Berardi's Electronic Projects Quarterly 2016 Summer - Joseph Berardi

Berardis
Electronic Projects
Quarterly 2016 Summer
By
Joseph Berardi

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Quarterly Titles
Berardis Electronic Projects Quarterly 2016 Summer

NONLIABILITY STATEMENT
The author, publisher and all associates disclaim any responsibility or liability for injuries,
damages or losses whatsoever for the use of this book.

Copyright 2016, Joe Berardi
All Rights Reserved.

Edition Format: converted to electronic format
Publication Date: 12/10/2016
File Name: KDP_Berardis_Electronic_Projects_Quarterly_2016_Summer_2016_1210a
Publication Edition: 1

Contact Information
Email
Inquiries Email: jandrphotography@msn.com
Please use Electronic Projects for the subject.
Social Media
Facebook.com: Joe Berardi, Prescott Arizona
YouTube.com: Joe Berardi
Warning
Disclaimer
Quarterly Magazine 2016 Summer
Editors Desk
Previous Projects
Future Projects
Reviews
Project 1 - Regulated DC Power Supply 5V
Project 2 - Logic Test Station, Basic
Project 3 555 Astable 2
Project 4 Oscilloscope 2
Project 5 Signal Conditioner
Acknowledgements

Warning
You alone are responsible for your own safety.
Electricity can cause serious injuries and death.
Electricity improperly used can cause a fire or an explosion.
Installing polarized components in reverse direction may cause a fire or explosion.
Propelled objects from no matter what method may cause death or injuries.
Never touch live electrical circuits.
Always make sure the AC power cord is unplugged whenever working inside a project box that
has AC wiring.
Wear safety glasses and take other precautions when working with tools.
Disclaimer
The author does not claim fitness, capabilities or performance for anything in this book and your
results may vary. These are merely electronic projects the author has built for fun or utility.

Quarterly Magazine 2016 Summer
Some prior project building experience and familiarity with electronic components is required to
successfully build the projects in this issue. If you have no experience then the title Electronic
Circuits by Joseph Berardi or Berardis Electronic Projects for Inventors book has much more
information on theory, tools, building methods, components, generic proto boards and other
projects.
Project List
Project 3 555 Astable Oscillator
Parts List
A reminder the parts list has the actual component values used for the circuit. The schematic is
more a placeholder of components used for making the PCB layout. Any part item with a or
choice has the preferred item first and the substitute item second.
In general for hobby projects resistor and capacitor values do not have to be exact. The values
are more important for attenuation or gain circuits to obtain the correct ratio but obviously the
circuit will still work with large deviations from the desired value.
For RC timing circuits the same thing applies, deviating from the default value will merely alter
the frequency.
For the projects in this book, the only place the wattage rating is important is for power circuits
or when the resistor value is less than 500 ohms. My default is watt resistors but in most case
1/8 watt resistors will work just as well. I prefer the larger components since they are easier to
probe for debug.

Editors Desk
This is the inaugural issue of the Berardis Electronic Projects quarterly so I will introduce
myself a little to the readers. After that there is an introduction to the projects in this issue.
I was born in the mid 1950s and raised in upstate New York. My father was a TV Repairman and
owned his own business. Dad introduced me to project building in 1962, helping me build a
crystal radio. It brought the outside world into my bedroom every night. Those were exciting days
in my youth building electronic projects, slot cars and model rockets. Along the way Dad
introduced me to TV repair and Radio Shack. Radio Shack was my primary source of electronic
components in my youth. In the 1960s there was a big transition from vacuum tubes to transistors
and other semiconductors. Color TV became available during the 1960s bringing realism to the
screen. The significance of this transition to the hobbyist was that they were no longer working
with circuits using hundreds of volts but instead using a mere 5 to 15 volts. That pretty much
eliminated the risk of electrical shock. By my teenage years I was earning money from a paper
route and buying hobby magazines such as Popular Electronics and Popular Mechanics. Those
magazines expanded my knowledge of project building and I was eager to take on the challenge of
building the monthly projects.
Fast forward to seventies where I attended a local community college earning an AAS degree and
then transferring to Arizona State University earning a Bachelor of Science degree. From there I
had a 24-year career in electronic engineering from 1977 to 2002 developing new products at the
leaders in their industries: Motorola, Martin Marietta Aerospace, StorageTek, Intel Corporation. I
also worked at several small startup companies. In the early years there were no computer
simulations so the labs were filled with engineers and technicians exploring and evaluating new
circuit designs. Breadboarding was the simulation of the time, a quick build using whatever
components were available. We were testing designs before making major commitments to
production hardware. There was no internet for sharing information or circuits so in many cases
you were on your own. At Motorola these breadboard circuits were usually built on generic proto
boards using point-to-point wiring with components from the stock room. There wasnt much
difference between my hobby projects and work projects other than the work projects were much
larger, more sophisticated and had a schedule for deliverables.
From 2003 to about a year ago I made a second career out of photography. This career evolved
into becoming a book author for hiking books focused on Utah and Arizona. By 2015, I had
reached my goal of hiking sixty slot canyons by age sixty and was eager to move on. So I returned
to my roots of building electronic projects and writing about them.
The world of building electronic projects has changed since my youth. You no longer can browse
at the local electronics parts store picking stuff up for the next project. The internet has replaced
the stores and the hobby magazines. The components have gotten smaller and more sophisticated.
Robots have replaced RC cars. The internet and cell phones have replaced shortwave radio and
CBs. PC computers and tablets have replaced electronic games. Some of my projects in the early
1980s were building a computer from scratch starting with building a keyboard, a TV modulator
to make a TV into a computer monitor, a CPU board, a Memory board, etc, all found in hobby
magazines at the time. The first keyboard I ever used for projects was assembled from a kit which
required installing and soldering a bunch of switches to the circuit board.
This quarterly is intended for those who wish to continue the tradition of building electronic
projects.
I have been working on several electronics books for the past year and have been busy building
electronic projects. I was pretty much starting from scratch for this endeavor having only a DMM
and a power supply when starting out again.
It has been a humbling experience trying to troubleshoot an electronic project with only a digital
multimeter. Fortunately it has a frequency measurement capability. Using an earphone to detect an
oscillation is about as crude as you can get. So this issue is focused on getting started in
electronic project building with the basic equipment required for testing.
I had a price goal for the quarterly magazine book so about five projects will be standard for each
issue. This issue theme is a signal generation and observation. All of these projects are as
simple as possible to create a usable tool. You will be proud to have this test equipment sitting on
your workbench.
I used free software downloaded from the internet for PCB board development. ExpressSCH was
used to create the schematics and ExpressPCB was used to create the PCB artwork. I ordered the
boards over the internet by uploading the plot file. The schematics are used indirectly to create
the PCB layout so that it is important to note the actual parts or values installed on the PCB
boards are identified by the parts list not necessarily by the schematic. The schematics primary
job is to show the connectivity between components for creating the PCB. The artwork I created
is provided for those who may want to use my PCB layout.
For project level wiring either a schematic or wire list is provided. In some cases a hand-drawn
diagram is the most efficient way to show the electrical connections from the circuit board to the
external components that are installed on the panel.
Here are the projects overviews for this issue.
DC Regulated Power Supply 5V
The DC Power Supply project takes 115V 60 hertz AC (alternating current) from a wall outlet.
Down-steps voltage to a usable level and converts it to DC where the AC ripple is filtered out
and produces a steady 5V DC voltage. The power supply should be able to deliver at least 500ma
of current or more which is plenty for most electronic projects. This project is intended to be
used inside the enclosure of other projects for powering them and making them self-contained.

