SESION 1

Megamente
 Test Evaluacin de Nivel

http://www.sprachcaffe.com/espanol/test-
nivel/test-ingles.htm#_

http://www.abaenglish.com/es/result/lower-
intermediate/

Ingresar a la pgina hacer el examen e imprimir pantallazo

del nivel en que ha sido calificado
zzz
The article
 1. The indefinite article a, an
The indefinite article a is the same for all genders.
a boy
a girl
a cat

The indefinite article has no plural form.

a boy boys
We use an if the following word starts with a spoken vowel.
The indefinite article a, an
 2. Use of the indefinite article a/an
2.1. before phrases of time and measurements
(per week/weekly)

We have English 4 times a week.

I go on holiday twice a year.
Our car can do 220 kilometres an hour.
Tomatoes are $2 a kilo.
 2. Use of the indefinite article a/an
2.2. before phrases of jobs
My father is a car mechanic.

2.3. with a noun complement

He is a good boy.

2.4. before phrases of nationality

Bruce Springsteen is an American.

2.5. half/quite
We need half a pound of sugar.
This is quite a good story.
 3. The definite article the
The definite article the is the same for all
genders in singular and in plural.

the boy
the girl
the cat
the computers
 The definite article the

If the following word begins with a consonant, we speak [], if

the following word begins with a vowel, we speak [i:].

] [i:]
the following word starts with a he following word starts with a
spoken consonant spoken vowel

the girl the English girl

the book the orange book
the school the old school
El nmero de los sustantivos en Ingls
(Singular /Plural)
En ingls, la mayora de las palabras se pluralizan agregando una "s" al
singular, pero veremos que tambin hay otras formas. La mayora agrega
"s" al Singular

Singular Plural
boy (boi) - nio boys (bis) - nios
girl (gurl) - nia girls (gurls) - nias
car (car) - auto cars (cars) - autos
plane (plin) - avin planes (plins) - aviones
boat (but) - barco boats (buts) - barcos
 Hay Sustantivos con
plurales irregulares
Singular
Plural
man (man) - hombre men (men) - hombres
woman (wman) - mujer women (wumen) - mujeres
person (prson) - persona people (ppl) - personas
child (child) - nio children (chldren) - nios
tooth (tz) - diente, muela teeth (tiz) - dientes, muelas
foot (ft) - pie feet (fit) - pies
louse (lus) - piojo lice (lis) - piojos
mouse (mus) - ratn mice (mis) - ratones
ox (ks) - buey oxen (ksen) - bueyes
goose (gsss) - ganso geese (guis) - gansos
 Hay sustantivos que
son siempre plurales

trousers (trusers) - pantalones thanks (znks) - gracias

pants (pnts) - pantalones
pajamas (padchmas) - pijama
drawers (drers) - calzoncillos
clothes (clus) - ropa
scissors (ssors) - tijeras
glasess (glses) - anteojos
goods (gds) - mercancas
stairs (strs) - escaleras
savings (sivings) - ahorros
scales (skils) - balanza
pincers (pncers) - pinzas
shorts (shrts) - pantalones cortos
shears (shers) - tijeras para podar
tweezers (tuisers) - pinzas de depilar
binoculars (binkiulars) - prismticos
measles (msls) - sarampin
mumps (mmps) - paperas
 Algunos sustantivos
tienen la misma forma en el plural y en el singular

sheep (ship) - oveja / ovejas

fish (fsh) - pez / peces
fowl (ful) - ave de corral / aves de corral
deer (dir) - ciervo / ciervos
moose (mus) - alce / alces
species (spshis) - especie / especies
aircraft (ercraft) - avin / aviones
means (mins) - medio / medios
 Cuando terminan en " s/z/x/sh" o "ch", agregan "es" para
formar el plural

