CHAPTER 21 TRANSFORMERS

Exercise 118, Page 342

1. A transformer has 600 primary turns connected to a 1.5 kV supply. Determine the number of

secondary turns for a 240 V output voltage, assuming no losses.

N1 V1

For a transformer, N 2 V2
V2 240
N 2 N1 (600)
from which, secondary turns, V1 1500 = 96 turns

2. An ideal transformer with a turns ratio 2:9 is fed from a 220 V supply. Determine its output

voltage.

N1 2

N2 9 V1 220 V
and

N1 V1 N 2 9
V2 V1 220
N 2 V2 from which, output voltage, N1 2
= 990 V

3. A transformer has 800 primary turns and 2000 secondary turns. If the primary voltage is 160 V,

determine the secondary voltage assuming an ideal transformer.

N1 800

N 2 2000 V1 160 V
and

N1 V1 N 2 2000
V2 V1 160
N 2 V2 from which, output voltage, N1 800 = 400 V

4. An ideal transformer with a turns ratio 3:8 has an output voltage of 640 V. Determine its input

voltage.

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N1 3

N 2 8 and V2 640 V

N1 V1 N1 3
V1 V2 640
N 2 V2 from which, input voltage, N 2 8 = 240 V

5. An ideal transformer has a turns ratio of 12:1 and is supplied at 192 V. Calculate the secondary

voltage.

N1 12

N2 1 and V1 192 V

N1 V1 N 2 1
V2 V1 192
N 2 V2 from which, output voltage, N1 12 = 16 V

6. A transformer primary winding connected across a 415 V supply has 750 turns. Determine how

many turns must be wound on the secondary side if an output of 1.66 kV is required.

N1 V1 V2 1660
N 2 N1 750
N 2 V2 from which, secondary turns, V1 415 = 3000 turns

7. An ideal transformer has a turns ratio of 15:1 and is supplied at 180 V when the primary current

is 4 A. Calculate the secondary voltage and current.

N1 12

N 2 1 , V1 220 V and I1 4 A

N1 V1 N 2 1
V2 V1 180
N 2 V2 from which, output voltage, N1 15 = 12 V

N1 I 2 N1 15
I 2 I1 4
N 2 I1 from which, secondary current, N 2 1 = 60 A

8. A step-down transformer having a turns ratio of 20:1 has a primary voltage of 4 kV and a load of

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 10 kW. Neglecting losses, calculate the value of the secondary current.

N1 20

N2 1 and V1 4000 V

N1 V1 N 2 1
V2 V1 4000
N 2 V2 from which, output voltage, N1 20 = 200 V

V2 I 2 I2
Secondary power = = 10000 i.e. 200 = 10000

10000
I2
from which, secondary current, 200 = 50 A

9. A transformer has a primary to secondary turns ratio of 1:15. Calculate the primary voltage

necessary to supply a 240 V load. If the load current is 3 A determine the primary current.

Neglect any losses.

N1 V1 I2 1 V 3
1
N 2 V2 I1 i.e. 15 240 I1

1 V 1
1 V1 240
If 15 240 then primary voltage, 15 = 16 V

1 3 15
I1 3
If 15 I1 then primary current, 1 = 45 A

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10. A 10 kVA , single-phase

transformer has a turns ratio of 12:1 and is supplied from a 2.4 kV

supply. Neglecting losses, determine (a) the full load secondary current, (b) the minimum value

of load resistance which can be connected across the secondary winding without the kVA rating

being exceeded, and (c) the primary current.

N1 12

10000 = V1 I1 V2 I 2 , N 2 1 and V1 2400 V

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 N1 V1 N 2 1
V2 V1 2400
(a) 2 V2
N from which, output voltage, N1 12 = 200 V

10000
I2
10000 VA = V2 I 2 = 200 I 2 from which, secondary current, 200 = 50 A

V2 200
RL
(b) Load resistance, I2 50 = 4

N1 I 2 N 2 1
I1 I2 50
(c) N 2 I1 from which, primary current, N1 12 = 4.17 A

11. A 20 resistance is connected across the secondary winding of a single-phase power

transformer whose secondary voltage is 150 V. Calculate the primary voltage and the turns ratio

if the supply current is 5 A, neglecting losses.

