International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET)

Volume 8, Issue 1, January 2017,, pp. 826833, Article ID: IJCIET_08_01_097

Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=8&IType=
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET &IType=1
ISSN Print: 0976-6308
6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316
0976

IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed

STUDY ON THE BEHAVIOUR

BEHAVIOUR OF FLY ASH BASED
GEO POLYMER CONCRETE WITH 20MOLAR NAOH
ACTIVATOR
T.NARENDRA
PG Student, Civil Engineering Department,
K L University, A. P, India

N.SRUJANA
Associate Professor, Civil Engineering Department,
K L University, A. P, India

ABSTRACT
Background/Objectives: Green house gas emissions are the main problem in the present
scenario. The amount of Green house gas emissions are increasing and CO2 one of the greenhouse
gas which effects the environment and leads to global warming. Methods/Statistical Analysis: This
paper deals with the alternate materials for the cement which is a green concrete (GEOPOLYMER
CONCRETE) and it reduces the emission of CO2. Fly ash is a byproduct of thermal industry which
is converted into useful material. This Geo polymer concrete is a mixture of various components
like sodium silicate and its hydroxide
hydroxide form along with other products like metakolin in addition to
fly ash. Findings: The strength of geo polymer concrete is increased with molarity of NaOH. The
20 molarity is used in this paper. The reaction of alumina, silica present in flyash with alkalin
alkal base
results in aluminosilicate which acts as a binder useful in high quality of green concret. In this
paper different tests are conducted to find properties which include strength (flexural, split tensile
as well as compressive) for 3, 7and 28 days for 20M. Applications/Improvements: This study helps
in gaining knowledge about the morophological composition of concrete which might result in
path-breaking
breaking trends in construction industry.
Key words: Fly Ash, Geo Polymer Concrete,
Concre Molarity, Alkaline Solution, Ambient Curing
Cite this Article: T.Narendra and N.Srujana, Study On The Behaviour of Fly Ash Based Geo
Polymer Concrete with 20molar Naoh Activator . International Journal of Civil Engineering and
Technology, 8(1), 2017, pp. 826833.
826
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=8&IType=1

1. INTRODUCTION
Now a days content of CO2 is increasing drastically in earths atmosphere. There are many products which
directly or indirectly emit more amount of CO2 than permissible limit or amount which the atmosphere
couldnt digest, in which our ordinary Portland cement (OPC) fall at higher rank in construction industry.
In order to protect the environment, which to be done at great magnitude, necessity for alternative

http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.
IJCIET/index.asp 826 editor@iaeme.com
 Study On The Behaviour of Fly Ash Based Geo Polymer Concrete with 20molar Naoh Activator

materials to be introduced, which is environment friendly and economical aroused in front of researchers,
one of the alternative materials is geo-polymer concrete, which can replace general or ordinary concrete
and is environmentally friendly product. Not only to reduce the CO2, but also increase the compressive
strength than OPC and uses the byproduct, which in turns helps in effective disposal.
The accretion appeal for the ecology affable architecture is the reason acceptable architecture material
development. The various issues like ambient conditions, hand to mouth living conditions along with
surrounding ecological conditions are the spoil sport which can hamper the development. The major GHC
promoting product and activity arresting in nature. The allergory to Portland cement coupled with low
GHC emission is possible with Geo-polymers. Geo-polymers as well display above engineering backdrop
when chosen between the counterparts. Attrition to factors like reaction with sulphate, bases, etc can be
resisted using green concrete with reduced levels of calcium content1-7.
Sustainability is the need of the hour and it is the major driving factor in case of architecture and
construction based firms which is often combined with economic feasibility factor also in case of
manufacturing of construction materials. Based on the user specification constraint including commercial
and ecological aspects, the performance of the manufacturing item is determined. In general, it is to be
noted that that it increases the content of carbon dioxide content in the atmosphere and most complex
method of its production is also witnessed among the counterparts.
Green concrete is need of the hour which is far better than the manufacturing materials of the similar
kind. Green concrete with low content of calcium tend to possess high quality of strength and resistance of
external environmental constraints and compounds8-16.
The term geo-polymer was introduced by Davidovits in 1978.Geopolymer is an industrial by product
like flyash, bagasseash, Low calcium flyash(CLASS F) was used.The curing process of Geo-polymer
concrete plays a vital role in physical properties of hardened concrete. It can be done by ambient and oven
curing process. In oven curing process external heat is supplied, but in practical conditions providing the
entire structure external heating source is a difficult task and which is not possible17-20.
Despite the fact that OPC is in extensive usage in construction and architecture industry for ages, it
releases green-house gases into the atmosphere at the time of manufacturing. Geopolymer concrete is the
recent technology used to reduce OPC.
Fly ash reacts with acrid solutions to anatomy a cementitious material; fly ash based geopolymer does
not afford carbon dioxide. In this work, pond ash is advised as fractional backup for beach as accomplished
accumulated in the geopolymer concrete. Fly ash and pond ash are residues from agitation of coal. Hence
in this paper we studied and found a method, where ambient curing is also as such effective as oven curing.
This paper summarizes the behaviour of fly ash based Geo-polymer concrete with the specified molarity of
NaOH activator5-16.
Palomo ,Grutzeck and Blanco1 investigated the acrid activation of decay materials. has become an
important breadth of analysis in abounding laboratories because it is accessible to use these abstracts to
amalgamate bargain and ecologically complete adhesive like architecture materials. In the present paper,
the apparatus of activation of a fly ash (no added solid actual was used) with awful acrid solutions is
described. These solutions, fabricated with NaOH, KOH, baptize glass, etc., the artefact of the
acknowledgment is an baggy aluminosilicate gel Mechanical strengths with ethics in the 60 MPa ambit
were acquired afterwards abating the fly ash at 85 C for alone 5 h.
Anurag, Deepika2 and his advisers advised after-effects of an beginning abstraction on the Green
concrete characteristics. The composition of sodium hydroxide considered is 16M, 8M and 12M along
with 72 hours,24 hours and 48 hours abating time respectively. Baptize assimilation, compactness strength
along with Compressive strength based tests were conducted on various chemical compositions.
ParthibanShobana3 and his fellows investigate the Chemical Admixture does not show any impact on
Compressive Strength but shows considerable increase in the workability of the concrete. The Specimens
have been cured in ambient temperature condition to check the suitability of Geopolymer concrete for cast-