555 Astable
The 555 Astable project uses the very popular and very low cost 555 timer integrated circuit (IC)
chip to generate a clock signal. The term astable means no stable state or it oscillates and has a
continuously changing state. The state of the output is either a logic low or logic high with the
voltage level of approximately 0 or 5V. The number of changes per second is known as the
frequency of the oscillation. A clock signal is required for many electronic projects and this
project is worthy of a self-contained enclosure with its own power supply using the DC Power
Supply project. The 555 Astable PCB board is actually used as part of the Oscilloscope 2 project
in this book.
Logic Test Station Basic
The Logic Test Station is a primitive vehicle for testing TTL logic and it requires an external 5V
DC power source. The PCB can be used standalone for testing although this author has attached it
to an enclosure with binding posts and toggle switches to make it easier to use. There are eight
TTL outputs and inputs plus a debounced switch output that can be used as a manual clock. I have
used this test station numerous times debugging other projects.
Oscilloscope 2
The Oscilloscope 2 project is the result of a need for an oscilloscope to debug the Oscilloscope 5
project. When creating circuit designs, many times I make multiple designs that are independent of
each other thus the numbering of 1,2,3,4, 5, etc. I use this process when Im still in the what-if
stage of a project searching for the possibilities. The Oscilloscope 5 project was split into three
separate circuit boards to simplify building the project since it is rather complex. I built and
started debugging the project when I came to a stopping point. I needed an oscilloscope to debug
my oscilloscope 5 project and I didnt have one. As a result I returned to the Oscilloscope 2
design and simplified it even further and made a project out of it. I was able to get the
Oscilloscope 2 project working by using only a digital-multimeter (DMM) and a variable power
supply for test equipment. It is as basic as possible and is designed with the same philosophy as a
handheld logic probe. In this case it is to observe dynamic analog signals with the additional
capability to capture them for further study. When used in the write-mode the oscilloscope is free-
running and capturing the sampled voltages and displaying them. When the sampling frequency is
set appropriately the waveform will be clearly distinguished although slowly drifting across the
display since the clocks of the test circuit and the oscilloscope are independent of each other.
By flipping the switch to read-mode the contents of the memory containing the sampled voltages
are displayed. To keep everything simple there are no triggering circuits or synchronization when
switching between the write and read modes. The transition from write to read can occur anytime
which may result in discontinuity on the display.
I assembled the Oscilloscope 2 PCB board along with a partially populated 555 Astable board
(version 1) and installed them into an enclosure with a clear cover. With the addition of several
BNC connectors and switches it makes a very handy piece of test equipment for my workbench. I
thought about making it a battery powered project but ultimately I put a DC power connector on
the case so it can be attached to an external power supply. It is a primitive tool that allows
observation of changing analog signals at a low resolution which is just what I needed for
debugging. The maximum frequency of the 555 Astable is well under the limit of the A/D used on
this project so I included a BNC jack in case I wanted to use an external clock source.
Signal Conditioner
The Oscilloscope 2 project offer no choices for changing the signal level and this signal
conditioner project is a result of needing to be able to adjust the signal level. The signal
conditioner project allows attenuation and amplification of a signal to cover the full range of the
oscilloscope.
The adjustments are done entirely on the circuit board. It avoids having the signal go through
switches or potentiometers on a panel where noise or signal distortion is more likely to occur.
The low cost op-amp used has a bandwidth of 5MHZ. This project has a high impedance input
and a buffered output making it ideal for adding on to the front end of the oscilloscope project.
One of the primary requirements for this project is to have a 1Meg ohm input resistance so it is
compatible with a standard passive oscilloscope probe. This resistance is required to use the
X10 feature on the standard probe.

Previous Projects
Since this the first issue there is nothing to discuss about previous projects. This column will be
used to address corrections and clarification regarding past projects mostly from readers
feedback.

For those interested in contacting me regarding the projects in this book Im on Facebook (Joe
Berardi, Prescott Arizona) and for now Im using the email jandrphotography@msn.com. Please
use Electronic Projects for the subject. I will consider suggestions for future projects.
Future Projects
For starters I have a book in development, Electronic Circuits for Inventors, that will cover the
theory and design for the projects in this issue and many more.

The Oscilloscope 5 project is well on the way, it is a much more sophisticated version of
Oscilloscope 2 project using the same A/D chip. It has a larger display and triggering circuitry.
I also have started the Oscilloscope 6 preliminary design which will be a leap in sampling rate
because it uses a newer A/D chip. It does require dealing with a surface mount component. The
higher frequencies require more sophisticated implementation techniques.
Remote control and solar energy projects are in the planning stages, and will probably be in
future issues.
An electromagnetic coil gun project is planned for a future issue. I have built a MOSFET
controller that is very effective but I still need to work on the coil and gun barrel to improve the
performance.

Reviews
This column will be used to review just about anything regarding electronic project building from
components, suppliers, circuits, books, magazines, software, test equipment, etc. I will be doing
most of the reviews myself although reader feedback may be included in this section.
Electronic Suppliers for Hobbyist
For this issue two electronic component suppliers are reviewed.
jameco.com
Most or all of the components required for the projects in this issue were obtained from
jameco.com.
I have used this supplier many times over the years starting back to the 1980s when they were a
mail-order business.
They have a large selection of hobbyist components. The prices are right. They are dependable
and their website is easy to navigate.
As a bonus they have datasheets available for most items.
They also sell some more sophisticated components via special order. This is another bonus since
you dont have to go looking elsewhere although you will probably still end up going to the
manufacturers website for the datasheets.
I have identified some of the Jameco.com part numbers using J# in the parts list.
circuitspecialists.com
Circuit Specialists is another old company that I have purchased from, at their store in the 1980s.
The retail store is gone but they still are in business selling through their website.
I have found that they are a good source for enclosures, especially larger enclosures that may be
too large for most hobbyist projects. I needed a large enclosure for the Oscilloscope 5 project
and they had just what I needed.
They carry all kinds of prototyping components and are certainly worthy of a look.

