Fundamental of Video Surveillance and Security

Hikvision Certified Security Professional

Hikvision Certified Security Associate Training 2

Forward

As the development of the video surveillance industry, it

is extremely important to know about the basic
fundamentals of how it works so as to make a better
surveillance solution. This course will mainly focus on the
fundamental and basics of video surveillance knowledge.

Hikvision Certified Security Associate Training 3

Training Objectives

Know about the development of security industry and CCTV

Master the basic concepts in video surveillance
Know about the basic functions of security camera

Hikvision Certified Security Associate Training 4

Contents

Overview
Glossary and Concepts
Functions of Security Camera
Introduction of Recorder

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Security Method

Human Entity Technology

Protection Protection Protection

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Security System

Video
Mobile
surveillance
system

Access
control Visual
intercom
system

Alarm Parking
system system

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Video Surveillance

Video surveillance:
Electronic system or network system that uses video technique to detect & view selected area, synchronously
display & record live image, retrieving & playback of recorded data.
Basic Functions:

The management functions should

Alarm handling should be in time,
The video should be real-time and be powerful and useful, such as
PTZ operations should be smooth,
clear. storage, retrieve, playback, user
etc.
permission and maintenance.

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Components

A video surveillance system is consisted of three parts:

Front-end Back-end
Front-end Transmission
Relatively far away from the user, like
cameras and encoders
Transmission
Connect the front-end devices and
back-end devices, like various kinds
of cables, switches, routers,
gateways, fiber transceivers, etc
Back-end
Relatively close to the user, including
the hardware and software for video
display and recording, device
controlling and system management.

Hikvision Certified Security Associate Training 9

Benefits
High image
quality Remote access

Secure Benefits of IP video

Smart video
communication surveillance

Cost-
Easy integration
effectiveness

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Security Trend

Today, as IP goes everywhere, the requirements vary more than ever! More and more CCTV
videos are used not only for safety purpose, but also for business productivity improvement. The
number of monitoring spots increases, which becomes a tough task to prevent potential events.
Mass stored data makes it extremely complicated to retrieve wanted event in an efficient way.

HD

Analog Digital Network Integration

2000 2006 2010
Smart

Hikvision Certified Security Associate Training 11

HD (High Definition)

4320

8K UHD
2160

4K UHD
1080

576 FHD
SD

0 704 1920 3840 7680

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 Advantages of HD Surveillance

Higher definition, providing more details. Reduce the number of cameras.

High-definition Camera

Standard-definition
Camera

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Smart Solution

Police Transit Judicial Finance Energy Education Building Integrating

Searching
Exception Behavior License Plate
Smart Playback Dual VCA
Detection Search Search

6 Behavior Detection 4 Exception 2 Feature 2 Statistic Analysis

Recognition
Region Unattended Protecting
Line Crossing Defocus Audio loss People
Enter Baggage Face
Counting
Object Scene Sudden
Intrusion Region Exit License Plate Heat Map
Removal Change Scream

140dB 4K Super
0.001Lux 120m Super Arming
Super Resolution
Star Light IR Distance
WDR

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 Business-Oriented System Integration

Safe city
SDK
Banking
Provide platform SDK for deep
integration to your security system; Traffic Video surveillance demand
Integrate existing subsystems with
SDK.

ONVIF Vertical Mobile Vertical

solution surveillance customer
Standard ONVIF support;
Easy access to leading CCTV Intelligent
&IP products.
building
iVM application & management
Third party Proprietary
Culture/
Third party proprietary protocol Education/
Energy Healthcare
device support,

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Contents

Overview
Glossary and Concepts
Functions of Security Camera
Introduction of Recorder

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Worldwide Television Standards
PAL(Phase Alternating Line)
Line frequency: 50Hz; field
frequency: 50 fields; frame
frequency: 25 fps; scan line:
625 lines. Low image color
error rate, and with good
compatibility with B&W TV.
Used in China, Germany,
etc.
NTSC(National Television
System Committee:)
Line frequency: 60Hz; field
frequency: 60 fields; frame
frequency: 30 fps(actually
29.97fps); scan line: 525
lines
USA, Japan
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 Resolution

Standard definition resolution

WD1 D1 4CIF 2CIF DCIF CIF QCIF
11 1 1/2 3/4 2/3 1/2 1/2 1/4 1/4 Pixel: Rectangular dots which form an
image. All images, video or static are
PAL 960 720 704 704 528 352 176 measured in pixels. In analog word, each
pixel is composed of three color dots of red,
576 576 576 288 384 288 144 green and blue.

