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ground roll?
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By NIGEL A. ANSTEY
Geophysical Consultant
Boston, Massachusetts
(Editors Note: In August1985,the SEC;Workshopon Seismic title velocity of the baseplateto the control signal,and
Field Techniques washeld in Monterey,CalQornia,underthe becauseour geophonesalso measuredparticlevelocity,
chairmanshipof Dr. Elmer Eisner.This talk wasgivenas the in the far field. Then we hesitated,rememberingthat(in
keynoteaddress; it is reproduced
substantiallyverbatim.Part 2, a fluid, at least)theparticlevelocitychanges phaseby 90
Fieldtechniques for highresolution,
follows in the next issue degreesasthe pulsepropagates throughthenearfield. So
of THE LEADING EDGE.) perhapsour reflectionswere actually skew-symmetric
pulses,90 degreepulses.What to do?First we got out
all the old classicalpapersagain.Then, lookingat all that
L adiesand gentlemen,first let me acknowledge,quite
mathematics,we decidedit mightbe betterjust to put a
cheerfully,that I haveabsolutelyno business kickingoff
geophonedowna hole, andmeasureit. But researcherA
a workshop on fieldtechniques.For althoughI havealways
disagreedwith researcherB, andB with C, andthe Rus-
been drawn to field techniques,almost all my present
siansdisagreedwith everybody,and- unlessIve missed
everydaywork is asan interpreter.So, if whenI talkabout
somerecentannouncement - we still dont know what
field techniques,I soundout of touch,out of date,out of shapeour Vibroseisreflectionsare. And thats awful; we
the picture. . . well, I am. I even live in Boston. really shouldknow.So I am delightedto seethat, accord-
Needingas I do an updateon recentadvancesin field ing to the program,all thisconfusionwill be completely
techniques,what am I hopingto hear? clearedup. This very afternoon.
I realize,of course,thatthe expertswill be announcing AnythingelseIm hopingto hear?Well, youknowwhat
solutionsto problemsthat I didnt evenknow we had - the hi-fi salesmensay:the stronglink in the hi-fi chain
and I promiseto be suitablyimpressedby all that. But is theamplifier,andtheweaklink is thespeakers. Sospend
thereare a few problemswhich I do know we have,and your moneyon the speakers.In seismicinstrumentation,
I would be overjoyedto hear that they are solvedalso. I supposethe stronglink is againthe amplifier, and the
Youknow,Im a simplechap,andI lovesimplethings. weak link is the geophone.So if I havea concernwith
Thingsthatareclever,butsimple.Like thewheel,andthe our instruments,its in the geophone.Oh, of courseits
weedwhacker,and hanggliders.For that reason,I like
muchbetter than it usedto be, but doesthat meanthat
electricmotors,but I abominatethe internalcombustion its harmonicdistortionis so smallthat we can forgetit?
engine.Too damn complicated.When I standand look Underreal conditionsof plant,andreal conditionsof tilt?
at a Vibroseisvibrator, I get the same feeling - too I hopethatsomeonewill setmy mindat rest, on . . . lets
damncomplicated.So I am hopingto hear someonean- see . tomorrow,or perhapsFriday?Good.
nouncea newtype of vibrator,simpleenoughthatsimple
chapscan understandit, and simple enoughthat sim- So thoseare someof the solutionswhichI hopeto take
ple chapscan keep it working. awaywith me from thisworkshop- in addition,asI said,
For thatmatter,I get the samefeelingwith marineair- to the solutionsof all theotherproblemsthatI didnt know
gun arrays. All those problemsthat come with using I had.
different-sizeguns - incomprehensible directionalre- Buttheprogramalsotalksof giveandtake.The operative
sponses,heaven-knows-what spectrumfor the source- word, Elmer tells us, is sharing. I can take awaysome-
generatednoise . . Wouldsomeonepleaseannouncethe thing, but I mustalso bring something.
deathof the air-gunarray,soI dont haveto makethe ef- So, I thought,what can I bring - what do I haveto
fort any more? saythatsnew?Well,I do havesomething to say,but,oddly
enough,I haveno idea whetherits new or not. In part,
what elseam I hopingto hear?That someonehasfinally of course,this is becauseI know that if I live in Boston
clearedup all the confusionandcontradictions aboutwhat I mustbe out of touch.In theotherpart, it is becausewhat
happensin the near field of the Vibroseis vibrator (or, I haveto sayis too simpleandtoo obviousto be new.