Overview
A regulated power supply could be simply the addition of a three-terminal voltage regulator to an
unregulated DC power supply. The TO-220 package three terminal voltage regulators are very
popular for this purpose.
These voltage regulators come in several different voltages including 3.3, 5, 9, 12 and 15 volts.
5V is the traditional logic circuit supply voltage although 3.3 has become popular in recent years.
This power supply project uses a PCB that fits all of the previously mentioned voltage regulators
and the only thing that would have to change for other voltages is the use of a higher voltage
transformer such as a 12.6 VAC or 18VAC transformer. You may be tempted to install the 18VAC
transformer thinking it will work with all of the voltage regulators. Depending on circumstances
there may be an overheating problem with the regulator dropping the large voltage. A reminder;
these voltage regulators need at least 3 volts between the input and output terminals to stay within
regulation.
Many of the projects I have previously built used a generic proto-board for the power supply
since only a few components are required. I finally decided it was worth the effort to make a PCB
for the components.

Warning
This project requires wiring to an 115VAC power cord. Always make sure the
cord is not plugged in whenever the cover of the enclosure is removed.
Electricity can kill or injure. Stand back from the project when powering up
for the first time. Before powering up connect a DC Voltmeter to the output
to verify the voltage prior to connecting to any load or other projects.

Circuit Description
Overview
This DC power supply project uses a transformer, rectifier bridge, voltage regulator and
smoothing capacitor / decoupling capacitors. The 115V, 60 hertz AC power receptacle is the
source of power for this project.
This power supply is intended to be used to power other projects in this book and is not intended
to be used as a standalone power supply although it could be. This simple design cannot
withstand the rigors of a laboratory grade power supply. They have current limit protection; some
of them let you select the maximum current limit, overload indicators, protection against load
voltage spikes caused by inductive loads, etc. Many laboratory grade power supplies have meters
for voltage and current reading and a variable voltage adjustment. This project is a fixed voltage
power supply with very limited overload protection.
Transformer
A step-down transformer reduces the AC voltage to a workable voltage level for this DC power
supply project. A transformer with an 115VAC primary winding and a 9VAC secondary winding
is ideally suited for this power supply project. Note the board level schematic doesnt show
external components such as the transformer.
Rectifier Bridge
The rectifier bridge (D1) is composed of four internal rectifiers and is used to convert the AC
voltage into DC voltage.
Capacitor
The smoothing capacitors (C1 or C3) filter out the 60 hertz AC ripple and the output capacitor
(C2) reduces the effect of transient loads on the circuit. I made the PCB layout to accommodate
two different size electrolytic capacitors even though only one is required.
Voltage Regulator
The series 78xx voltage regulators (U1) are available in several different packages. The package
type determines the heat dissipation of the device. The larger the package is such as a TO-3
package, the greater the load rating for the regulator. For this project the TO-220 package was
chosen because it is designed to have a heatsink attached and can be easily attached to a PCB
with or without a heatsink attached to it. The 7805 voltage regulator is rated for 1 ampere but this
rating assumes a correctly matched transformer and a heatsink. Most of the projects in this book
are so low-power that a heatsink isnt necessary when the appropriate transformer is matched
with the voltage regulator.
Circuit Board
This project was implemented on a PCB board by the author. This project board is used to power
the 555 Astable project. See the photo that shows it inside the enclosure for that project. The PCB
I made for this project is laid out for a TO-220 package and a small heatsink. Wire connectors or
pads allow making all of the external connections.
Silkscreen Layer
Normally production boards have labels marked on the board and the silkscreen layer is used to
make the labeling. I ordered prototype boards without silkscreen labeling to save money. You
will need to look at the enclosed artwork which identifies the location of all of the components.
Bill of Materials
Note that a Jameco.com number is identified by J#.
PCB Parts List
Reference Part Number Description Quantity
Designator

D1 Rectifier Bridge 600 VOLT 2 AMP KBP 1
(J#253260) (2KBP06M.) BRIDGE RECTIFIER
DIODE
D2 LED red, T1-3/4 (J#333973) 1
Mounting hardware for LED optional
C1 Electrolytic Capacitor Capacitor Axial 1000 uF 1
(J#10956) (A1000/25-VP-R ) 25v 20% 85c 10x20mm
Or
CAP,AXIAL,2200uF,35V,
! 20%,85C,16x30mm Or
Capacitor Axial 4700 uF
25v 85c 20% Electrolytic
Cap 18mmDx36mmH
U1 7805T Standard Regulator 5 Volt 1
(J#51262) 1 Amp 3 Pin 3+ Tab TO-
220
Heatsink TO-220 Heatsink With 1
(J#326596) Hole
(507302B00000G) (very small heatsink)
C2 Ceramic Capacitor 0.1 uF, 50V 1
C3 Capacitor Optional space
R1 Resistor 2.2 K, watt, 5% 1
tolerance
PCB PCB or generic proto board Large enough to hold
bridge, capacitor,
regulator

Enclosure Parts List
These are items required for installing this project board into any enclosure including other
projects.
T1 Transformer Power Transformer 9W 1
(J#105524) (9TR4820-91-R) 9vct@1A 115/230VAC
Wire Leads
Primary Wire Color Code:
Black, White (Center tap),
Red
Secondary Wire Color
Code: Blue, Black (Center
tap), Blue
Enclosure Aluminum, size 1
Power Cord 15A rating 1
Grommet 1
Fuse, including holder,
115VAC, 1A
S1 SPST Switch 115VAC, 1 amp 1
Wire AWG #20 Shop supply
Binding Post Black & Red, only for 2
standalone projects
Screw & nut pair 8-32 x inch 4
Solder Shop supply

PCB (2.5 x 3.8 inches)
Electrical tape

Fabrication Instructions
AC Wiring
The transformer identified in the parts list has a primary winding center-tap which is a dual
voltage transformer (230/115VAC). For this project the center-tap is wired to common (normally
white) and the black wire is wired to the hot-line (normally black) via the power switch/fuse on
the rear panel. Use electrical tape to cover all exposed wires. The third-wire of the three-wire
power cord is ground and is green. Use a lug to connect to the wire and then bolt the lug under a
nut holding the transformer to the case. Verify a good electrical connection between the green
wire and the enclosure case assuming it is a metal case.
Warning: the transformer has two black wires, make sure you use the correct one. This is a bad
transformer design for using the same color on both the primary and secondary winding.
The secondary blue wires are the inputs to the DC voltage regulator board.
Polarity Check
Always double check the polarity of any polarized capacitor before applying power.
PCB Rework
No rework is required.
Test Method
Do a visual inspection prior to applying power verifying the polarity of the electrolytic capacitor.
Testing is simple; first verify the output DC voltage is within tolerance, usually 5 percent without
a load. Then connect up the load and verify the DC voltage again. For this project it should be 5V
+/- 0.25V.
Normally I do a heat test to verify that none of the components are running hot. It may take a few
minutes before the component temperature becomes stable. I will leave it up to you how you do
the heat test but this author has burned his finger tip a time or two. Any component running hot is
either: overloaded, incorrectly installed or bad.
Photos
Power Supply project board used inside an enclosure for the 555 Astable project

