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Landsat8
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
Landsat8isanAmericanEarthobservationsatellite
launchedonFebruary11,2013.Itistheeighth Landsat8
satelliteintheLandsatprogramtheseventhtoreach
orbitsuccessfully.OriginallycalledtheLandsatData
ContinuityMission(LDCM),itisacollaboration
betweenNASAandtheUnitedStatesGeological
Survey(USGS).NASAGoddardSpaceFlightCenter
inGreenbelt,Maryland,provideddevelopment,
missionsystemsengineering,andacquisitionofthe
launchvehiclewhiletheUSGSprovidedfor
developmentofthegroundsystemsandwillconduct
ongoingmissionoperations.
ThesatellitewasbuiltbyOrbitalSciences
Corporation,whoservedasprimecontractorforthe
mission.[3]Thespacecraft'sinstrumentswere
constructedbyBallAerospaceandNASA'sGoddard
SpaceFlightCenter,[4]anditslaunchwascontracted
toUnitedLaunchAlliance.[5]Duringthefirst108
daysinorbit,LDCMunderwentcheckoutand
verificationbyNASAandon30May2013operations
weretransferredfromNASAtotheUSGSwhen
LDCMwasofficiallyrenamedtoLandsat8.[6] Landsat8duringgroundtesting
Missiontype Earthimaging
TheoriginalLandsat8planscalledforNASAto Startofmission
purchasedatameetingLandsat8specificationsfroma Launchdate 11February2013,18:02UTC
commerciallyownedandoperatedsatellitesystem
however,afteranevaluationofproposalsreceived Rocket AtlasV401AV035
fromindustry,NASAcancelledtheRequestfor Launchsite VandenbergSLC3E
ProposalsinSeptember2003.InAugust2004,a Contractor UnitedLaunchAlliance
memorandumfromtheWhiteHouseOfficeof
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Firstimagesfromthespacecraftwerecollectedon
March18,2013.[11]Landsat8joinsLandsat7on
orbit,providingincreasedcoverageoftheEarth's
surface.
Missionoverview
WithLandsat5retiringin
early2013,leavingLandsat
7astheonlyonorbit
Landsatprogramsatellite,
Landsat8ensuresthe
continuedacquisitionand
availabilityofLandsatdata NASA'sEarthObservingFleet(includingLandsat
utilizingatwosensor 8).
Landsat8launchesatopan payload,theOperational
AtlasV LandImager(OLI)andtheThermalInfraRedSensor(TIRS).Respectively,
thesetwoinstrumentscollectimagedatafornineshortwavebandsandtwo
longwavethermalbands.Thesatellitehasbeendevelopedwitha5.25years
missiondesignlifebuthasenoughfuelonboardtoprovideforupwardsoftenyearsofoperations.
Landsat8consistsofthreekeymissionandscienceobjectives:
Collectandarchivemediumresolution(30meterspatialresolution)multispectralimagedataaffording
seasonalcoverageofthegloballandmassesforaperiodofnolessthan5years
EnsurethatLandsat8dataaresufficientlyconsistentwithdatafromtheearlierLandsatmissionsinterms
ofacquisitiongeometry,calibration,coveragecharacteristics,spectralcharacteristics,outputproduct
quality,anddataavailabilitytopermitstudiesoflandcoverandlandusechangeovertime
DistributeLandsat8dataproductstothegeneralpubliconanondiscriminatorybasisatnocosttothe
user.[12]
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Technicaldetails
Providingmoderateresolution
imagery,from15metersto100
meters,ofEarthslandsurface
andpolarregions,Landsat8
operatesinthevisible,near
infrared,shortwaveinfrared,
andthermalinfraredspectrums.
Landsat8capturesmorethan FirstimagefromLandsat8.Thearea
700scenesaday,anincrease isFortCollins,Colorado,USAand
fromthe250scenesadayon theimageisshowninnaturalcolor
Landsat7.TheOLIandTIRS usingtheOperationalLandImager
sensorswillseeimprovedsignal (OLI)spectralbands2(blue),3
tonoise(SNR)radiometric (green),and4(red).
performance,enabling12bit
quantizationofdataallowingfor
morebitsforbetterlandcover
characterization.