NTSC 960 720 704 704 528 352 176

Resolution: It is used to describe the
size of an image and usually quoted as
480 480 480 240 320 240 120 width * height with the units in pixels.

High definition resolution

720P 960P UXGA 1080P QXGA 4MP 6MP 4K/8MP

PAL 1280 1280 1600 1920 2048 2560 3072 4096

720 960 1200 1080 1536 1440 2048 2160

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Standard Resolution in CCTV
960 (PAL/NTSC)

QCIF

CIF

576(PAL) 4CIF WD1

480(NTSC)

2CIF
DCIF
528384(PAL)

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High-definition Resolution in CCTV

4CIF

1080p
720P(1M)
(1920*1080)

1080P(2M)

UXGA(2M)
4K/8MP

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Video, frame rate and Stream

Video
Video is made up of a series of continuous images.
Each image in the video is named as a Frame.

Frame Rate
Quantity of frames per second, measured by fps(frames per second).

Stream
After the video is compressed, a stream is generated.
BitRate (bps): quantity of bit stream per second.
BitRate type : Constant BitRate(CBR), Variable BitRate(VBR)
Stream type: video, audio, video & audio complex stream

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Frame Rate

More frames per second means more bitrate!

Choose the right FPS for your application!

25FPS, smooth

2FPS, not smooth, video jumps.

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Frame Type

I-frame: is independently compressed, resulting in a larger number of IP packets than the P- or B- frames, which
only encode changes from the previous frame.
P-Frame: Compress only the difference from last I or P frame.
Intra-Frame Period specifies the time between I-frames.

I-frames
P-frames consume more
consume less bandwidth
bandwidth

I B B P B B P I

1 frame
Real
interval Real
image image
(I-frame) (I-frame)
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H.264 Frame Encoding

In older analogue video, the DVR typically records a series of MJPEG files and played them back in sequence, with
H.264 encoding a series of different frames were recorded to make them more efficient, in IP we are currently still
using H.264 encoding.
GOV (Group of Video) / GOP (Pictures)
starts with an I frame and counts up to the
9 frame before the next I frame, so this GOV
8 length is 8
7
6 GOP (Group of Pictures):
5
4 Sum of I-Frames and P-Frames
3 60 GOP = 1 I-frame + 59 P-frames
2
1
I
B
P I frame intra-coded key-frame or
B reference frame
P
B P frame predictive frame looks
P
B backwards to I and P frames
I
B frame looks forwards and
backwards to previous I and P frames

NOTE: All playback starts from a key-frame (I), so if you seek to play from a random point in time, the
playback will always start form the preceding I frame before it, as its reference point.

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H.264 - I, B & P Frames

With H.264 encoding, the I frame captures the whole image, the B frame and P frame are capturing only the changes
(predictive movements based on other frames), as such the B & P frames file sizes are much smaller than I frames, but
they require more processing whilst assess other frames.

In playback, the series of changes are referenced over the original reference image to show moving image sequence.

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Video Compression Standard

H.264+ Encoding H.265

Patent Efficiency International
Standard

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Video Compression Standard

HD video makes it possible to see more details, but at the same time it brings extra cost on
transmission bandwidth and storage.
Video compression standard is the key to help you reduce the cost and enjoy HD.

YUV-PSNR(dB)

45
44
43
42

41
40
H.262/MPEG-2MP
39
MPEG-4 ASP
38
H.263 CHC
37
H.264/MPEG-4 AVC HP
36 HEVC MP
35 Bitrates(Kbps)
1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
Performance Comparison on 1080P Encoding

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 H.264+

Basing on the current H.264 standard, Hikvision analyzed and optimized the encoding, and
developed H.264+ that reduces the bandwidth and storage requirements.
H.264+ is compatible with H.264 compression standard, and saves both bandwidth and storage
space by an average of half or more.

General Surveillance Scenario Features
1. Fixed camera with few background
changes
2. No frequent moving objects
3. Moving objects are the interesting
monitor targets
4. 24/7 surveillance video, easily
affected by image noise
Different surveillance scenarios Bandwidth/storage space comparison between
H.264+ and H.264
Fixed Scene with few moving objects H.264+ saves 75 percentages
Fixed scene with many moving objects in a certain H.264+ saves half
time period(not very frequently)
Changing scenes with moving objects all the time Nearly the same

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Contents

Overview
Glossary and Concepts
Function of Security Camera
Introduction of Recorder

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Analog Camera

Analog is widely used due to its easy of use and cost-effective. Currently analog camera
goes beyond standard definition, which meets more customer needs.
Main components of analog camera:
Lens
Sensor (CCD/CMOS) Coaxial cable Ethernet cable
ISP(Image Signal Processor)

