FREQUENCY

INDEPENDENT
ANTENNAS

V. H. Rumsey
UniversityofIllinois
Urbana, I l l i n o i s

Summary

There i s a c l a s s ofantennas whose p a t t e r n The problem ofa typical directional

a s well a s impedance is p r a c t i c a l l y i n d e p e n d e n t antennacan be i l l u s t r a t e d by c o n s i d e r i n g a
offrequencyfor a l l frequenciesabove a c e r t a i n u n i p o l ei nf r o n t ofa p l a n er e f l e c t o ra s shown
v a l u e . The g e n e r a lf o r m u l af o rt h e i rs h a p e is i nF i g . 1: it i s s p e c i f i e d by t h el e n g t h s
ABQM4 One of t h e major l i m i t a t i o n s on i t s
patternandimpedancebandwidth is r e p r e s e n t e d
by t h e d i s t a n c e , D, from t h e u n i p o l e t o t h e
where r 8 9 a r e t h e u s u a l s p h e r i c a l c o o r d i n a t e s ,
r e f l e c t o r . E3y c h a n g i n gt h er e f l e c t o ra n du n i p o l e
a and 9, a r ec o n s t a n t sa n dF ( B ) is anyfunction
t o c o a p i c a l c o n e s a l l dimensionsexcept B and 4
of 8 . Assuminga t o be p o s i t i v e , cp rangesfrom
- m t o some f i n i t e v a l u e whichdeterminesthe
a r er e p l a c e d by a n g l e s .T h i ss i m p l ea p p l i c a t i o n
o ft h ea n g l e method d o e s i n d e e d g i v e s i g n i f i c a n t
low frequency limit. For suchantennas a change
improvementof t h e impedanceand p a t t e r n
offrequency is e q u i v a l e n t t o a r o t a t i o n of t h e
bandwidth2. Theimpedance is p r a c t i c a l l yc o n s t a n t
antennaabout B=O. It a p p e a r st h a tt h ep a t t e r n
above a c e r t a i n f r e q u e n c y b u t u n f o r t u n a t e l y t h e
c o n v e r g e st ot h ec h a r a c t e r i s t i cp a t t e r n as the
p a t t e r n is n o t .T h i sa p p e a r st o be t y p i c a l of
frequency is r a i s e d , i f a is not m, and t h a t
most c o n v e n t i o n a l a n t e n n a s d e s i g n e d a c c o r d i n g t o
t h e impedanceconverges t o t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c
theanglemethod. However, t h e r e is a whole
impedance f o r a l l a .
c l a s s of unconventionalantennaswhichhavenot
only an impedance but also a p a t t e r n which
Antennas Specified by Angles
r e m a i n sp r a c t i c a l l yc o n s t a n ta b o v e a certain
frequency.In v i e w o ft h ef a c tt h a ta l l
It is common e x p e r i e n c e t h a t i f a l l the
e x p e r i e n c es u g g e s t st h a tt h ep a t t e r n of any
dimensionsof a l o s s l e s s a n t e n n a a r e i n c r e a s e d
antennadevelops more a n ds h a r p e rl o b e sa st h e
by a f a c t o r K , t h e p a t t e r n a n d impedanceremain
frequency i s i n c r e a s e d ,t h i sr e s u l t is indeed
fixediftheoperatingwavelength is a l s o
remarkable.
i n c r e a s e d by t h ef a c t o r K . I no t h e rw o r d s ,t h e
performance ofa l o s s l e s sa n t e n n a i s independent
of f r e q u e n c yi f i t s dimensionsmeasured in The GeneralApproach
w a v e l e n g t h sa r eh e l dc o n s t a n t . It f o l l o w st h a t To i l l u s t r a t e t h e g e n e r a l a p p r o a c h , c o n s i d e r
i ft h es h a p e of theantenna were s u c h t h a t i t
a l l plane curves which remain essentially the
could be s p e c i f i e d e n t i r e l y by a n g l e s , i t s per-
same when s c a l e d t o a d i f f e r e n t u n i t of l e n g t h .