Thepictureissatelliteimageof
Plannedparametersfor
irrigatedcropsandKahovirrigation
canal.Itiscaptured7Aug2015by Landsat8standardproducts[7]
Landsat8(OLI).Theimageiscreated
asTrueColorComposite,whereR
Producttype:Level1T(terrain
corrected) FirstimagefromLandsat8.Thearea
RedBand(0.640.67m),G
Outputformat:GeoTIFF isFortCollins,Colorado,USAand
GreenBand(0.530.59m)andB
Pixelsize:15meters/30 theimageisfromtheOperational
BlueBand(0.450.51m).This meters/100meters LandImager(OLI)spectralbands3
bandcombinationissuitableforcrop
(green),5(nearinfrared),and7
monitoring.Foremphasizing
(shortwaveinfrared2)displayedas
characteristics,theimagewaspan
blue,greenandred,respectively.
sharpenedbypanchromaticband.
Nonlinearadaptiveprocedureof
contrastingwasappliedtoo. (panchromatic/multispectral/thermal)
Mapprojection:UTM(PolarStereographicforAntarctica)
Datum:WGS84
Orientation:Northup(map)
Resampling:Cubicconvolution
Accuracy:
OLI:12meterscircularerror,90percentconfidence
TIRS:41meterscircularerror,90percentconfidence
Spacecraft
TheLandsat8spacecraftwasbuiltbyOrbitalSciencesCorporation,undercontracttoNASA,anduses
Orbital'sstandardLEOStar3satellitebus.Orbitalwasresponsibleforthedesignandmanufactureofthe
Landsat8spacecraftbus,theintegrationofthecustomerfurnishedpayloadinstruments,andfullobservatory
testing,includingenvironmentalandEMI/EMC.[13]Thespacecraftsuppliespower,orbitandattitudecontrol,
communications,anddatastorageforOLIandTIRS.
Allcomponents,exceptforthepropulsionmodule,aremountedontheexterioroftheprimarystructure.A
singledeployablesolararraygeneratespowerforthespacecraftcomponentsandchargesthespacecrafts125
amphournickelhydrogen(NiH2)battery.A3.14terabitsolidstatedatarecorderprovidesdatastorageaboard
thespacecraftandanXbandantennatransmitsOLIandTIRSdataeitherinrealtimeorplayedbackfromthe
datarecorder.TheOLIandTIRSaremountedonanopticalbenchattheforwardendofthespacecraft.[14]
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OperationalLandImager
Landsat8'sOperationalLandImager(OLI)improvesonpastLandsat
sensorsandwasbuilt,undercontracttoNASA,byBallAerospace.OLI
usesatechnologicalapproachdemonstratedbytheAdvancedLand
ImagersensorflownonNASAsexperimentalEO1satellite.TheOLI
instrumentusesapushbroomsensorinsteadofwhiskbroomsensorsthat
wereutilizedonearlierLandsatsatellites.Thepushbroomsensoraligns
theimagingdetectorarraysalongLandsat8'sfocalplaneallowingitto
viewacrosstheentireswath,115miles(185kilometers)crosstrack
fieldofview,asopposedtosweepingacrossthefieldofview.Withover
7,000detectorsperspectralband,thepushbroomdesignresultsin
increasedsensitivity,fewermovingparts,andimprovedlandsurface
information.
OLIcollectsdatafromninespectralbands.SevenoftheninebandsareconsistentwiththeThematicMapper
(TM)andEnhancedThematicMapperPlus(ETM+)sensorsfoundonearlierLandsatsatellites,providingfor
compatibilitywiththehistoricalLandsatdata,whilealsoimprovingmeasurementcapabilities.Twonew
spectralbands,adeepbluecoastal/aerosolbandandashortwaveinfraredcirrusband,willbecollected,
allowingscientiststomeasurewaterqualityandimprovedetectionofhigh,thinclouds.
ThermalInfraRedSensor
TheThermalInfraRedSensor(TIRS),builtbytheNASAGoddard
SpaceFlightCenter,conductsthermalimagingandsupportsemerging
applicationssuchasevapotranspirationratemeasurementsforwater
management.TheTIRSfocalplaneusesGaAsQuantumWellInfrared
Photodetectorarrays(knownasQWIPs)fordetectingtheinfrared
radiationafirstfortheLandsatprogram.TheTIRSdatawillbe
registeredtoOLIdatatocreateradiometrically,geometrically,and
terraincorrected12bitLandsat8dataproducts.[7]LikeOLI,TIRS
employsapushbroomsensordesignwitha185kilometerswathwidth.
