CRUZ, JOBET GROUP 7

GONZALES, JAN ALEXIE

RUDOLFO, CHRISTOPHER
VALIENTE, XYLO

ROOFS

INTRODUCTION

The roof of the house must be structurally strong to support the weight of the
shingles. The roofs main job, however, is to protect the interior of the house and
personal belongings from the outside elements. How thick a roof is depends mostly
on the size of the rafters used in the roof construction, but there are additional
elements, including the thickness of the roof sheathing and the thickness of the
shingles you choose.

HISTORY

The Greeks and Romans were the first to experiment with differing roofing styles.
The Romans introduced slating and tiling to Great Britain as early as 100 BC. Thatch
roofs were introduced and implemented around the year 735 AD and it wouldnt be
for another 300 years until wooden shingles were first implemented as well.

20th century, King John of England implemented the law to change their thatch roofs
with clay tile. It was passed because of the issue from the previous roofing that
cause spreading fires to the different houses.

A hundred year after 1805, concrete tile roofing was utilized.

As of today, roofing materials are still based on the local sources but with a wider
variety and more expensive materials. The most common materials used as of
todays era were SLATE and FELT.

TYPES

GABLE ROOF

Gable roof designs are one of the more simple styles when it comes to roofs. The
gable roof style looks like an inverted/upside down V. Gable roofs are not ideal for
areas with high wind because they easily can catch the wind much like a sail would.

FLAT ROOF

Flat roofs are common especially with commercial buildings. Flat roofs are definitely
the most simple roof to build because they have little to no pitch. The most common
types of roofing systems used with flat roofs are rubber roofing systems.
HIP ROOF

Hip roofs are a common residential style roof. This type of roof is more difficult to
construct when compared to flat roofs and gable roofs because they have a more
complicated truss and rafter structure. A hip roof style roof has four sloping sides
with zero vertical roof lines/walls. Hip roofs can be both square and rectangular.

Dutch Hip Roof

The dutch hip roof is basically a hip roof with a small gable at either end. The gables
can be used as ventilation.

Mansard Roof

The mansard roof is a french design and is more difficult to construct than the hip
or gable roof.

Butterfly Roof

The butterfly roof is not a roof style that is widely used. The style provides plenty of
light and ventilation but is not the effective when it comes to water drainage.

Winged Gable Roof

The winged gable roof varies slightly from the tradition gable roof. It varies by
extended outwards from the peak of the roof.

A-Frame Roof

This type of roof is very popular for churches, cottages, homes, and other
structures. The roof acts as both the roof and the walls for a structure.

Folded Plate Roof

The folded plate roof has limited use in single family homes. It looks like a series of
small gable roofs placed side by side of each other.

STANDARDS:

Roof drains shall be installed at low points of the roof and shall be adequate in size
to discharge all tributary waters. (Section 1206, D)

No penthouse or other projection above the roof in structures of other than Type V
construction shall exceed 8.40 meters above the roof when used as an enclosure for
tanks or for elevators which run to the roof and in all other cases shall not extend
more than 3.60 meters in height with the roof. (Section 1210, B)
In Area, The aggregate area of all penthouses and other roof structures shall not
exceed one third of the area of the supporting roof.

Thickness: depends mostly on the size of the rafters used in the roof construction,
but there are additional elements, including the thickness of the rafters and the
thickness of the beams.

FLOORS

Introduction

Flooring is the boards or other material of which a floor is made.

Flooring is the general term for a permanent covering of a floor, or for the work of
installing such a floor covering. Floor covering is a term to generically describe any
finish material applied over a floor structure to provide a walking surface. Both
terms are used interchangeably but floor covering refers more to loose-laid
materials.

History

Earthen Flooring is used since the beginning of time it is a hard-packed dirt, topped
with straw for warmth and comfort. In Medieval times, almost all peasant housing
had earthen floors and it was predominant until 14 th century in Europe.

Stone flooring is also used since the beginning of time it is formed deep
beneath the surface under intense heat and pressure. This heat and pressure
created massive blocks of natural stones like marble, granite, limestone, slate and
travertine used then and now as a flooring.

Concrete Flooring was created around 5600BCE it is a mixture of broken

stone or gravel, sand, cement and water, which can be spread or poured into
moulds and forms a stone-like mass on hardening.

Carpet Flooring was created around 5000BCE its a floor covering made from
thick woven fabric. Carpets were primary used to decorate walls or tables until
Persian rugs became popular in Europe in the early 17 th Century

Ceramic Tiles was created around 4000BCE it is made of clay that has been
permanently hardened by heat, often having a decorative glaze.

Hardwood Flooring was created around 1600 it is a wood from a broadleaved

tree, such as oak, ash or beech, distinguished from that of conifers.
 Linoleum Flooring was created around 1855 and it is a material consisting of
a canvas backing thickly coated with a preparation of linseed oil and powdered cork,
used especially as a floor covering.

Engineered wood was created in the year 1960 and it is a layered

combination that combines a hardwood veneer and plywood substances.

Laminate flooring was created in the year 1977 by the Swedish company
Perstorp and it is a multi-layered synthetic flooring product fused together with a
lamination process. Laminate flooring simulates wood sometimes stone with a
photographic applique layer under a clear protective layer.

Bamboo floor was created in the year 1990 and it is a type of flooring
manufactured from a bamboo. It is used as an alternative for flooring because of its
physical similarities to true hardwoods.