rather,in the near field of an array of three or four vi- Let me tell you aboutit.
brators).You rememberthe problem:what is the shape In additionto beinga workinginterpreter,I do some
of a Vibroseisreflection?In the 1960swe usedto tell in- teaching.Specifically,I freelancefor IHRDC, in guiding
terpretersthat the reflectionpulseon a Vibroseisrecord the geophysicsportionof their Video Library. And you
was basicallya zero-phase pulse,modifiedonlybytheearth know that there is nothinglike teachingto make you
andthegeophone.This wassobecausewe lockedthepar- organize whatyou know,andto makeyou realize(oh my
One suchthing I alwaysmeant to do was to work out Further, of course, we seek arrays which are easy to lay.
whatactuallyhappensto the groundroll in the stack.Well,
of course,it getsattenuated.But is this a purely random, All of these objectivesare satisfiedby what I call the
statistical,JN- type of attenuation. . . or is there some stack-arrayapproachto array design.The stack-arrayap-
systematicorder to it? proachjunks the traditionalapproachto array design. It
The answer- which is my piece of sharingtoday - is has no concernwith the wavelengthsof the ground roll,
that there is indeed order to it. and thereforeit needsno noisetests.It says:To hell with
You know what happenswheneveryou make what you longarrays.To hell with tangledstrings.To hell with array
think is an announcement.Somebodyjumps up and says, responses, to hell with complexity,to hell with Chebyshev.
I thoughtof thatyearsago.No you didnt. YesI did. (Most of all, to hell with Chebyshev.)It says:just select
No you didnt. Yes I did. Well, there will be none a sensiblegroup interval on the usual considerationsof
of that here. What I haveto sayis so obviousthat I cannot havingenoughtracesto seethe geologicfeaturewere look-
expectthat I am the first personto notice it. Indeed, my ing for, and of avoidingspatialaliasing- and then just
immediatereaction, on noticing it, was one of shame- set the effective array length equal to the group interval.
that it shouldhavetakenthisold ploddersolong to realize The group length equal to the group interval. Always.
what everybodyelsemusthaveknownsincethe discovery
The effect of this is to provide a uniform successionof
of fire. Yet, I dont knowof anypublicationof it. Of course,
that couldbe my fault again- for missingit in the litera- geophonesalong the spread- equally spaced,equally
ture. But then, I think to myself, how little of what we weighted, even, regular, continuous.This is our funda-
mentalstarting-point.All right, nothingunfamiliarin that.
actually do is in the literature! And conversely. . . oh
researchers! howlittle of whatis in the literaturewe actually Now we considera field record, with first breaks,and
do! Then again,this view of how ground roll getsattenu- reflections, and (in this context) ground roll (Figure 1).
ated in the stack leads to a set of criteria for multiple Normally we think of the ground roll as a wave train on
coveragein the field, and many modern sectionswhich a trace- a time function at one instantof space(Figure
passacrossmy deskviolate thosecriteria. So maybethe 2a). Equally well, we could think of it as a wave train in
criteria are not widely known. Anyway, here goes. space- a snapshotof the surfaceat an instantof time
Whether its ancienthistory,or hot off the press,here it is. (Figure 2b). Then from that instantof time to somelater
instantof time the ground roll moves in the fashion of
The receivedwisdom, astaughtin textbooksand papers Figure 3.
beingpublishedtoday,is thatground roll - or, in a wider Now lets do a terrible thing - lets just add all the
sense,source-generated noise- shouldbe attenuatedby tracesof the field record. At each instantof time we are
arrays. . . by geophoneand sourcearrays.We are taught adding all the geophonesalong a line thefull length of
to makenoisetestsin the field, to establishthe troublesome the spread. In effect, we are forming one long array,
rangeof wavelengthsin the ground roll, andto designar- perhapsa thousandor more equally-spacedgeophonesin
raysfor which this rangeof wavelengthsis down among one array whose length is the length of the spread. The
the sidelobes.Thus traditionalarray designis basedon,
and directed at, the source-generatednoise.
Whereverthe source-generated noiseincludeslongwave-
lengths(in particular, in ground-roll country) this tradi-
tional approachleadsto long arrays.However, we do not
like long arrays.They attenuatethe first breaks,lose the
high frequenciesat early times and long offsets, lose
thehighfrequencies in roughterrain,and- mostserious-
lose the high frequenciesfrom dipping reflectors. Long
arraysare weighty and tanglesomein the field. And they
are conceptuallyout of tune with modernpractice,in that
they makea final decision- an irrevocableexclusivedeci-
sion - in the field.
