Annotated Bibliography

PRIMARY SOURCES

Hour." President Harry S. Truman speech before a joint session of Congress. Newsreel.
"A Fateful
Accessed November 6, 2016.

Annotation: This is a newsreel titled "A Fateful Hour" created by British Path, and is about
President Harry S. Trumans "Truman Doctrine" speech before a joint session of Congress on
on March 12, 1947. I have used this piece of multimedia on the Truman Doctrine page of my
website to enhance the viewer experience of my website. This newsreel gave me a greater
understanding behind President Trumans reason for why financial aid to support Greece and
Turkey was needed during this time.

Bettmann/Corbis. "Americas Cold War Sage and His Discontents." Photograph. The New York
Times. 1947. Accessed September 2, 2016.
Annotation: This is a photograph of President Harry S. Truman talking to Robert M. Lovett,
George F. Kennan, and Charles E. Bohlen at the White House in 1947. I have used this
photograph at the bottom section of my home page to enhance viewer experience. This
photograph helped me understand what the White Houses Oval Office was like in 1947.

Bevin, Ernest. British Secretary of State. "A lifeline to sinking men." 1947.
Annotation: This is a quote I have used of the Former British Secretary of State Ernest Bevin
in the Marshall Plan page of my website. Bevin was a staunch anti-communist, and this quote
gave me a greater insight to how politicians of Western European countries at that time felt
about the Marshall Plan.

Block, Herbert Lawrence. "It's The Same Thing Without Mechanical Problems." Cartoon. In
Washington Post. Washington D.C., 1949.
Annotation: This is a political cartoon by Herbert Lawrence Block for the Washington post

titled "It's The Same Thing Without Mechanical Problems" in 1949. I used this political
cartoon as a primary source in the Marshall Plan page of my website to enrich the experience
of the viewer. This political cartoon gave me a greater understanding of how they felt when
the Soviet Union reacted to the Marshall Plan by establishing their own economic recovery
program called the Molotov Plan.

Cartoonist Unknown. "Where To?" Cartoon. Granger Historical Picture Archive. 1947. Accessed
September 15, 2016.
Annotation: "Where To?" is a political cartoon from 1947 that is part of the Granger
Historical Picture Archive. This political cartoon was used the in Truman Doctrine page of
my website, and it shows Uncle Sam carrying a sack of coins that represents U.S. aid to
Greece and Turkey which is part of the Truman Doctrine. The political cartoon helped me
understand why some people during this time opposed the Truman Doctrine because they
were worried that such a dramatic change to U.S. foreign policies may bring with it very
negative consequences.

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 Centre Virtuel de la Connaissance de l'Europe, CVCE. "Agreement regarding economic cooperation
between Austria and the United States under the Marshall Plan." Photograph. National
Archives and Records Administration. 2 July, 1948. Accessed September 20, 2016.
Annotation: This is a photograph of Adolf Schrf, Austrian Vice-Chancellor, Karl Gruber,
Austrian Foreign Minister, and John George Erhardt, U.S. Ambassador to Austria, signing an
agreement regarding economic cooperation between Austria and the United States under the
Marshall Plan. The photograph was taken on 2 July, 1948, and I have used this photograph in
the Marshall Plan Page of my website. This photograph helped me understand the European
countries who participated in the plan.

Centre virtuel de la connaissance sur l'Europe Luxembourg. "The Soviet delegation, led by Vyacheslav
Molotov, signs the Warsaw Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance."
Photograph. 14 May, 1955. Accessed December 25, 2016.
Annotation: This is a photograph of the Soviet delegation, led by Vyacheslav Molotov,
signing the Warsaw Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance on 14 May,
1955. I have used this photograph on the Formation of NATO page of my website, and it gave
me a greater understanding of how the Soviet Union responded to NATOs formation.

Clay, Lucius D. General. "When Berlin falls, Western Germany will be next. If we withdraw our

position in Berlin, Europe is threatened. Communism will run rampant." 1948.
Annotation: This is a quote by Commander of the U.S. Army in Berlin General Lucius D.
Clay on his views if Berlin were to fall to the Soviet Union. I have used this quote on the
Berlin Airlift page of my website. This quote gave me a deeper understanding to why the
preservation of West Germany was so crucial to stem the spread of communism in Western
Europe, and, as a consequence, why the Berlin Airlift was necessary to do just that.

