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Copyright 2011 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page0
Ethernet Basics
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Copyright 2011 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page2
Objectives
After completing this course, you will be able to:
Describe the concepts related to Ethernet basics.
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Contents
1. Basic Ethernet technologies
3. VLAN basics
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Contents
1. Basic Ethernet technologies
3. VLAN basics
Copyright 2011 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page5
Contents
1. Basic Ethernet technologies
1.1 Development of Ethernet
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Origin of Ethernet
In 1973, the original Ethernet was put forward and realized by
Xerox Corporation in Palo Alto.
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Brief Development History of Ethernet
IEEE802.3 Ethernet standard
IEEE802.3u 100BASE-T fast Ethernet standard
IEEE802.3z/ab 1000Mb/s 1000BASE-T standard
Emergence of 10G Ethernet
IEEE802.3ae the standard for 10 Gbit/s Ethernet
Fast development of GE
Birth of Ethernet
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Contents
1. Basic Ethernet technologies
1.1 Development of Ethernet
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Cable Standard
Since the birth of Ethernet, the physical layer of Ethernet has deployed
the following mature standards:
10BASE-2/10BASE-5/10BASE-T/10BASE-F
100BASE-T4/100BASE-TX/100BASE-FX
1000BASE-SX/1000BASE-LX/1000BASE-CX/1000BASE-TX
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CSMA/CD
Carrier sense (CS)
If two stations transmit signals at the same time, the signals are
superimposed, Conflict 10BASE-5/10BASE-2
and therefore the voltage amplitude is more than one
time the normal amplitude. A collision has occurred.
IN IN Listening Listening Listening
t1 t1
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Duplex Mode of Ethernet
The physical layer of Ethernet can work in either half-duplex
mode or full-duplex mode. The two modes indicate the data
transmission mode.
Data direction at t2
HUB HUB
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Ethernet Auto-negotiation
The auto-negotiation mechanism allows the devices on both ends of a
link to exchange information and then select the same working
parameters. The information to be negotiated includes such
parameters as duplex mode, working rate, and flow control. If the
negotiation is successful, the two devices at both ends operate in the
same duplex mode and working rate.
16ms
1ms
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The Working Process of a Hub
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Working Process of a Hub
1 2 3 4 5
OUT OUT OUT OUT
IN
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Contents
1. Basic Ethernet technologies
1.1 Development of Ethernet
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Hierarchical Structure of the Data Link Layer
The data link layer is divided into two sublayers: the Logical
Link Control (LLC) and Media Access Control (MAC) sublayers.
For the functions of each sublayer, see the course about the
TCP/IP basics.
Application layer
Transport layer
Network layer
LLC sublayer
Data link layer
MAC sublayer
Physical layer
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MAC Addresses
48 bits
24 bits 24 bits
Manufacturer
Code specified by each
manufacturer independently
Example: 00e0.fc39.8034
00e0.fcassigned to equipment manufacturers by the IEEE
39.8034specified by each manufacturer independently
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Structure of an Ethernet Frame
Length/Type Meaning
Value
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Self-Test Questions
Multiple Choice (Only one answer is correct)
1. Two sets of equipment can transmit and receive data, but cannot
simultaneously. This working mode is ( ).
A. Simplex
B. Half-duplex
C. Full-duplex
D. Auto-negotiation
B. Repeater
C. Switch
D. Router
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Contents
1. Basic Ethernet technologies
3. VLAN basics
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Learning and Aging of MAC
Addresses
Segment 1 Segment 2
A C
PORT1 PORT2
B D
Switch
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Learning and Aging of MAC
Addresses
To adapt to the changing network, the MAC address table
needs to be updated constantly. The entries automatically
generated (dynamic entries) in a MAC address table are not
always valid. Each entry has a life cycle. The entry that has
never been updated till its life cycle ends will be deleted. This
life cycle is called aging time. If the entry is updated before its
life cycle expires, the aging time of the entry will be
recalculated.
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Packet Forwarding Based on a MAC
Address Table
MAC Address Located Port
MACA 1
MACB 1
MACC 2
MACD 2
MACD MACA ......
Port 1
Port 2
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Working Process of a L2 Switch
Frame input
Successful
match
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Case Study: Packet Forwarding on a Switch
Switch
Eth0/1 Eth0/2
PC1
PC2
MAC70f1:a131:ad30 MAC 3e26:b9ca:e451
IP192.168.100.1/24 IP192.168.100.2/24
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Self-Test Questions
True or False:
3. When a switch receives a data frame, it queries its MAC address table.
If the destination MAC address of the frame is not contained in the
table, the switch discards the frame. ( )
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Contents
1. Basic Ethernet technologies
3. VLAN basics
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Contents
3. VLAN basics
3.1 What Is VLAN?
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Why Do We Use VLAN?
A B C
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Objective of VLAN
Group 2
Group 1
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What Is VLAN?
A VLAN is a logical broadcast domain that is obtained by
dividing a physical LAN.
Router
VLAN 1
VLAN 2
VLAN 3
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Contents
3. VLAN basics
3.1 What Is VLAN?
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VLAN Frame Format
6B 6B 2B 64-1500B 4B
6B 6B 4B 2B 64-1500B 4B
TYP
DA SA TAG DATA FCS Tagged frame
E
2B 2B
TPID TCI
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Classification to VLANs
VLANs can be categorized in different ways:
Subnet: VLAN IDs are added based on the IP addresses carried in the
packets.