http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 827 editor@iaeme.com

 T.Narendra and N.Srujana

in-situ conditions. 7 day strength was found to be 70% of its 28 days strength, the 28 days strength is
higher compared to OPC.
Ganapati, Adhiseshu4 and his fellows investigate replacement of Fly ash for 5 different GGBS content
(upto 40%) and 8M NAOH solution and NA2SIO3/NAOH ratio was 2.5 taken and the result indicates that
high amount of slag is present, the compressive Strength of 31.85 at 3 days achieved. From the paper it is
aswell assured that the replacement of flyash with green concrete does not disturb its properties such as
strength or to that matter any significant change in composition. Compressive Strength (upto 90%) was
accomplished in 14 canicule and the boilerplate body of Geopolymer concrete compared to OPC.
Partha, Prabir and Pradip5 advised that the GGBS added to (0 to 20%) of absolute binder, cogent access
in Backbone and some abatement in workability empiric on Geopolymer concrete. The accession of
GGBFS added ambience of the accurate at ambient temperature. The backbone accretion slowed down
afterwards the age of 28 canicule and continues to access at a slower amount until 180 days. The delayed
consequence of admixture variables on the improvement of minimization spine was agnate to that on the
advancement of compressive quality.
Supraja and Kantarao6 advised that in adjustment to aftermath GGBS added Geopolymer accurate
altered Molarities 3M, 5M, 7M and 9M are taken to adapt altered mixes. The Cube Specimens are taken of
100mm*100mm*100mm.Two altered abating are agitated oven abating at 50C and Direct Sunlight Curing.
The Result shows that there is no cogent access in backbone of oven convalescent specimens afterwards 3
canicule of Geopolymer accurate and the backbone of Geopolymer accurate is accretion with the access of
the chastity of Sodium Hydroxide. Sunlight abating is added acceptable for applied conditions.
Madheshwaran, Gnansundar, Gopalkrishnan7 instructed the variation with respect to GGBFS in precise
has been prompted and Longer subsiding time greater the Polymerization activity and delayed
consequences in compressive Strength. Higher the Molar Ratio (7 M) with Higher GGBS (100%)results in
the Higher Compressive Backbone and Split minimization spine .By this compressive Backbone in the
ambit of 45Mpa to 60 Mpa is expert and Highest is for 100% GGBS. Aside from action seriousness, the
GPCs advance the mechanized rot for bearing the bounden plan in cement, there are both feel and
Economical Benefits of Using Fly fiery debris and GGBS. The increase of Naphthalene based Super
Plasticizer pleasant included than 2% barely decrease the Compressive Strength.
Ravindra and Somnath8 advised that with the Increase of silica agreeable in flyash, the admeasurement
of Spherical shaped unreacted fly ash particles in the Geopolymercast advertence accumulation of added
aluminosilicate gel which after-effects in the added compressive strength. When the silica agreeable above
4 by (Sio2/Al2o3) leads to abridgement in acuteness and abatement in Backbone while lower baptize
agreeable in the mix, Higher was the Compressive Strength. Filler Actual like Sand Reduces arise and
improves the porosity of the Composite and its accession aswell reduces the abundance of Binder adhesive
authoritative the actual added economical. The Setting time of Geopolymer is aswell best at Higher Silica
content.
Pradip and Prabir9 investigated the Fly ash Geopolymer mixtures were designed adding GGBFS upto
30% of total Binder and curing is at ambient Temperature. By adding 30% GGBFS Compressive Strength
about 55 Mpa has been achieved.The compactness of the Gel increased when SlagContent is higher in the
paste.
MatghewSudhakar and Natarajan10 investigated that with the increase of GGBS content, Compressive
Strength is gradually increases .in this Coal Ash and GGBS
Combination is taken along with 15M Alkaline Solution and total replacement of about 30% is taken
into consideration and Higher Compressive Strength up to 57Mpa is achieved .However the Cost of GGBS
added Geopolymer is 7% Higher than OPC but when we Consider Strength aspect, it is almost 3 times than
OPC at 7 days.

