Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
HU - 226
CHAPTER # 1
ETHICS AND THEIR NEED
1.1 MEANING OF ETHICS
Moral values are fundamental beliefs about what is good
or bad, right or wrong, like it is wrong to hurt any person; while
ethics are standards of conduct in keeping with morals values,
like speak truth, etc.
Ethics is defined as the discipline dealing with what is
good and bad and with moral duty and obligation. It is a branch
of philosophy that addresses questions about morality, which
means the concepts of good or evil, right or wrong. It is a code of
conduct for a person according to which he is expected or is
required to behave or interact with others. It is thus a particular
set of beliefs, attitudes, and habits that a person or group displays
concerning morality. It is therefore a matter of principled
sensitivity to rights of others.
1.2 NEED OF ETHICS
Man is a social animal who not only has to live with others,
but is also interdependent upon them. The society can work
properly only when its members follow certain norms of behavior,
which are clearly defined and segregate right from wrong, good
from bad, and acceptable from unacceptable. The religions always
provided these norms or guidelines, and philosophers also worked
extensively on them. Thus, highly acceptable moral norms and
standards were formulated, which are known as ethics.
1.3 CODE OF CONDUCT / ETHICS
A code of conduct or ethics is a moral framework of
standard conduct that applies to all individuals within society,
which every rational person wants every other person to follow.
These may include:
Respect the right of others;
Show fairness in your dealings with others;
Be honest with others;
Keep promises and contracts;
Consider the welfare of others; and
Show compassion to others.
However, separate code of ethics have also been prepared
and followed by members of different professional bodies. These
codes include the above universal standards plus those specific to
their profession. All the code of ethics are not laws or punishable,
unless the violation also breaks the countrys laws. However,
these codes are respected and their violation is not considered as
desirable.
CHAPTER # 2
ENGINEERING ETHICS
2.1 WHO IS ENGINEER AND ENGINEERING PROFESSION
An engineer is a person who has the educational
qualification to adopt engineering profession. The Profession
means job or occupation and to be a professional at some
activity means merely to earn ones living through it. Thus
professionals are those who have knowledge of the profession,
are engaged in that professional activity and doing some public
good. A professional engineer is considered to be a person who
has at least a bachelors degree from a recognized institute,
engaged in engineering related job/work, member of concerned
recognized Engineering Council/Association, and acts in morally
responsible ways while practicing engineering.
2.2 WHY ENGINEERING ETHICS ARE NEEDED?
Engineers create products and processes to satisfy basic
human needs of food, shelter and in addition enhance the
convenience and comfort level of human beings and make our
everyday life more beautiful. They even make possible
spectacular human triumphs once dreamed of in myth and
scientific fiction like space shuttle programs. The outcome of
engineers is always practical in nature. Such outcomes are mostly
usually considered to be the design, manufacturing and operation
of useful devices, products and processes, often done at a large
scale. To realize these outcomes, the engineers use their
knowledge of science and math, combined with imaginations,
reasoning, judgements, and experiences. These outcomes have
made enormous contributions to the material well being of
individuals around the world, but each creates enormous risks,
which can result in drastic human, material and financial losses.
Incidently, the great liability of engineer compared to men of
other professions is that his works are out in the open where all
can see them. His acts, step by step, are in hard substance. He
cannot bury his mistakes in grave like the doctors. He cannot
avoid the blames like judges, lawyers, architects, politicians, etc.,
because he simply cannot deny that he did it. If his work does not
work, he is damned. Hence one may conclude that need of
engineering ethics is due to:
Cost of engineering lapses, which could be too high.
Inappropriate development of technology is on the increase,
like defense production, which is destructive of moral values
of mankind. Presently defense industry is the largest
industry in the world. Pornography could also be cited as
example.
Appropriate technology is available for certain basic human
necessities, like 1.2 Billion persons do not have the facility of
clean drinking water, but appropriate funding is not being
provided for it to use the said technology.