formancewould be independent of frequency. The
Suchcurvescan be used t o d e t e r m i n e t h e s h a p e
i n f i n i t eb i c o n i c a la n t e n n a l is t h e m o s t f a m i l i a r
ofa p l a n es h e e ta n t e n n a , by t a k i n g t h e i n p u t
example: i t is s p e c i f i e d by t h ea n g l e so ft h e
terminalsatthe Common p o i n t of i n t e r s e c t i o n o f
two conesandtheanglebetweentheiraxes.
f o u rc u r v e s , a s i l l u s t r a t e di nF i g .2 . It
There i s , however,an i n f i n i t e v a r i e t y ofshapes
f o l l o w st h e n ,t h a tt h ea n t e n n a is unchanged when
which a r e c o m p l e t e l y s p e c i f i e d by anglesand
s c a l e d t o a d i f f e r e n tw a v e l e n g t h ,p r o v i d e d w e add
t h e s ef o r mt h es t a r t i n gp o i n tf o rt h ed e s i g no f
t h ec o n d i t i o nt h a tt h et e r m i n a l ss t a yf i x e d when
frequencyindependentantennas. Theymust all t h e s c a l e is changed. Now t h ef a c tt h a t a typical
extend t o i n f i n i t y ( b e c a u s e i f t h e y d i d n o t t h e y
curveremainsessentiallyunchanged by a change of
wouldhave a t l e a s t one c h a r a c t e r i s t i c l e n g t h )
s c a l ei m p l i e st h a tt h e new curvecan be made t o
and t h e r e f o r e t h e y d o n o t i m m e d i a t e l y l e a d t o
c o i n c i d ew i t ht h eo l d oneby t r a n s l a t i o n a n d
p r a c t i c a ld e s i g n s . Thekeyproblem is t h e r e f o r e r o t a t i o n .S i n c e a t r a n s l a t i o n is e l i m i n a t e d by t h e
t o d e t e r m i n e how r a p i d l y , i f a t a l l , t h e per-
r e q u i r e m e n tt h a tt h e common pointremainfixed,
formanceof thefinitestructureconvergesto
theproblem is t o determine a l l c u r v e s s u c h t h a t a
t h a t of t h ei n f i n i t es t r u c t u r e . Let u s , however
changeof s c a l e is e q u i v a l e n t t o a r o t a t i o n .T h i s
d e f e r c o n s i d e r a t i o n of t h i s q u e s t i o n u n t i l w e
can be s t a t e d s y m b o l i c a l l y i n t h e form
haveexplored some a p p l i c a t i o n s o f t h e " a n g l e
method" t o f a m i l i a r a n t e n n a s . Kr(9) = r(cp+C) (1)

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where r(cp,) d e n o t e st h er a d i u s r as a f u n c t i o n of r e p r e s e n t e d by
t h ep o l a ra n g l e q , K is t h es c a l ec h a n g ea n d C the (14)
r = f(efqJ)
a n g l e of r o t a t i o n t o which it i s e q u i v a l e n t . Thus
K depends on C but K and C a r e i n d e p e n d e n t of where d q ' a r e r e l a t e d t o 8q by t h er o t a t i o n . Then
dand r). theconditionthattherotation be e q u i v a l e n t t o
a uniformexpansion is expressed by t h e e q u a t i o n
Kf(Bq,) = f ( e f' doa rl l I3q (15)
where K is independentof Bq butdepends on t h e
parameters o f t h e r o t a t i o n .
T h e r e a r e two d i f f i c u l t i e s i n t r y i n g to f i n d
t h ef u n c t i o n f from(15): one is t h a tt h er e l a t i o n
between8'q'and 8 q is v e r yi n v o l v e da n dt h eo t h e r
is t h a t t h e r o t a t i o n d e p e n d s on t h r e ep a r a m e t e r s ,
suchasthe two s p h e r i c a l c o o r d i n a t e s w h i c h s p e c i f y
t h e a x i s of r o t a t i o n , a n dt h ea n g l eo fr o t a t i o n
a b o u tt h ea x i s . To e x p r e s st h et r a n s f o r m a t i o n
from e q t o e ' q ' e x p l i c i t l y l e t g r e p r e s e n t a unit
v e c t o ri nt h e (ecp) d i r e c t i o n , i . e . ,
or
dr = ar + = s i n 0 cosq,uy = s i n e s i n 9 uz = cos e (16.)
dlp S i m i l a r l y l e t &'be d e f i n e d for d q !
where a i s independentof cp: Then t h e t r a n s f o r m a t i o n is expressed by
-
u'= T u (17)
a = LdK.
