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Classification of soil strength based on three soil strength indices. The classification is
based on the lowest index i.e. the parameter value that falls into the lowest soil strength
category. If none of these three measurements are available, estimate the soil strength
Soil Classification
category based on visual observations and local knowledge.
Step 2
Match the Soil Strength
to the Ground Bearing
Capacity (kPa)
Terrain classification*
Soil Strength Score Ground Roughness Ground Slope
(1 to 4) Score (1 to 3) Score (1 to 3)
1 1 1
Strong Even Gentle (< 8o or 14 %)
2 2 2
Average Uneven Intermediate (8o 14o or 14 - 25 %)
3 3 3
Soft Rough Steep (> 14o or > 25 %)
4
Very Soft (not suitable for
machine traffic)
* Combine Soil Strength with Ground Roughness and Slope to classify the terrain. For example, a
soft soil with an uneven surface on a steep slope has a Terrain Classification of 3, 2, 3
Typical NGP
> 80 kPa *
Typical NGP
Harvester Selection
50 70 kPa *
Typical NGP
45 60 kPa *
Typical NGP
< 30 kPa *
Tracked harvester
* NGP is dependent on tyre / track size and general machine configuration. Further
details can be obtained from the machine manufacturers.
Step 6
Typical NGP
80 100 kPa*
Forwarder Selection
Typical NGP
70 - 80 kPa *
Typical NGP
50 - 60 kPa *
Typical NGP
50 60 kPa *
* These NGP values refer to fully loaded forwarders and are dependent on tyre / track size and general vehicle
configuration. Band tracks significantly reduce the NGP. Further details can be obtained from the machine
manufacturers.
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
FOR ECO-EFFICIENT MANAGEMENT OF WOOD HARVESTING ON SENSITIVE SITES
IT IS MOST IMPORTANT TO HAVE AN EFFECTIVE HARVEST SITE PLAN IN PLACE THAT COMPLIES WITH ALL LOCAL
AND NATIONAL GUIDELINES ON FORESTRY, FISHERIES, ARCHAEOLOGY AND LANDSCAPE. OPERATIONS MUST
BE CARRIED OUT UNDER THE GUIDING PRINCIPLES OF SUSTAINABLE FOREST MANAGEMENT.
Categories of site damage and degradation due to machinery operations are listed, and the potential remedial
measures.
Surface disturbance
Forestry machines rely on soil shear resistance at the wheels/track and
the soil interface to generate the required drawbar pull. The magnitude of
the drawbar pull depends on several factors such as soil condition, vehicle
weight, tyre (or track) type, load resistance and is invariably accompanied
by a degree of wheel/track slip. Damage due to slip includes:
scuffing of the soil surface;
mixing (and dislodgment) of the upper soil layer (top 50 100 mm);
root damage and, in extreme cases, a breakdown in the structure of
the top layer of soil (puddling);
surface disturbance which may also lead to significant erosion
problems in dry climates. Example of severe surface disturbance caused
by excessive wheel slip (wet soil)
Prevention and remedial measures
Select the appropriate machines for the site (i.e. Steps 1 to 6, outlined previously);
Use brash mat if possible;
Access roads should be surfaced and maintained with weather resistant material such as gravel;
Schedule harvesting operations to coincide with best soil conditions.
Water pollution and waste management
Most minor oil or chemical spills can be dealt with by means of a pollution
control kit. This comprises a small (< 10 m long) portable floating boom
(white in photo) that can be placed across a stream to stop the surface
flow of the pollutant slick. Floating absorbent pads (light blue in photo) are
placed on the upstream side of the boom to absorb the slick. Such kits are
available commercially and are contained in a small sack suitable for
carriage on the machine. It is recommended practice that all forestry
machines carry such a pollution control kit. In contrast, major pollution
incidents require a concerted action that may involve local authorities
such as emergency services, environment agencies, etc.
Prevention and remedial measures
Harvest managers and machine operators must comply with rules for transportation, storage, handling and disposal of
hazardous substances;
Product data sheets and spillage control procedures should be in place where chemicals are in use;
Temporary fuel and chemical storage facilities should be located away (approximately 100 m) from watercourses;
Machines should carry spillage control kits to contain small oil and chemical leaks, while there should be guidelines for
handling of major spillage incidences;
Waste oil and empty oil containers, grease cartridges, paper towels, broken cables and hydraulic hoses should be
temporarily retained on site in disposal bins for disposal later.
In all of the above, bearing in mind the Health and Safety regulations, it is of the utmost importance that;
1. Proper planning is carried out resulting in a documented harvest plan, available on site. This involves consultation with
relevant bodies, both statutory and local, choice of machine and method, timing of operation and adequate monitoring of
on-site activities.
2. Only competent operators are used. This implies trained, skilled, possibly certified operators that have the experience
and knowledge to handle operations on sensitive sites, bearing in mind the constraints that these impose.
3. Responsibility lies with clearly defined personnel to ensure an adequate quality of work.