The engineers have to tackle some morality problems when
they have to make some compromises in design, input
materials, production or quality due to conflicting morality of
other concerned people like owners, managers, competitors
or even consumers. The engineers, thus, have to draw a line
beyond which the product becomes harmful and the
engineer should not become party to that.
2.3 DEFINITION / MEANING OF ENGINEERING ETHICS
Engineering ethics are defined as the study of moral
issues and decisions confronting individuals and organizations
engaged in engineering, and the study of related questions about
the moral ideas, character, policies, and relationships of people
and corporations engaged in technological activities. The
engineering ethics constitute the rules and standards governing
the conduct of engineers in their role as professionals. In other
words it is a body of philosophy indicating the ways that
engineers should conduct themselves in the professional capacity.
However there are also ethics for engineering, which have wider
scope than ethics of engineers as these apply to engineering
practices and also include decisions made by others engaged in
controlling the technological enterprises, including scientists,
managers, production workers, technicians, supervisors, sales
staff, govt. officials, elected representatives, lawyers, and the
general public.
The Engineering Code of Ethics provides a framework for
ethical judgements for a professional. These codes express the
rights, duties, and obligations of the members of engineering
profession.
These codes of ethics are not something which an
engineer may remember by heart, but these are
something that engineers need to understand and be able
to live by as engineers.
CHAPTER # 3
ENGINEERING AS SOCIAL
EXPERIMENTATION
3.1 WHAT IS EXPERIMENT
To undertake a great work, and especially a work of novel
type, means carrying out an experiment. It means taking up a
struggle with the forces of nature without the assurance of
emerging as a victor after the first attempt. In other words it is
trying to do something new or novel, the outcome of which could
be success or failure and one works in the situation of uncertainty.
3.2 WHY ENGINEERING IS SOCIAL EXPEREIMENT?
All products of technology present some potential
dangers, and thus engineering is an inherently risky activity. In
order to underscore this fact and help in exploring its ethical
implications, engineering should be viewed as an experimental
process. It is not an experiment conducted solely in laboratory
controlled conditions. It is an experiment on a social scale
involving human subjects. Experimentation is commonly
recognized to play an essential role in the design process.
Preliminary tests or simulations are conducted from the time it is
decided to convert a new engineering concept into its first rough
design. Materials and processes are tried out, usually employing
formal experimental techniques. Such tests serve as the basis for
more detailed designs which, in turn, are tested. At the production
stage, further tests are run until a finished product evolves. The
normal design process is thus iterative, carried out on trial
designs, with modifications being made on the basis of feedback
information acquired from tests. Beyond those specific tests and
experiments, however, each engineering project, taken as a
totality, may itself be viewed as an experiment.
3.5 CONSCIENTIOUSNESS
It means the awareness or sensitivity to the full range of
moral values and responsibilities that are relevant to a given
situation and the willingness to develop the skills and expend the
effort needed to reach the best balance possible among those
considerations. The engineers, therefore, have to keep their eyes
open, ears open, and an open mind to recognize the situation, its
implications, and identify who is involved or affected.
Conscientiousness is blind without relevant factual information.
Hence an engineer has to be committed to get all relevant
information to meet his moral obligations.
3.6 ADVANTAGE OF CONCIEVING ENGINEERING AS
SOCIAL EXPERIMENTATION
It restores the vision of engineer as guardians of public
interest, whose professional duty demands him to guard the
welfare and safety of those affected by engineering projects. And
this helps that safety and welfare will not be disregarded in the
quest for new knowledge, the rush for profits, a narrow adherence
to rules, or a concern over benefits for the many, which ignores
harm to the few.
CHAPTER # 4
ETHICAL THEORIES
4.1 HISTORY
The known ethical thinking started with Divine guidance
like teachings of Judaism and later by Greek philosophers like
Plato and Aristotle. The theories at that time were virtue based.
Aristotle defined virtue as an acquired habit which enables us to
engage effectively in rational activities. Wisdom is most
important virtue and good judgement necessary for successful
rational activities ranging from engineering to philosophical
inquiry. He gave the theory that tendencies find Golden Mean
between the extremes too much (excess) and too little
(deficiency). He believed each virtue governing a part aspect of
our life, like courage governs confrontation with danger and risk.