V2 150
I2
Secondary current, R 2 20 = 7.5 A , I1 5 A and V2
= 150 V

N1 V1 N1 I2 7.5
V1 V2 V2 150
N 2 V2 from which, primary voltage, N 2 I1 5 = 225 V

N1 I 2 7.5 3

Turns ratio, N 2 I1 5 = 1.5 or 2 or 3:2

John Bird Published by Taylor and Francis 269

Exercise 119, Page 344

1. A 500 V/100 V, single-phase transformer takes a full load primary current of 4 A. Neglecting

losses, determine (a) the full load secondary current, and (b) the rating of the transformer.

V1 I 2 V 500
I 2 I1 1 (4)
(a) V2 I1 from which, full load secondary current, V2 100 = 20 A

V1 I1 500 4
(b) Transformer rating = = 2000 VA = 2 kVA

or transformer rating = V2 I2 100 20 = 2000 VA = 2 kVA

2. A 3300 V/440 V, single-phase transformer takes a no-load current of 0.8 A and the iron loss is

500 W. Draw the no-load phasor diagram and determine the values of the magnetizing and core

loss components of the no-load current.

V1 3300 V V2 440 V I O 0.8A

, and

Core or iron loss = 500 = V1 IO cos O i.e. 500 =

3300 0.8 cos O

500
cos O
from which, 3300 0.8 = 0.1894 and O cos 1 0.1894 79.08

The no-load phasor diagram is shown below.

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 I M IO sin O 0.8sin 79.08
Magnetizing component, = 0.786 A

Core loss component, IC IO cos O 0.8(0.1894) = 0.152 A

3. A transformer takes a current of 1 A when its primary is connected to a 300 V, 50 Hz supply, the

secondary being on open-circuit. If the power absorbed is 120 watts, calculate (a) the iron loss

current, (b) the power factor on no-load, and (c) the magnetizing current.

IO 1A V1 300 V
and

V1 I O cos O
(a) Power absorbed = total core loss = 120 =

IO cos O
i.e. 120 = (300)

120
I I cos O 300
and iron loss current, C O = = 0.40 A

IC 0.4
cos O
(b) Power factor on no-load, IO 1 = 0.40

(c) By Pythagoras, IO I C I M from which,

2 2 2

I M IO 2 IC 2 12 0.402
magnetizing current, = 0.917 A

John Bird Published by Taylor and Francis 271

Exercise 120, Page 346

1. A 60 kVA, 1600 V/100 V, 50 Hz, single-phase transformer has 50 secondary windings.

Calculate (a) the primary and secondary current, (b) the number of primary turns and (c) the

maximum value of the flux.

V1 1600 V V2 100 V N 2 50 turns

, , f = 50 Hz,

V1 I1 V2 I 2 60000 VA
(a) Transformer rating =

60000 60000
I1
hence, primary current, V1 1600 = 37.5 A

60000 60000
I2
and secondary current, V2 100 = 600 A

V1 N1 V1 1600
N1 N2 50
(b) V2 N2 from which, primary turns, V2 100 = 800 turns

E 2 4.44 f M N 2
(c) from which,
E2 100
M
4.44 f N 2 4.44 50 50
maximum flux, = 9.0 mWb

John Bird Published by Taylor and Francis 272

2. A single-phase, 50 Hz transformer has 40 primary turns and 520 secondary turns. The cross-

sectional area of the core is 270 cm2. When the primary winding is connected to a 300 volt supply,

determine (a) the maximum value of flux density in the core, and (b) the voltage induced in the

secondary winding

(a) From equation (4), e.m.f. E1 = 4.44 f m N1 volts

i.e. 300 = 4.44 (50) m (40)

300
from which, maximum flux density, m = (4.44)(50)(40) Wb = 0.033784 Wb

However, m = Bm A, where Bm = maximum flux density in the core

and A = cross-sectional area of the core

(see chapter 7)
Hence, Bm 270 10 = 0.033784
-4

0.033784
4
from which, maximum flux density, Bm = 270 10 = 1.25 T

V1 N1 N 2

V N N1
(b) 2 = 2 from which, V2 = V1
520

i.e. voltage induced in the secondary winding, V2 = (300) 40 = 3900 V or 3.90 kV

3. A single-phase 800 V/100 V, 50 Hz transformer has a maximum core flux density of 1.294 T

2
and an effective cross-sectional area of 60 cm . Calculate the number of turns on the primary and

secondary windings.