Analog camera DVR Client

Light stream
Sensor ADC DSP DAC
CVBS

Analog Camera Working Principle

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IP Camera

A wide range of network cameras are available today to meet a variety of needs in terms of
form, use, light sensitivity, resolution and environmental considerations.
Network camera components:
Lens Ethernet cable
Ethernet cable
Sensor (CCD/CMOS)
ISP(Image Signal Processor)
DSP(Digital Signal Processor) IP camera Switch Client

CCD/
Light CMOS ISP DSP NET Video Stream

Network Camera Working Principle

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Sensor

Sensor type
CCD(Charged Coupled Device)

High sensitivity
Good S/N processing

CMOS(Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor)

Cost-effective

Low consumption

Fully integration

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FOV (Field Of View)

FOV is the extent of the observable world that

is seen.
Factors:
Sensor size
Focal length

f v h

D V H
You can choose the lens according to the monitoring scene.
When the sensor size is fixed, longer focal length will make small
FOV.
When the focal length is fixed, larger sensor size will make large
FOV.

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Hikvision Camera FOV Example

1.3MP
Sensor is rectangular, so FOV has three
directions as H/V/D. 1280x960 1/3" & 1/2.8"

HFOV VFOV DFOV

H: Horizontal
4X1X 2.8~12mm 98.4-30.2 71-22.7 131-37.8
V: Vertical
4X1X 8~32mm 27.8-9.1 20.7-6.86 34.9-11.3
D: Diagonal
2MP
1920x1080 1/3" & 1/2.8"

HFOV VFOV DFOV

4X2X 2.8~12mm 113-33.8 59-18.9 137-38.8

4X2X 8~32mm 31.2-10.16 17.4-5.76 36-11.58

3MP
20481536 1/3" & 1/2.8"

HFOV VFOV DFOV

4X3X 2.8~12mm 91.2-28.3 66.4-21.2 120.2-35.4

4X3X 8~32mm 26-8.54 19.5-6.4 32.8-10.6

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FOV

Small sensor size Small FOV Long focal length Telephoto Coverage
Large sensor size Large FOV Short focal length Wide Coverage

Fixed focal length Short focal

length
Long focal
length

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Depth of Field

Depth of field refers to the distance in front of and

beyond the point of focus where objects appear to
be sharp and clear simultaneously.
Bigger iris, smaller depth of field;
Longer focal length, smaller depth of field.
Small DOF

Big DOF

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FOV Classification

FOV
Normal view
Telephoto
Wide angle
Panoramic

Normal view Telephoto view

Wide angle view Panoramic view

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Monitoring Distance vs. Focal length
Distance between the camera and object

Focal length

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Density of Pixels

Density of pixels is a way of expressing a cameras resolution relative to the dimensions of the
physical space or objects in a field of view.
It is also called PPF (Pixel Per Foot).

H (Object size)=2Ltan(/2)
Density of pixels =(Resolution(Pixel number M))/H
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Density of Pixels

How many pixels are required for an object?

Facial recognition 40 PPF
License plate recognition 60 PPF
The greater the PPF value, the clearer the image will be.
Different applications require different PPF levels.

Module DS-2CD2632F-IS with 2.8~12mm lens, if the distance is 5 feet,

whats the density of pixel of this camera?

First we should find its FOV parameter as below:

Then calculate H=2*5*tan(91.2/2)=10.2feet, its horizontal pixel is 2048, so
the density of pixel is 2048/10.2=201

20481536
DS-2CD2632F-IS HFOV VFOV DFOV H (Object size)=2Ltan(/2)
2X32 2.8~12mm 91.2-28.3 66.4-21.2 Density of pixels =(Resolution(Pixel number M))/H

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S/N

Use S/N to indicate the ratio between camera output signal and noise, unit is dB.
Formula: S/N=20log(VS / VN )
S/N represents the image performance of camera under low illumination.

During day time, picture quality During night, low S/N camera tend to
is very good. create many white dots(noise) on the
picture.

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DNR

Through DNR function we can reduce the noise to get a better quality image during night.
Compared to traditional DNR, 3D-DNR not only process the Y signal and C signal, but also process the original
signal from sensor.
Hikvision cameras adopt 3D digital noise reduction to provide images with less noise in low-light surveillance scenes
compared to conventional cameras. 3D DNR can be used to enhance image quality and save bandwidth.

