‘Technical Note Three-Dimensional Stability of Two-Stage Slope in Inhomogeneous Soils Xiao-Li Yang’ and Jing-shu Xu? Abstract: The three dimensional (3D) stability caleulations of soil slopes are often focused on homogeneous soils in the published literature Howover, siength inhomogeneity isa common phenomenon in slope engineering. The purpose of this paper isto investigate the influence of strength inhomogeneity on the seismic and static 3D stability ofa two-stage slope. The sol is inhomogeneous in the vertical direction only, ‘and the slope is subjected tothe horizontal earthquake force. Using a 3D failure mechanism, the internal energy is only dissipated along the Sliding surface. The external rate of work is done by the soil weight and the earduquake force. Based on the upper bound theorem of lit analy sis, the slope stability problem is formulated as a classical nonlinear programming problem, Coding the corresponding computer program, the stability Factors of inhomogeneous sol slopes are obtained. When the inhomogeneous coeflicient is zero, the present results are compared with those previously published solutions, Based on the comparisons, the approach of this paper is effective for estimating the 3D stability. AA study is conducted to investigate the effets ofthe inhomogeneous coefficient on seismic and static stability f (ors of a two-stage slope. DOL: 10.1061 ASCE)GM.1943-5622,0000867. © 2016 American Society of Civil Engineers. Author keywords: Inhomogeneous soils; Limit analysis; Slope stability; 3D failure mechanism. Introduction ‘The three-dimensional (3D) slope stability calculation isan impor: tant issue in geotechnical engincering (Camargo et al. 2016; Lim et al. 2015; Zhou and Cheng 2014). The existing methods of 3D slope Stability estimation may be clasified into the following three cate ories: (1) the limit equilibrium including the traditional slices method, (2) the limit analysis methed including upper and lower ‘bound approaches, and (3) numerical techniques including the FEM. and the fnite-dfference method. Hungr (1987) tried to use an approximation of the limit equilibrium method to perform the sta bility analysis of 3D slope, but some assumptions were made 10 meet the relevant requirements, Grifiths and Marquez (2007) ‘adopsed the FEM to analyze the stability of 3D slope. Michalowski and Drescher (2009) used the limit analysis method to estimate 3D stability of soil slope, Li etal. (2010) conducted a 3D stability anal ysis for slope using the FEM and lower bound limit analysis, and ‘made a comparison between the 3D and two-dimensional (2D) con- = 45°) and the two-stage slopes (8) = 45° and > = 60°), Figs. 11 and 12 illustrate the effects of the ratio Bill on the seismic stability factors comesponding to a) = 04, y 20KNim’,cy= 20 kPa, and ¢ = 15°, with the ratio BIH varying from 1 to 10, Figs. 11 and 12 show dha when the rato BVT is small, the Stability factors change. The seismic stability factors decrease with an increase in the ratio BIH. When the rato BIH is greater than 5, there are small changes in the calculations of stability fetors. For this eas, the problem approaches the 2D condition Conclusions ‘The seismic and static stability of the two-stage slope is estimated using the upper bound theorem. To verity the validity ofthe present results, the solutions are compared with Michalowski and Drescher (2009) when f= By =00, nd A = 0.0. Based on the compar sons, the present results are effective. For the homogencous soils, Michalowski and Drescher (2009) estimated the 3D sttie stability of single-stage slope, For the inho- :mogeneous soils, this paper investigates the 3D seismic stability of two-stage slope, with the earthquake taken into account. Compared 20 an 920 RN’, ¢=204P a, .