B
A M BM A 1.294 60 104
Since then = 7.764 mWb

E1 800
N1
E1 4.44 f M N1 4.44 f M 4.44 50 7.764 103
from which, primary turns,
= 464 turns
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 E2 100
N2
E 2 4.44 f M N 2 4.44 f M 4.44 50 7.764 103
from which, secondary turns,
= 58 turns

4. A 3.3 kV/110 V, 50 Hz, single-phase transformer is to have an approximate e.m.f. per turn of 22 V

and operate with a maximum flux of 1.25 T. Calculate (a) the number of primary and secondary

turns, and (b) the cross-sectional area of the core

E1 E2
(a) E.m.f. per turn = N1 = N 2 = 22
E1 3300
Hence primary turns, N1 = 22 = 22 = 150

E 2 110
and secondary turns, N2 = 22 = 22 = 5

(b) E.m.f. E1 = 4.44 f m N1

E1 3300
from which, m = 4.44 f N1 = (4.44)(50)(150) = 0.0991 Wb

Now flux, m = Bm A, where A is the cross-sectional area of the core,

m 0.0991
B
hence area, A = m = 1.25 = 0.07928 m or 792.8 cm
2 2

John Bird Published by Taylor and Francis 274

Exercise 121, Page 347

1. A single-phase transformer has 2400 turns on the primary and 600 turns on the secondary. Its no-

load current is 4 A at a power factor of 0.25 lagging. Assuming the volt drop in the windings is

negligible, calculate the primary current and power factor when the secondary current is 80 A at a

power factor of 0.8 lagging.

I1 '
Let be the component of the primary current which provides the restoring m.m.f.

I1 ' N1 I 2 N 2
Then

I1 '
80 600
I1 '(2400) (80)(600) 2400
i.e. from which, = 20 A

cos 2 0.8
If the power factor of the secondary is 0.8, then

from which, 2 cos1 0.8 36.87

If the power factor at no load is 0.25, then cos O 0.25

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 O cos 1 0.25 75.52
from which,

I2 2 36.87 V2 I1 ' 20 A
In the phasor diagram shown below, = 80 A at an angle to and and is

shown anti-phase to I 2

IO O 75.52 V1
The no load current, = 4 A is shown at an angle to

I1 I1 ' IO
Current is the phasor sum of and and by calculation:

I1 cos 1 I O cos O I1 'cos 2

Total horizontal component,

= (4)(0.25) + (20)(0.8) = 1 + 16 = 17 A

Total vertical component, I1 sin 1 I O sin O I1 'sin 2

= (4)(sin 75.52) + (20)(sin 36.87) = 15.87 A

I1
= 17 15.87 = 23.26 A
2 2
Hence, magnitude of

15.87 15.87
tan 1 1 tan 1 43.03
and 17 and 17

Hence, power factor = cos = cos 43.03 = 0.73

O

John Bird Published by Taylor and Francis 276

Exercise 122, Page 350

1. A transformer has 1200 primary turns and 200 secondary turns. The primary and secondary

resistances are 0.2 and 0.02 respectively and the corresponding leakage reactances are 1.2

and 0.05 respectively. Calculate (a) the equivalent resistance, reactance and impedance

referred to the primary winding, and (b) the phase angle of the impedance.

2 2
V 1200
R e R1 R 2 1 0.2 0.02
(a) Equivalent resistance, V2 200 = 0.92

Equivalent reactance, = 3.0

2 2
V1 1200
X e X1 X 2 1.2 0.05
V2 200

Ze R e 2 X e 2 0.92 2 3.02
Equivalent impedance, = 3.138 or 3.14
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 Re 0.92 0.92
cos e e cos 1
(b) Ze 3.138 and phase angle of impedance, 3.138 = 72.95

Exercise 123, Page 350

1. A 6 kVA, 100 V/500 V, single-phase transformer has a secondary terminal voltage of 487.5 V

when loaded. Determine the regulation of the transformer.

no load sec ondary voltage ter min al voltage on load

100%
Regulation = no load sec ondary voltage

500 487.5 12.5

100% 100%
= 500 500 = 2.5%

2. A transformer has an open circuit voltage of 110 volts. A tap-changing device operates when the

regulation falls below 3%. Calculate the load voltage at which the tap-changer operates.