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AGC

AGC(Auto Gain Control) amplify the signal from CCD to make it more bright during night time. This amplification
is called gain. The camera can auto adjust the gain control according to signal level.
Advance: increase dynamic range;
Disadvantage: amplify noise as well.

AGC Off AGC On

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White Balance

For color camera, ensure the right color display in different color temperature(CT) environment.
Classified into manual WB and auto WB
Manual WB
Auto WB
Auto White Balance(AWB)
Auto Tracking White Balance (ATB)

Tungsten Filament Lamp

Fluorescent Lamp CT Standard CT
CT

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Backlight Compensation

Camera can determine the AGC level based on the average brightness of the entire field of view, for example:
when the brightness of foreground is greatly different with the background, it will lead the foreground to lack of
exposal.
Camera enable the BLC function, which can determine the AGC level singly based on one of the sub area in the
entire field of view. It can ensure the normal exposal of foreground but will cause overexposure of background.

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Wide Dynamic Range

Adopt special CCD and DSP circuit, exposure separately to the brighter and darker areas, and then compose
these two images together to form a image, whose foreground and background are clear.
WDR is widely used in backlight environment now, like the lobbies and counters.

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Day/Night

At night or under low illumination scenes, the camera switch from color mode to D/W mode
automatically, which can improve low-light performance effectively.

Day (color) mode Night (black and white) mode

Too dark to
form a good
color image.

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ICR (IR-Cut Filter Removable)

Two D/N switch modes

Digital D/N modeAdopt fixed bimodal filters, which support pass the visible and infrared light
simultaneity.
ICR D/N modeAdopt mechanical IR filter, filter out infrared light during the day to ensure the
image effect; remove IR filter at night, to ensure the full spectrum light can reach the sensor

Digital D/N mode---IR light ICR D/N mode---IR light are

reaches the image sensor and blocked by IR filter during day
makes the quality worse time.

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ICR (IR-Cut Filter Removable)

ICR sits behind a camera lens, and in front of the image sensor. The role of an IR-cut filter is to filter out infrared
light to enable cameras to produce colors that the human eye sees. However, if the filter is removed under low
light or nighttime conditions, the cameras sensor is able to take advantage of infrared light and deliver black
and white images even when there is not enough visible light.

An IR illuminator that provides infrared

light can also be used in conjunction with a
day/night camera to further enhance the
cameras ability to produce high-quality
video in low-light or complete darkness.
Day/night cameras with built-in IR
illuminators are also available.

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Smart IR

The improved Smart IR function adjusts the IR strength to have better visibility depending on
specific requirements. Smart IR is usually used to solve the problem of IR over-exposure in close
shots.

Smart IR: no over Without Smart IR: over

exposure exposure in near region

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Min. illumination
To indicate a cameras performance in dark environment. The unit is Lux.
The lux (symbol: lx) is the unit of illuminance and luminous emittance, measuring luminous flux
per unit area. It is equal to 1 lumen per m2.
The parameter is composed by 3 parts, e.g. Aperture indicate this
illumination is under which
Color 0.1Lux @ F1.2 aperture. Larger aperture,
better low illumination
performance. So, two
cameras are comparable only
Color mode (color/ black under the same aperture.
and white). Under different
mode, illumination Illumination parameter
parameters are different. indicate the min.
illumination obtained by
sensor which can make
sure the video output is
Illumination range: correct.
Normal camera : 1~3 Lux
Moonlight camera : approximate 0.1 Lux
Starlight camera : under 0.01 Lux
IR camera: 0 Lux, using IR illuminator for viewing

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 Thermal Technology

Thermal network cameras create images based on heat 0.38 m 0.76 m 1000 m
that radiates from all objects. Images are generally
produced in black and white but can be artificially
colored to make it easier to distinguish different shades.
Thermal images are best when there are great
temperature differences in a scene; the hotter an
object, the brighter it is in a thermal image.
Short- Medium- Long-
Near-infrared WLWIR Far-infrared
infrare infrared infrared
Visible light: 0.4-2.5 m 0.76 m 1 m 3 m 5 m 14 m 30 m 1000 m
Medium-infrared: 3.5~4 m
Thermal infrared: 8~14 m

12,5

10

- 3,3

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High Light Compensation

Compensate the strong light in the picture, so that the surrounding area wouldnt be over-exposed and still
could be seen.
Widely used in traffic monitoring, where license plates must be recognized.

Camera without HLC Hikvision HLC Network Camera

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ROI

In some surveillance scenarios, users pay special attention only to a certain region instead of the entire image. The
region that attracts special attention is known as the region of interest, or ROI. The ROI encoding method was
developed to provide different compression levels between the ROI and background information in order to capture
clearer key information without increasing the overall bitrate. The application of ROI encoding technology helps to
conserve bandwidth and optimize the bitrate resource allocation, thus ensuring the image quality of the region of
interest.