http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 828 editor@iaeme.com

 Study On The Behaviour of Fly Ash Based Geo Polymer Concrete with 20molar Naoh Activator

2. REQUIRED EXPERIMENTAL COMPONENTS

The list of manufacturing items along with required materials required to perform the tests are given by
Metakaolin
Coarse aggregate
Alkaline liquid: Sodium hydroxide and Sodium Silicate
Fine aggregate
Fly ash

2.1. Fly ash

The test material is taken from Vijayawada Thermal Power Station (VTPS), Ibrahimpatnam. Generally, the
material is collected from electrostatic precipitator (ESP) hoppers. Table 1 gives the composition of the
material considered for testing and supplied by VTPS and from the theortical knowledge it is very well
understood that it belongs to ClassF (ASTM C618).

Table 1: Flyash Composition

S. No. Name of the Chemical % by weight
1 Sulfate (SO4) 1.24%
2 Magnesium Oxide (MgO) 0.91%
3 Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) 0.42%
4 Ferric Oxide (Fe2O3 + Fe3O4) 4.17%
5 Calcium Oxide (CaO) 6.20%
6 Alumina (Al2O3) 20.21%
7 Silica (SiO2) 64.08%
8 Loss on Ignition (LOI) 1.07%

2.2 Coarse aggregate

The coarse aggregates of the type (10mm coarse aggregates) are used for testing. In general, the coarse
aggregate is the type which is sustained on as IS sieve of size 4.75.

2.3. Fine aggregate

Fine aggregate is the natural river sand. Fine aggregate is characterized by any presence of small quantities
of carcinogenic impurities or balls of clay in it . Silt content should not exceed 4%.

2.4. Alkaline Liquid

The experimental setup tries to use activator in the form of sodium silicate along with alkaline liquid. Here,
sodium hydroxide (NaOH) in flake form is used although both flake as well as pellet forms are available.
In general, it is well known fact to everbody's conscience that the preference of liquid is either silicate form
or oxide form (the commonly used metallic compositions include sodium and potassium).

2.5. Metakaolin
If the metakaolin used only purpose is easily removed specimen for even shape. So, 20%metakaolin was
used.

http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 829 editor@iaeme.com

 T.Narendra and N.Srujana

3. METHODOLOGY
3.1. Alkaline liquid synthesis
The composition of NaOH is 40 molecular weight in this paper obtained dissolving of flake form in
constrast to the pellet form of NaOH in wate r(water after distillation is usually preferred for this type of
processes). The flakes dissolved without any residue,
residue, now remaining water is added to make 1liter
solution. This NaOH should prepare before 24hours of casting. Na2SiO3were added to NaOH before 20min
of casting and mixed thoroughly.

3.2. Mix Design

For, 20Molarity geo-polymer
polymer mix 3 different proportions Na2SiO3were prepared i.e. 1:2, 1:2.5, and 1:3.
The normal ratio preferred is 0.45 ( activator to fly ash).

3.3. Geo-polymer
polymer concrete preparation
The aggregates and flyash were mixed, then the alkaline activator solution was added to it and mixing is
continued
nued till a uniformity is observed. It was found that the fresh fly ash based geo-polymer
geo concrete mix
was cohesive and dark in colour.

