Learning aim B

The online world

Lesson 1

POP- (point of presence) - It is a location which has all the hardware

which allows users to have access to the internet. It is an access
point to the internet. And internet service provider may operate 7the
internet. It allows ISPs to interconnect with each other.
IP- (Internet Protocol) - internet protocol is sending information
across using small packages. One individual data package is carried
cross a network, including the internet. It is made up of a header
TCP- (transmission control Protocol) the protocol which takes data
from a users application program and passes it to the IP for transfer
over the internet. The opposite is performed at the computer i.e. the
TCP resembles the data (from individual packets)
FTP- File transfer Protocol) - standard protocol which allows fi les to
be transferred between two computers on a TCP-based network. It is
commonly used to download programs to your computer from other
servers and to upload web pages that you have created to the server
that is hosting them on the internet
ISP- (Internet Service Provider) Direct connection to the internet
would be very costly and so ISPs provide a cost-effective gateway for
 people and organisations to get onto the internet. In the UK there
are many ISPs, with some of the most popular ones being BT (British
Telecom), Virgin Media and Sky.

Summary

To summarise my learning for lesson one I have learnt new words

and the meanings for them, which I didnt know before.

Exam questions
Dave wants to know what ISP is and how does it work (3)
Answer:
...........................................
..
..

What does POP stand for? And what does NAP stand for? (2)
POP
NAP
Lesson 2
Internet infrastructure

Role of a server - A computer or program which

runs to serve the needs of other computers. It
runs to server software to service the
requirements of the users (clients) there are
several types of services one example is local area
network (LAN)
Router: A piece of hardware that connects two or
more networks. Data from the ISP is sent to the
network and router then directs the data packets
to the corrects destinations

Connecting backbone: The main connecting data

routes between large networks on the internet
and smaller networks in local areas

What a client is: A computer which uses the

services provided by the server
Connection method Description advantages Disadvantages

Used by a wireless Not fixed to a Need to have access

wireless enabled device (computer, stationary to wireless hub. Can
mobile computer be less secure then
Etc) to log onto the Can be used wires connections.
internet. wherever Tend to have a
there is a slower data
wireless hub transmission speeds
which is then wires
accessible broadband methods
A wired connection to a Broadband Requires a bae
Broadband supplier. connections which is wired in. so
broadband Normally the have a better it is less flexible
connection is via a reception and than wireless
network card is faster than
In the computer. dial-up

Dial up is a wires Can use Dial-up is older

connection on a existing technology and
Dial-up conventional telephone telephone gives poor signal at
line which needs a modem circuits which times. Also the call
to convert signals to and is useful in from digital signals
from some areas can cause errors.
Tend to be slower
than other
connection
methods
Summary

To summarise my learning for lesson 2 I have learnt that

a client is a computer which uses the services provided
by the server.

What is the role of a server?

Give with advantage and disadvantage of wireless?

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Lesson 3 WORLD WIDE WEB

What is a hyperlink?
A link from a hypertext document to another location,
activated by clicking on a highlighted word or image.

What is a web server?

A web server is an information technology that processes
requests via HTTP, the basic network protocol used to
distribute information on the World Wide Web.

What is a web browser?

A web browser is a software application for retrieving
presenting information on the World Wide Web.
Mozilla Firefox, Google Chrome, Internet Explorer

What is HTML?
Hypertext Markup Language, a standardized system for
tagging text files to achieve font, colour, graphic, and
hyperlink effects on World Wide Web pages.
 Starting of the code
HTML CODE

This is the top

To insert a new
of the
webpage
Paragraph type
in </p>

The middle of the webpage

The backslash. End of
the code

Summary

To summarise my learning for lesson 3. I have tried doing HTML

coding. I have also learnt what a hyperlink is and a web server. (A
web server is an information technology that processes requests via
HTTP, the basic network protocol used to distribute information on
the World Wide Web.)
What is HTML? <HTML>

WHAT IS <P>?

Dave wants to know what Href is and what it contains.

 Lesson 4 URL
Search engines
How do search engines work
Search engines work by saving information from the
HTML webpages and then storing then on an indexed
database. An automatic web browser in other names
(crawler, spider and bot), is used to follow every link in
a website. Each page is then analysed as it is found,
and relevant data is extracted and stored on the search
engines index database. Search engines such a google
and yahoo will allow you to enter a description of what
you are looking for and the search engine with search
Its indexes.
The protocol to be used: HTTP A domain name A path name,
for a web page and FTP for a file
specifies a particular which identifies a
transfer. HTTP is the protocol
used for all data communication computer on the particular location
over the World Wide Web. It is internet. Remember
this protocol that allows us to on that computer.
this is actually an IP
request web pages and
download them. address.
 Summary

To summarise my leaning for lesson 4. I have learnt about

search engines and how search engine work and how
indexes link with google.