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 no load sec ondary voltage ter min al voltage on load
100%
Regulation = no load sec ondary voltage

110 V2
100%
Hence, 3 = 110

3(110)
110 V2
from which, 100

3(110)
V2 110
and 100 = 106.7 V = voltage at which the tap-changer operates.

Exercise 124, Page 352

1. A single-phase transformer has a voltage ratio of 6:1 and the h.v. winding is supplied at 540 V.

The secondary winding provides a full load current of 30 A at a power factor of 0.8 lagging.

Neglecting losses, find (a) the rating of the transformer, (b) the power supplied to the load, (c) the

primary current.

V1 6 540
V2
V2 1 V1 540 V 6 = 90 V and I2 = 30 A
and hence,

V2 I 2 90 30
(a) Rating of transformer = = 2700 VA or 2.7 kVA

(b) Power supplied to load = V I cos = (2700)(0.8) since power factor = cos = 0.8

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 = 2.16 kW

V1 I 2 V2 1
I1 I2 30
(c) V2 I1 from which, primary current, V1 6
=5A

2. A single-phase transformer is rated at 40 kVA. The transformer has full-load copper losses of

800 W and iron losses of 500 W. Determine the transformer efficiency at full load and 0.8 power

factor.

output power input power losses losses

1
Efficiency = input power input power input power

Full-load output power = V I cos = (40)(0.8) = 32 kW

Total losses = 800 + 500 = 1.3 kW

Input power = output power + losses = 32 + 1.3 = 33.3 kW

1.3
1
Hence, efficiency, 33.3 = 0.961 or 96.10%

3. Determine the efficiency of the transformer in problem 2 at half full-load and 0.8 power factor.

1
40 0.8
Half full load power output = 2 = 16 kW

2
Copper loss (or I R loss) is proportional to current squared

2
1
800
Hence, copper loss at half full load = 2 = 200 W

Iron loss == 500 W (constant)

Total loss = 200 + 500 = 700 W or 0.7 kW

Input power at half full load = output power at half full load + losses = 16 + 0.7 = 16.7 kW

losses 0.7
1 1
Hence, efficiency, input power 16.7 = 0.9581 or 95.81%

John Bird Published by Taylor and Francis 280

4. A 100 kVA, 2000 V/400 V, 50 Hz, single-phase transformer has an iron loss of 600 W and a full-

load copper loss of 1600 W. Calculate its efficiency for a load of 60 kW at 0.8 power factor.

output power input power losses losses

1
Efficiency = input power input power input power

Full-load output power = V I cos = (100)(0.8) = 80 kW

Load power = 60 kW

60 3

Hence the transformer is at 80 4 full load

2
3
1600
Hence, copper loss at 3/4 load = 4 = 900 W

Total losses = 900 + 600 = 1.5 kW

Input power = output power + losses = 60 + 1.5 = 61.5 kW

1.5
1
Hence, efficiency, 61.5 = 0.9756 or 97.56%

5. Determine the efficiency of a 15 kVA transformer for the following conditions:

(i) full-load, unity power factor (ii) 0.8 full-load, unity power factor (iii) half full-load, 0.8

power factor. Assume that iron losses are 200 W and the full-load copper loss is 300 W

(i) Full load power output = V I cos = (15)(1) = 15 kW

Losses = 200 + 300 = 500 W or 0.5 kW

Input power at full load = output power + losses = 15 + 0.5 = 15.5 kW

losses 0.5
1 1
Hence, efficiency, input power 15.5 = 0.9677 or 96.77%

John Bird Published by Taylor and Francis 281

(ii) At 0.8 full load, unity power factor, output power = 0.8 15 = 12 kW

Losses =
0.8 300 200 192 200
2

= 392 W or 0.392 kW

Input power at 0.8 full load = output power at 0.8 full load + losses

= 12 + 0.392 = 12.392 kW

0.392
1
Hence, efficiency, 12.392 = 0.9684 or 96.84%

(iii) At 0.5 full load and 0.8 power factor, output power = 0.5 15 0.8= 6 kW

0.5 300 200 75 200

2

Losses = = 275 W or 0.275 kW

Input power at 0.5 full load = output power at 0.5 full load + losses

= 6 + 0.275 = 6.275 kW

0.275
1
Hence, efficiency, 6.275 = 0.9562 or 95.62%

6. A 300 kVA transformer has a primary winding resistance of 0.4 and a secondary winding

resistance of 0.0015 . The iron loss is 2 kW and the primary and secondary voltages are 4 kV and

200 V respectively. If the power factor of the load is 0.78, determine the efficiency of the

transformer (a) on full load, and (b) on half load.