K dC where T is a matrixwhich is independentof
8, q , e l and q': T is a f u n c t i o no ft h et h r e e
It followsfrom ( 6 ) that p a r a m e t e r s ,a l la 2 ,a 3 , of t h er o t a t i o n . We can
now o b t a i n a set of p a r t i a l d i f f e r e n t i a l e q u a t i o n s
r = roeaqwhere ro is a c o n s t a n t . forthefunction f by d i f f e r e n t i a t i n g ( 1 5 ) i n a
way a n a l a g o u s t o t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f t h e
kt r o = eaqowhere q,,is a constant f u n c t i o n r f r o m( 1 ) .L e t r a n dr ' d e n o t ef ( e q )
or avo=In ro. and f (B'cp').
D i f f e r e n t i a t i o n of ( 1 5 ) w i t h r e s p e c t t o e and cp
Then r = ea(9+cp0) gives
l/a. K -a = M (2 e q u a t i o(n1s8))
or p+cp,- = I n r
W e recognize(11) or ( 1 2 )a st h ef o r m u l af o ra n where
e q u i a n @ l a r s p i r a l : i t c o n t a i n st h e two
p a r a m e t e r s ,a ,w h i c hr e p r e s e n t st h er a t e of
expansion,and cp
,, which r e p r e s e n t st h e
o r i e n t a t i o n . Thus theshape of a l l p l a n es h e e t
frequencyindependentantennas must be d e f i n e d (20)
by e q u i a n g u l a rs p i r a l s .( N o t et h a t when l / a = 0
thespiraldegeneratesintothestraightline D i f f e r e n t i a t i o n of ( 1 5 ) w i t h r e s p e c t t o a; g i v e s
q = - cp . ) T h e o r e t i c a l l y i t mightappear that I
w e c o u l 8 o b t a i n four curves such as shown i n r = S 1 (3 e q u a t i o n s ) (21)
F i g . 2by s e l e c t i n g f o u r d i f f e r e n t c o m b i n a t i o n s where
ofaand 'p0, b u t it is e a s i l y v e r i f i e d t h a t
u n l e s s a is t h e same f o r a l l , s u c h c u r v e s o v e r l a p
a ti n f i n i t e s i m a lv a l u e so f r , t h u sp l a c i n g a
s h o r tc i r c u i ta c r o s st h et e r m i n a l s . It is
therefore necessary to choose four different 'po
w i t h t h e same a .
The generalproblem is t o f i n d a l l surfaces
which have the property that a change i n t h e
unit oflength is e q u i v a l e n t t o a c e r t a i n D i f f e r e n t i a t i o n of ( 1 7 ) w i t h r e s p e c t t o 8 i g i v e s
r o t a t i o n . Then i f we c o n s t r u c t a metal antenna AI
whose s u r f a c e is oneof t h e s e s u r f a c e s , i t s per- AT = N
4' ( 6 equations) (24)
formance w i l l be t h e same a t a l l wavelengths where
e x c e p t f o r a r o t a t i o n ofthecoordinatesystem.
lhis problem is much more d i f f i c u l t t o a n a l y z e (25 1
t h a nt h ep l a n e case we have j u s t c o n s i d e r e d , a n d
we shallsimplygiveanoutline of themethod. v d II
The t y p i c a l s u r f a c e c a n be r e p r e s e n t e d by t h e (T is T t r a n s p o s e d , i . e . , T. - = T . ., ==1)
formula 1J J 1
( r1 3=) f ( 8 q ) D i f f e r e n t i a t i o n of ( 1 7 ) w i t h r e s p e c t t o a; g i v e s
where r e and q a r e t h e u s u a l s p h e r i c a l
c o o r d i n a t e s .A f t e r a r o t a t i o nt h es u r f a c e is N=SA' e q u( 9a t i o n s ) (26 1

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where - aloDg t h e l i n e s S = c o n s t a n t , i . e . , t h e c u r r e n t s
f o l l o w a s p i r a lf l o w . The s i m p l e s t way t o
analyzethepattern is t o make useofthe
i n t u i t i v e i d e a of c o u p l i n g b e t w e e n a d j a c e n t t u r n s
The n e x t s t e p is t o e l i m i n a t e &'from (18)and o ft h i ss p i r a lf l o w . Assuming t o b e g i nw i t h that
t h e AC c u r r e n t d i s t r i b u t i o n is l i k e the Dc
(21) u s i n g ( 2 4 ) a n d (26.) t o e v a l u a t e M and S.