Later a number of virtue theories were also presented by other
philosophers and thinkers.
CHAPTER # 5
ENGINEERS RESPONSIBILITY FOR
SAFETY AND RISK
5.1 SAFETY
Everyone demands safe products and service as no one
wishes to be threatened by potential harms. But it is a
complicated matter as one thing is safe for one and may not be
for another, like a saw is useful for a wood cutter but may not be
safe in the hands of a child. Absolute safety, in the sense of a
degree that satisfies all individuals or groups under all conditions
is neither attainable nor affordable. Safety is defined as a thing is
safe if its risks are judged to be acceptable.
5.2 RISK
Risk is the potential that something unwanted and harmful
may occur or possibility of suffering harm or loss. We engage in
risk behavior when we do something that is unsafe, and
something is unsafe if it involves substantial risk of injury or
damage. The risk is considered acceptable when the people are
generally no longer (or not) apprehensive about it (i.e. how much
they perceive the gravity or possibility of risk). Risks are of
following types:
Voluntary vs. Involuntary
Many consider something safer if they knowingly take
the risk, but would find it unsafe if forced to do, like
buying a cheaper house near a plant that emits toxic
waste into the air.
Short Term vs. Long Term Consequences
Something that might cause a short term illness or
disability seem safer that will result in permanent
disability after a long period of time, like in an activity
the fractured leg risk will appear much less a risk than
losing the life.
Expected Probability
Many would consider one in million chances of severe
injury to be acceptable risk, where as a 50-50 chance of
minor injury may not be acceptable.
Reversible Effects
Something will seem less risky if the bad effects are
ultimately reversible.
Threshold Levels of Risk
Something that is risky only at fairly high exposures will
seem safer than something with a uniform exposure of
risks, like low levels of nuclear radiations could be
beneficial, but beyond a threshold really fatal.
Delayed vs. Immediate Risk
An activity whose harm is delayed for many years will
seem much less risky than something with an
immediate effect; like high fat diet has risks in long
term and may be acceptable, but skydiving with very
high immediate risk unacceptable.
CHAPTER # 6
ENGINEERS RESPONSIBILITIES AND
RIGHTS
6.1 ENGINEERS RIGHTS
Human right to pursue their work and not to be unfairly
discriminated against in employment on the basis of gender,
race or age.
Institutional rights arising from specific agreement in the
contract, like salary, leaves, etc. The terms of employment
cant be altered to the disadvantage of employee engineer
without his prior consent.
Right to exercise professional judgment in pursuing
professional responsibilities. Pursuing these responsibilities
involve exercising both technical judgment and moral
conviction.
Right of institutional recognition of rights like of professional
conscience, obligation to protect the safety and well being of
the public, right to follow the code of conduct of their
professional bodies/Associations, etc.
Right to refuse to engage in unethical behavior, like
compromises on design, manufacturing, quality etc. This is
also known as right of conscientious refusal.
Right to professional recognition for their work and
accomplishments. Part of this involves fair monetary
remunerations, and part nonmonetary forms of recognition.
Right to pursue outside activities i.e. private life off the job
6. 2 ENGINEERS RESPONSIBILITIES
Loyalty to employer in fulfilling contractual duties and
lawful order.
Loyalty to respective Professional Associations, of which he is
the member.
Loyalty to group with which working.
One may leave the organization if one feels that there is
conflict between his and organizational goals and practices
and it is impossible to conform to organizational goals and
remain loyal with them.
Collegiality i.e. respect of other engineers engaged in
producing socially useful and safe products; commitment
(i.e. sharing a devotion) to the moral ideals inherent in the
practice of engineering; and connectedness (i.e. an
awareness of being part of a co-operative undertaking
created by shared commitments and expertise). Thus
collegiality provides an environment having professionalism,
a general sense of well being, and a spirit of cooperation.
Confidentiality of information and proprietary
information from those whom one is not supposed to give
it.
