Navigation is a field of study that focuses on the pressure is low to the left, high to the

process of monitoring and controlling the right.[1] This is because wind travels
movement of a craft or vehicle from one place to
counterclockwise around low pressure
another.
zones in the Northern Hemisphere. It
Terrestrial navigation is a field of study that helps is approximately true in the higher
sea-faring people locate points at sea and on the latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere,
land. Similarly, it involves being able to identify the and is reversed in the Southern
position of the ship anywhere in the world. Hemisphere, but the angle between
Students are instructed in the use of nautical
charts, compass corrections and voyage planning the pressure gradient force and wind
is not a right angle in low latitudes.
Example:
-Buoy Local Hour Angle, abbreviated LHA,
-Light House is calculated from your assumed
-Mountain longitude, adjusted by the GHA. It is
-Building
the angle between the meridian of
Note: by taking their distance and bearing your Assumed Position and the
if you form cock-hut always assume that your ship meridian of the geographical position
is in the point nearest to the danger of the celestial body.
Celestial navigation, also known as
Sidereal Hour Angle The sidereal
astronavigation, is the ancient art and science of
position fixing that enables a navigator to transition hour angle (SHA) of a body on the
through a space without having to rely on celestial sphere is its angular distance
estimated calculations, or dead reckoning, to know west of the vernal equinox generally
their position. measured in degrees.
Celestial navigation is the ancient art and
The zenith is an imaginary point
science of navigating using celestial bodies.
directly "above" a particular location,
on the imaginary celestial sphere
Example:
-Star
The nadir is the direction pointing
-Moon
directly below a particular location
-Sun
-Planets
Buy Ballot Law
In northern Hemisphere the Low
Latitude is an angular distance
pressure area is counter clockwise ,
measured from equator to North or
bring the wind on the stbd bow hold
South Pole
course and make as much way as
possible.
Longitude is an angular distance
measured from prime meridian to east
In southern Hemisphere the low
or west direction
pressure area is clockwise direction,
bring the wind on the port bow hold
An equinox is an astronomical event
course and make as much way as
in which the plane of Earth's equator
possible.
passes through the center of the Sun,
[2] which occurs twice each year,
Heading a direction or bearing.
around 20 March and 23 September.
Course the route or direction
Buys Ballot's law In the Northern
followed by a ship, aircraft, road, or
Hemisphere, if a person stands with
river.
his back to the wind, the atmospheric

Seamanship is the art of operating a
ship or boat.
It involves topics and development of
specialised skills including: navigation
and international maritime law;
weather, meteorology and forecasting;
watchstanding; ship-handling and
small boat handling; operation of deck
equipment, anchors and cables;
ropework and line handling;
communications; sailing; engines;
execution of evolutions such as
towing; cargo handling equipment,
dangerous cargoes and cargo storage;
dealing with emergencies; survival at
sea and search and rescue; and fire
fighting.
The degree of knowledge needed
within these areas is dependent upon
the nature of the work and the type of
vessel employed by a mariner.
CLOUDS
High Clouds (20,000 feet)
-Cirrus
-Cirrocumulus
-Cirrostratus
Middle Clouds (between 6,500
feet and 20,000 feet)
-Altocumulus
-Altostratus
Low Clouds ( less than 6,500 feet)
-Stratocumulus
-Stratus
-Nimbostratus
-Cumulus
-Cumulonimbus
Bulk Carrier
A bulk carrier, bulk freighter, or bulker
is a merchant ship specially designed
to transport unpackaged bulk cargo,
such as grains, coal, ore, and cement
in its cargo holds. Since the first
specialized bulk carrier was built in
1852, economic forces have fuelled
the development of these ships,
causing them to grow in size and
sophistication. Today's bulkers are
specially designed to maximize
capacity, safety, efficiency, and
durability.
Types of Bulk Carrier
Conventional Bulkers: A conventional bulker is a
vessel that is built with hatchways. Alongside, the
vessel is also equipped with cranes and
transporters to facilitate ease in the loading and
unlading processes. These vessels enjoy a much
better tractability in terms of their cargo loads and
their navigational routes.
Self-discharging Bulkers: A self-discharging
bulker is so called because of the internal
equipping of transporter belts. The belt facility
allows the faster and speedier discharging of the
bulkers loads, thus streamlining the whole
process.
BIBO Bulkers: Acronym for Bulk In, Bags
Out; these kinds of bulkers streamline the loaded
bulk cargo in the vessel by sacking the same into
smaller quantities. Since the process occurs
simultaneously, while the cargo is laded onto the
ship, these vessels command a unique respect
amongst the other existing vessel kinds.
Gearless Bulkers: Bulkers that are unequipped
with cranes and conveyor facilities are gearless
bulkers.
 Annex V: Prevention of Pollution by Garbage from
Ships. 1 December 1988

Annex VI: Prevention of Air Pollution from Ships. 19 May

2005

4 Pillars of IMO
SOLAS
STCW
MARPOL
MLC

FIRE TRIANGLE
Safety-is the state of being "safe" the condition of -oxygen
being protected from harm or other non-desirable -heat
outcomes. Safety can also refer to the control of -Fuel
recognized hazards in order to achieve an
acceptable level of risk. Sulphur Emission Control Area. ... Sulphur
Emission Control Areas (SECAs) or Emission
MARPOL-73/78 is the International Convention for Control Areas (ECAs) are sea areas in which
the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973 as stricter controls were established to minimize
modified by the Protocol of 1978. ("MARPOL" is airborne emissions (SOx, NOx, ODS, VOC) from
short for marine pollution and 73/78 short for the ships as defined by Annex VI of the 1997 MARPOL
years 1973 and 1978.) MARPOL 73/78 is one of Protocol which came into effect in May 2005.
the most important international marine
environmental conventions. SEAMAN-A sailor, seaman, mariner, or seafarer is
a person who navigates waterborne vessels or
POLLUTION-the presence in or introduction into assists as a crewmember in their operation and
the environment of a substance or thing that has maintenance. The term bluejacket may be used for
harmful or poisonous effects. British or US Navy enlisted sailors, the latter
especially when deployed ashore as infantry.
EPIRB- emergency position indicating radio
beacon STARS use in Navigation
Alpheratz
Schedar
SOPEP- Shipboard oil pollution emergency plan
Capella
Procyon
STCW- Standard of training certification and watch Regulus
keeping Denebola
Vega
ANNEXES of MARPOL Deneb
Polaris[8]
Annex I: Regulations for the Prevention of Fomalhaut
Pollution by Oil. 2 October 1983 Kochab
Avior
Nunki
Annex II: Regulations for the Control of Pollution
by Noxious Liquid Substances in Bulk. 2 October 1983

Annex III: Prevention of Pollution by Harmful

Substances Carried by Sea in Packaged Form. 1 July
1992

Annex IV: Prevention of Pollution by Sewage from

Ships. 27 September 2003