3.4. Preparation of specimens

The mix is placed in cubes of size 150mm150mm150mm, Beams of size 500mm100mm100mm and
cylindrical moulds of size 150mm diameter and 300mm height.

3.5. Curing
The specimens were kept for ambient curing at room temperature (240C) till the tests conducted for 3, 7
and 28 days after de-moulded
moulded for 24 hours casting.

4. RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS

SIONS
4.1. Compressive Strength
It is most essential property of the manufacturing material and it I vital to determine the performance of
various material based on the above characteristics of this sole property. The curing time varies in direct
proportion to thee compressive strength. Compression tests were carried out at 3, 7and 28 days curried at
ambient indoor room temperature. The compressive test was conducted as per IS: 516 1959.the results
are shown in fig.1

Figure.1 Compressive strength for cubes

http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.
IJCIET/index.asp 830 editor@iaeme.com
 Study On The Behaviour off Fly Ash Based Geo Polymer Concrete with
ith 20molar Naoh Activator

4.2. Flexural Strength Test

Flexural strength is carried out on beam specimens and load deflection curve, maximum deflection and
maximum load is noted. The flexural strength results are shown in fig.2 are obtained from the conducting
of the test using compression
ion machine as per IS: 516: 1959.

Figure 2 Results of Flexural strength obtained from the test

4.3.. Split Tensile Strength Test

It is also one of the crucial properties of the manufacturing material and is one of the indirect tension test.
The split tensile
ile strength results are given in fig. 3 as the test conducted as per standard specifications at
normal operating conditions (compression testing machine as per guidelines IS: 5816: 1999)

Fig
Figure.3 Split tensile strength for cylinders

5. CONCLUSIONS
The papers
apers presents the following conclusions pertaining to the results and various tests conducted.
The Na2SiO3 to NaoH by mass equal to 1:3 has resulted into the higher strength as compared to the ratio of
1:2 and 1:2.5 for the geopolymer concrete.
Compressive strength of concrete increases 30% for 7days, flexural strength of concrete increases 40% for 7
days and split tensile strength 50% for 7 days when compared to 3 days strength.
Compressive strength of concrete increases 42% for 28 days, flexural
flexural strength of concrete increases 45% for
28 days and split tensile strength 60% for 28 days when compared to 7 days strength.
The concentration of NaOH varies in direct proportion to the green concrete strength.

http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.
IJCIET/index.asp 831 editor@iaeme.com
 T.Narendra and N.Srujana

The curing time in general and from the tests conducted in particular varies in direct relation to the green
concrete compressive strength.
Geopolymerconcrete tend to show no significant physical change in its properties at normal operating room
temperature which is observed in case of normal variety. The complete setting of Geopolymer concrete
specimens will take upto 72 hours without any reminisces on the surface on which it is hardened.