Executive Office of the President of the United States. "Special Message to Congress on Greece and
Turkey." Photograph. Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum. March 12, 1947.
Accessed September 3, 2016.
Annotation: This is a photograph of President Truman making a speech before a joint session
of Congress to announce the Truman Doctrine on March 12, 1947. I have used this image in
the bottom section of the home page and on the implementation page for aesthetic purposes.
This image gave me a greater depth of understanding on knowing what President Truman
looked like when he made that speech.

"Foreign Assistance Act of 1948, Economic Cooperation Act of 1948," 80th Congress, 2nd Session,
Chapter 169, April 3, 1948.
Annotation: It is a PDF of the Recommendation for Assistance to Greece and Turkey, or the
Truman Doctrine, address by Harry S. Truman before the 80th joint session of Congress on
March 12, 1947. Like before, I have used it as a primary source on the Truman Doctrine page
to elevate the viewer experience of my website. This document outlined President Trumans
views on the issues, and it helped me understand his views to a greater depth.

"George F. Kennan." Photograph. Harris & Ewing Collection. 1963. Accessed September 2, 2016.
Annotation: This is a portrait photograph of diplomat George F. Kennan. I used this source in
the bottom section of the home page of my website for aesthetic purposes. This photograph
helped me gain a greater understanding on what George F. Kennan actually looked like.

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George C. Marshall. "Marshall Plan Speech." June 5, 1947. Speech, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Accessed November 14, 2016.
Annotation: This is a speech given by George C. Marshall at Harvard University to outline his
plan for a program to help Europes recovery after the Second World War on June 5, 1947. I
have used an audio extract of this speech on the Marshall Plan page of my website to enhance
viewer experience. This speech was crucial in helping me understand why Marshall believed
that such a plan was needed, as a result of his concern about the state of the European
economy. Moreover, he presented justification for American aid to promote its recovery.

Gilbert, Illingworth Leslie. "Pin-Pricks Duel." Cartoon. Centre virtuel de la connaissance sur l'Europe
Luxembourg, April 5, 1948.
Annotation: Leslie Gilbert Illingworths political cartoon titled "Pin-Pricks Duel" portrays the
growing risk of a major conflict between the two great superpowers in West Berlin, and was
published on April 5, 1948. I have used this political cartoon on the Marshall Plan page of my
website, and it gave me an understanding on the concern of some people due to the escalating
tensions between the U.S. and Soviet Union in the German city of Berlin.

GNU Free Documentation License. "The Allied map used at the conference to determine the number
of Germans that would have to be expelled from the eastern German territories." Map.
German National Archives. 1945. Accessed September 3, 2016.
Annotation: This is an Allied map used at the Potsdam Conference to determine the number
of Germans that would have to be expelled from the eastern German territories, using
different border scenarios in 1945. I have used this map in the historical context of my
website, and the map gave me a increased depth in understanding on the topics discussed at
the Potsdam Conference.

Harry S. Truman Library & Museum. "Truman confers with advisers regarding Marshall Plan."
Photograph. National Archives and Records Administration. 1947. Accessed September 19,
2016.
Annotation: This is a photograph of President Truman conferring with advisers regarding
Marshall Plan in 1947, including the Secretary of State George C. Marshall, Paul Hoffmann,
and Averell Harriman, at the Oval Office. I have used this photograph in the Marshall Plan
page of my website, and this photograph helped me understand the key players of the U.S.
Government in implementing the Marshall Plan.

Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum. "President Harry Truman signing documents at
the White House." Photograph. National Archives and Records Administration. December 16,
1950. Accessed November 1, 2016.
Annotation: This is a photograph of President Harry Truman signing documents at the White
House on December 16, 1950. I have used this photograph on the bottom section of the home
page for aesthetic purposes. This photograph has given me a greater understanding of some of
the responsibilities undertaken by the President of the United States of America during this
period in history (and probably still today).

Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum. "President Truman shaking hands with General
George C. Marshall." Photograph. National Archives and Records Administration. November
26, 1945. Accessed August 3, 2016.