(a) Rating = 300 kVA = V1 I1 = V2 I2

400 103 300 103

Hence primary current, I1 = V1 = 4000 = 75 A
300 103 300 103
and secondary current, I2 = V2 = 200 = 1500 A

Total copper loss = I12 R1 + I22 R2, (where R1 = 0.4 and R2 = 0.0015 )

= (75)2(0.4) + (1500)2(0.0015)

= 2250 + 3375 = 5625 watts

On full load, total loss = copper loss + iron loss

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 = 5625 + 2000

= 7625 W = 7.625 kW

Total output power on full load = V2 I2 cos 2

= (300 103)(0.78) = 234 kW

Input power = output power + losses = 234 kW + 7.625 kW = 241.625 kW

losses
1
input power
Efficiency, = 100%

7.625
1
= 241.625 100% = 96.84%

(b) Since the copper loss varies as the square of the current, then total

2
1

copper loss on half load = 5625 2 = 1406.25 W

Hence total loss on half load = 1406.25 + 2000

= 3406.25 W or 3.40625 kW

1
Output power on half full load = 2 (234) = 117 kW

Input power on half full load = output power + losses

= 117 kW + 3.40625 kW = 120.40625 kW

Hence efficiency at half full load,

losses
1
input power
= 100%

3.40625
1
= 120.40625 100% = 97.17%

7. A 250 kVA transformer has a full load copper loss of 3 kW and an iron loss of 2 kW. Calculate

(a) the output kVA at which the efficiency of the transformer is a maximum, and (b) the

maximum efficiency, assuming the power factor of the load is 0.80.

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(a) Let x be the fraction of full load kVA at which the efficiency is a maximum.

The corresponding total copper loss =

3kW x 2

At maximum efficiency, copper loss = iron loss

2 2
x2
Hence, 3x 2
2
from which, 3 and x= 3 = 0.8165

Thus, the output kVA at maximum efficiency = 0.8165 250 = 204.1 kVA

(b) Total loss at maximum efficiency = 2 2 = 4 kW

Output power = 204.1 0.8 = 163.3 kW

Input power = output power + losses = 163.3 + 4 = 167.3 kW

4
1
Hence, maximum efficiency, 167.3 = 0.9761 or 97.61%

Exercise 125, Page 355

1. A transformer having a turns ratio of 8:1 supplies a load of resistance 50 . Determine the

equivalent input resistance of the transformer.

2
N1 8
2

RL
The equivalent input resistance, R1 = N 2 = 1 (50) = 3200 = 3.2 k

John Bird Published by Taylor and Francis 284

2. What ratio of transformer turns is required to make a load of resistance 30 appear to have a

resistance of 270

2 2
N N1
R1 1 R L 30
N 2 i.e. 270 = N 2
2
N1 270 N1
9 9 3
from which, N 2 30
and N2

i.e. the turns ratio required is 3:1

3. Determine the optimum value of load resistance for maximum power transfer if the load is

connected to an amplifier of output resistance 147 through a transformer with a turns ratio of

7:2

The equivalent input resistance R1 of the transformer needs to be 147 for maximum power transfer.

2 2
N1 N 2 2
2
RL
R1 = N 2 from which, RL = R1 N1 = 147 7 = 12

4. A single-phase, 240 V/2880 V ideal transformer is supplied from a 240 V source through a cable

of resistance 3 . If the load across the secondary winding is 720 determine (a) the primary

current flowing and (b) the power dissipated in the load resistance.

The circuit is as shown below.

N1 V1 240 1

(a) N 2 V2 2880 12

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 2 2
N 1
R1 1 R L 720
Equivalent input resistance, N 2 12 =5

R IN R R1
Total input resistance, =3+5=8

V1 240
I1
Hence, primary current, R IN 8 = 30 A

N1 I 2 N1 1
I 2 I1 30
(b) N 2 I1 from which, N 2 12 = 2.5 A

I 2 2 R L 2.5 720
2

Power dissipated in load, P = = 4500 W or 4.5 kW

5. A load of resistance 768 is to be matched to an amplifier which has an effective output

resistance of 12 . Determine the turns ratio of the coupling transformer.