Not to indulge in illegal gratification by accepting
bribes as these place one in compromising situation in
which one has to fulfill the immoral demands of person
offering bribes (This does not bar gift acceptance, which are
permitted by organizational rules, are of nominal value, and
do not put one in compromising positions).
Not to indulge in organizational crimes like
embezzlement and fraud; leaking trade secrets; white collar
crimes like manipulating records, premature leaking of
information; theft of computer information;
disclosure/smuggling of trade secrets and conducting illegal
industrial espionage i.e. spying on others, but counter-
intelligence is perfectly legal and essential.
6.3 METHODS TO ACHIEVE COLLEGIALITY
Collegiality can be achieved by,
Identifying a handful of persons who are central to the
collegiality of organization and their attitude and shared
values become model and inspiration for others.
Establishing/restoring a sense of professionalism.
Providing/giving healthy/dynamic organizational visions, like
we want organization to achieve this and this standard, etc.
Defining expectations of employees so that they may not
face disappointment in future.
Paying attention to structure of organization for providing
effective means of collegiality.
Score keeping i.e. defining the yard stick of measuring input
of engineers in productivity.
Compensation system, which motivates engineers, gives
rewards and identifies the ties with partners/owners/seniors.
Having trust on engineers and inculcating trust and vice
versa.
Recognizing formal and informal leadership and effectively
utilizing them.
Fair selection of deserving persons, otherwise it will be GIGO
(garbage in and garbage out).
Having helpful attitude.
Giving balance in power distributions as absolute power can
corrupt a person, and less power can make the job/decision
making difficult/poor.
Evaluating partners in constructive and positive spirit.
Defining organizational approach for tackling problem
partners.
Focusing attention on business and organizational
development.
CHAPTER # 7
THE CONTROVERSIAL ETHIC--WHISTLE
BLOWING
7.1 WHAT IS WHISTLE BLOWING
It is the most controversial topic in engineering ethics. It is
normally making public accusations about misconduct by ones
organization. It may involve public statements outside the
organization, like to press, and sometimes whistle is blown within
the organization, whether in bypassing approved organized
channels or by going against the desires of ones supervisor or
others. The whistle is blown with the intention that someone
competent may take action on the problem. It would be open
whistle blowing when individuals conveying information openly
also convey their identity; while it is anonymous whistle
blowing if they conceal their identity.
7.2 MAIN FEATURES OF WHISTLE BLOWING
Information is intentionally conveyed outside approved
organizational channels or in situation where the person
conveying it is under pressure from supervisor or others not
to do so.
The information concerns, what the person believes, is a
significant moral problem for the organization; like criminal
behavior, unethical practices, injustice to workers within the
organization and serious threats to public safety and well-
being.
The person disclosing is in service or ex-employee of the
organization.
The information is conveyed to a person or organization
which is in a position to act on the problem and take
remedial measures.
CHAPTER # 8
GLOBAL ISSUES IN ETHICAL PRACTICES
8.1 GLOBALIZATION
In the recent past, technology and media expansion have
shrunk the world and society, reinforcing the concept of all
people having common concerns, and needing to reconcile
differences in their value systems.
These changes in outlook have been reflected in significant
international high-level discussions driven by the recognition
of common concerns of all national communities.
The globalization of markets has been accompanied by the
development and growth of multinational corporations
(MNCs) which operate across local and national boundaries.
The increasing international flows of capital, technology,
trade and people have had the effect of changing the nature
of local organizations, governments and people of countries,
and have led to social changes and development.
8.2 CROSS-CULTURAL ISSUES
World communities are much more interdependent. Differing
views as to the nature of the good and of the right have a
real impact on peace and prosperity.
The decisions of a single powerful individual can affect the
lives of many millions of others for better or for worse. The
issues arising from this globalization are complex.
They require an in-depth study of the value systems and the
physical, economic, political and cultural parameters of all
the individuals and communities involved. This requires a
cross-cultural ethical audit of a much more strategic nature
than the audit of a particular project or enterprise.