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 Annotation: This is a photograph of President Truman shaking hands with General George C.
Marshall during a ceremony in the General's honor at the Pentagon on November 26, 1945. I
have used this photograph on the bottom section of the home page for aesthetic purposes, and
the photograph gave me a greater understanding on the importance of George C. Marshall.

Illingworth, Leslie Gilbert. "Peep under the Iron Curtain?" Cartoon. In the Daily Mail. The Library of
Congress. March 6, 1946. Accessed September 12, 2016.
Annotation: The "Peep under the Iron Curtain" political cartoon by Leslie Gilbert Illingworth
was printed in the Daily Mail on March 6, 1946. It depicts Winston Churchill peeping under
the Soviet Unions Iron Curtain following his "Sinews of Peace" Address at Westminster
College in Fulton, Missouri. I have used this political cartoon in the historical context page of
my website, and the political cartoon gave me a greater understanding of view some people
held after listening to Churchills speech.

Kennan, George F. "The Sources of Soviet Conduct." Foreign Affairs Magazine, July 1947.
Annotation: The "X Article," formally titled "The Sources of Soviet Conduct," was published
in Foreign Affairs magazine in July 1947, a year after George F. Kennan sent his "Long
Telegram." I have embedded a file of this magazine article on the Kennan page of the website
to enhance viewer experience. This article played a crucial role in my research because
Kennans framework for a policy of containment in this article was later adopted by the U.S.
Government and served as the foundation of American foreign policy throughout the Cold
War.

Low, David. "Who's Next To Be Liberated From Freedom, Comrade?" Cartoon. In the Evening
Standard. The Library of Congress. March 2, 1948. Accessed September 12, 2016.
Annotation: This is a political cartoon by David Low titled "Who's Next To Be Liberated
From Freedom, Comrade?" that was published in the Evening Standard on March 2, 1948. I
have used this political cartoon on the historical context page of my website. The political
cartoon gave me a greater understanding on the Wests disapproval of Stalins aggressiveness
in Eastern Europe after the end of the Second World War.

Low, David. "Your Play, Joe." Cartoon. Centre virtuel de la connaissance sur l'Europe Luxembourg,
April 6, 1949.
Annotation: David Lows political cartoon "Your Play, Joe" depicts the Soviet Unions
reaction to the establishment of NATO, and was published on April 6, 1949. I have used this
political cartoon on the Formation of NATO page of my website. This political cartoon has
given me a greater understanding on the tense situation between the U.S. and Soviet Union
during this time of history.

Marcus, Edwin. "Can He Block It?" Cartoon. U.S. Library of Congress, 1947.
Annotation: This political cartoon by Edwin Marcus is titled "Can He Block It?" in 1947, and
it depicts Stalins attempts to block the Marshall Plan. I have used this political cartoon in the
Marshall Plan section of my website, and this political cartoon gave me a greater insight into
how Stalin attempted to stifle the implementation of the Marshall Plan.

Molotov, Vyacheslav. Soviet Foreign Minister. "What happens to Berlin, happens to Germany; what
happens to Germany, happens to Europe." 1946.

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 Annotation: This is a quote by the Former Soviet Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Molotov when
speaking about the situation in Berlin in 1946. I have used this quote in the Berlin Airlift page
of my website. This quote played a key role in deepening my understanding of the importance
of city of Berlin to both the United States and Soviet Union during this period in history.

NATO, the North Atlantic Treaty. 1950. Washington D.C., District of Columbia. Accessed January 6,
2017.
Annotation: This is a PDF file of the North Atlantic Treaty that was signed in Washington,
D.C. on 4 April 1949, and is the treaty establishing the North Atlantic Treaty Organization
(NATO). I have uploaded this PDF file onto the Formation of NATO page of my website to
enhance the experience of the viewer. This gave me a greater understanding of the principles
of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, especially the concept of collective security.

North Atlantic Treaty Organization. "The Founding of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization."
Photograph. November 13, 1968. Accessed November 1, 2016.
Annotation: This is the authentication page for an official copy of the North Atlantic Treaty,
signed and sealed by Secretary of State Dean Acheson, on 4 April, 1949. I have used this in
the Formation of NATO page of my website. This gave me a greater understanding of the
importance of the North Atlantic Treaty.