Singular
dress (drs) - vestido
bus (bs) - autobs
buzz (bss) - zumbido
church (chrch) - iglesia
beach (bich) - playa
dish (dish) - plato
brush (brsh) - cepillo
box (bx) - caja
fox (fox) - zorro
Plural
dresses (drsis) - vestidos
buses (bsis) - autobuses
buzzes (bssis) - zumbidos
churches (chrchis) - iglesias
beaches (bichis) - playas
dishes (dshis) - platos
brushes (brshis) - cepillos
boxes (bxis) - cajas
foxes (fxis) - zorros
 Cuando los sustantivos terminan en "o" hay dos maneras:
-Si la "o" es precedida por una consonante, las palabras agregan "es".
(hay muchas exepciones a esta regla)

Singular Plural
potato (potitou) - papa potatoes (potitous) - papas
tomato (tomitou) - tomate tomatoes (tomitous) - tomates
hero (jrou) - hroe heroes (jrous) - hroes
echo (kou) - eco echoes (kous) - ecos
torpedo (torpdou) - torpedo torpedoes (torpdous) - torpedos
 -Si la "o" es precedida por una vocal, agregan "s"

Singular Plural

rodeos (rudios) - rodeos

rodeo (rudio) - rodeo
patio (ptio) - patio trasero patios (ptios) - patios
 Cuando los sustantivos terminan en "y", hay dos maneras:
-Si la " y" es precedida por una consonante, la " y" cambia por "ies"

Singular Plural
city (cti) - ciudad cities (ctis) - ciudades
lady (lidi) - seora ladies (lidis) - seoras
story (stri) - historia stories (stris) - historias
fly (fli) - mosca flies (flis) - moscas
country (cntri) - pas countries (cntris) - paises

Si la "y" es precedida por una vocal, agregan una "s"

Singular Plural
boy (bi) - chico boys (bis) - chicos
day (di) - da days (dis) - das
 Algunos que con terminacin en
"f " o "fe", cambian por "ves"

Singular Plural

life (lif) - vida lives (livs) vidas

wife (uif) - esposa
knife (nif) - cuchillo
thief (zif) - ladrn
half (jf) - mitad
calf (cf) - ternero
elf (lf) - duende
shelf (shlf) - estante
loaf (luf) - hogaza de pan
wolf (wlf) - lobo
sheaf (shif) - fajo
leaf (lif) - hoja
wives (uivs) - esposas
knives (nivs) - cuchillos
thieves (zivs) - ladrones
halves (jvs) - mitades
calves (cvs) - terneros
elves (lvs) - duendes
shelves (shlvs) - estantes
loaves (luvs) - hogazas de pan
wolves (wlvs) - lobos
sheaves (shivs) - fajos
leaves (livs) - hojas
 Cuando terminan en "is", cambian por "es"

Singular
thesis (zses) - tesis
analysis (anlises) - anlisis
crisis (crises) - crisis
oasis (ouises) - oasis
hypothesis (jaipzeses) - hiptesis
diagnosis (daiagnuses) - diagnsis
Plural
theses (zsis) - tesis
analyses (anlisis) - anlisis
crises (crisis) - crisis
oases (ouisis) - oasis
hypotheses (jaipzisis) - hiptesis
diagnoses (daiagnusis) - diagnsis
 Cuando terminan en "us", cambian us por "i"

Singular
cactus (cctos) - cacto
nucleus (niklios) - ncleo
focus (fukes) - foco, centro
stimulus (stmiulas) - estmulo
syllabus (slabas) - programa de estudios
Plural
cacti (cctai) - cactos
nuclei (nuklii) - ncleos
foci (fusi) - focos, centros
stimuli (stmiuli) - estmulos
syllabi (slabai) - programas de estudio
 Cuando terminan en "on", cambian por "a"

Singular Plural

criterion (craitrion) - criterio criteria (craitria) - criterios

phenomenon (fenmenon) - fenmeno phenomena (fenmena) - fenmenos
El Gnero de los sustantivos en Ingls
(Gender)