Datafortwolongwavelengthinfraredbandswillbecollectedwith
TIRS.ThisprovidesdatacontinuitywithLandsat7'ssinglethermalIR
bandandaddsasecond.
WithTIRSbeingalateadditiontotheLandsat8satellite,thedesignlife
requirementwasrelaxedinordertoexpeditedevelopmentofthesensor.
ThermalInfraredSensorDesign
Assuch,TIRSonlyhasathreeyeardesignlife.
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Groundsystem
TheLandsat8groundsystemperformstwomainfunctions:commandandcontrolofthesatelliteand
managementofmissiondatasentfromthesatellite.SatellitecommandandcontrolisprovidedbytheMission
OperationsCenteratNASA'sGoddardSpaceflightCenter.CommandsaresentfromtheMissionOperations
CentertothesatelliteviaaGroundNetworkElement(GNE).Missiondatafromthesatelliteisdownlinkedto
receivingstationsinSiouxFalls,SD,GilmoreCreek,AK,andSvalbard,Norway.Fromthere,thedataissent
viatheGNEtotheUSGSEarthResourceObservationandScience(EROS)CenterinSiouxFalls,whereitis
ingestedintotheDataProcessingandArchiveSystem.[16]
Seealso
Landsatprogram
References
1."LANDSAT8Satellitedetails2013008ANORAD39084".N2YO.24January2015.Retrieved25January2015.
2."Landsat8Orbit".HeavensAbove.28May2016.Retrieved28May2016.
3."FactSheetLDCMEarthImageCollectionSatellite"(PDF).OrbitalSciencesCorporation.Retrieved12February
2013.
4."LDCMSpacecraft".NASA.Retrieved12February2013.
5."UnitedLaunchAllianceSuccessfullyLaunchesSecondNASAPayloadinJust12Days".UnitedLaunchAlliance.11
February2013.Retrieved12February2013.
6."Landsat8SatelliteBeginsWatch".NASA.20130530.
7.U.S.GeologicalService."LDCMHistory"(PDF).Retrieved12February2013.
8.Krebs,Gunter."Atlas5(401)".Gunter'sSpacePage.Retrieved12February2013.
9.Ray,Justin(11February2013)."Atlas5rocketlaunchcontinueslegacyofLandsat".SpaceflightNow.Retrieved
12February2013.
10."AtlasLaunchReportMissionStatusCenter".SpaceflightNow.Retrieved12February2013.
11."ACloserLookatLDCM'sFirstScene".NASA.20130321.
12.U.S.GeologicalSurvey(July2012)."LandsatDataContinuityMission"(PDF).RollaPublishingServiceCenter.
Retrieved12February2013.
13.OrbitalSciencesCorporation."LDCMFactSheet"(PDF).Retrieved12February2013.
14.NASA."LDCMPressKit"(PDF).Retrieved12February2013.
15.NASA."LandsatDataContinuityMissionBrochure"(PDF).Retrieved12February2013.
16."Landsat8GroundSystem".(http://landsat.gsfc.nasa.gov/ldcmgroundsystem/)LandsatScience.Retrieved:3
January2017.
Jhabvala,M.Choi,K.Waczynski,A.La,A.Sundaram,M.Costard,E.Jhabvala,C.Kan,E.Kahle,D.
Foltz,R.Boehm,N.Hickey,M.Sun,J.Adachi,T.Costen,N.Hess,L.Facoetti,H.Montanaro,
M."PerformanceoftheQWIPfocalplanearraysforNASA'sLandsatDataContinuityMission",Proceedingsof
SPIE,InfraredTechnologyandApplicationsXXXVIIvol.8012(1)April,2011.
Externallinks
NASA'sLandsatWebsite(http://landsat.gsfc.nasa.gov)
USGSLandsatWebsite(http://landsat.usgs.gov) WikimediaCommonshas
mediarelatedtoLandsat8.
EarthNow!LandsatImageViewer(http://earthnow.usgs.gov)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landsat_8 5/6
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KennedyLandsat8MediaGallery(http://mediaarchive.ksc.nasa.gov/search.cfm?cat=265)
Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Landsat_8&oldid=763135787"
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