The professional engineer may have neither the training nor
the experience to carry out such a study. It, however, be
within his authority to ensure that all these factors are
considered, and to engage the assistance of fellow
professionals who can make an objective and understanding
assessment of the situation.
The operations under consideration may involve a highly
degree of risk. They may be subject to fluctuations in the
money markets, or instability and disturbance in some of the
nations involved.
One of the most rewarding aspects of the engineering
profession is the enabling of activities that improve the
quality of the lives of others, without diminishing the rich
variety of human experience and fulfillment.
Responding to ethical dilemmas in the engineering context
cannot always be straightforward, not least because life
itself is rarely so. Hence, handling such dilemmas requires:
a. Ethical thinking that enables the professional to
understanding the data, values and consequence of the
case.
b. Careful attention to methods so that the dilemma is not
turned into a crusade social and self-awareness and the
development of a professional value system.
c. Awareness and development of codes of ethics, in particular
companies, or on a particular project, so that ethical
discussions are open and evident.
d. Awareness and development of interdisciplinary codes and
cross-cultural factors.
8.3 ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS
One of the most important political issues of the late 20 th
century has been environmental protection and the rise of
the environmental movement. This movement has sought to
control the introduction of toxic and unnatural substances
into the environment, to protect the integrity of the
biosphere, and to ensure a health environment for humans.
Engineers are responsible in part for the creation of the
technology that has led to damage of the environment and
are also working to find solutions to the problems caused by
modern technology.
The environmental movement has led to an increased
awareness among engineers that they have a responsibility
to use their knowledge and skills to help protect the
environment.
As concern about the environment has grown, ethicists have
turned their attention to the ethical dimensions of
environmentalism.
In the late 1960s, an area of study called environmental
ethics was formulated, seeking to explore the ethical roots
of the environmental movement and to understand what
ethics tells us about our responsibility to the environment.
Our Western ethical tradition is anthropocentric, meaning
that only human beings have moral standing. Animals and
plants are important only in respect of their usefulness to
humans.
This type of thinking is often evident even within the
environmental movement when a case is sometimes made
for the protection of rare plants based on their potential for
providing new medicines.
One way to explore the environments moral status is to try
to answer some questions regarding the place of humans in
our environment. Do we belong to nature, or does nature
belong to us? If animals have moral standing, how far does
this moral standing then extend to other like forms, such as
trees?
Regardless of the goal (i.e., either protecting human health
or protecting the overall health of the biosphere for its own
sake), there are multiple approaches that can be taken to
resolving environmental problems. The first approach is
sometimes referred to as the cost-oblivious approach.
In this approach, cost is not taken into account, but rather
the environment is made as clean as possible. No level of
environmental degradation is seen as acceptable. This
approach bears a striking resemblance to rights and duty
ethics.
A second approach is based on cost-benefit analysis, which
is derived from utilitarianism. Here, the problem is analyzed
in terms of the benefits derived by reducing the pollution.
Cost-benefit analysis does not necessarily take morality or
ethics into account. The only considerations are costs and
benefits, with no room for a discussion of whether what is
being done is right or not.
As professionals, engineers have the right to express their
opinions on moral issues such as the environment. An
engineer should not be compelled by his employer to work
on a project that he finds ethically troubling, including
projects with severe environmental impact.
For many environmental issues engineers are not competent
to make decisions but should instead seek the counsel of
others such as biologists, public health experts, and
physicians who have the knowledge to help analyze and
understand the possible environmental consequences of a
project.
8.4 COMPUTER ETHICS
The engineers roles as designer, manager, and user of
computers bring with them a responsibility to help foster the
ethical use of computers.
There are three broad categories of computer ethics
problems: those for which the computer is the instrument of
the unethical act, such as the use of a computer to defraud a
bank; those for which the computer is the object of the act,
as when computer software is stolen and installed on ones
own computer or when information is accessed from
someone elses computer; and those problems associated
with the autonomous nature of computers.
