Rogelio S.

Necesario BS-Infotech II-K

Elements of human communication

Source Idea

The source is the process by which an idea is formed. The idea can be influenced by any kind of external stimuli, such a book, movie or
someone else's conversation, or it can come from an internal process of thinking about a subject. The idea that is to be communicated is the basis
of the communication.

Message

The message is what is going to be communicated to the other party. Though it is based on the source idea or information, it can be tailored to
meet the needs of the audience. For example, the crafting of the message may be quite different if delivered to a close friend or family member
than if delivered to a stranger.

Encoding

Encoding is how the message is put into the form in which it is transmitted to another person. It may be a written form, phone call or e-mail.
Each method requires a different way of formulating the message.

Channel

The channel is the method by which the message is transmitted. The channel must be such that the basic message of the communication is not
changed. The channel can be a sheet of paper, a microphone, an e-mail. It is the path of the communication from sender to receiver.

Receiver

In any communication, there must be someone receiving the transmitted message. The receiver uses the channel to get the message from the
sender--via a verbal message, say, or a television screen or sheet of paper.

Decoding

The decoding process is one in which the message is interpreted. The receiver must think about the meaning of the message and internalize this
meaning. Doing this interpretation depends a great deal on prior experiences of the receiver and external stimuli that might be occurring along with
the message.

Feedback

Feedback conveys to the sender that the message was received and understood. This requires formatting the response to the kind of channel
being used to transmit it, and sending this response to the transmitter.

Network media copper and fiber optic

How it works

While traditional copper wire transmits data by electrical impulses, fiber optic cable is made from fine hair-like glass fibers, which carry light
impulses transmitted by an LED or laser. This infrared light bounces along the insides of the fibers at blistering speeds and when the signal reaches
the other end of the fibers, an optical receiver then converts it back into data.

Speed

Speed is the amount of data that you can transmit per unit of time and when it comes to speed, fiber optic cables win hands down over copper
cables. While traditional copper lines can carry roughly 3,000 phone calls at one time, fiber optic cables used in a similar system could carry
around 31,000 calls.

Bandwidth

The reason fiber optic cable is faster is because of the extremely high frequency ranges it is able to carry, whereas signal strength diminishes at
high frequencies with copper wire. Fiber optic cable can carry more than a thousand times the bandwidth of copper cable and go more than one
hundred times further as well.

Interference

Fiber optic cable is also much less susceptible to noise and electromagnetic interference than copper wire. For example, over a distance of two
kilometres, copper wire would experience a great deal of degradation in quality, while there would be virtually none over the same distance using
fiber optic cable.

Size, weight & strength

Fiber optic cable is much thinner and lighter than copper cable, meaning it can be used more efficiently in confined underground conduits. It is
also much stronger, with eight times the pulling tension of copper wire and it has strength members and stiffeners that make it much harder to
damage or kink.

Durability
Fiber optic cable is extremely durable and provides very reliable data transmission. It does not conduct electricity because its core is made of
glass, it is impervious to radio frequency interference, it can be immersed in water without effect and it can be used in much harsher conditions, as
it is less susceptible to fluctuations in temperature than copper cable.

Security

Fiber optic cable also keeps data more secure. It does not radiate signals and is impossible to tap without your knowledge, because the system will
fail if is tapped, due to the fact that it will leak light. It is also more secure because all the hardware and electronics can be stored in one central
location, unlike copper systems, where wiring closets are required to be placed in various locations.

Cost

Possibly the one area where copper cable has the advantage over fiber is the price. While fiber optic cable is not more expensive than copper cable,
the electronics needed to support it are more expensive. This is only a short term advantage, however, as fiber optic cable actually comes out
cheaper in the long term. This is when you take into account that fiber optic systems are getting cheaper all the time due to market forces, they
require less hardware, need less ongoing maintenance and they experience much less down-time than copper systems.

LAN vs. WAN

LAN WAN

Stands For Local Area Network Wide Area Network

Covers Local areas only (e.g., homes, offices, schools) Large geographic areas (e.g., cities, states, nations)
WAN (Wide Area Network) is a computer network that covers a
LAN (Local Area Network) is a computer network
broad area (e.g., any network whose communications links cross
Definition covering a small geographic area, like a home, office,
metropolitan, regional, or national boundaries over a long
school, or group of buildings.
distance).
Speed High speed (1000 mbps) Less speed (150 mbps)
Data transfer
LANs have a high data transfer rate. WANs have a lower data transfer rate compared to LANs.
rates
Example The network in an office building can be a LAN The Internet is a good example of a WAN
Tend to use certain connectivity technologies, WANs tend to use technologies like MPLS, ATM, Frame Relay
Technology
primarily Ethernet and Token Ring and X.25 for connectivity over longer distances
Computers connected to a wide-area network are often connected
One LAN can be connected to other LANs over any
Connection through public networks, such as the telephone system. They can
distance via telephone lines and radio waves.
also be connected through leased lines or satellites.
Layer 2 devices like switches and bridges. Layer 1 Layers 3 devices Routers, Multi-layer Switches and Technology
Components
devices like hubs and repeaters. specific devices like ATM or Frame-relay Switches etc.
LANs tend to have fewer problems associated with
WANs tend to be less fault tolerant as they consist of large
Fault Tolerance them, as there are smaller number of systems to deal
number of systems.
with.
Data
Transmission Experiences fewer data transmission errors Experiences more data transmission errors as compared to LAN
Error
WANs (like the Internet) are not owned by any one organization
Typically owned, controlled, and managed by a
Ownership but rather exist under collective or distributed ownership and
single person or organization.
management over long distances.
For WANs since networks in remote areas have to be connected
If there is a need to set-up a couple of extra devices
Set-up costs the set-up costs are higher. However WANs using public networks
on the network, it is not very expensive to do that.
can be setup very cheaply using just software (VPN etc).
Geographical Have a small geographical range and do not need any Have a large geographical range generally spreading across
Spread leased telecommunication lines boundaries and need leased telecommunication lines
Because it covers a relatively small geographical
Maintenance Maintaining WAN is difficult because of its wider geographical
area, LAN is easier to maintain at relatively low
costs coverage and higher maintenance costs.
costs.
Bandwidth High bandwidth is available for transmission. Low bandwidth is available for transmission.
Congestion Less congestion More congestion