North Atlantic Treaty Organization. "The North Atlantic Treaty Was Signed in Washington, D.C. by
President Harry S. Truman." Photograph. National Archives and Records Administration.
August 24, 1949. Accessed October 5, 2016.
Annotation: This is a photograph of President Truman signing the document implementing
the North Atlantic Treaty at his desk in the Oval Office, along with a number of dignitaries,
on August 24, 1949. I have used this photograph as the banner image on my home page and
on the Formation of NATO page of my website. This photograph has given me a greater
understanding of the importance of the North Atlantic Treaty.

North Atlantic Treaty Organization. "U.S. Secretary of State Dean Acheson signs the North Atlantic
Treaty as President Harry Truman looks on." Photograph. August 24, 1949. Accessed
December 27, 2016.
Annotation: This is a photograph U.S. Secretary of State Dean Acheson signing the North
Atlantic Treaty with President Harry S. Truman standing behind him on August 24, 1949. I
have used this photograph on the Formation of NATO page of my website. This photograph
has given me a greater understanding of the key role Dean Acheson has played in NATOs
formation.

Roosevelt, Franklin D. President. "President Franklin D. Roosevelts Final Address to a Joint Session
of Congress." Address, Congress, Washington D.C. March 01, 1945. Accessed September 15,
2016.
Annotation: This is a quote that I have used of Franklin D. Roosevelts final address before a
Joint Session of Congress on the topic of the Yalta Conference. I have used this quote on the
historical context page of my website, and this quote gave a greater insight of President
Roosevelts opinion about how the Yalta Conference went.

Shepard, Ernest Howard. "Bird Watcher." Cartoon. In Punch Magazine, July 14, 1947. Centre virtuel
de la connaissance sur l'Europe Luxembourg.

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 Annotation: Ernest Howard Shepards political "Bird Watcher" was published in the Punch
magazine on the issues surrounding the Berlin Airlift. I have used this political cartoon on the
Berlin Airlift page of my website to enhance viewer experience; this political cartoon helped
me understand Stalins frustration over the Berlin Airlift.

The Economist. "A map showing the Soviet Union's sphere of influence across Southern, Central, and
Eastern Europe." Digital map. March 20, 2014. Accessed September 3, 2016.
Annotation: This map shows the Soviet Union's sphere of influence across Southern, Central,
and Eastern Europe. I have used this map on the historical context page of my website, and it
has given me a greater understanding to the extent of Soviet influence over Europe.

"The Long Telegram." George F. Kennan to the U.S. State Department. February 22, 1946. Soviet
Union, Moscow.
Annotation: George F. Kennan, who was Americas charge d'affaires in Moscow, sent an
8,000-word telegram to the Department of State detailing his views on the Soviet Union, and
U.S. policy toward the communist state. I have embedded a PDF version of the telegram on
the Kennan page of my website to increase the viewers experience. The telegram served a
very crucial role for my research because the issues discussed in this telegraph will ultimately
form the basis of America's policy of containment.

The National Archives of the United Kingdom. "Winston Churchill, Franklin D. Roosevelt and
Joseph
Stalin at the Yalta Conference." Photograph. February 1945. Accessed September 2, 2016.
Annotation: The photograph shows Winston Churchill, Franklin D. Roosevelt and Joseph
Stalin at the Yalta Conference in February 1945. I have used this photograph on the historical
context page of my website; the photograph played a role in helping me understand what the
leaders in the photograph looked like during the conference.

Time Magazine. Winston Churchill. March 5, 1946. Sinews of Peace, Westminster College, Fulton,
Missouri. Accessed September 15, 2016.
Annotation: The image that I have used on the historical context page of my website shows
Winston Churchill giving his "Sinews of Peace" address at Westminster College in Fulton,
Missouri, on March 5, 1946. The image helped me understand the situation pertaining to his
address in Missouri.

"Truman Acts to Save Nations from Red Rule; Asks 400 Million to Aid Greece and Turkey; Congress
Fight Likely but Approval is Seen." The New York Times, March 12, 1947. Accessed October
17, 2016.
Annotation: This is the March 12, 1947 edition of the New York Times, and the Headline
reads: "Truman Acts to Save Nations from Red Rule; Asks 400 Million to Aid Greece and
Turkey; Congress Fight Likely but Approval is Seen." I have used this newspaper article on
the Truman Doctrine page of my website, and this newspaper article gave me an interesting
perspective on how the Truman Doctrine was covered during this time.

