International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET)

Volume 8, Issue 1, January 2017, pp. 10311038 Article ID: IJCIET_08_01_122

Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=8&IType=1
ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316

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EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON CONCRETE (M30) BY

PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF FINE AGGREGATE
WITH COPPER SLAG
Ch. Sai Bhavagna
Post Graduate Student, Department of Civil Engineering,
K L University, Vaddeswaram, India

G. Lalitha
Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering,
K L University, Vaddeswaram, India

ABSTRACT
This paper deals with the experimental study of concrete by partial replacement of fine
aggregate with copper slag to increase the strength parameters such as compressive strength,
split tensile strength, and flexural strengths of the M30 concrete. Here the fine aggregate
partially replaced by copper slag (CS) in 20%,30%,40% and 50%by weight of sand. Mix
design was prepared for M30 grade of concrete. By replacement of copper slag as fine
aggregate we can reduce the digging of river sand which effects the hydraulic structure
stability and As well as we can reduce the open land fill and environmental pollution with
copper slag usage it in concrete. Graphs are drawn strength vs. replacement with C Sand
results are compared with normal concrete. The strength has been increased by 46% by
replacement of 40%fine aggregate with CS.
Key words: Fine aggregate, copper slag, compressive strength, tensile strength, Flexure
strength
Cite this Article: Ch. Sai Bhavagna and G. Lalitha, Experimental Study on Concrete (M30) by
Partial Replacement of Fine Aggregate with Copper Slag. International Journal of Civil
Engineering and Technology, 8(1), 2017, pp. 10311038.
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=8&IType=1

1. INTRODUCTION
Concrete is a composite material composed mainly of cement, fine aggregate, and coarse aggregate.
Fine aggregate (Sand) is an important material for the preparation of concrete. Copper slag is a by-
product obtained during smelting and refining of copper. It has been estimated that for every ton of
copper production gives about 2.2-3 tons of slag [2]. Slags containing < 0.8% copper are either
discarded as waste or sold cheaply the potential use of granulated copper slag, a relatively heavy
material, as a replacement for sand in concrete mixes is explored [9]. Nearly 4-5 tons of copper are
obtaining as waste slag which contain pozzolanic property and have high density can be used as a
replacement for all concrete materials like cement, fine aggregate and coarse aggregate. During
smelting, impurities become slag which floats on the molten metal. Slag that is quenched in water

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 Experimental Study on Concrete (M30) by Partial Replacement of Fine Aggregate with Copper Slag

produces angular granules which are disposed of as waste material. As it is a waste material it can be
used in construction as fine aggregate which increases the strength of the concrete, on other side we
can reduce the dumping of open land. It acts as resistant for corrosion and also resists the seismic force
as well as earth pressure [13]. As copper slag increases, the water absorption in concrete decreases. By
replacement of copper slag as fine aggregate we can reduce the digging of river sand which affects the
hydraulic structures such as piers, bridges etc.

2. OBJECTIVES
Is to study the properties of concrete like workability, compressive strength, Split tensile strength and
Flexural strength test with partial replacement of fine aggregate with copper slag in concrete.

3. METHODOLOGY
3.1. Sieve Analysis
A sieve analysis can be performed on any type of non-organic or organic granular materials including
sands, crushed rock, clays, granite, feldspars, coal, and soil, a wide range of manufactured powders,
grain and seeds, down to a minimum size depending on the exact method. The suitable sizes of sieves
are taken and samples is supposed to be taken in sieve and allowed to rotate in clock wise direction.
The aggregates will be retained in sieves. The Table. 1 shows the sieve analysis.

Table 1 Sieve analysis of copper slag

S. No Size of sieve (mm) % of retained
1 4.75 0
2 2.36 4.2
3 1.18 23.8
4 0.6 56
5 0.3 63.4
6 0.15 97.4
7 0.07 100

3.2. Mix Design

The selection of specific materials and proportions of concrete with the goal of achieving required
properties with the most economical use of the materials such as strength, durability and workability.
In this study mix design of M30 is prepared as per IS: 10262(2009)[12] and proportion is 1:1.5:2.5
having water-cement ratio of 0.45 ratio. According to IS: 456-2000 [11] the minimum water cement
ratio is 0.45. Five different mix proportions are prepared i.e., 0%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50% as partial
replacement of fine aggregate. The Fig. 1 shows the mixing of materials at different proportions by
replacement of fine aggregate with CS.

Figure 1 Mixing of Materials

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 Ch. Sai Bhavagna and G. Lalitha

4. MATERIALS
4.1. Cement
The word cement is termed from a roman name called opus caementicium. Used to describe masonry
resembling modern concrete that was made from crushed rock with burnt lime as binder. Volcanic ash
and pulverized brick supplements are added to burnt lime to obtain hydraulic binder. Organic
polymers are used as cement in concrete. Ordinary Portland cement of 53 grade is used in this study.

4.2. Coarse Aggregates

Coarse aggregate is gravel which have been crushed and sieved. These vary from 5 to 50 mm. The
particles of coarse aggregates should be greater than 4.75mm, but they range between 9.5mm to
37.5mm as per IS: 383-1970 [10]. The Fig. 2 coarse aggregate. The Table. 2 show properties of coarse
aggregate.