What is a search engine?

What is a crawler?
.................................................................................
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Lesson 5- Emails

What is an address book?

You can create a list of peoples contacts
details eg. Names contact numbers and email
addresses, within your email program. This is
known as an address book.

What are attachments?

With attachments you can send messages and
attach files with it. E.g. Photos documents,
spreadsheet. This is known as an attachment.

What is meant by multiple recipients?

Multiple recipients is when you can send the
same message to a number of people. You
can copy people into the email using CC
(carbon copy).Recipients who are entered in
 this field will be visible to everyone the email
isnt sent to.

Benefits of email Drawbacks of email

Speed of delivery Privacy and security.

and costs. People can hack into your
Instant delivery on emails and read your
a global scale. personal details. Some of
Delivery to that material may position
multiple recipients. a risk to your security.
Attachments (e.g.
documents and Internet access.
Audio and video fi Both the sender and
les) recipients have to have
meaning that you email accounts can have a
can access them problem.
Anywhere via a web
browser. Sometimes lack of
interactivity may be a
problem
 Summary

To summarise my learning for lesson 5. I have learnt about the benefits and
drawbacks of email. One benefit is emailing is quick and easy. One
drawback is it may sometimes lack interactivity and that may be a problem.
Also learnt about attachments and what a multiple recipient.

Benefit of email Drawbacks of email

 Lesson 6 data exchange

TYPE UTP/STP COAXIA FIRE OPTIC

DETAILS Unshielded (UTP) Twisted Solid wire core Glass or plastic

pair of basic cables which
are twisted together. (STP)
cables are similar but they
have a foil for shielding
MAXIMUM DATA
TRANSFER RATE 250 Mbph
separated from a cables
copper- braided which use total
outer cable by a internal
plastic insulation reflection of light to
cover. The inner Transmit data.
Normally
uses LED or laser
visible
light, although
infrared
Has also been used.
1,000 Mbph( or
more for category 7 2.4 Gbps
cable.

MAXIMUM
RANGE
100m 100m 50km

BENIFITS Fast and reliable Works over long

Twisting the cables cancels Distances. Little
out some interference Interference. Also is
fast
LIMITATIONS Cost more than Complex connection
Slower with less capacity UTP/STP and termination
then other cables. They can Equipment.
only be used over short Liable to noise.
distances.

EXAMPLE OF HOW Analogue telephone Connection to cable The cable networks

ITS USED Network. TV networks. use
Aerial/dish Fibre from their
Connection to TV. source the
distribution panels
In the street. From
there they use
coaxial cable to
individual
households.

Codec
A device or program that compresses data to
enable faster transmission and decompresses
received data a device or program used to encode or
decode data.

Type Microwaves Fibre optic

 infrared microwave satellite

Example of how
its Short
used.range data Short wavelength Data is transmitted
transmission using radio transmissions from earth to a
infrared light. This is working at high
Benefits satellite which
the same frequencies relays it to the
technology used in connected receiving
TV handsets station on earth.

4 Mbps 300 Gbps Huge

Limitations
Between 500km to
100m 100m 36,000km

Tends to be reliable Signal degrades very Can increase the

little over long distance a network
distances can reach.

Short range. Devices must be in a Expensive

Devices must be in a direct line of slight.
direct line of sight. may be affected by
Can suffer from the rain. Also can
external suffer from external
interference interference
 Lesson 7 Transmitting data

Transmission Description representation

Mode

Simplex Sends data in

transmission: one direction
online
(e.g. radio
broadcast)

Half-duplex Allows two way 1.

transmission: communication
but not at the
2.
same time
Full duplex Allows two way 1.
transmission: communication
at the same
2.
time

Two at the same time.

Parallel transmission
In parallel transmission, a number of
bits of data are transmitted at once
over an equal number of
wires/channels. This allows the bits
in a whole byte of information to be
transmitted together. It has a short
range, with an absolute maximum of
around 5 metres. Parallel
transmission used to be popular for
connecting printers to computers but it is rarely used these days in computing
because of its cost and limited range.

Serial transmission
 In serial transmission, bits are transmitted one at
a time over a single wire/channel. This reduces
the cost of the cable, but gives a slower rate of
data transfer. There is also some additional
complexity, as bytes have to be undone into
individual bits for transmission and then
reassembled after receipt. Serial transmissions
can be used over large distances.