En ingls la mayora de las palabras que sirven

indistintamente para masculino y femenino:
friend = amigo/a, writer = escritor/a, etc. Pero
aqu veremos tambin cmo se pueden hacer
distinciones.
 La mayora de los sustantivos sirven
indistintamente para masculino o
femenino

friend (frnd) - amigo / amiga

writer (riter) - escritor / escritora
teacher (tcher) - profesor / profesora
pupil (pipil) - alumno / alumna
lawyer (lier) - abogado / abogada
 Algunos sustantivos
cambian en su forma de acuerdo al gnero
Masculine Feminine
king (king) - rey queen (kuin) - reina
prince (prins) - prncipe princess (prnces) - princesa
actor (ctor) - actor actress (ctres) - actriz
waiter (witer) - camarero waitress (witres) - camarera
host (just) - anfitrin hostess (justes) - anfitriona
god (gd) - dios goddess (gdes) - diosa
heir (er) - heredero heiress (eres) - heredera
hero (jrou) - hroe heroine (jrouin) - herona
 For Persons
Masculine
man (man) - hombre
boy (bi) - nio
father (fder) - padre
husband (jsband) - marido
son (san) - hijo
brother (brder) - hermano
uncle (nkl) - to
nephew (nfiu) - sobrino
boyfriend (bifrend) - novio
gentleman (yntlman) - seor
Feminine
woman (wman) - mujer
girl (gurl) - nia
mother (mder) - madre
wife (wif) - esposa
daughter (dter) - hija
sister (sster) - hermana
aunt (ant) - ta
niece (nis) - sobrina
girlfriend (gurlfrend) - novia
lady (lidi) - seora
 For Animals

Masculine Feminine
bull (bl) - toro cow (cu) - vaca
cock (ck) - gallo hen (jen) - gallina
lion (lion) - len lioness (liones) - leona
tiger (tiguer) - tigre tigress (tigres) - tigresa
stallion (stlion) - semental mare (mr) - yegua
drake (drik) - pato duck (dk) - pata
ram (rm) - carnero ewe (i) - oveja
 Podemos hacer una distincin agregando las palabras male (mil) -para
masculino- o female (fimil) -para femenino-.

Para profesiones, podemos anteponer man o woman al sustantivo

Masculine
A male pupil - un alumno
A male dancer - un bailarn
A male canary - un canario
A male baby - un beb
A man doctor - un doctor
A man lawyer - un abogado
Feminine
A female pupil - una alumna
A female dancer - una bailarina
A female canary - una canaria
A female baby - una beb;
A woman doctor - una doctora
A woman lawyer - una abogada
 Grammatical Rules
(Reglas gramaticales)
PRONOUNS
I She
He

We
Definition
"Pronoun" is the sentence
element used to replace a
noun, or a noun equivalent
construction.
PERSONAL
PRONOUN
Here are the personal pronouns, followed by some example sentences:

personal pronouns
number person gender subject object
1st male/female I me
2nd male/female you you
singular male he him
3rd female she her
neuter it it
1st male/female we us

plural 2nd male/female you you

male/female/
3rd they them
neuter

Examples (in each case, the first example shows a subject pronoun, the second
an object pronoun):
 Form (Forma)
Para conjugar el presente simple usamos el
infinitivo para los sujetos "I", "you", "we" y
"they" y para las terceras personas "he",
"she" y "it", aadimos un "-s" al final del
verbo.

Nota: Ten en cuenta que los verbos que

terminen en "-o" aadimos "-es".
Structure (Estructura)
Affirmative Sentences
(Frases afirmativas)
Ejemplos:
I talk. (Yo hablo.)
He eats. (l come.)
They learn. (Ellos aprenden.)
Negative Sentences (Frases
negativas)
Ejemplos:
I do not [don't] talk. (Yo no hablo.)
He does not [doesn't] eat. (l no come.)
They do not [don't] learn. (Ellos no
aprenden.)

Nota: En frases negativas, el verbo

auxiliar ("to do") cambia y el verbo
principal es en el infinitivo.
Interrogative Sentences
(Frases interrogativas)
Ejemplos:
Do you talk? (Hablas t?)
Does he eat? (Come l?)
Do they learn? (Aprenden ellos?)