Figure 2 Coarse Aggregate

Table 2 Properties of Coarse Aggregate

Aggregate of size 20mm

Sieve Size (mm) Requirement as
Percentage
per (IS: 383-
passing
1970)
12.50 100% 100%
10 85-100% 94.62%
4.75 0 20 % 13.72 %
2.36 0-5% 2.89%
Specific gravity 2.80
3
Bulk Density (kg/m ) 1680
Fineness modulus 7.32
Water absorption 0.35

4.3. Fine Aggregates

Generally we are using natural sands or River sands as fine aggregates in concrete. These consist of
crushed stones which pass through 9.5mm sieve. The sand should be free from clay and inorganic
materials. For this study locally available river sand is used as a fine aggregate which belongs to zone-
2. The Fig. 3 shows fine aggregate. The Table. 3 show the properties of fine aggregate.

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 Experimental Study on Concrete (M30) by Partial Replacement of Fine Aggregate with Copper Slag

Figure 3 Fine Aggregate

Table 3 Properties of Fine Aggregate

S. No Property Values
1 Specific gravity 2.64
2 Fineness modulus 2.50
3 Bulk density 1562

4.4. Copper Slag

Copper slag is a by-product of copper extraction by smelting. During smelting, impurities become slag
which floats on molten metal. It is procured from Saraswat Trading Company, Mumbai. Fig. 4 shows
the material of copper slag. Table. 4 shows the properties of copper slag and Table. 5 shows the
chemical composition of copper slag.

Figure 4 Copper Slag

Table 4 Physical Properties of Copper Slag

S. No Property Values
1 Specific gravity 3.35
2 Fineness modulus 3.18
3 Bulk density 3.0
4 Water absorption 0.3 %

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 Ch. Sai Bhavagna and G. Lalitha

Table 5 Chemical Properties of Copper Slag

Component Copper slag (CS %)
SiO2 33.05
Al2O3 2.79
Fe2O3 53.45
CaO 6.06
MgO 1.56
SO3 1.89
K2O 0.61
Na2O3 0.28
TiO2 0
Mn2O3 0.06
CI 0.01
Loss of ignition 0
IR 0
CuO 0.46

5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

5.1. Compressive Strength
Cubes of size 150mm150mm150mm are casted for different proportions of 20%, 30%, 40%, and
50%. For each proportion two cubes were casted and the surface of the cubes is allowed to dry for 24
hours in saturated condition. Curing of the cubes was done for 3, 7, and 28 days. A gradual load is
applied on the surface on the cube to obtain maximum compressive load. The cubes are tested under
universal testing machine (UTM). Readings are noted and graphs are drawn. The Fig.5 shows the
compressive strength of the cubes i.e., strength verses replacement.

Figure 5 Compressive strength of concrete

The Graph. 1 Shows the results of compressive strength. At Initial stage the strength has been
increased slowly and at 40% replacement of CS the strength has increased and as % of CS increases
beyond 40% the strength is being decreased. The compressive strength of the concrete was increased
at 40% replacement of copper slag.

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 Experimental Study on Concrete (M30) by Partial Replacement of Fine Aggregate with Copper Slag

Compressive strength
60

Compressive
40

Strength
20 3days

0 7days
0 20 30 40 50 28days

% Replacement

Graph 1 The compressive strength

5.2. Split Tensile Strength

Cylinders of size 500 mm 150 mm were casted for different proportions. For each proportion two
cylinders were casted and allowed to dry for 24 hours in saturated condition. Curing was done at 3, 7
and 28 days. After curing was done samples are allowed to dry to remove the moisture content.
Testing of samples at different stages was done and readings are noted. The Fig.6 the Split Tensile
strength of the cylinders. Graphs are drawn for strength verses replacement.

Figure 6 Split tensile strength

The Graph.2 shows the results of split tensile strength of the cylinders. At Initial stage the strength
has been increased slowly and at 40% replacement of CS the strength has increased and as % of CS
has increases beyond 40% the strength is being decreased. The split tensile strength of the concrete for
the cylinders was increased at 40% replacement.
3
2.5
Strength

2
1.5 3 days
1
7 days
0.5
0 28 days
0 20 30 40 50

% Replacement

Graph 2 split tensile strength

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 Ch. Sai Bhavagna and G. Lalitha

5.3. Flexural Strength

Prisms of size 500 mm 100 mm 100 mm were casted for different proportions. For each
proportion samples were casted and allowed to dry for 24 hours in saturated condition. Curing was
done for 28 days. After curing was done samples were allowed to dry to remove the moisture content.
Testing of samples at different stages was done and readings are noted. Graphs are drawn for strength
verses replacement. The Fig. 7 shows the flexural strength of the prism.

Figure 7 Flexure strength

The Graph. 3 show the results of flexural strength of the prisms. At Initial stage the strength has
been increased slowly and at 40% replacement of CS the strength has increased and as % of CS has
increases beyond 40% the strength is being decreased. The flexural strength of the concrete for the
prisms was increased at 40% replacement.

Flexural Strength
100
80
Strength

60
40 3 days
20 7 days
0
28 days
20 30 40 50

% Replacement

Graph 3 Shows Flexure strength

6. CONCLUSIONS
The strength has been increased by 40% replacement of CS. Hence to reduce the use of fine aggregate
in future this can affect the environment and avoid digging of lands.
The workability of the concrete increases with the increase in replacement of CS with water cement
ratio. Replacement of CS in fine aggregate reduces the cost of making concrete.
The improvement in the mechanical properties of concretes incorporating copper slag indicates that
copper slag, a waste by-product of the copper industry, can be used beneficially as partial replacement
for fine aggregate in concrete.

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 Experimental Study on Concrete (M30) by Partial Replacement of Fine Aggregate with Copper Slag

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