1080p@2M, ROI off 1080p@2M, ROI on

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Three Streams

Triple streams provide much more flexibility to users by allowing different data streams to be sent simultaneously.
Each stream has independent purposes:
The first stream with high resolution and full frame rate can be used for main monitoring.
The second stream with lower resolution can be used for mobile monitoring.
The third stream with high, low, or dynamic resolution offers more flexible choices.

1st stream for main

monitoring: High Definition,
Full frame rate
network 1

2nd stream for Aux

network 2 monitoring: lower
definition
network 3
3rd stream for storage:
High/Low Definition,
Original Image BLC onlow/dynamic frame rate

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Defog

By modeling the imaging features of smoke, dust, fog, etc., defog technology effectively restores
details and color to obtain accurate and natural video. Defog technology helps maintain clarity in
images captured in poor weather conditions such as smog, or fog.

Defog OFF Defog ON

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EIS

In conditions with slight vibrations (e.g., an electrical pole in strong winds), videos will appear fuzzy due to the
vibration. EIS (Electronic Image Stabilization) can help reduce the effects of vibration in a video by fuzzy judgment
and displacement compensation.

EIS OFF EIS ON

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IP Levels
1st digit: Solid particle protection level
0 Not protected
1 Prevent solid objects larger than 50mm
2 Prevent solid objects larger than 12mm
3 Prevent solid objects larger than 2.5mm
4 Prevent solid objects larger than 1.0mm
Ingress of dust is not entirely prevented, but it must not
enter in sufficient quantity to interfere with the
5 5
satisfactory operation of the equipment; complete
protection against contact
6 No ingress of dust; complete protection against contact
2nd digit: Liquid ingress protection level
0 None
1 Dripping water (vertically falling drops) shall have no harmful effect.
Vertically dripping water shall have no harmful effect when the
2
enclosure is tilted at an angle up to 15 from its normal position.
Water falling as a spray at any angle up to 60 from the vertical
3
shall have no harmful effect.
Water splashing against the enclosure from any direction shall have
4
no harmful effect.
Water projected by a nozzle (6.3 mm) against enclosure from any
direction shall have no harmful effects.
Water projected in powerful jets (12.5 mm nozzle) against the
6
enclosure from any direction shall have no harmful effects.
Ingress of water in harmful quantity shall not be possible when the
7 enclosure is immersed in water under defined conditions of
pressure and time (up to 1 m of submersion).
The equipment is suitable for continuous immersion in water under
8
conditions which shall be specified by the manufacturer.
Hikvision Certified Security Associate Training 58
Contents

Overview
Glossary and Concepts
Function of Security Camera
Introduction of Recorder

Hikvision Certified Security Associate Training 59

DVR/NVR

DVR/NVR is a management device which realize the function of centralized storage, local live view,
searching, playback and other functions.

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DVR vs. NVR

Display Storage Management

Coding Smart Playback

The main difference between DVR and NVR is the function of coding.

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Key Technology-HDD

Surveillance HDD and desktop HDD

Performance Surveillance HDD family-used HDD

Continue work time 724hours, enterprise application design 58hoursbusiness and home design

Starting current 2.0 A, Optimal power allocation 2.8 A

Consumption 8W / disk, suit for multi-HDD 14.5W / disk

Uninterrupted transport , suit for stream media

Transport mode Interrupted transport, suit for file transport
transport

Intercurrent I/O Multi- I/O Random intercurrent I/O

Quakeproof Multi-disk professional quakeproof None quakeproof

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Key Technology-Video Streaming

Effective transmission: RTP/RTCP/RTSP protocol are used to transmit video streams.

Protocols: To match diverse demands of Video surveillance from a variety of monitoring scenes, we need different
transmission protocols, such as TCP, UDP, VOD, Multicast, SIP, etc.

Network management function: display information of device online and status are the necessary function for the
network surveillance.

TCP/IP, HTTP, DHCP, DNS, DDNS, RTP/RTSP, PPPoE, SMTP, NTP(SNMP, HTTPS, FTP, SIP, SRTP, 802.1x, IPv6
optional)

Internet

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Key Technology-System Integration

Integration and accessing

HD accessing
All Hikvision camera supported CGI
Third-party camera integration

SDK
Control
Command PSIA
Low-level
SDK

ONVIF

Hikvision Certified Security Associate Training 64

Thanks

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