Truman, Harry. S. "There was no discussion on that point, we are going to stay. Period." 1948.
Annotation: This is a quote that I have used of President Harry S. Trumans response when
the question arose of whether or not the United States was going to stay in Berlin in 1948. I
have used this quote in the Berlin Airlift page of my website. The quote helped me understand

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 the importance of the city of Berlin to the United States, and how determined President
Truman was to not back down to Stalins blockade.

Truman, Harry S. "Signing Ceremony of the North Atlantic Treaty." Speech, North Atlantic Treaty
Signing Ceremony, District of Columbia, Washington D.C. April 4, 1949.
Annotation: This image shows James A. Roberts, Manlio Brosio, and Lord Coleridge, signing
the North Atlantic Treaty on November 13, 1968. I have used this image on the bottom
section of my home page to enhance the viewers experience. The image has played an
important role in helping me understand the key players in the formation of the North Atlantic
Treaty Organization.

U.S. Air Force. "C-47s at Tempelhof Airport Berlin." Photograph. U.S. Navy National Museum of
Naval Aviation. 1948. Accessed October 5, 2016.
Annotation: This photograph shows U.S. Navy and Air Force aircrafts unload at Tempelhof
Airport during the Berlin Airlift in 1948. I have used this photograph in the bottom section of
the home page of my website and the implementation page of my website. The photograph
helped me understand the extent of the Berlin Airlift.

U.S. National Archives and Records Administration. "Clement Attlee, Harry Truman and Joseph
Stalin at the Potsdam Conference." Photograph. German Federal Archive. July 1945.
Accessed September 2, 2016.
Annotation: The image shows Clement Attlee, Harry Truman, and Joseph Stalin at the
Potsdam Conference in July 1945. I have used this image in the historical context page of my
website, and the image has shown me what the three leaders looked like during the Potsdam
Conference.

U.S. National Archives and Records Administration. "Paul Hoffman is sworn in by Chief Justice Fred
Vinson as administrator of the Economic Recovery Corporation." Photograph. National
Archives and Records Administration. 9 April, 1948. Accessed September 19, 2016.
Annotation: This is an image of Paul Hoffman being sworn in by Chief Justice Fred Vinson as
the administrator of the Economic Recovery Corporation in a ceremony in the oval office,
with President Truman shown in the center of the image, on 9 April, 1948. I have used this
image on the Marshall Plan page of my website, and I have added this image to enhance
aesthetic features of my website. The image has given me a greater understanding on the
important role Paul Hoffman has played in the Marshall Plans success.

U.S. State Department. "A photograph of George F. Kennan." 1947. U.S. Library of Congress,
Washington D.C. Accessed November 4, 2016.
Annotation: This is a photograph of George F. Kennan, circa 1947, that is part of the U.S.
Library of Congresss collection. I have used this photograph on the Kennan page of my
website to improve my website in a visual sense, and the image helped me understand what
George F. Kennan looked like.

United States Air Force Historical Research Agency. "Berliners watching a C-54 land at Berlin
Tempelhof Airport." Photograph. 1948. Accessed August 27, 2016.
Annotation: This is an image of a large group of Berliners watching a Douglas C-54
Skymaster land at Tempelhof Airport in 1948. I have used this image on the Berlin Airlift
section of my website in order to elevate its aesthetic appearance. The image has painted a

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 picture in my mind of the everyday Berliners reaction, specifically the children children of
Berlin, to the Berlin Airlift.

SECONDARY SOURCES

"BBC - GCSE Bitesize: Summary of the Berlin crisis." BBC News. Web. Accessed October 05, 2016.
Annotation: This website by the BBC is about the causes of the Berlin Blockade crisis of
1948, and how Stalin was eventually forced to abandon the plan that could have cost the lives
of thousands living in divided Berlin. I have used this website when researching about the
blockade. I have found this website particularly useful in understanding the events that led to
the blockade, the blockade itself, and how Stalin eventually was forced to relent his blockade
of Berlin.

