Introduction

Hydraulic jump is a natural phenomenon occurs when huge amount of energy dissipates
off during the transform of supercritical flow to subcritical flow in between upstream
flow to downstream flow. The hydraulic jump can be analyzed by momentum equation.
Creating hydraulic jump downstream of a damp is essential where this will helps to
control channel bed erosion. Besides that, hydraulic jump will also rise up the
downstream water level and hence this was use for irrigation purpose.

In detailing, the hydraulic jump has to do with specific energy. In this experiment, the
specific energy of each section will be different and the relationships of the specific
energies for Sections 1, 2 and 3 can be expressed as:

Energy loss is expressed as:

The momentum force equation for the phenomena can be written as:
OBJECTIVES

To investigate the characteristics of hydraulic jump located downstream of a sluice gate

and determine the correspondence energy loss; AND

To determine the momentum force applied on the sluice gate.

EQUIPMENT SET-UP

Multi-Purpose Teaching Flume, Sluice Gate, and Hook and Point Level Gauge.

PROCEDURES

1. The flume was made sure that was leveled, with no stop logs installed at the
discharge end of the channel. The channel width B (m) was measured and recorded.

2. The sluice gate in the flume was installed. The gaps between the gate and the
channel was sealed on the upstream side using plasticine for accurate results. Hook
and point level gauges were positioned at Sections 1, 2 and 3, with the point fitted ;

3. The datum for all measurements were the channel bed;

4. A flow of water into the flume was allowed and the sluice gate was adjusted to
create hydraulic jump at the downstream. The gate was fixed at this level and the
values of y1, y2 and y3 were obtained when the flow becomes steady;

5. Changed to other flow rates, and their respective depths of flows at Sections 1, 2 and
3 were measured and recorded.
RESULTS

Tabulate your measurements and calculations as follows:

Channel Width, B = 0.205m

Table 1.1 Average depths of y1, y2 and y3

Table 1.2 Specific energy and energy losses.

Table 1.3 Force exerted on sluice gate.

Table 1.4 Percentages of error

Sample calculation of E1, E2 and E3 and the energy loss

2
q
E= y+ 2
2g y

Q
q=
B

For Q = 90 /m

2 2
q 0.0073
E1= y 1 + 2
=0.1400+ 2
=0.1401 m
2 g y1 2 ( 9.81 )( 0.1400 )

2 2
q 0.0073
E 2= y 2 + 2
=0.0075+ 2
=0.0560 m
2 g y2 2 ( 9.81 )( 0.0075 )

q2 0.00732
E 3= y 3 + 2
=0.0360+ 2
=0.0381m
2 g y3 2 ( 9.81 ) ( 0.0360 )

dE=E2E 3=0.0560 m0.0381 m=0.0179 m

Sample calculation of the momentum force acts on the sluice gate using Eq. 3

Where = specific density of water

For Q = 90 l/m

q
V 1=
y1

0.0730

0.1400

= 0.0523 m/s

q
V 2=
y2

0.0730

0. 0075

= 0.9756 m/s

P1FP2=M 2M 1

F=P1P2 + M 1M 2

1
F= [ y 21 y 22 ]q ( V 2V 1 )
2
1 2 2
(1000 )( 9.81 ) [ 0. 140 0. 0.075 ] (1000 x 0.0073 x [ 0.97560.0523 ] )
2
89.1055 N /m

Sample calculation of percentages of error

For Q = 90 l/m
 Percentage of error= |experimentaltheorytical
valuetheorytical value
value |x 100
|0.01900.1020
0.1020 |x 100
= 81.3726 %

Discussion

Figure 1: Hydraulic jump appears.

From figure 1, it shows that the hydraulic jumps had appeared. This hydraulic jump had
also increase the water level at section three. These happened when the supercritical
follow mix up with subcritical flow.
Theoretically, the specific energy for section 2 must be equal to section 1, where E 2=E1.
But the specific energy of section two obtained from experiment has a lot of different
with the specific energy of section one. This can be clearly shown by referring to Table
1.4 where the percentages of errors in this experiment were very high. The reason behind
is that there is some losses were not due to the transition of the water flow itself. When
the water was passing through the sluice gate, there is some friction between the sluice
gate and the water due to the sluice gate had some rough surface.
Figure 1: The pink label indicates the possible losses occur due to rough surface.
From the Figure 1, it is clearly show that the surface of sluice gate had some rough
surface and causes the water to lose some energy before forming a hydraulic jump.
Another factor that induces the losses is that the force exert on the sluice gate. According
to newton law of motion, every reaction must have an opposite action against a body
itself. Hence, the water passing through the sluice gate would need a lot of energy to
overcome the resisting force that exert on the sluice gate. Thus, all these two factors had
causes the losses of energy where it causes the theoretical and experimental value to have
such errors.

From the result obtained, the data are not consistent while we are performing two set of
data. This may also causes the error in this experiment. The water pump was also
contributing some error in this experiment. Where the first set of water level data at
section one is different with the second set data are different.

Conclusion

As a conclusion, the characteristic of hydraulic jump located downstream of a sluice gate

and the corresponding energy loss has been investigated. Energy losses between E2 and

E3 for discharge of 130 l/m, 120 l/m, 110 l/m, 100 l/m and 90 l/m were found to be

0.0401 m, 0.0380 m, 0.0204 m, 0.0225 m and 0.0190 m. Besides that, the momentum

force that acts on the sluice gate were calculated to be 429.0129 N, 295.3906 N/m,

193.2399 N/m, 126.9838 N/m and 89.1055 N/m for flow rate of 130 l/m, 120 l/m, 110

l/m, 100 l/m and 90 l/m respectively.

References

Tuan, D. L. (June 30, 2011). Open Channel Hydraulics For Engineers. In D. L. Tuan,
Open Channel Hydraulics For Engineers (pp. 46-69). Vietnam: LAP LAMBERT
Academic Publishing .