All Layers not to scale
Top Layer not to scale
Bottom Layer not to scale
Silkscreen Layer not to scale
Overview
A TTL logic test station is an essential tool for any digital designer, technician or hobbyist. It is
normally used to allow standalone testing of a unit or circuit card. The unit under tests interface
signals are driven or monitored by the test station instead of being connected to the rest of the
system.
This project is about as simple as possible for a usable test station. It has only 8 inputs and 8
outputs which just covers a standard 8 bit data bus. This does not allow for any control signals.
There is also a momentary switch used to generate a manual clock. The output of this switch goes
to a debounce circuit which removes the spikes generated by the contacts bouncing. The contacts
on a switch normally bounce a few times when being closed making it a problem for driving a
clock input. The debounced output is suitable for manually clocking an edge triggered input.
My motivation for building this project was to test the display portion of the Oscilloscope 5
project. I built a much more sophisticated version of a logic test station back in the 1980s when
my startup company was producing PC Bus interface cards. I would statically test the cards on an
emulated PC bus prior to installing them in a live computer. Even at some of the big companies I
worked for, we used some version of a logic test station for debugging new designs.
The use of real TTL outputs is a better method than using an emulated output made from a switch,
pull-up and ground connection. If a signal under test is accidently tied directly to VCC, using a
toggle switch tied directly to ground for a logic low would end up shorting out the unit under test
including the power supply. It could possibly burn up the circuit board traces or wiring.
Circuit Description
TTL Inputs
This project has 8 TTL inputs which are buffered to drive an LED indicator for each channel. An
octal buffer, 74LS245 (U2) was chosen for the interfacing. It is quite capable of sourcing the
required current for illuminating the LEDs. A current limiting resistor (R2) is required for each
LED and was implemented using a SIP resistor pack with nine 470 ohm resistors. All inputs to the
test station have a pull-up resistor.
TTL Outputs
The output buffer also uses an octal buffer, 74LS245 (U1) and is accessed via a wire connector or
the J2 header. I chose to skip the J1 header and wire directly to the pads for it connecting it to
external toggle switches. Either the DIP switch (SW1) needs to be removed or all switch
positions must be in the open state to allow the external switches to work in the circuit.

Debounced Switch
Inputs
I accidently omitted the pull-up resistors for the two switch inputs but it should work fine without
them. During debug I thought they may have been the cause of it not working properly but it turns
out the culprit was the pushbutton switch I used didnt have a common center.
Output
The outputs come from two NAND gates (U3) that remove the glitches caused by the switchs
contacts bouncing. An LED is illuminated for feedback that the switch was properly pressed.
PCB
Part of my design requirement for this project board was it had to fit onto a Mini-Board, a 2.5 x
3.8 inch board. In doing so I was unable to include a one-shot pulse detector.
There are some headers allowing external connections without disturbing the boards
functionality. The DIP switch needs to be removed or set in the open position in order to allow
external control of the outputs.
This design is implemented using a DIP switch and DIP LED bar for the TTL inputs and outputs. I
chose to make the PCB board use a 10 position DIP switch and LED bar because they are
common to many other projects. This project requires only 8-positions.
Enclosure
This board can to be used at the board level just sitting on the bench but I attached it to a box
adding binding posts and full size toggle switches for easier use.
Fabrication
Normally low profile IC sockets are used whenever possible to allow quick removal of
components and easier debugging. Both the DIP switch and the DIP LED bar packages need to be
oriented correctly when installed. The switch is positioned so that pushing the switch forward
causes logic high or the opening of the switch contacts. Installing the LED backwards will result
in no illumination.
Wire the project enclosure according to the following wire list.
Drill holes for binding posts and toggle switches along with one 2 hole made by a hole saw for
running the wires from the top side to the bottom side.
Bill of Materials

Designator
U1 74LS245
U2 74LS245
U3 74LS00

LED1 DIP LED Bar 10-position
SW1 DIP Switch 10-Position

R1 SIP Resistor Network, 2.2K 10-pin, 9 resistors,125
(J#97893) mw
R2 SIP Resistor Network,470 10-pin, 9 resistors, 125
(J#97869) mw
R3 10K Omitted from PCB,
requires rework, U3-1
R4 10K Omitted from PCB,
requires rework, U3-5

J1, J2, J3, Single inline header, 10-pin Optional, not required to
J4 use the board

C1 10uf, 25V, Electrolytic
Capacitor
Circuit Board Assembly
PCB 3.8 x 2.5 inches
SW1 Pushbutton toggle switch,
requires common center
when soldered onto board

Enclosure Wire List
This project requires wiring from the PCB to connectors, switches, etc. Generally for all projects
#22 copper hookup wire which has a red or black color insulation is used.
Wire# PCB W# Signal From To Note
1 DO0 W1 BP1 Binding Post Red
9 DI0 W9 BP9 Binding Post Black
17 +5V DC W17 BP17 Binding Post Red
18 GND W18 BP18 Binding Post Black
19 S9-NO W19 PB1-1 Push Button Momentary
SPDT
20 S9- W20 PB1-2 PCB ALLOWS SOLDERING
SWITCH ONTO BOARD,
COMMON REQUIRES CENTER
COMMON
21 S9-NC W21 PB1-3
22 DB-H W22 PB19 DEBOUNCED OUTPUT
H
23 DB-L W23 PB20 DEBOUNCED OUTPUT
L

PCB-J1-1 DO0 PCB-J1-1 S1-C EITHER REMOVE DIP SW1 OR
MAKE SURE ALL SWITCHES
ARE IN OPEN POSITION
PCB-J1-2 DO1 PCB-J1-2 S2-C
S1 THROUGH S8 PIN-1
WIRED TOGETHER TO
GND

PCB Rework
Test Method
Since there are 8 outputs and inputs a self-test can be easily done. The debounced output can be
verified with one of the input monitors or a voltmeter.
It is easy to jump to the wrong conclusion when debugging and this retired engineer did just that
when debugging the debounced circuit. I immediately noticed the floating inputs on the NAND
gates and proceeded to add pull-up resistors to fix the problem. Well, it didnt solve the problem
and I was back to square one. It turned out the pushbutton toggle switch I soldered directly onto
the board had the common lug not in the center of the switch which is what I assumed when laying
out the board. I made the layout so the switch could be either mounted on a panel or directly to the
circuit board.
I removed the switch using solder braid which required some effort since three connections had
to be removed simultaneously but I managed without destroying the board.
This time I used a short stiff wire (#20) between the circuit board and the switch lugs reversing
the order of the connections. I had removed the pull-ups along the way and tested the debounced
outputs with success this time. Technically the pull-ups are required but in reality it works
without them.
Photos
Although this project board can be used standalone, the author prefers the break-out box for the
connector connections and using a toggle switch instead of a DIP switch.