The a l g e b r a c a n be g r e a t l y s i m p l i f i e d i f we distribution traveling with the free space phase
choosethecoordinates s o t h a t t h e z a x i s is t h e
v e l o c i t y , we see that a "resonance" will b u i l d
a x i s of r o t a t i o n corresponding t o a particular up i n t h e c u r r e n t d i s t r i b u t i o n where t h e mean
e r p n n s i o n K: t h i s d o e s n o t i m p l y t h a t t h e a x i s of circumference of t h e s p i r a l is about one
r o t a t i o n is f i x e d f o r a l l K. Thus i n ( 2 7 ) w e wavelength. This resonance w i l l be h i g h l y damped
performthedifferentiationbeforesubstitution by r a d i a t i o n s o that m o s t o f t h e c u r r e n t is
oftheparticularvaluesofala2a3which d i s s i p a t e di nt h ef i r s tr e s o n a n c e . The p a t t e r n
c o r r e s p o n dt ot h i sc h o i c eo fa x e s . With t h i s due t o t h e f i r s t r e s o n a n c e is t h e r e f o r ea l m o s t
t h e same as t h e p a t t e r n d u e t o t h e i n f i n i t e
s i m p l i f i c a t i o n , whichdoesnotinvolveany loss
o fg e n e r a l i t y , it is p r a c t i c a l t o d e r i v e a s e t s t r u c t u r e .A d m i t t e d l y this argument is weak b u t
it is n o t a l t o g e t h e r w o r t h l e s s b e c a u s e it does
of e q u a t i o n so ft h ef o r m
g i v e a simple way o f e s t i m a t i n g t h e p a t t e r n ,
which agrees satisfactorily with measurements on
(281 f i n i t ea n t e n n a s . It shows t h a tt h ec o n d i t i o nf o r
where P is a known ( 3 X 2) m a t r i x e x p r e s s e d i n p a t t e r n c o n v e r g e n c e is t h a t t h e c u r r e n t f l o w be
terms of 89 a n dt h ea n g l e of r o t a t i o n . R e c a 1 l i n g s p i r a lr a t h e rt h a nr e c t i l i n e a r ,i . e . ,t h a tt h e
thedefinitionsof&and & w e see t h a t (28) parameter a s h o u l d n o t be i n f i n i t e .
c o n s t i t u t e s a s e t of p a r t i a l d i f f e r e n t i a l T h e s et h e o r e t i c a lc o n j e c t u r e sa r eb o r n eo u t
e q u a t i o n sf o r K a s a f u n c t i o n of a l a z aa n d r as i np r a c t i c e . The c a s e a = a r e p r e s e n t st h e
a f u n c t i o n o f 8p. It t u r n s o u t t h a t 2
t e only o i c o n i c a l type o f a n t e n n a f o r w h i c h t h e p a t t e r n
d o e sn o tc o n v e r g e .V a r i o u sc a s e sf o r a # a
n o n - t r i v i a l s o l u t i o n is t h e s i m p l e c a s e w h e r e t h e
a x i so fr o t a t i o n is f i x e d , i . e . K depends on havebeeninvestigated byJ.D.Dyson4and
o n l y one r o t a t i o np a r a m e t e r . The problem now is R:L. CarrelS andconvincingevidenceofthe
e s s e n t i a l l yt h e same a st h ep l a n ec a s e . The constancy of t h e p a t t e r n o v e r a 20:l frequency
s o l u t i o n c a n be w r i t t e n i n t h e form rangehasbeenobtained. Note t h a t a changeof
frequency i s e q u i v a l e n tt o a r o t a t i o n . %e
r = e a (Fq (+Bg)o ) (29) p a t t e r n a t onefrequency, f l , is t h e same a s t h e
p a t t e r na ta n o t h e rf r e q u e n c y ,f 2 , if t h e
where i n p r i n c i p l e F(8) can be a n y f u n c t i o n of
c o o r d i n a t e s y s t e m is r o t a t e d a b s u t t h e 8 = 0 axis
8 . The s h a p e sr e p r e s e n t e d by (29) can be very
t h r o u g ha na n g l e1 / aI nf l / f 2 : the patternscans
c o m p l i c a t e db e c a u s ei ng e n e r a la ni n c r e a s e of
a r o u n d t h e 8 = 0 a x i s a t a r a t e whichdependson
2~ i n 'p d o e sn o tg i v et h e same r: a s 9, ranges
a. I f measurements a r e made i n a f i x e dp l a n e ,t h e
from -a t ot h es u r f a c e weavesaroundthrough patterningeneralvarieswithfrequencyandthe
a l ls p a c e .F i g . 3 i l l u s t r a t e s a simpleexample
frequencyindependentnature of thecomplete
whichgives a p r a c t i c a la n t e n n ad e s i g n .F i g . 4 s p h e r i c a l p a t t e r n may be missed i n s u c h m e a s u r e -
illustratesthecase where 4h F(8) is p e r i o d i c ments.