CHAPTER # 9
ISLAMIC CODE OF ETHICS FOR
ENGINEERS
9.1 FUNDAMENTALS OF ISLAMIC ETHICS
Islam gives a complete code of life and provides guidance
in all walks of life. It has given the concept of Haqooq-ul-Ibad i.e.
the duties which one owes to others and any violation of them is a
sin and only that particular affected person can pardon. Quran
provides broad framework of such ethics, which an engineer will
have to follow in his professional life, while Ahadees provides
detailed instructions. Some of these ethics are as under:
He had raised you in ranks, some above others, that He
may try you in the gifts He has given you, (Anam-165)___ A
engineer is a person who is socially and economically far
better than majority of the people and also enjoys
command, he should not think it as outcome of his own
capabilities, but gift of Allah, and he will be accountable for
it.
Whoever exceeds the limits, shall be in grave penalty.
(Baqara-178)
He rewards those who do Evil, according to their deeds and
He rewards those who do good, with what is best. (Shura-
31)
Who bear in mind the certainity that they are to meet their
Lord and they are to return to Him. (Baqara-46)___Thus
their all deeds shall be governed by the code of conduct
prescribed by Him.
9.2 CODE OF ETHICS / CONDUCT
CHAPTER # 10
CODE OF ETHICS FOR
PROFESSIONAL ENGINEER
10.1 CODE OF ETHICS OF PAKISTAN ENGINEERING
COUNCIL (PEC)
CODE OF CONDUCT
Article 1
This Code of Conduct may be called the Pakistan Engineering
Council Code of Conduct.
This shall come into force at once.
This shall apply to all members of the Pakistan Engineering
Council.
Article 2
To maintain, uphold and advance the honor and dignity of
the engineering professional in accordance with this Code, a
member shall-
uphold the ideology of Pakistan;
be honest, impartial and serve the country, his employer,
clients and the public at large with devotion;
strive to increase the competence and prestige of the
engineering profession; use his knowledge and skill for the
advancement and welfare of mankind;
promote and ensure the maximum utilization of human and
material resources of Pakistan for achieving self-reliance;
and not sacrifice the national interest for any personal gain.
not accept any other employment to the detriment of his
regular work or interest without the consent of his employer;
not attempt to attract an engineer from another employer by
false or misleading pretenses;
not restrain an employee from obtaining a better position
with another employer; and not endeavor to promote his
personal interest at the expense of the dignity and integrity
of the profession.
Article 3
A member shall be guided in all professional matters by the
highest standards of integrity and act as a faithful agent or a
trustee for each of his client and employer.
A member shall-
be realistic and honest in all estimates, reports, statements
and testimony and shall carry out his professional duties
without fear or favor;
admit and accept his own errors when proved and shall
refrain from distorting or altering the facts justifying his
decision or action;
advise his client or employer honestly about the viability of
the project entrusted to him;
Article 4
A member shall have utmost regard for the safety, health
and welfare of the public in the performance of his
professional duties and for that purpose he shall
regard his duty to the public welfare as paramount;
seek opportunities to be of service in civic affairs and work
for the advancement of the safety, health and well-being of
the community;
not undertake, prepare, sign, approve or authenticate any
plan, design or specifications which are not safe for the
safety, health, welfare of a person or persons, or are not in
conformity with the accepted engineering standards and if
any client or an employer insists on such unprofessional
conduct, he shall notify the authorities concerned and
withdraw from further service on the project; and point out
the consequences to his client or the employer if his
engineering judgment is over-ruled by any non-technical
person
Article 5
A member shall avoid all acts or practices likely to discredit
the dignity or honor of the profession and for that purpose
he shall not advertise his professional services in a manner
derogatory to the dignity of the profession. He may,
however, utilize the following means of identification:
professional cards and listing in recognized and dignified
publications and classified section of the telephone
directories,
Sign boards at the site of his office or projects for which he
renders services; and brochures, business cards, letter-heads
and other factual representations of experience, facilities,
personnel and capacity to render services.
A member may write articles for recognized publications but
such articles should be dignified, free form ostentations or
laudatory implications, based on factual conclusions and
should not imply other than his direct participation in the
work described unless credit is given to others for their share
of the work.