Universal serial bus

Universal serial bus (USB) is a serial transmission method which was
introduced to make many of the connections to a computer look the same.
Nowadays USB is used in a wide variety of devices, such as mobile
telephones, memory sticks and MP3 players. USB ports also
supply power to some devices. The maximum theoretical
transmission rate for USB 2.0 is 480 Mbps, but this is
shared among all devices on a USB hub, so the rate
for each device will be less than this.

Bi-directional transmission
Bi-directional transmission has several meanings within data communication,
but it is essentially about transmitting in both directions. Most recently the
term has been applied to fibre optics. Using the current technology, light
passes in one direction only, so you have to add extra fibres to the bundle to
carry a signal in the opposite direction.

Summary
To summarise my understanding of lesson 7. I have learnt that half duplex transmission
is when you can talk to someone but not as the same time. One example is a walk
talkie. You can talk to each other but not at the same time. Full duplex transmission is
when you can talk to each other but this time as the same time. One example of full
duplex is call on the phone or even video call.
Lesson 8- client side processing

What does a processor do?

The processor is like the "brain" of the computer. All
information goes to it and it "processes" what needs to be
done. i.e. print, move the cursor, type this answer.
Everything goes through the processor.

Client-side processing
Client side processing is the interaction that takes place within the
web page and the code is downloaded to the users computer when
the web page is opened by the users browser. a roll over image is
one example

Server side processing

 Server-side processing involves the use of scripts which
reside and are run on another computer on the internet (the
web server). Search through a search engine is one example

This is what a processor looks like.

Summary

To summarise my learning for lesson 8. I have learnt

the advantages and disadvantages of client side and
server side processing. One advantage of client side
processing is the speed is very fast once the code has
been downloaded onto the page.
 Client-side
processing
Advantage Speed: The interaction may
be faster once the code has
been downloaded with the
page.
Security: It is more secure
(than server-side
processing) as all the action
takes place in the
downloaded page and
nothing comes from the
browser, which could cause
corruption or security
problems.
Disadvantages Computer speed:
It can be affected by the
speed of your own
computer.
As all of the activity is
taking place on a
downloaded web page, the
speed of the download and
the speed of processing will
depend on your computer
system.
Server-side
processing
Efficiency: Complex code
may run more efficiently,
as it does not have to be
downloaded on to the
users computer.
Browser independent: The
code is browser
independent so therefore
can be run on any web
browser.
Speed: Performance is
affected only by the speed
of the web server. As all of
the processing is done on
the web server, the speed
of your own computer is
only significant for the
downloading of the web
pages.
 Exam questions

David wants to know what client side

processing is and what server side processing
is. Give one example from both to help.

Lesson 9 Data Storage

Describe what a database is?

A database is a computerised system that makes
it easy to search, select and store information.
Databases are used in many different places.

Describe what a primary key is?

A single unique key used to identify each record in
a table. A primary key's main features are: It must
contain a unique value for each row of data.

Identify the different relationship a database

Can have?
One-to-Many Relationship-
A one-to-many relationship is the most common type of
relationship. In this type of relationship, a row in table A can
have many matching rows in table B, but a row in table B can
have only one matching row in table A.

Many-to-Many Relationships-
A many-to-many relationship is a type of
cardinality that refers to the relationship between
two entities. A and B in which A may contain a
parent record for which there are many children
in B and vice versa.

One-to-One Relationships-
One-to-one relationships occur when there is
exactly one record in the first table that
corresponds to exactly one record in the related
table.
Describe the different data types?

Lesson 10 Data storage 2

What a database is?

A database is a computerised system that
makes it easy to search, select and store
information. Databases are used in many
different places.

What a DMBS is?

(Database management systems)
A DBMS is software that allows you to
Text Text sequences of
letters, numbers and
other symbols.

Number Number: represents a

numerical value.

Date/time Date/time: stores dates

or a combination of
dates and times

Logical Logical (also called

Or Boolean Boolean or Yes/no):
represents a value that
is either true or false.

make use of that data. This is some of the

jobs a DBMS can perform.
 The role of SQL?
(Structured Query Language)
SQL is a high-level language which is used
to undertake this management activity.
It is normally in two parts:
Data Definition Language (ddL): This is the
part which is used to define the database
structure.
Data Manipulation Language (dML): This is
the part used to add, delete, change and
query the data which is held in the
database structure.

Summary

To summarise mu learning for lesson 10. I have learnt that

the role of SQL is a high level language which undertakes
management activity. It comes in two parts one called DDL
(Data definition language) and one called DML (Data
manipulation language)
 Exam questions

What is DMBS and what does it do?

..

What is a database? Give one example?