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Synthetic ropes are normally made from polyamide ( nylon ), polyester, polyethylene
or polypropylene or a combination of these materials
Types of materials
Aramid the strongest man made fibre with the lowest extension under
load. Good chemical resistance but low abrasion resistance. Difficult to
splice. Does not float. Weight for weight it is about five times stronger
than steel. Aramid fibre mooring ropes need to be sheathed to avoid
damage from ultra-violet. Melting point 260.
Polyester the heaviest man made fibre rope. Low extension under load.
High strength wet or dry. Strength is slightly less than dry nylon rope.
Good abrasion resistance. Resists acids, oils and organic solvents but
damaged by alkalis. Does not float. Relatively high melting point of 230-
260 ok for resisting fusion around drums. Higher melting point.
Polypropylene lightest of man made fibres. Approximately the same
stretch as polyester rope. Weaker than polyester and nylon. Resists acids,
alkalis and oils but can be affected by bleaching agents and some industrial
solvents. Neither absorbs or retains water. Has the same strength wet or
dry. Does not sink. It has a low melting point 165 and tends to fuse under
high friction. Prone to ultra-violet damage.
If any cut penetrates through 25% of the area of one or more strands of a 3, 6 or 9
strand rope, the rope should be cut and spliced or retired.
Double braid ropes have more strands if more than about 10% of the entire cover
strands are cut then the rope should be retired.
CUTS
EXTERNAL ABRASION & FUSION
INTERNAL ABRASION
HOCKLING
BROKEN CORE
ULTRAVIOLET DAMAGE
CHEMICAL DAMAGE
SPLICES
Low elasticity
Better strength/diameter ratio than most synthetic ropes
Smaller diameter suitable for storage reels linked to winches
A standard mooring line is 6-strand ordinary lay construction, usually right handed
with a steel or fibre core. Usually galvanised. Ropes used with conventional hand
mooring systems have a fibre core for ease in manual handling. Ropes used with
self-storing powered winched have a steel wire core.
Ropes with a steel wire core have the following advantages over fibre core rope of
the same diameter
6 x 24 FC
6 x 37 FC
6 X 36 FC
6 X 36 IWRC
6 X 41 IWRC
Wires of 22-40 mm diameter are usually 6 x 36 construction, and larger wires 6 x 41.
The maximum diameter usually found in standard service is about 44mm.
SWRs are extremely inelastic and are too rigid for efficient absorption of
shock movements but a degree of elasticity can be introduced by attaching
a synthetic fibre rope tail (usually nylon) to the outboard end of the wire.
The length of the tail should not exceed 11 metres.
Three strand should not be used
The BS of the tail should exceed that of the wire by at least 25%
If a nylon rope is used it should have at least 37% more strength than
the wire rope (to make allowance for a reduction of strength when wet)
The tail should be attached to the wire by using a special joining shackle
designed to reduce wear on the rope (no fucken cow hitches)
Material
Construction
Length
Diameter
Unless a specially designed mechanical stopper is used, only chain stoppers should be
used on wire ropes. (cow hitch start)
Brake holding power (BHP) is the maximum tension that the winch brake is able
to hold. Winches are designed so that the BHP is always greater than the render
value of the winch.
The force at which the brake will slip will depend upon
Types of fairleads
Advantages
very stable under load and will strongly resist any attempt to drag or turn
over due to the stock
Disadvantages
cumbersome
can foul itself on own chain
only one fluke to bury
Stockless
Advantages
Hove flush
Flattens when it hits the sea bed less likely to foul on own chain
Flukes swing to either side of the head
Head fitted with tripping palm forcing flukes to travel through 30 to
40 when on the sea bed under load.
Disadvantages
Open end links can allow a chain to kink or become twisted and the link itself can
bend out of shape quite easily.
Stud links resist kinks forming in the chain and are not commonly known to lose
their shape. The stud within the link provides an additional 15% strength and
prevents longitudinal stretching.
Stud links are made of forged steel, the stud and link being fashioned either as one
piece or the stud being forced into the open link under great pressure.
Kenter links are made up of three principle interlocking pieces held in position
using a fourth piece, the spile pin, which is held in place with a lead pellet.
The anchor crown shackle is attached to the anchor after two or more open and
enlarged links between the kenter shackle and the crown or lugged shackle and opens
to a kenter.
Locker clench usually internal for bitter end but may be lead through.
Smith clip external, housed variation of locker clench with water tight housing.
Slip rope (usually a wire rope), is rigged to enable letting go without shore crew.
Seized eye on slip wire fed through to messenger line and retrieved on board.
Risks with auto-tension the load which a winch can heave in is always less than the
load at which it will render. Hence if a winch renders it is impossible to heave in
unless the load forcing it to render decreases.
If due to some reason, like a change in wind direction or force of wind or current, the
bow winch renders, the ship will drift astern and the aft winch will heave in the slack
sternline. The two winches can work opposite to each other so that the ship walks
along the jetty.
Construction of ropes ropes consist of many fibres laid up to form a yarn (or
single length). Many yarns form a strand and two or more strands form a rope.
Langs Lay ropes must never be used to suspend a free hanging load as the rope will
rotate and unlay, and lose strength rapidly