A member shall not allow himself to be listed for
employment using exaggerated statements of his
qualifications.
Article 6
A member shall endeavor to extend public knowledge and
appreciation of engineering profession, propagate the
achievements of the profession and protect it from
misrepresentation and misunderstanding.
Article 7
A member shall express an opinion of an engineering subject
only when founded on adequate knowledge, experience and
honest conviction.
Article 8
A member shall undertake engineering assignments only
when he possesses adequate qualifications, training and
experience. He shall engage or advise for engaging of the
experts and specialists whenever the client's or employers'
interest are best served by such service.
A member shall not discourage the necessity of other
appropriate engineering services, designs, plans or
specifications or limit-free competition by specifying
materials of particular make or model.
Article 9
A member shall not disclose confidential information
concerning the business affairs or technical processes of any
present or former client or employer without his consent.
Article 10
A member shall uphold the principles of appropriate and
adequate compensation for those engaged in engineering
work and for that purpose he shall not-
undertake or agree to perform any engineering service free
except for civic, charitable, religious, or non-profit
organizations or institutions;
undertake professional engineering work at a remuneration
below the accepted standards of the profession in the
discipline;
And accept remuneration from either an employee or
employment agency for giving employment.
A member shall offer remuneration commensuration with the
qualifications and experience of an engineer employed by
him.
A member working in any sales section or department shall
not offer or give engineering consultation, or designs, or
advice other than specifically applying to the equipment
being sold in that section or department.
Article 11
A member shall not accept compensation, financial or
otherwise, from more than one party for the same service, or
for services pertaining to the same work unless all interested
parties give their consent to such compensation.
A member shall not accept:-
financial or other considerations, including free engineering
design, from material or equipment suppliers for specifying
their products; and commissions or allowances, directly or
indirectly, from contractors or other parties dealing with his
clients or employer in connection with work for which he is
professionally responsible.
Article 12
A member shall not compete unfairly with another member
or engineer by attempting to obtain employment,
professional engagements or personal gains by taking
advantage of his superior position or by criticizing other
engineers or by any other improper means or methods.
An engineer shall not attempt to supplant another engineer
in a particular employment after becoming aware that
definite steps have been taken towards other's employment.
A member shall not accept part-time engineering work at a
fee or remuneration less than that of the recognized
standard for a similar work and without the consent of his
employer if he is already in another employment.
A member shall not utilize equipment, supplies, and
laboratory or office facilities of his employer or client for the
purpose of private practice without his consent.
Article 13
Article 14
Article 15
A member shall give credit for engineering work to those to
whom credit is due, recognize the proprietary interests of
others and disclose the name of a person or persons who
may be responsible for his designs, inventions,
specifications, writings, or other accomplishments.
When a member uses designs, plans, specifications, data
and notes supplied to him by a client or an employer or are
prepared by him in reference to such client or the employer's
work such designs, plans, specifications, data and notes shall
remain the property of the client and shall not be duplicated
by a member for any use without the express permission of
the client.
Before undertaking any work on behalf of a person or
persons for making improvements, plans, designs, inventions
or specifications which may justify copyright or patent, a
member shall get ownership of such improvements, plans,
designs, inventions or specifications determined for the
purpose of registration under the relevant copyright and
patent laws.
Article 16
A member shall disseminate professional knowledge by
interchanging information and experience with other
members or engineers and students to provide them
opportunity for the professional development and
advancement of engineers under his supervision.
A member shall encourage his engineering employees to
improve their knowledge, attend and present papers at
professional meetings and provide a prospective engineering
employee with complete information on working conditions
and his proposed status of employment and after
employment keep him informed of any change in such
conditions.
Article 17
A member employed abroad shall order his conduct
according to this Code, so far as this is applicable, and the
laws and regulations of the country of his employment.
Article 18
A member shall report unethical professional practices of an
engineer or a member with substantiating data to the
Pakistan Engineering Council and appear as a witness, if
required.