Types & Examples

Laminate Flooring

Hardwood Flooring

Stone Flooring

Tile Flooring

Carpet Flooring

Standard (Designing)

RA 6541 National Building Code of the Philippines

SECTION 2.02.02: Fire-Resistive Standards

(b). The following floors shall have a one-hour fire-resistive rating: masonry or
concrete, 10 centimeters (4 inches) thick; wood joists having two layers of flooring
above and a plaster or gypsum board ceiling, 1.9 centimeters (3/4 inch) in thickness
- the two layers of flooring shall be separated by sheet metal or asbestos building
paper; 6.3 centimeters (2-1/2 inches) net thickness tongue and grooved wood floors
covered with 1.9 centimeters (3/4 inch) wood flooring laid at right angles thereto.
The supporting beams for such floors shall be not less than 15 centimeters (6
inches) in minimum dimension.

Architectural: National Building Code, BP 344

Floor

The floor must be non-skid finish.

Ramp must be provided with a slope of 1:12 in accordance with the Accessibility
Law (BP 344) and properly labeled.

Fun Facts, Trivia & Beliefs

Beliefs

In Living Rooms, Old folks of Sta. Maria, Bulacan advise that the floors of the
living and dining rooms must be of the same level. They say the imaginary ball of
fortune must be able to freely roll across both floors. In Bedrooms, It is always
preferred (luck-wise) that the bedroom floor is higher than the living room. Non-
sleeping rooms like library, den, foyer, storage, etc. can be at a lower level than that
of the living room.

CEILINGS

HISTORY

Little is known of ancient Greek ceilings, but Roman ceilings were rich with relief
and painting, as is evidenced by the vault soffits of Pompeian baths. During the
Gothic period, the general tendency to use structural elements decoratively led to
the development of the beamed ceiling, in which large cross-girders support smaller
floor beams at right angles to them, beams and girders being richly chamfered and
molded and often painted in bright colours.

In the Renaissance, ceiling design was developed to its highest pitch of originality
and variety. Three types were elaborated. The first was the coffered ceiling, in the
complex design of which the Italian Renaissance architects far outdid their Roman
prototypes. Circular, square, octagonal, and L-shaped coffers abounded, with their
edges richly carved and the field of each coffer decorated with a rosette. The
second type consisted of ceilings wholly or partially vaulted, often with arched
intersections, with painted bands emphasizing the architectural design and with
pictures filling the remainder of the space. The loggia of the Farnesina villa in Rome,
decorated by Raphael and Giulio Romano, is a good example of this. In the Baroque
period, fantastic figures in heavy relief, scrolls, cartouches, and garlands were also
used to decorate ceilings of this type. The Pitti Palace in Florence and many French
ceilings in the Louis XIV style illustrate this. In the third type, which was particularly
characteristic of Venice, the ceiling became one large framed picture, as in the
Doges Palace.

In modern architecture ceilings may be divided into two major classesthe

suspended (or hung) ceiling and the exposed ceiling. With ceilings hung at some
distance below the structural members, some architects have sought to conceal
great amounts of mechanical and electrical equipment, such as electrical conduits,
air-conditioning ducts, water pipes, sewage lines, and lighting fixtures. Most
suspended ceilings use a lightweight metal grid suspended from the structure by
wires or rods to support plasterboard sheets or acoustical tiles. Other architects,
emphasizing the aesthetic of the exposed structural system, delight in revealing the
mechanical and electrical equipment. In response to this desire, many structural
systems have been developed that have an expressive power in themselves and
make admirable ceilingse.g., Frank Lloyd Wrights Johnson Wax offices in Racine,
Wis., and Pier Luigi Nervis Exposition Hall in Turin, Italy.

TYPES

Coffered Ceiling

A coffered (or lacuna) ceiling is a decorative ceiling style, formed out of recessed
panels framed by beams. A square-shaped pattern is used in most coffered ceilings,
however other geometric patterns can be created.

Stretch Ceiling

A stretch ceiling is similar to a dropped ceiling, in that it sits below the structural
ceiling of a room. A stretch ceiling typically consists of a piece of polyvinyl chloride
(PVC) material 'stretched' across an area, and held in place by a frame called a
'perimeter profile'. The perimeter profile can be curved and shaped as required, and
the PVC can be coloured or painted to suit just about any taste. As a result,
stretched ceilings offer a great deal of of freedom in terms of shape, colour and
lighting

Hollow-core Slab Ceiling

A hollow-core slab ceiling is made from precast, prestressed concrete slabs which
have tube-shaped tunnels running through them. These concrete slabs can also be
called voided slabs or hollow core planks. The surface of a hollow-core slab ceiling
can be finished by polishing or painting the concrete, or by spraying it with a
soundproofing material.

Dropped Ceiling

A dropped ceiling is a secondary ceiling which hangs below an existing ceiling, or

from the floor above it. These types of ceilings are most commonly found in
industrial and commercial buildings, consisting of roofing tiles. Dropped ceilings can
also be used in residential buildings, provided that the existing ceiling is high
enough to allow it.

A dropped ceiling can be used to disguise the poor condition of an existing ceiling,
or to conceal wires, pipes or ducting. The space between the dropped ceiling and
the structural ceiling can range from a few centimetres to a metre or more, and is
known as a plenum space. Dropped ceilings are also known as drop, false or
suspended ceilings.

STANDARDS

Ceiling Height (STANDARD)

Habitable rooms, bathrooms, toilet rooms, storage rooms, and utility rooms shall
have a ceiling height of not less than 2.40 meters (8 feet), measured from the floor
to the ceiling: Provided, That for buildings of more than one story, the minimum
ceiling height of the first story shall be 2.70 meters (9 feet) and 2.40 meters (8 feet)
for the second story, and succeeding stories. Garages shall have an unobstructed
headroom clearance of not less than 2.10 meters (7 feet) above the finished floor.