Boundless. "The Cold War and Containment - Boundless Open Textbook." Boundless. May 26, 2016.
Web. Accessed October 14, 2016.
Annotation: The online textbook talks about how Truman's containment policy was the first
major policy during the Cold War and used numerous strategies to prevent the spread of
communism abroad. I have used this online textbook during the early stages of my research,
and the textbook has given me a broader understanding of the key principle of containment,
including why it was necessary and how it was implemented.

Cantrell, John. 20th century history for Cambridge IGCSE. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013.
Annotation: This textbook has been created to fit in with the latest Cambridge IGCSE
syllabus, and, as mentioned in my process paper, I have used this textbook to find out what
topic to for my NHD topic this year. The textbook eventually led me to decide that my topic
this year for NHD would be the policy of containment, and it helped me get a basic
understanding of my topic as a whole during the early stages of my research.

"Containment." Encyclopdia Britannica. Web. Accessed August 05, 2016.

Annotation: This Encyclopdia Britannica article discusses the policy of containment, and its
implementation by the United States during the late 1940s and the early 1950s in order to
check the expansionist policy of the Soviet Union. I have accessed this article during the early
stages of my research to have a better understanding of my topic as a whole.

"Containment." Wikipedia. March 01, 2017. Accessed August 03, 2016.

Annotation: This Wikipedia article outlines the policy of containment as a whole, including
its origins and how it was implemented throughout the Cold War. As stated in my process
paper, I have used this article to give myself a greater understanding of the topic as a whole,
after, of course, I have chosen my topic.

Cray, Ed. General of the Army: George C. Marshall, soldier and statesman. New York, NY: Cooper
Square Press, 2000.
Annotation: This book discusses the astonishing life of U.S. Army's Chief turned Secretary of
State George C. Marshall. I have used this book when researching about the Marshall Plan,
and this book helped we understand why Marshall felt that such an economic recovery
program was vital for the future of capitalism in Europe.

Gaddis, John Lewis. George F. Kennan: an American life. New York: Penguin, 2012.

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 Annotation: This widely acclaimed Pulitzer prize winning biography by John Lewis Gaddis
talks about one of the most fascinating, but troubled, figures of the twentieth century: George
F. Kennan. The book retells the story of Kennans transformation from being a relatively
obscure American diplomat to someone who both mirrored and shaped the century he lived
in. This book served as one of the most important assets to my research, and alongside with
the book Strategies of containment (written by the same author), it has immensely deepened
my understanding on the topic of containment, specifically its formulation and Kennans
reasoning behind it.

Gaddis, John Lewis. Strategies of containment: a critical appraisal of American national security
policy during the Cold War. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press, 2005.
Annotation: This book, arguably written by the dean of Cold War history, discusses the policy
of containment as a whole, including its background and how the policy was implemented
throughout the Cold War. As previously mentioned, this book (along with George F. Kennan:
an American life) has served as the basis of much of my research, and I have found these two
books invaluable to my project. Because my website focuses on the origins of the policy of
containment and its early implementations, I have only focused on the first few chapters of
this book. Nevertheless, this book has greatly increased my knowledge and understanding of
the topic.

History.com Staff. "Formation of NATO and Warsaw Pact." The History Channel. 2010. Web.
Accessed December 13, 2016.
Annotation: This History Channel website covers the Formation of the North Atlantic Treaty
Organization and the Soviet Unions rival Warsaw Pact. I have used this website when
researching about the North Atlantic Treaty, and this website helped broaden my
understanding of the topic.

History.com Staff. "Yalta Conference." The History Channel. 2009. Web. Accessed September 16,
2016.
Annotation: This History Channel website covers the events of the Yalta Conference. I have
used this website when researching about the historical context of the policy of containment,
and this website helped me gain a better understanding on the events that led to the
conceptualization of the policy of containment..

Immerman, Richard H., and Petra Goedde. The Oxford handbook of the Cold War. Oxford: Oxford
University Press, 2016.
Annotation: The book the Oxford Handbook of the Cold War offers a broad reassessment of
the cold war period based on new conceptual frameworks developed in the field of
international history, and has been evaluated within the broader context of global political,
economic, social, and cultural developments. I have used this book during the early stages of
my research, and this book helped me gain a deeper understanding of Cold War topics
through different perspectives. Moreover, I also ended up conducting an email interview with
this book's co-author, Professor Richard H. Immerman.