=0.4 FAS" HOO", g=IS*, 1-02 Fig. 6. Influence ofthe seismic coefficient on te stability factions of | slopes in inhomogeneous soils: two-stage slope with fy = 45°, y= oo" easce 0160455 Int J. Geomac, Int 3. Geomech 0501608540 20 \ DAS BAS e187 4-02 0 9°20 KNim 6;=20KPa, 2,04 BAS? B=AS*, 15°, k=O — Present sation so 42227 Michalowski and Drescher 2009) 30 i 2» aut Fig. 7. Influence ofthe inhomogeneous coefficient on the stability actors of slopes Bi= Ba=45" womogeneous sols: single-stage slope with ait FFig. 9. Influence of the inhomogeneous coefliient om the stability factors of slopes in inhomogeneous sols: single-stage slope with B Sk J-20 kNim’ ¢,=20kP, a, =0.4 nt an dae BAS? AOU, @=IS?, K-02 S04 = Present solution 3 w : Fig. 8. Influence of the inhomogeneous coefficient on the stability fac tors of slopes in inhomogeneous soils: tworstage lope with fy = 45°, B2= 60" ky =02 FFig. 10. Influence ofthe inhomogeneous cveflicient on the stability {actors of slopes in inhomogencous sil: single-siage slope with #2, = B2= 6,4, =0 with the single-stage slope, the two-stage slope can improve the sta Dilty of the slope to some extent; therefore, the expressions for the ‘two-stage slope are presented for practical use. The sensitivity anal {ysis is conducted to analyze the influence ofthe inclined angle fs, ‘the seismic coefficient, the inhomogeneous coefficient, and the ratio ‘BUH on he 3D stability factors. Appendix. Equations from f, to f, and Equations from tog a = 00 © sin By — sin Bo 20) easce oo16045-6 ~~ cos Bo — cos One = Je" — (aycot B + azcot B >) 3 [£1406 in 04 — sin] en [eo-easen ey Fg m0 fi [Letom faz 2) Int J. Geomac, Int 3. Geomech 05016085Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by University Of Florida on 12/08/16. Copynght ASCE. For personal use only, all rights reserved. 20 2-20 KN, 20KP a 0.4 10 IOAN 5-204 4-04 BAS AG 1S 02 Fig. 11, Influence of the rato B/H on the stability Factors of slopes in inhomogeneous soils: single-stage slope with 8 hy = 0.1 a FFig. 12, lnllucace ofthe ratio BIH on the stability factors of slopes in inhomogeneous soils two-sage slope with By =45°, p= 60" fy =02 pit bo Loraine st nee] 3180 cot (sos Linton) 0) » » ro) sin doxin (On +B1) VL fo-dgnme 4 g-(o-ria fam an es) fa = Peggy (Stam ein Oy — cos oy)eXeo teen # Say ane i 5) ; tan gsin By + cos Oy 2) f= ett sn sin Oy en ie fia 5X sin*Oy 3 1 oto 6 fi aareahaay [an 9c Oy in on , iy = 214 [eo Gasin Oy + sin?0yc0t 8, +24 (cox on vin ese 1) tain] 0 fj (2008 09-2) Co = 211] (cos 0, sin 04 +sin26,cot f)eXMelmn # Siw i 84 sin 84, + sin*0,c0t 6) fb 4" Fes Oy 42H sin Oycot fz) eh © (Goer naen) mn + ain aye (sos ay ©) as) © asce o0016045-7 In. J. Geomech Int 3. Geomech 05016085Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by University Of Florida on 12/08/16. Copynght ASCE. For personal use only, all rights reserved. 8 =2f ani +-freos edad Se | sin 040 (%) = [A02r +Alawoos (alsyda + [lac +BY fide ae) 202." [sus + frees a)'dede 2] [8 (co «com a) +sicos sn ada fn inn = fi faces iA) 2nd ~~) + [ican wy Bae @ a A (owe Wits 4a lye ” ; +58 bys) sn wae on af fiau + feos «faded [oc ome wuineo + [nsean ssa ae “a +] aan toryie— ao 38) ix I , “ a 2" [elon am a8) (fi + frees a)?sin Odado = of [fas + frees o)faded ft [x cos (s/f) (28 ~ ls — Bf) [mice + arceos (alfdo vE-A(ute mts 48 ¥e)| nied + [Lame tu) /8 ~ Rao (9) @) Zz wha" ® sin Oy — sin Oo| B= 2f" Fate 008 a3) + faeos asin Odeo © Aan 4 sn 0] | afew [2(@. — onan ¢] 4} “ -f [reso cust 2s RI) + VERO — uh ba 80>“ ATung ta © sn Oy — sin Ba] sin O{ exp [24 oo)an «] } (45) easce onos6041s-8 Int J. Geomac, Int 3. Geomech 05016085all rights reserved. i i & 8 a 3 i S g i ' g & i é z | au [Gen RIA 2S fiR 2-H) (A/8-+s217/2)aresin ( 2 — Rif) | cos uo | Gn RIS WRB £2 KBD) (6/8 s31%/2)aesin (32 — 21) | c0s 040 fos BIS EIS L822 B13) x88 + (4/8 +812) esi (Jf 1B 8) | cos ou 6) sia (~~ fv fi) [el sin 04 sn 04] a so =f | (eo RA WRIA BI) x VBR (GI 1.8AF/2)aresin (2 — Blt) sin oc Aft [ (ean BA 20/3 —68/2+ EP) xB f+ (8/8 +72/2) resin (9 —/h) | sin 00 of Ges BIS 40S — L872 8B) xP + (18+. 77/2) aresin (8 — /h)] sin 040 8) 44 sin Oa] a9) a= 201 fsa fle Acknowledgments “This paper has received financial support from the National Basic Research 973. Program of Chins (@013CBO3600) and the National Natural Science Foundation (51378510), whieh iss apprec References ALShamrani, M.-and Moghal A. (2012) “Upper bound solution fr bea ing capacity of fonings om anisotropic cohesive soils.” GeaCongress easce 0160459 20/2: State of the art and practice in geotechnical engineering, Geotechnical” special publication 225, RD. 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