i n 6 w i t hp e r i o d 2rc a . This g i v e s a simple
s u r f a c e l i k e a screwthreadwhich is uniformly The Impedance
expanded i n p r o p o r t i o n t o t h e d i s t a n c e f r o m t h e
o r i g i n :a ni n c r e a s e of ZIT i n p is e q u i v a l e n t t o The convergence of theinputimpedanee to a
c o n s t a n tv a l u e as t h ef r e q u e n c y is i n c r e a s e d is
movingone t u r na l o n gt h es c r e w . The plane
familiarinconnectionwiththebiconicalantenna.
antennasconsideredintheaccompanying paper by
It hasbeenconfirmedin a l l c a s e so ft h eg e n e r a l
R.H. N a m e 1 and D.E. I s b e l 1 3 r e p r e s e n t a cross t y p er e p r e s e n t e d by (29) whichhavebeen
sectionthroughtheaxis of t h i s k i n d of antenna.
i n v e ~ t i g a t e d . ~ ~Thes . d e t e r m i n a t i o n of t h ec h a r a c -
t e r i s t i c impedance is animportantproblemin
The P a t t e r n
connection with frequency independent antennas.
S c k l k u n o f f ' s w e l l known f o r m u l a f o r t h e c h a r a c -
To e x a m i n e t h e q u e s t i o n o f p a t t e r n
t e r i s t i c impedanceoftwocoaxialcones1 is
convergence we make use ofa c h a r a c t e r i s t i c of
t h e f i e l d whichdepends on t h e f a c t t h a t a
r o t a t i o n is e q u i v a l e n t t o a n e x p a n s i o n . S i n c e we
aredealingwiththefrequencyindependent mode,
t h e a n a l y s i s of t h e f i e l d c a n be s i m p l i f i e d by where A and B aretheconeanglesmeasuredfrom
c o n s i d e r i n gt h es t a t i c or M: c a s e . For t h i s t h e common a x i s . The formulafor two i n c l i n e d
c a s e it hasbeen shownby P.E. Mast t h a t f o r t h e
p l a n ea n t e n n at h ef i e l d is a f u n c t i o no ft h e two
v a r i a b l e s S = re-aqand 8, r a t h e r t h a n t h e t h r e e
v a r i a b l e s rep. (Note t h a t S is c o n s t a n t on any
equiangularspiralinthefamilycharacterized
by t h ep a r a m e t e ra ) .T h i sr e s u l ti m p l i e st h a t
thedirectionofthecurrent on t h e a n t e n n a is
whereq1 9 a n da r ed e f i n e di nF i g . 5.