Project 3 555 Astable 2
Overview
This is a versatile clock generator project that can be used wherever a relatively low frequency
TTL level clock is required. The possible frequency range is from less than a 1HZ to over
100KHZ. This project is the second version of the 555 Astable project. There is also a divide-
by-two output to ensure a square-wave.
The first version included an open-loop ramp generator that was difficult to use so it was
replaced by an op-amp buffer version for publishing to eliminate questions. There is now a
buffered capacitor voltage output plus a second buffered output from the 555 IC instead of the
ramp generator. The first version was used in the Oscilloscope 2 project and I also built a
standalone project that remains intact today. All of the artwork, parts list and the board
photograph is for version 2.
Circuit Description
555 IC
The 555 Timer IC (U1) is centric to generating a clock. The 555 chip is very low cost and
extremely popular for generating a low frequency clock. A simple RC network is used to control
the timing and duty cycle of the oscillator.
Timing Resistors
The resistor (R1) connected directly to +5V is known as the charging resistor. During the charge
cycle both R1 and R2 are used to charge the timing capacitor.
The resistor (R2) is known as the discharge resistor and the U1-7 pin is identified as such. It is an
open-collector transistor used to discharge the capacitor voltage when the 2/3 threshold as been
achieved.
A jumper (J1) allows using an onboard potentiometer that is connected in parallel to the
discharge resistor allowing adjustment of the frequency of oscillation.
The board was designed to be used at the board level with all controls on the circuit board or
there are wire connectors which will allow the use of an external potentiometer. The jumper (J1)
is left open when using the external potentiometer.
The R3/R4 resistors are in series with the external potentiometer being used for protection which
limits the minimum resistance in parallel to R2. A larger value than the two 330 ohms protection
resistor is required to obtain a reasonable 12 to 1 ratio so an external series resistor was attached
to the potentiometer to limit the adjustment overlap.

Timing Capacitors
Since the oscillator frequency is based on the RC time constant there are two elements for
controlling the time constant. There are multiple timing capacitors (C1, C3, C4, C5, C6) in which
the smallest one (C1) is wired into the circuit although the four others are individually selectable.
The capacitor values were chosen in decades so there are five decades of frequency ranges. For
the version 2 project, I used (.001uf, .001uf, .01uf, .1uf and .47uf) which are not all decades
emphasizing the higher frequency ranges. I used no precision components since this is a hobby
project. A warning that electrolytic capacitor must have the correct polarity. Electrolytic
capacitors are leaky which may affect low frequencies.
Analog Switch
An analog switch, CD4066 (U2) is used to select which timing capacitors are connected in
parallel to the smallest, C1 capacitor. The analog switches have a jumper selectable pull-up or
pull-down resistors making the switch control more versatile. An active high on the control turns
on the analog switch. It is possible to have all or none or any combination of the capacitors
selected at the same time. For simplicity the author used a 6-position rotary switch selecting one
at a time with the 5th and 6th position not selecting any capacitors yielding the highest range
determined by the C1 capacitor. A 1K ohm pull-up resistor was attached to the common terminal
of the rotary switch mostly to protect the power supply. I prefer not using the power supply
directly as a control signal. The board jumper (J4) was set to pull-down the control inputs (W7-
W10). This allows the rotary switch to pull-up or turn on one analog switch at a time.
Duty Cycle
Duty Cycle is the relationship of the on and off time of the output in one cycle. A square wave has
a 50% duty cycle where the output is logic 1 for one-half of the cycle time period.
The output signal (pin 3) of the 555 is a repetitive pulse which can be nearly a square wave when
the discharge resistor is much larger than the charge resistor. Charging is done through both
resistors to VCC while discharging is done only through the discharge resistor using the 555
discharge output pin. The 555 device uses a 1/3 and 2/3 thresholds for controlling the discharge
and charge cycle.
Frequency Range
The frequency range measured for this project using an external 250K potentiometer is from sub-
hertz to about 150KHZ (version 1 Capacitor values). Since the 555 IC is only rated for 100KHZ
maximum, the top end limit may vary by manufacturer of the IC.
The capacitor selection is the range selection while the potentiometer is the adjustment within the
range. Going through the numbers the timing resistor must have at least a 10:1 maximum to
minimum ratio to allow the adjustment to cover the entire decade range so there are no gaps
between ranges.

Square Wave Output
Since the 555 output may not be a square wave, a 74LS74 chip (U3) dual flip-flop is used as a
divide by two to generate a separate /2 and /4 outputs. This ensures a square wave output
regardless of the duty cycle of the 555 output. The only disadvantage of using the DIVIDE 2
output over the raw 555 output is the highest possible frequency is cut in half.
Buffered Output
The op-amps are configured as a voltage-follower and are used as a buffer.
Bill of Materials
PCB Board Parts List
Designator
U1 LM555 timer
U2 CD4066 Analog switch
U3 74LS74 D flip flop
U4 TLV2772 Op-amp, rail to rail

C1 .001uf Ceramic (timing)
C2 .01uf ceramic
C3 .01uf or .001uf Ceramic (timing)
C4 .1uf or .01uf Ceramic (timing)
C5 1uf or .1uf Ceramic (timing)
C6 10uf or .47uf (timing) Observe polarity,
schematic and silkscreen shows
wrong polarity
C7 10uf, electrolytic or 5uf, 35V Observe polarity

R1 4.7K Timing charge
R2 470K Timing discharge
R3 330 Protection/timing
R4 330 Protection/timing
R5 100K Potentiometer Potentiometer 100K Ohm 3362P- optional
(J# 254036) 104Lf Single Turn .5 Watt Cermet
Dont install when using external
potentiometer
R6 10K Resistor Carbon Film 10k Ohm 1/2
(J# 661757) Watt 5% (In s of 10 and 100)
R7 10K
R8 10K
R9 10K
R10 10K
R11 1.2K
R12 56
R13 56
R14 1.2K

J1 2-pin header Holes are tight default (open)
J2, J3 2-pin header Not used
J4 3-pin header Holes are tight
Socket Shorting Blocks Red Close For J1, J4 default (2-3)

The enclosure parts requirements are dependent on how the board is going to be used.
Designator
Case Metal 7.5" X9.8" X3.2"

Standoff, 4-40, 3/4 inch Circuit board hardware
Screw, 4-40, 3/8 inch

W1 BNC, connector Output1+
W5 BNC 555 Timing Capacitor
Voltage
Not required since there is
a buffered output
W11 BNC VCAP Buffer
W13 BNC Divide 2 Output
W14 BNC Divide 4 Output
W17 BNC Output Buffer
S1 Rotary Switch, 6-position U2 Timing Capacitors
Select
R 1K Resistor to limit pull-up U2 Timing Capacitors
current Select
LED Power indicator
560 ohm Current limit