2 2 2
N N1 12 N1
R1 1 R L 768
N 2 hence 12 = N 2 and
768 N 2

N1 12 1

and N2 768 8

Hence, the turns ratio of the coupling transformer is 1:8

6. An a.c. source of 20 V and internal resistance 20 k is matched to a load by a 16:1 single-phase

transformer. Determine (a) the value of the load resistance and (b) the power dissipated in the

load.

The circuit is shown below.

John Bird Published by Taylor and Francis 286

 R1
(a) For maximum power transfer, needs to be 20 k

2 2 2
N N 1
R 1 1 R L R L R 1 2 (20000)
N 2 from which, load resistance, N1 16 = 78.13

R IN R1
(b) Total input resistance when source is connected to the matching transformer is ,

i.e. 20 k + 20 k = 40 k

V 20
I1
Primary current, 40000 40000 = 0.5 mA

N1 3 16
0.5 10
N1 I 2
I 2 I1
N 2 I1 from which, N 2 1 = 8 mA

I 2 2 R L 8 103 78.13
2

Power dissipated in load, P = = 5 mW

John Bird Published by Taylor and Francis 287

Exercise 126, Page 357

1. A single-phase auto transformer has a voltage ratio of 480 V:300V and supplies a load of

30 kVA at 300 V. Assuming an ideal transformer, calculate the current in each section of the

winding.

V1 I1 V2 I 2
Rating = 30 kVA =
30 103
I1
Hence, primary current, 480 = 62.5 A

30 103
I2
and secondary current, 300 = 100 A

Hence, current in common part of winding =

I 2 I1 = 100 62.5 = 37.5 A

2. Calculate the saving in the volume of copper used in an auto transformer compared with a

double-wound transformer for (a) a 300 V:240 V transformer, and (b) a 400 V:100 V

transformer.

V2 240

(a) For a 300 V:240 V transformer, x = V1 300 = 0.80

From equation (20.12), volume of copper in auto transformer

= (1 0.80)(volume of copper in a double-wound transformer)

= (0.20)(volume of copper in a double-wound transformer)

Hence, saving is 80%

V2 100

(b) For a 400 V:1000 V transformer, x = V1 400 = 0.25

From equation (20.12), volume of copper in auto transformer

= (1 0.25)(volume of copper in a double-wound transformer)

= (0.75)(volume of copper in a double-wound transformer)

Hence, saving is 25%

John Bird Published by Taylor and Francis 288
Exercise 127, Page 358

1. A three-phase transformer has 600 primary turns and 150 secondary turns. If the supply voltage

is 1.5 kV determine the secondary line voltage on no-load when the windings are connected

(a) delta-star, (b) star-delta.

VL VP
(a) For a delta connection,

VP1
hence, primary phase voltage, = 1.5 kV = 1500 V

N 2 150
VP1 (1500)
VP2 N1 600 = 375 V
Secondary phase voltage, =

For a star connection, VL 3 VP

3 375
hence, secondary line voltage = = 649.5 V

VL
VP
(b) For a star connection, VL 3 VP or 3

VL1 1500
VP1
Primary phase voltage, 3 3 = 866.0 V

VL VP
For a delta connection,

N1 V1 N 2 150
VP2 VP1 (866.0)
N 2 V2 from which, secondary phase voltage, N1 600

= 216.5 V = secondary line voltage

John Bird Published by Taylor and Francis 289

Exercise 128, Page 353

1. A current transformer has two turns on the primary winding and a secondary winding of 260

turns. The secondary winding is connected to an ammeter with a resistance of 0.2 , the

resistance of the secondary winding is 0.3 . If the current in the primary winding is 650 A,

determine (a) the reading on the ammeter, (b) the potential difference across the ammeter, and

(c) the total load in VA on the secondary.

N1 2
I 2 I1 (650)
(a) Reading on ammeter, N 2 260 = 5 A

I 2 R 2 (5)(0.2)
(b) P.d. across ammeter = =1V

(c) Total resistance of secondary circuit = 0.2 + 0.3 = 0.5

Induce e.m.f. in secondary = (5)(0.5) = 2.5 V

Total load on secondary = (2.5)(5) = 7.5 VA

John Bird Published by Taylor and Francis 290