Where the longestnoisewavelengths are associatedwith
the lowestfrequencies,we canshortenthe necessaryarrays
by excludingtheselow frequencieswith a low-cut filter.
Then, with shorterarrays,we are more likely to preserve
our high frequencies- on shallow events, on dipping Figure I. A rudimentary field record, with one trace shown
events,and on the first breaks. In other words, we can in full. Normally we think of the wavesas traces, that is, as
maintainthe high frequenciesif we sacrificethe low fre- functions of time
Figure4. (a) Stackingdiagram for an end-onspread.(h) End- Figure 5. Counterparts of Figure 4 for a split spread shot
to-end groups shown in the common-sourcedirection. (c) betweenthe groups. The groups interleave to form a con-
End-to-endgroupsshownin the common-midpointdirection. tinuous stack array the length of one side of the spread.
(d) The addition of the gatheredtracesforms the stackarray.
the arraysare not equalin lengthto a groupinterval(or multipleson thefinal section. . weve all seenthat.Then
an integralmultiple of the group interval). theprocessors do sometestsandfind theresultsare much
In fact, for thefield-manspreferenceof a grouplength better if they apply f-k filtering on the shotrecords,or
equalto one groupinterval,thereare only two multiple- if they apply a low-cutfilter. Nobody recognizes those
coveragetechniqueswhich satisfythe basicstack-array spuriouseventsas an error in the designof the multiple
criterion. This allowsus to restatethe criterion as two coverage. Or the processors seesomeherringboneeffects
criteria: for end-onspreads,the sourceintervalmustbe on the section(weve all seenthat too). which they find
half the groupinterval;for split spreads,the sourcein- can be suppressed by f-k filtering after stack. Again,
terval mustbe equalto the group interval,and shotbe- nobodyrecognizes it asan error in thedesignof themulti-
tween the flags. Those are the two techniques. ple coverage.
(Incidentally,if we are preparedto rni~ traces,either OK - a few otherpointsaboutthestack-array approach.
in the processingor on the ground,thenthere are other
arrangements whichsatisfythebasicstack-array criterion. F.wt. it reallyisquitedistinctanddifferentfromthetradi-
However,in all casestheseother arrangements involve tionalapproach to arraydesign.In thetraditionalapproach,
somesacrifice- eitherof steepdipsor of resolution. After thelengthof thearrays(thegroups)is basedon thelongest
this sacrifice,the resultsare probablyno betterthan we apparentwavelength of thesource-generated noise.In the
wouldhaveobtainedwith one of thesetwo preferredar- stack-arrayapproach,the lengthof the groupsis just the
rangements andfewerchannels;weve paidgoodmoney groupinterval,whichis half theshortestapparentwave-
Figure 6. End-on spread with source interval equal to the Figure 7. On a field record (a), the traces display the
group interval (a) yields no suppression of ground-roll physically-propagating wave train across the spread. On a
wavelengths equal to two group intervals (b). gather (b), differences in the ground roll from shot to shot
disturb the picture of the wave train.
But the stack-arrayapproachis ideal for work with a With in-betweensin between.
mobile source,andin particular,of course, it is ideal for
Vibroseis.
Third, with Vibroseiswe are likely to be usingboth
Youknow,whenI cameintothisgame,themajorenemy
of the geophysicist- the devil himself - was called
sourceandgeophonearrays.Interestingly,the stack-array
groundroll. Everywherethe questionwasthe same:what
criterion(if otherwisesatisfied)remainssatisfiedif either
canwe do aboutgroundroll?Then, with surfacesources,
the source array or fhe geophone array is equal to the
the groundroll actuallygot worse!But nowadays - who-
groupinterval.So, if yourbossis a sticklerfor traditional
evertalksaboutgroundroll?Abouthalfthecrewsoutthere
arrays- no problem,just takethe convenience of a geo- take no accountof groundroll in their arrays;geophone
phonegrouplengthequalto the groupinterval,andthen frequencies go lowerandlower,andground-rollfiltersare
spaceout the vibratorsto give him his traditionalsource very unfashionable. So whateverhappened to groundroll?