AC Transformer 115V/9V, 1A
AC Power Cord

S2 Switch, toggle, SPDT AC Power
Wire, #22, solid copper, Stranded wire acceptable
insulated
S3 Switch, toggle, 3-position,
SPDT
PCB1 555 Astable assembled Rev 2
PCB2 DC Regulated Power Supply assembled
5V

Fabrication
Some of the optional components including the onboard potentiometer are not required for clock
generation.
Wiring
#22 copper hookup wire which has a red or black color insulation is used. Refer to the 555
Astable 2 wiring diagram on the next page.
PCB Rework
Test Method
Use the DMM frequency measurement feature to measure the frequency of oscillation. A high
impedance headset earphone can be used to detect the audio frequencies. The frequency range of
the project goes down to the hertz range and up to 100KHZ or more depending on the individual
555 chip. There are five timing capacitors with four of them selectable by the analog switches via
the wire connectors.
Verify all five selectable frequency ranges are approximately one decade apart. Verify the
adjustment potentiometer covers the entire range with a slight overlap. The author added a
resistor at the potentiometer to limit the minimum resistance so there was only a 15% overlap
between ranges.
Version1 Enclosure
Photos
Square Wave output from project taken with Oscilloscope 5. This project is built as a self-
contained unit with its own power supply board from a previous project.

Photo - Version 2

Overview
Anyone doing analog design or troubleshooting will quickly find a need for an oscilloscope
which is a tool for observing waveforms.

I started several oscilloscope designs and made several circuits before settling on the
Oscilloscope 5 project design. The problem I had with this fairly complex design is I needed an
oscilloscope to debug my oscilloscope project. The solution was the Oscilloscope 2 project. It is
so simple that hardly any test equipment is required to debug it.

This is a single board oscilloscope project which contains both the LED display circuit and the
data acquisition circuit. The display LED array is only 8 x 16 dots which is minimal for
observing a waveform. This oscilloscope is intended for debugging, not for making amplitude or
frequency measurements. I use it like a handheld logic probe is used for digital debugging. It will
show waveforms but it is not practical for making measurements although an external precision
clock can be used for sampling. There isnt any triggering logic so it is not able to capture a
single event unless you add on some external circuitry. For the Oscilloscope 5 project all
triggering circuits are located on a separate Interface board.
Circuit Description
Analog to Digital Converter
The ADC0820 A/D was chosen because it is the fastest A/D chip I could find in a DIP package. It
has an 8-bit parallel interface. For this project only the 3 most-significant bits (MSB) are
displayed on the LED array.
All control signals come out to wire connectors and the analog input runs straight into the
AD0820 A/D converter via R1. It is up to the user to protect or scale or condition the input
signal. To make it as simple as possible this project doesnt use any internal control circuitry and
it has very crude capabilities without any external control circuitry. However it is quite capable
of observing a waveform on the display.
Write Mode
When in the write mode, /WR (W3) is active low, the A/D output data is written simultaneously
into the SRAM (U5) and to the LED display (U10, U11). The user may not be able to make sense
out of the waveform shown on the display until the sample clock, ACLK, W2 is adjusted
appropriately. The user has to adjust the sampling clock until the waveform is recognizable and
barely drifting across the display. The clock is used to sample the analog input and increment the
memory address counter. The address counter signal is also used for the column signals for the
LED array (U4).
Read Mode
By flipping the switch or setting /WR (W3) to logic high, the waveform is locked onto the display
in the read mode showing the contents of the memory.
Data Acquisition Control Signals
To summarize there are only a few signals that control the entire data acquisition process and they
are accessible through wire connectors.
ACLK (W2) used to sample the analog data and increment the address counters
/WR (W3) used to control writing to SRAM or reading from it
CLR (W4) used to clear the address counters (not used in this project configuration)
CARRY (W5) used to indicate the memory has been filled and to stop writing (not used in this
project configuration)
To keep this project as simple as possible there is no external control logic for triggering or
synchronizing the acquisition process. See the Oscilloscope 5 project for how this is done,
probably in the next quarterly.
LED Display Array
The LED display utilizes two 8x8 LED arrays (U10, U11) for a matrix of 8 vertical and 16
horizontal LEDs. This makes for a very low resolution oscilloscope but simplicity was the
highest priority for this design. See the Oscilloscope 5 project which utilizes a 16 vertical by 32
horizontal LED display for higher resolution.
Debounce Circuit
There is a debounce circuit U13 on page 3 that is available for removing switch contact glitches
and this optional feature was never used by the author. It was intended to be used for the
read/write mode switch.
Enclosure Connectors, Switches, Potentiometers
Clock Source
For this project the 555 Astable board was included along with the Oscilloscope 2 board into an
enclosure to drive the ACLK (W2) input. It was wired to a toggle switch and BNC connectors so
an external clock could be used in place of the internal clock from the 555 Astable board.
The user needs to understand that the sampling clock must be at least ten times faster than the
waveform being observed. Under-sampling will yield a totally different captured waveform.
Especially less than one sample per waveform period. This is equivalent to watching the old
black & white TV westerns where the wagon wheel appears to be spinning backwards despite the
wagon moving forward.
Internal Clock Test Point
The internal ACLK is brought out to a connector via a protection resistor to allow for measuring
the frequency of the internal sampling clock.
Write/Read Mode Switch
Switching between modes is done asynchronously with the toggle switch although adding some
control logic could make this a synchronized mode switch. The user must be aware that switching
may be done mid-display showing a slight discontinuity between the two cycles.
Attenuation Switch
The author added a resistor divider at the BNC connector and toggle switch to allow attenuating
by 10 of the analog input. This is not be required when the Signal Conditioner project (included
in this book) is used along with this project.
Frequency Adjust Potentiometers
The frequency of the ACLK from the 555 Astable board actually uses two potentiometers. The
first one has a large resistance value such as 250K for a course adjustment and the second one is
wired in series and is only 10K. The second potentiometer is used as a fine frequency adjustment
because it is important to have a high degree of control in order to minimize the drifting of the
waveform in write mode.
Frequency Range Switch
The author used a partially populated 555 Astable board for the internal clock with only two
timing capacitors. 0.001uf and 0.01uf with the second capacitor routed through the toggle switch
to ground. Doing this simplified the enclosure wiring.
PCB Rework
Unfortunately there is one connection error on the schematic, page 4 at U2. Despite making the
correct connections for the same part (74LS138) elsewhere on the page, U2 requires cutting the
trace between pin 5 and pin 6 and reconnecting pin 5 to pin 4.
#1 - Cut trace between U2 pins 5 and 6. It is on bottom layer where the trace goes directly
between pins.
#2 Solder a jumper wire between pin 4 and 5 on U2.
Test Method
Apply a DC voltage to the analog input. Flip the switch to the write mode; a horizontal line will
appear across the display indicating the column signals are running. Change the voltage slowly
from 0 to 5V; it will move the horizontal line from the bottom row to the top row.
Verify all LEDs for the line are illuminated during this test (16 per line).
Switch to read mode and adjust the input voltage. Notice the display line did not change. Switch
to write mode and the display will change to the current voltage level.
This verifies the board statically.
Bill of Materials
Designator
U1 ADC0820 (J# 10225) 8-bit A/D converter, DIP
U2 74LS138 (J# 46607)
U3 74LS14 (J# 46640)
U4 74LS245 (J# 47212)
U5 CY7C199 (J# 242376) SRAM
U6 74LS138
U7 74LS393 (J# 47731)
U8 74LS138
U9 74LS240 (J# 47141)
U10 LD788BS-SS22 (J# 2132349) Display Dot Matrix Hi-E
Red .78" 8X8 635Nm
2V@10Ma Cc/Ar 16-Pin
U11 LD788BS-SS22 (J# 2132349)
U12
U13 74LS00