"The Marshall Plan." George C. Marshall Foundation. Web. Accessed December 08, 2016.

9
 Annotation: This website page by the George C. Marshall Foundation broadly discusses the
Marshall Plan. I have used this source when conducting research of the Marshall Plan, and it
helped me understand the basic principles of the plan.

"National History Day 2017 Containment Interview 1." E-mail interview of Professor Richard H.
Immerman. February 14, 2017.
Annotation: This is an email interview that I have conducted with Professor Richard H.
Immerman. He is a distinguished historian of U.S. foreign relations and intelligence who
specializes in the post-World War II era. All his responses are included in the interviews
section of my website, and a PDF file of the questions that I have asked him has also been
uploaded to my website. Professor Immermans responses has given me a better
understanding on the American perspective of the policy of containment.

"National History Day 2017 Containment Interview 2." E-mail interview of Professor Dr N. Piers.
February 15, 2017.
Annotation: This is an email interview that I have conducted with Associate Professor Dr N.
Piers Ludlow. He is a a historian of Western Europe since 1945 at the London School of
Economics (one of the UKs most prestigious universities). All his responses are included in
the interviews section of my website, and a PDF file of the questions that I have asked him
has also been uploaded to my website (as mentioned previously). Associate Professor
Ludlows responses has given me a better understanding on the European perspective of the
policy of containment. Please understand that I have asked Associate Professor Dr N. Piers
Ludlow and Professor Richard H. Immerman the same questions so that I am able to see the
different perspectives these two professors have on the same issue.

Sutherland, Jonathan, and Diane Canwell. Berlin airlift: the salvation of a city. Gretna, LA: Pelican
Pub. Co., 2008.
Annotation: This book articulately discusses the events leading to Stalins Berlin Blockade,
what it felt like for the average West Berliner during the blockade, the Berlin Airlift, and
Stalins lifting of the blockade. I have used this book when researching about the Berlin
Airlift, and it has given me a greater understanding on the topic as a whole.

U.S. Department of State Office of the Historian. "19451952: The Early Cold War." U.S.
Department
of State. Web. Accessed November 16, 2016.
Annotation: This article on the U.S. Office of the Historians website outlines the early events
of the Cold War, more specifically from 1945 to 1952. I have used this source during the
early stages of my research when I needed to gather basic knowledge on my topic, and this
website helped me achieve precisely that.

U.S. Department of State Office of the Historian. "Kennan and Containment, 1947." U.S. Department
of State. Web. Accessed October 14, 2016.
Annotation: This article on the U.S. Office of the Historians website outlines George F.
Kennans conceptualization of the policy of containment. I have used this website when
researching about the policy of containment and George F. Kennan himself. Because of the
limited nature of the information from this website, I had to supplement the knowledge that I

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 have gained from this website with the information that I have gathered from John Lewis
Gaddiss books.

U.S. Department of State Office of the Historian. "Marshall Plan, 1948." U.S. Department of State.
Web. Accessed September 18, 2016.
Annotation: This article on the U.S. Office of the Historians website outlines the Marshall
Plan. I have used this website when researching about the Marshall Plan, and this website
helped me understand the fundamental aspects of the plan.

U.S. Department of State Office of the Historian. "North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO),
1949."
U.S. Department of State. Web. Accessed September 25, 2016.
Annotation: This article on the U.S. Office of the Historians website outlines the origins of
the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. I have used this website when researching about the
North Atlantic Treaty, and I was surprised about the depth of knowledge this article provided
me. Overall, this article can be largely credited for helping me understand the North Atlantic
Treaty.

U.S. Department of State Office of the Historian. "The Berlin Airlift, 19481949." U.S. Department of
State. Web. Accessed September 18, 2016.
Annotation: This article on the U.S. Office of the Historians website outlines the Berlin
Airlift. I have used this website when researching about the Berlin Blockade and the
subsequent airlift, and this website helped me the understand basic aspects of the events
leading and after the Berlin Blockade.

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