For compatibility with the bidirectional MSP1:1
implemented in AXC C2.0, RNC supports the bidirectional MSP1+1 scheme specified in the TTC Rec.
JT-G783. This scheme is compatible with MSP1:N bidirectional switching, and thus also with the
standard ITU-T compliant bidirectional MSP1:1 implemented in the AXC C2.0.
RNC supports the non-revertive bidirectional MSP1+1 compatible with the bidirectional MSP1:N
protocol (JT-G783, section A.3.4.1).
Full Native IP/Ethernet Connectivity Solution in RU10
Iu-CS Control Plane Iu-CS User Plane Iu-CS Control Plane Iu-CS User Plane
RANAP Iu User Plane RANAP Iu User Plane
SCCP SCCP RTP RTCP
M3UA M3UA
SCTP AAL2 SCTP UDP
IP IP
AAL5
ATM Ethernet
SDH
Iu-CS/ATM Iu-CS/IP
Iu-PS Control Plane Iu-PS User Plane Iu-PS Control Plane Iu-PS User Plane
RANAP Iu User Plane RANAP Iu User Plane
SCCP GTP-U SCCP GTP-U
M3UA M3UA
SCTP UDP SCTP UDP
IP IP
AAL5
ATM Ethernet
SDH
Iu-PS/ATM Iu-PS/IP
Iur Control Plane Iur User Plane Iur Control Plane Iur User Plane
RNSAP FP Layer RNSAP FP Layer
SCCP SCCP RTP RTCP
MTP3-B M3UA
SSCF-NNI AAL2 SCTP UDP
SSCOP IP
AAL5
ATM Ethernet
SDH
Iur/ATM Iur/IP
Packet Network
Ethernet Ethernet
3G BTS RNC
ATM STM-1/
E1/T1 (TDM Network) OC3
NP2GE
BTS Chaining
example
Controller
Packet
Network
Flexi WCDMA
BTS
BTS Collocation
example Shaping of the aggregated Ethernet traffic
will be available with the feature RAN1769
BTS Ethernet Switching RNC
Please note:
Satellite transmitters, modems,
installation equipment etc. are
not part of this feature!
NB RNC
STM1
E1T1
satellite satellite
modem station modem
station
Ethernet
Packet Network Ethernet
Router
3G BTS
RNC