REFERENCES
[1] Palomo, M.W.Grutzeck, M.T.Blanco Alkali-activated fly ashes -A cement for the future, Elsevier,
1998, Volume 29, Issue 8, page 1323-1329.
[2] Anurag Mishra, DeepikaChoudhary, Namrata Jain, Manish Kumar, NidhiShardaandDurgaDutt, Effect
of Concentration of Alkaline Liquid and Curing Time on Strength and Water Absorption of Geopolymer
Concrete, ARPN Journal ,2008, ISSN-1819-6008,Page 14-18.
[3] K.Parthiban, K.saravanarajamohan, S.Sobana, A.AnchalBhaskar, Effect of Replacement of Slag on the
Mechanical Properties Of Fly ash based Geopolymer Concrete, International Journal of Engineering
and Technology(IJET),2013, ISSN: 0975-4024 , Page 2555-2559
[4] Ganapati Naidu, A.S.S.N. Prasad, S. Adiseshu ,P.V.V.Satayanara A study on strength properties of
Geopolymer Concrete with the addition of GGBS,International Journal of Engineering Research and
Development (IJERD),2012 ISSN: 2278-800, Page 19-28
[5] ParthaSarathiDeb, PradipNath, PrabirKumar Sarker, The Effects of GGBFS blending with Flyash and
activator content on the workability and strength properties of Geopolymer concrete cured at ambient
temperature , Elsevier, Material and design,62(2014),page 32-39
[6] V.Supraja, M.Kantarao, Experimental study on Geopolymer concrete incorporating GGBS,
InternationalJournal of Electronics, Communications and Self Computing Science and Engineering
(IJECSCSE), 2012,ISSN: 2277-9477, Page 11-15
[7] MadheswaranC.K,Gnansundar G, Gopalkrishnan,Effect of molarity in Geopolymer concrete,
International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineerimg, ISSN 0976- 4399, Vol. 4, No. 2, 2013 page
106-115
[8] RavindraN.Thakur, SomnathGhosh, Effect of mix composition on compressive strength and
microstructure of flyash based Geopolymer Concrete, ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied
Sciences, Vol4 , No 4, June 2009, ISSN 18196608 , page 68-71
[9] PradipNath, Prabirkumar Sarker Effect of GGBFS onSetting, Workability and early Strength properties
of flyashGeopolymer Concrete , Elsevier, construction and building materials, 2014 , 66, page 163-171
[10] Mr. Bennet Jose Mathew, Mr. M Sudhakar, Dr. C Natarajan, Strength, Economic and Sustainability
Characteristics of Coal Ash GGBS Based Geopolymer Concrete, International Journal Of
Computational Engineering Research (ijceronline), ISSN 2250-3005 Vol. 3 Issue. 1,page 207-212
[11] AmmarMotorwala,Vineet Shah Alkali Activated Fly-Ash Based Geopolymer Concrete International
Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering,Vol3,Issue1,2013
[12] A.M.Mustafa Al Bakari&H.Kamarudin Optimization of Alkaline Activator/fly Ash Ratio on The
Compressive Strength of Manufacturing Flyash Based geopolymer Applied Mechanics and
Materials,Vol.110-116, pp. 734-739,2012
[13] DjwantoroHardjito,Chua Chung Cheack Strength and Setting Times of Low Calcium Fly Ash-based
Geopolymer Mortar Modern Applied Science,vol2,No.4
[14] E.Arioz,O.Arioz The Effect Of Curing Conditions On the Properties Of Geopolymer Concrete
International Journal of Chemical Engineering and Applications,Vol4,No.6
[15] KolliRamujee and M.potharaju Development of Low Calcium Flyash Based Geopolymer Concrete
International Journal of Engineering and Technology, Vol.6, No.1,2014
[16] Mohmad Mustafa Al Bakri and H.Mohammed Review on Fly ashBasedGeopolymer Concrete without
Portland Cement". Journal of Engineering and Technology Research, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp 1-4, 2011.

http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 832 editor@iaeme.com

 Study On The Behaviour of Fly Ash Based Geo Polymer Concrete with 20molar Naoh Activator

[17] M.I. Abdul Aleem,P.D.Arumairaj Geopolymer Concrete-A Review International Journal of

Engineering Sciences& Emerging Technologies, Vol .1 , issue 2, pp 118-122, 2012
[18] M.W.Ferdous,O.Kayali A Detailed Procedure of Mix Design For Fly ash Based Geopolymer Concrete
Fourth Asia-Pacific Conference on FRP in Structures,2013
[19] Raijiwala D.B, Patil H.S Geopolymer Concrete: A Concrete of Next Decade Journal of Engineering
Research and Studies.
[20] Raijiwala D.B, Patil H.S Effect of Alkaline Activator onthe Strength and Durability of Geopolymer
Concrete Journal of Engineering Research and Studies
[21] A Review on Fiber Reinforced Concrete, Grija.S, Shanthini.D, Abinaya.S. International Journal of Civil
Engineering and Technology, 7(6), 2016, pp.386392.
[22] Raman Kumar and Ankit, An Experimental Study of Marble Powder on The Performance of Concrete.
International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 7(4), 2016, pp.491497.
[23] N. Ganesh Babu and Dr. S. Siddiraju, An Experimental Study on Strength and Fracture Properties of
Self Healing Concrete. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 7(3), 2016, pp.398
406.
[24] Shankar H. Sanni and Khadiranaikar, R. B. Performance of Geopolymer Concrete Under Various
Curing Conditions, International Journal of Scientific Research, Vol .2 , No. 3, pp 178-180, 2012
[25] S.Jaydeep,B.J.Chakravarthy Study On Flyash Based Geo-Polymer Concrete Using Admixtures
International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology, Vol .4 , issue 10, 2013
[26] SouravKr.Das, Amarendra Kr.mohapatra, A.K.Rath Geopolymer Concrete-Green Concrete for the
Future-A Review International Journal of Civil Engineering Research,Vol.5 , No.1, pp 21-28,2014
[27] Shankar H.Sanni and Khadiranaikar R.B. Performanceo f Alkaline Solution On Grades Of Geopolymer
Concrete International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology, Vol.110-116, pp. 734-739,
2012.

http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 833 editor@iaeme.com