Protocol: VLAN IDs can be assigned based on the protocol type and
encapsulation format of packets received by a switch.
Currently, the VLAN division by port mode is the most common mode
because the configuration management is simple.
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VLAN Division by Port
A network administrator assigns a port default VLAN ID (PVID)
to each port of a switch. If a port receives an untagged frame,
the port adds its PVID to the frame.
Port PVID
Port 1 Port 10 Port1 5
Port 2 Port 7
Port2 10
Port7 5
Host A Host C Port10 10
Host B Host D
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Link Type
Access link: indicates the link connecting a user host and a
switch. In general, a host is not required to know which VLAN
it belongs to, and therefore frames transmitted over access
links are untagged frames.
VLAN 3
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Port Type Access Ports
Access ports on switches are used to connect hosts. They
can connect only access links. An access port has the
following features:
Only frames whose VLAN ID is the same as the port's PVID can
traverse the port.
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Port TypeTrunk Ports
Trunk ports on switches are used to connect other switches.
They can connect only trunk links. A trunk port has the
following features:
A trunk port allows the tagged frames from multiple VLANs to
pass through.
If a tagged frame
SWAto be sent through a trunk port carries a VLAN
SWB
ID different from the PVID
Port- of the port, the system directly forwards
Port-
1/0/2 1/0/2
the frame without performing any other action.
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Port TypeHybrid Ports
A hybrid port on a switch can connect either to a host or to another
switch. That is, a hybrid port can connect either to an access link or to
a trunk link. The hybrid port allows the packets from multiple VLANs
to pass through, and removes VLAN tags from some packets on the
outbound interface.
SWA
Eth-0/0/24
SWB
Eth-0/0/1 Eth-0/0/2
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Port typeQinQ Ports
An 802.1Q-in-802.1Q (QinQ) port uses the QinQ protocol. A QinQ port
can add a second tag to a frame, that is, add a tag to a tagged frame,
so that the network can have 4094 x 4094 VLAN IDs. This is used
when a network requires lots of VLAN IDs.
For a QinQ frame with double tags, the external tag is often called the
public tag, used for carrying the VLAN ID of a public network. The
inner tag is usually known as the private tag, used for carrying the
VLAN ID of a private network.
6B 6B 4B 4B 2B 64-1500B 4B
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Contents
3. VLAN basics
3.1 What Is VLAN?
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Cross-Switch Communication in a VLAN
Sometimes, user hosts belonging to the same VLAN may be connected to
different switches. In this case, the VLAN crosses switches. Ports on the
switches need to be able to identify and transmit cross-switch VLAN packets.
The trunk link technology applies to this scenario.
VLAN 3
GE0/0/ GE0/0/1
Switch A Switch B
2
GE0/0/4 GE0/0/3
Trunk Link
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Communication Between VLANs
L2 switch + router
Router
Switch
Access Port
VLAN 2 VLAN 3
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Communication Between VLANs
VLANIF interfaces are L3 logical interfaces and can be
deployed on both L3 switches and routers.
Switch
VLANIF VLANIF
VLAN 2 VLAN 3
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Self-Test Questions
Multiple Choice (Only one answer is correct.)
A. Collision domain
B. Broadcast domain
C. Management domain
D. Autonomy domain
A. By port
B. By MAC address
C. By protocol
D. By physical location
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Contents
1. Basic Ethernet technologies
3. VLAN basics
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Contents
4. Configurations of interconnected Ethernet ports
4.1 Topology Description
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Topology Description
G1/0/1.1
BTS
G1/0/2.2
G1/0/2.1
.
Trunk
Vlanif
G1/0/1.1
G1/0/2.2
G1/0/2.1
BSC/RNC
E0/3/0
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Contents
4. Configurations of interconnected Ethernet ports
4.1 Topology Description
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Task 1: Configuring an Interconnected
Port on the Base Station Side
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Task 2: Configuring an Interconnected
Port on the RNC Side
Step Task Description
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Contents
4. Configurations of interconnected Ethernet ports
4.1 Topology Description
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Step 1: Creating a Sub-Interface
Parameter introduction:
Sub-interface ID: 10
Sub-interface name:
Ethernet 0/3/2.10
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Step 2: Configuring Attributes for the Sub-
Interface
Parameter introduction:
Termination mode :
Dot1q
VLAN ID: 10
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Step 3: Adding an IP Address
Parameter introduction:
IPv4 address:
192.168.10.1/24
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Result Verification
On the interface query tab page, you can see that the Ethernet
0/3/2.10 interface has been successfully configured and its
attributes are displayed in the Common tab page .
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Contents
4. Configurations of interconnected Ethernet ports
4.1 Topology Description
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Step 1: Configuring a L2 Ethernet Port
Parameter introduction:
The interconnected
physical port is
configured to be a L2
port and it allows the
passing-through of
tagged data frames.
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Step 2: Creating a VLAN
Parameter introduction:
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Step 3: Changing the VLAN Attributes for
the Port
Parameter introduction:
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Step 4: Creating a VLANIF Interface
Parameter introduction:
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Step 5: Adding an IP Address
Parameter introduction:
IPv4 address:
192.168.2.1/30
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Result Verification
On the interface query tab page, you can see that the
VLANIF200 interface has been successfully configured and its
attributes are displayed in the Common tab page.
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Summary
1. Basic Ethernet technologies
3. VLAN basics
Copyright 2011 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page65
Thank you
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