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The f o r m u l a f o r a s y m m e t r i c a lp l a n es h e e ta n t e n n a p r e c i s e l y , i t c a n be s e e n t h a t i f t h e h o r n s t a r t e d
c o n s i s t i n g oftwo t r i a n g l e s w i t h a common apex a t from a p o i n t andextended t o i n f i n i t y , i t would
t h et e r m i n a l s 7 is "look"the same t o any two wavelengths whose
r a t i o was e q u a lt ot h ee x p a n s i o nf a c t o r . Some
i n t e r e s t i n g examplesofpseudofrequency
i n d e p e n d e n ta n t e n n a sa r ed e s c r i b e di nt h e
where K r e q r e s e n t s t h e e l l i p t i c i n t e g r a l d e f i n e d accompanyingpaper by R.H. DuHamel andD.E. Isbell.
by K(x) = J t = dt and y~ r e p r e s e n t s
(1-t2)(1-x2t2) Acknowledgement
t h eh a l fa n g l eo ft h et r i a n g u l a rs t r i p sm e a s u r e d
f r o m t h e common a x i s . T h i s work was s t a r t e d i n c o n n e c t i o n w i t h a
In connection with the impedance w e should S i g n a l C o r p s C o n t r a c t a t Ohio State U n i v e r s i t y
noteaninterestingpropertywhich was p o i n t e d o u t a n d c a r r i e d on underan Air F o r c e C o n t r a c t a t t h e
by h b s h i a k e i n oneof t h e Tohoku U n i v e r s i t y U n i v e r s i t yo fI l l i n o i s .
r e p o r t s . It i s t h a tt h e impedance of anyplane
s h e e ta n t e n n a whose shape is t h e same a s t h e References
shapeof i t s complement(exceptfor a trivial 1. S.A. Schelkunoff,"ElectromagneticWaves,"
change of c o o r d i n a t e s ) is independentoffrequency D. Van NostrandCo.,Inc., New York,1943.
a n de q u a lt o 60rr = 189 ohms. Thecomplementary 2 . Ohio S t a t e University Research Foundation
a n t e n n a i s d e f i n e da st h ep o r t i o no f a metalplane Reports510-4and510-5, May 1953.
which is notcovered by t h e o r i g i n a l a n t e n n a : 3. R.H. DuHamel andD.E. Isbell, "Broadband
when theantennaand i t s complement a r e f i t t e d Logarithmically Periodic Antenna Structures,"
t o g e t h e rt h e yc o m p l e t e l yc o v e rt h ew h o l ep l a n e U n i v e r s i t y of I l l i n o i s E l e c t r i c a l E n g i n e e r i n g
withouo t verlapping. The c o n s t a n t impedanceof Report on ContractAF33(616)-3220. To be
a "self-complementary"antennafollowsfromthe published.
4 . J . D . Dyson, "The E q u i a n g u l a rS p i r a lA n t e n n a , "
USAF AntennaSymposium, U n i v e r s i t y of I l l i n o i s ,
betweentheimpedance Z1 oftheantennaandthe October1955.
impedance Z2 of i t s complement.Fig. 6 g i v e s some 5 . R.L. Carrel, " C o n i c a lS p i r a lA n t e n n a , "
examples of s e l f -complementary shapes. UniversityofIllinoisElectricalEngineering
Report on ContractAF33(616)-3220. To be
PseudoFrequencyIndependentAntennas published.
6 . V . H . Rumsey, "The C h a r a c t e r i s t i c Impedanceof
The ideaof a pseudofrequencyindependent TWOI n c l i n e d C o n e s , " IRE T r a n s . on Antennas.
antenna is i l l u s t r a t e d by thehornantenna shown Tobe p u b l i s h e d .
i nF i g .7 . It c o n s i s t so fm e t a ls h e e tp e r f o r a t e d 7 . R.L. C a r r e l , "The C h a r a c t e r i s t i c Impedanceof
by holesofuniformlyexpanding s i z e : anyhole is t h eF i nA n t e n n a ,o fI n f i n i t eL e n g t h , "
e x a c t l y l i k e its neighbor on t h e l e f t e x c e p t f o r UniversityofIllinoisElectricalEngineering
a f i x e de x p a n s i o n . The i d e a is t h a tt h ee f f e c t i v e Report No. 16on ContractAF33(616)-3220,
s i z e ofthehornremainsroughlyindependentof January1957
w a v e l e n g t hb e c a u s et h em e t a ls h e e t becomes 8. H . G . Booker,"SlotAerialsand Their R e l a t i o n
a p p r o x i m a t e l yt r a n s p a r e n to n c et h eh o l e s become t o t h e Complementary Wire A e r i a l s , " ( b b i n e t ' s
greater thanaDouthalf a wavelengthsquare. More P r i n c i p l e ) , JIEE, P a r t IIIA, 1946.

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