C1 .1uf (J# 15270) 50 Volt 0.1 uF Ceramic
Disk Capacitor
C2 .001uf (J# 15192) .001 uF 50 Volt Ceramic
Disc Capacitor
C3 10uf (J# 10882) or 2uf (J# 10 uF 50 Volt Axial
2215638) Capacitor
Or 2uF 35V Axial
Capacitor
RP1 470 ohm DIP (J# 108581 ) 16 Pin 125 mWatt 470
Ohm 2% Isolated Resistor
Network

R1 1.2K
R2 10K (J# 661757) Resistor Carbon Film 10k
Ohm 1/2 Watt 5% (In s of
10 and 100)
R3 1.2K
R4 10K
R5 10K
R6 10K
R7 10K
R8
R9 10K
Low profile DIP sockets, 14, optional
16, 20 pin


Designator
Enclosure 7.3"L x 5.7"W x 3.0"D
(J# 141859) ABS Enclosure with
Clear Top
PCB1 PCB Oscilloscope 2,
assembled
PCB2 PCB 555 Astable, partially
assembled
Standoff, 4-40, 3/4 inch Circuit board hardware
Screw, 4-40, 3/8 inch

J BNC, connector W1 analog input
(J# 71590) Straight BNC Female
Connector Panel Mount
J BNC W2 ACLK via toggle
switch
J BNC CLK test point

S1 SPDT, toggle switch U2 Timing Capacitors
Select
S2 SPDT, toggle switch ACLK
S3 SPST, toggle switch /WR
LED Power indicator
560 ohm
56 ohm Test Point, clock
(J#202358) Jack Dc Pwr Male 2.5mm
(HD-2388D) Plastic Pnl Mount
7.7"Dia.X 12.4Mm Lg
(J#190538 ) Plug Dc Power Female
(JR1813S) 2.5X5.5X9.5Mm
5.0X13Mm Strain Relief
Black

Wire, #22, solid copper, Stranded wire acceptable
insulated

RPOT1 250K Potentiometer 250K
(J# 264445) Rv24Af-10-20K-B250K
Linear Knurled 1/2 Watt
.531"
RPOT2 10K Potentiometer 10K
(J# 264411) Rv24Af-10-20K-B10K
Linear Knurled 1/2 Watt
.531"

Fabrication
See wiring diagram on the following page. Obviously a SPDT switch can be used in place of a
SPST switch.
Wire List
#22 copper hookup wire which has a red or black color insulation is used. NC means no
connection when used by itself otherwise it means normally closed. Refer to Oscilloscope 2
wiring diagram on the flowing page.

Wire# PCB W# Signal From To Note
1 Analog Input BNC1-1 0 to +5V range
GND BNC1-G
2 ACLK SW1-C Sampling Clock
BNC2-1 SW1-1 External Clock
BNC3-1 SW1-2 Internal Clock
BNC3-1 PCB2-W 555 Astable
3 /WR SW2-1 Controls writing to or
reading from memory
GND SW2-C
4 CLR Clear or reset for the
address counter
5 CARRY NC Output that can be used by
external control logic
indicating write cycle is
complete
6 CLK NC Internal RC generated
clock for self-test
7 +5V DC J-PS+ Jack for external power
supply
8 GND J-PS-
9 SW-NO NC Normally open contact
10 GND NC
11 SW-NC NC Normally closed contact
12 Debounce NC
13 /Debounce NC

Photos
This is a project photo without the cover.

Photo
Installed PCB

Overview
This signal conditioner project is essentially the front-end interface for an oscilloscope that has a
0 to 5V range to accept smaller and higher voltages. In the signal conditioner is an amplifier stage
that has a selectable voltage gain of 1, 2, 5 and 10 allowing a 500mv voltage level to achieve full
scale at the output. The 5V input is terminated with a 1 Meg ohm resistor allowing for use with a
standard passive oscilloscope probe including using the probes X10 attenuation. So effectively
with a scope probe, 500mV, 5V and 50V can be applied to achieve full scale when using the 5V
input.
A separate high voltage input attenuates the input signal by 10 or 20. A maximum of 100V can be
applied to achieve the full scale output voltage of 5V. The gain stage also applies to the high
voltage input so a 10V input with a gain of 10 can achieve full scale.
Sometimes a circuit design becomes a set of compromises for many reasons from time, budget,
size, performance and reliability. Unfortunately this is one of them.
The 5V input ended up being everything I had hoped it would be from a 1Meg ohm termination to
allow using a standard passive scope probe in the X10 mode to undistorted over-voltage
protection, rail-to-rail range and amplification for small signals.
The high voltage input ended up being a bunch of compromises because of the high resistance
circuit and the high voltages. The 5V devices had to be protected from the high voltages. High
resistance circuits are easily distorted by stray capacitances. The secondary goal of AC coupling
greatly added to the difficulty since a DC bias is required. An electro-mechanical relay may have
been a better solution but they are more expensive, take up more space and may require higher
currents or a separate power supply.
For the high voltage input, I ended up with a high resistance input suitable for a scope probe and a
100V DC range so I got what was needed to debug high voltage circuits using the oscilloscope
project. I eventually removed R25 so the input resistance is approximately 1M ohm.
Circuit Description
Input Attenuation
The original design of version 1 was modified and now there is a separate 5V maximum input
plus a high voltage input (50V, 100V).
The 5V input is straightforward with a 1 Meg ohm termination resistor, a zener diode clamped
input that goes to the analog switch and on to a voltage follower op-amp. The TLV2772 op-amp
allows rail-to-rail operation. Many op-amps cannot swing rail-to-rail and are unsuitable for a
single supply design of only 5V.
The high voltage input has an AC coupling capacitor that can be bypassed by a jumper or by the
other wire connector which then goes to a resistor divider. It uses standard value resistors and
has a rough 1 Meg ohm resistance. Many times I prefer putting the AC coupling capacitor at the
panel connector with a bypass switch nearby. Implementing AC coupling presents its own set of
issues. A DC bias is required for AC coupling to put the waveform in the center of the display
and voltage range of the devices. As of this writing I pulled out R25 giving up on the onboard AC
coupling so I can achieve the 1M ohm input resistance which is more important. Being able to use
a standard scope probe in X10 mode would yield a 1,000 volt range except for the fact the scope
probe I have is rated only up to 350V so that is the limit.
Since this is a hobbyist project, standard value 5% tolerance resistors were used but obviously
precision resistors can be used to achieve more accurate attenuation and gain. For the 100V input,
the input resistance approximate 1 M ohm when leaving out R25. Otherwise the resistance is
closer to 500K ohms.
U1 is a four channel analog switch.
Each switch is independently selectable but for proper operation only one switch at a time must
be selected. Either analog input can be selected. The high voltage input has a chose between two
attenuation levels. The fourth analog switch allows biasing the AC coupled input to center of full
scale. There is a jumper option for an onboard bypass of the coupling capacitor.
The control lines for the switches have a resistor that is jumper selectable pull-up or pull-down
making the control more versatile. An active high turns on the analog switch.
The 5V input has no attenuation. The high voltage input has .1 (X10) or .05 (X20) attenuation
resulting in 50V and 100V full scale.
Amplifier
The first amplifier (U2-1) is an op-amp configured as a voltage-follower, unity gain and its
primary job is to provide a high impedance interface to the input.
The buffered output goes to the second op-amp (U2-7) which is configured as a non-inverting
amplifier whose gain is selectable by analog switches.
The amplifier gain can be x1, x2, x5 and x10 of the input signal. Since standard value 5%
tolerance resistors are used the gain values are approximate. The limited bandwidth of the op-
amp used may distort a signal slightly at the x10 gain, rounding off the edges of a square wave at
higher frequencies.
The attenuated output (W7) feeds into the gain amplifier which output goes to wire connector
W12.
Bill of Materials
Updated for version 2 board including the rework components
Designator
U1 CD4066, DIP Analog switch
U2 TLV2772, DIP Op-amp
U3 Deleted in version 2
U4 CD4066, DIP