array. And that sourcearray can also be an area1array, In the heydayof fancygeophonearrays- Chebyshev
if there is noisescatteredback from the side. andall that - a wise old man whisperedto me that the
Fourth,in the stack-arrayapproach,the suppression of bestthat arrayscould do (howeverfancy)wasto reduce
the groundroll doesnot occuruntil the stack.Doesthis the groundroll by 15 dB. Say to 20 percent.We agreed
meanthatwe takerecordsjust swamped with groundroll, just now that the worstthe stackarraycoulddo - if the
and somehowmusterthe courageto say, Dont worry, groundroll wasentirelyrandomfrom shotto shot,or in-
itll all be systematically killed in the stack?No. it does deedif the stack-arraycriterionwasviolatedin any way
not. With the stack-arrayapproach,we are totally free to - wasto reducethe groundroll by the squareroot of the
raisethe naturalfrequencyof the geophones,and to use fold of stack.At 25fold, therefore,the worst-casestack
a ground-rollfilter in the field, and thusto removethe array is aboutas goodas traditionalarrays.And that, I
groundroll from the field records.But doesntthatnegate think, is whateverhappenedto groundroll. When we got
one of the advantages of the stack-arrayapproach- that to 24-fold, we found- probablyquiteempirically- that
it doesnot requireany sacrificeof the low frequencies? we didnt needlongarraysanymore.But whatwe did not
No again- becausethe responseof the geophone,and notice(or at leastwhatI did notnotice)wasthatby walk-
of the low-cutfilter, doesnot changethe ratio - the ratio ing the extra inch - designingthe multiplecoverageto
- of the low-frequency signalto the low-frequencynoise. satisfythestack-arraycriterion- we couldhavedoneeven
We canapplythe low-cutfilteringin thefield, to getgood better.
recordingand a usablemonitorrecord . . then zap the Sothereis the stack-arrayapproachto arraydesign.As
groundroll in the stack.andfinally usea determinedin- I saidearlier, I doubtvery muchwhetherI am the first
versefilter to recoverthe low frequencies.Thus we can to formalizethe stack-arraycriterion. So if you got there
userugged14 Hz geophones,and 12 Hz or even 18 Hz first. 15yearsago, be my guest- feel free to claim it.
ground-rollfilters, and still maintaina final processed But then, be preparedto be outdoneby the guy who got
bandwidthdown to 5 Hz. there 25 yearsago.And, of course,theresalwaysHarry
Next, the stackarrayis aslongasthe spread,andmany Mayne,whosethinkingmayhavegotthisfar 35 yearsago.
timeslongerthanthelongestwavelength in thegroundroll. As always,Harry is hard to beat.
It containsmany,many traces,but it doeshavean end.
What happenswhenthe groundroll getsto the endof the
gather? Well, we get a few minor side-lobes.If we feel Justone other point aboutthe stack-arrayapproach-
stronglyaboutthese,we can give a little lessweightto if yourcompanyis a sponsorof IHRDCs Video Library,
the last trace or two - taper the stackat the ends.The you alreadyhavethe detailsof all this in-house,in the
same.too, if we havea gap in the gatheron accountof manualfor moduleGP305, on array design.IE
rivers and houses- just taper the edges.
Finally, in the contextof the stackarray, we haveto
recognizethat there is a differencebetweena very long NigelA. Anstey hasparticipated in all facets of the Seismic ex-
arrayformedacrossthegatheranda verylongarrayformed ploration method. Following his graduationfrom the University
acrossthe spread.Thuson a field recordthetracesdisplay of Bristolin England in 1948, he worked for SeismographSer-
vice Ltd. until 1968 when hejoined SeiscomDelta, Inc. in 1975
the actualpassageof a physicallypropagating wavetrain
he became an independent consultant. Anstey iS recipient Of
acrossthe spread(Figure7a), andwe canbe totallycon- many awards from the SEG, EAEG and AAPG (see TM
fidentthattheadditionof thesetraceswouldkill theground January 1986, p. 26). In addition to his mktier as a Seismic
roll dead. But on a gather,eachtrace comesfrom a dif- interpreter, Anstey is a geophysical instructor and writer of
ferent source, in a different place; perhapsthe amplitude international renown. He is also the guiding force behind the
of the groundroll is different, or its velocity,or its fre- geophysicsportion of the Video Library of the International
quency.In the worst case, the samplesof ground roll Human ResourcesDevelopment Corp. to which he refersin his
recordedby the tracesat any one time could be quite article.