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The following is a basic guideline to flaw characterization utilizing signal response relationships commonly found when performing a
butt weld examination. Flaw signals are typically characterized by their shape, appearance, and by their location. The shape of
the indications signal response will allow for the indication (in the A-scan) to be characterized as a volumetric or planar flaw. The
appearance (in the S-scan) will allow for the indication to be further classified if feasible. The location of the indication (in the S-
scan) allows the operator to use their welding and materials knowledge and experience to recognize that certain flaws exist in certain
areas of the weld. Using these three aids together a technician can characterize a flaw, although it is still difficult to differentiate
between most volumetric flaws. On thin wall materials (less than 4.0mm) it is simply a go / no-go interpretation. This is due to the
difficulty locating and sizing a flaw within a thin material thickness. On thicker components the level of characterization will increase.
A thicker component makes it easier to recognize the exact relative location of the flaw in the weld volume and characterize the
defect.
A figure of a typical S-Scan image can be seen on page 4 with the weld material outlined and regions of interest (Zones) identified.
Slag Zone #2 in weldment A broad indication with Appear as a broad indication Indication shall appear
region multiple spikes along its time located at the fusion zone or on one or both probes
line response within weldment with a depending on flaw
measurable height. Length is orientation.
measured by utilizing encoder
position measurements in the
weld direction.
Tungsten Zone #2 in weldment A broad indication with a Appear as a broad indication Indication shall appear
Inclusion region wide length along time line within weldment in which on one or both probes
(Volumetric) response height cannot be measured. depending on flaw
Length is not measurable due orientation. Tungsten
to probe aperture. Inclusions shall be
classified as
volumetric only.
Incomplete Zone #1, #2 and #3 A generally sharp Appear as sharp well defined Indications shall appear
Penetration indication that may have indications on the higher on both search units on
minor length along the time angles in Zone #1, #2 and on either side of the weld.
line response the lower angles in Zone #3. Indications present in
Indications shall appear on Zone #1 and #2 are
both search units on either side generally used to
of the weld. Length is measure flaw height.
measured by utilizing encoder
position measurements in the
weld direction.
External Zone #2 at the toe of A generally broad indication Generally appears as a faint A visual examination
Undercut the weld along the time line response. and broad indication at the will confirm external
O.D. toe of a weld. Indication undercut indications.
will usually only appear on the Undercut responses will
search unit closest to that side generally not break
of the weld. DAC.
Internal Zone #1 and #3 at the A generally broad indication Generally appear as faint and Undercut responses will
Undercut internal toe of the along the time line response broad indications in Zones #1 generally not break
root pass and #2 at the internal toe of the DAC. Indications that
root pass. Indications will break DAC in this region
usually appear on the search are generally a result of
unit closest to that side of the non-fusion at the root
weld. weld pass.