C1 .47uf or .1uf Ceramic capacitor, 50V
C2 10uf or 2uf Electrolytic capacitor
C3 .47uf
C4 Not used
C5 Not used
C6 10uf or 2uf
C8 0.1uf

R1 10K Resistor, watt, 5% tolerance
R2 1M
R3 1.2K
R4 1M
R5 1.2K
R6 56 ohm
R7 56K
R8 56K
R9 10K
R10 10K
R11 56
R12 10K
R13 10K
R14 10K
R15 10K
R16 10K
R17 10K
R18 100K
R19 27K
R20 12K
R21 100K
R22 56
R23 1.2K
R24 470K
R25 None was 1M Not installed
R26 56 ohm See rework instructions
R27 56 ohm See rework instructions

D1 5.1V Zener See rework instructions
D2 5.1V zener
D3 None was 5.1V zener Not installed
D4 None was 5.1V zener Not installed without R25
D5 1N914 switching diode Installed with D1 and R26 for
clamping over-voltage (5V input)
D6 1N914 switching diode Installed with D2 and R27 for
clamping over-voltage (50V input)

J1 Header, .1 inch, 2-position Jumper on = Bypass AC coupling
J2 Header, .1 inch, 3-position Jumper 2-3
J3 Header, .1 inch, 2-position Jumper on = Virtual ground =
ground
J4 Header, .1 inch, 3-position Jumper 2-3

Jumper blocks for J1 to J8 Socket Shorting Blocks Red Close
(J#112432)
IC Socket, 8 pin DIP optional
IC Socket, 14 pin DIP optional

This project can be installed in its own enclosure with a power supply to make it standalone or
included inside of an oscilloscope project enclosure. Ii is up to the project builder to how you
house this project board.
Designator
S1 Rotary switch, 6-position Input select
S2 Rotary switch, 6-position Gain select
BNC connector panel connectors 3
SPDT toggle switch AC power optional
T1 Transformer, 115VAC primary, 9VAC optional
secondary
DC Voltage Regulator Board assembled Optional

Fabrication
Assemble the Signal Conditioner board and install the jumpers for the configuration to be used.
Soldering is required.
Project Wiring
This project requires wiring from the PCB to connectors, switches, etc. Refer to the following
wiring diagram.
PCB Rework
The board itself does not require any rework but there is point-to-point wiring required on the top
side of the board. See the additional page 1 schematic labeled Signal Conditioner 3 which shows
the modified clamping circuit. The photo was taken after the rework was done.
Lift cathode terminal of D1 and D2 out of pad, leave ground side in pad.
D1 and D2 require installing a series diode plus a biasing resistor.
The VCC bus runs under U1 on top side of board.
At D1 connect D5 in series with D1 and connect R26 from D1 to VCC.
At D2 connect D6 in series with D2 and connect R27 from D2 to VCC.
Test Method
Apply a DC voltage to the input and measure the voltage using a DMM at the multiple outputs
(test points). This allows verification that the project was assembled correctly.
The resistor divider ladder uses standard value 5% tolerance resistors making the voltage divider
taps not very precise for obtaining the desired attenuation and amplification ratios (1, 2, 5, 10 or
20).
You are welcome to do a better job of selecting the resistor values although most likely two
resistors will have to be connected together to make up a single value. The total input resistance
is approximately 1 Meg ohm which is standard for most oscilloscope probes.
Acknowledgements
Trademarks
All trademarks are the property of their respective owners.
The author was merely a user of most of the mentioned products.
References
This is a general list of references used by the author for his electronics books.
Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation - An Introduction to and Comparison of 74HCT TTL
Compatible
Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation - CMOS Schmitt TriggerA Uniquely Versatile Design
Component CMOS Logic
Freescale Semiconductor, Inc.- Field Effect Transistors in Theory and Practice
Maxim - Application Note 2031: http://www.maximintegrated.com/an2031
This is an excellent introduction into switching power supplies.
Semiconductor Components Industries, - Using MOSFETs in Load Switch Applications
Tektronix - Oscilloscope Fundamentals
Texas Instruments Incorporated - Design of op amp sine wave oscillators
Texas Instruments Incorporated - AN-263 Sine Wave Generation Techniques
Texas Instruments Incorporated - HANDBOOK OF OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER
APPLICATIONS
Texas Instruments Incorporated - AN-31 Op Amp Circuit Collection
Texas Instruments Incorporated - Application Note AN021
Texas Instruments Incorporated - Designing With Logic
Internet Websites
Wikipedia.com although useful for general information I caution about the quality of the
information.
http://www.albireo.ch/temperatureconverter/formula.html
http://www.calculator.com/temperature/celsius-to-fahrenheit/
www.kester.com

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