Nota: Como en frases negativas, en frases

interrogativas el verbo auxiliar ("to do")
cambia y el verbo principal es en el infinitivo.
 Uses (Usos)
El presente simple se utiliza para hablar de
cosas que suceden habitualmente. A diferencia
a espaol, no se usa el presente simple para
hablar sobre algo que est pasando en el
momento en el que hablamos.

Ejemplos:

I always talk to my mother on Sunday.

(Siempre hablo con mi madre el domingo.)

He never eats vegetables. (Nunca come

las verduras.)

They usually learn something new in

class. (Normalmente aprenden algo nuevo
en la clase.)
Se suele utilizar el presente simple
con adverbios de tiempo:
Always (siempre);
everyday (cada da);
usually (normalmente);
often (a menudo);
sometimes (a veces);
rarely (raramente);
hardly ever (casi nunca) and
never (nunca)
Los adverbios de tiempo van delante
del verbo, excepto el verbo "to be"
(ser/estar). Cuando se usa "to be" el
verbo va delante del adverbio.

Ejemplos:
I am always happy. (Siempre estoy
contento.)

He is often sick. (A menudo l est

enfermo.)

They are rarely late. (En raras

ocasiones llegan tarde.)
Se utiliza para hablar de
generalidades o hechos cientficos.
Ejemplos:

He does not [doesn't] eat vegetables. (l no

come verduras.)

She works in a hospital. (Ella trabaja en una

hospital.)

Elephants live in Africa. (Los elefantes viven

en frica.)

Do children like animals? (Les gustan a los

nios los animales?)
Se usa para eventos programados
en el futuro prximo.
Ejemplos:

The train leaves at 10:00. (El tren sale a las

10h.)

The party is tonight. (La fiesta es esta

noche.)

Does the festival start tomorrow?

(Empieza el festival maana?)

The plane does not [doesn't] arrive today.

(El avin no llega hoy.)
Se usa para instruciones :

Ejemplos:

Open the window. (Abre la ventana.)

Eat the vegetables. (Come las

verduras.)

Don't cry. (No llores.)

Do your homework. (Haz los deberes.)

Call your mother. (Llama a tu madre.)

The verb be (am, are, is) in a text
Lets practice Ejercicio:
Put in the following forms of be (am, are, is) into the gaps in the text.
Do not use short/contracted forms.
The verb be (am, are, is) in a text

Peter Baker is from Manchester, but Paul and John are

from London. Manchester and London are cities in
England. Hamburg is a city in Germany. Sandra is at
school today. Jack and Peter are her friends. They are in
the same class. Mr and Mrs Baker are on a trip to the USA
to visit their cousin Anne. She is a nice girl. Peter says:
"My grandfather is in hospital. I am at home with my
grandmother." What time is it? It is 8 o'clock. are you
tired? No, I am not.
Vocabulario Odontolgico 1.
A abscess D decay H health N needle S sealant
ache degree healthy nerve shot
acid dental hurt numb sink
adult teeth dental school hygiene nurse smile
alignment dentist hygienist sugar
amalgam dentures O office surgery
anesthesia diagnosis I impacted open suture
anesthetic diploma implant operate sweets
appointment drill impression oral surgery
assistant incision orthodontist T teeth
E eat incisor overbite tissue
B baby teeth education infection tooth
bacteria enamel inflammation P pain toothache
bands endodontics injection painful toothbrush
bib exam injury painless tooth fairy
bicuspid examination inlay palate toothpaste
bite instrument permanent teeth toothpick
braces F face insurance partial treatment
bridge false teeth patient
bristle fear J jaw periodontal U underbite
brush filling plaque
floss L lab premolar W white
C canine fluoride laboratory prevention whiten
caps food lips primary teeth wisdom tooth
caries front teeth local protect wisdom teeth
cavity local anesthesia pull
cement G gargle pulp X x-ray
checkup gingivitis M malocclusion pyorrhea
chew gold medication
cleaning gums medicine R remedy
consultation molar retainer
correction mold rinse
crown mouth root
cuspid root canal
rubber bands