Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Notes
Female Section
Lecture One
M.B.
Introduction
Types of parasites:
Types of hosts:
zoonosis
Important terminology
Prevalence = % of infection.
Endemicity
Endemic infection : when a steady rate of parasitic infection is
prevalent all year around in a particular area causing a low rate of
morbidity in population of this area.
Food -meat
( T.saginata, T. spiralis)
-vegetables
(Ascaris, E.histolytica)
(E.histolytica, Cryptosporidium)
- cercaria (Schistosoms)
- cyclops (D.medinensis)
Arthropods :
Blood sucking
Mechanical transmission
(ova, protozoal cysts)
Myiasis
Blood transfusion :
Inhalation of dust :
(Enterobius ova).
Parasites
- Helminthes
- Protozoa
Protozoa helminthes
Unicellular Multicellular
Single cell for all function Specialized cells
Amoebae: Round worms
move by pseudopodia. (Nematodes)
Flagellates: cylindrical, unsegmented
move by flagella. Flat worms
Ciliates : 1-Trematodes:
move by cilia leaf-like, unsegmented.
Apicomplexa 2-Cestodes:
(sporozoa) Tissue tape-like, segmented
parasites
HELMINTHES
Flat worms:
-Trematodes: leaf-like, unsegmented.
Round worms
Strongyloides stercoralis
Nematodes
General features:
Location of Nematodes:
Intestinal:
Small intestine:
Large intestine:
Enterobius, Trichuris
In Tissue
W.Bancrofti : lymphatic system
Enterobius vermicularis
Treatment:
Male and female worm have narrow anterior portion penetrate the
intestinal mucosa.
Embryonated egg
unembryonated egg
Infective stage
Diagnostic stage
Pathology
Treatment :Albendazole.
Ascaris lumbricoides (roundworm)
Infective stage
Diagnostic stage
Embryonated egg
Unembryonated
Pathology:
1-Adult worm
- larvae in sputum.
Treatment: albendazol
Hook warms
Its buccal capsule (mouth) lined with hard hooks, triangular cutting
plates and anticoagulant glands
1- Buccal cavity with intestinal
mucosa
( ground itch).
(loeffler`s syndrome)
eosinophilia, urticaria.
- Adult worm:
Treatment: Albendazol
Strongyloides stercoralis
Widely distributed in tropical region worldwide .
Diagnosis
Stool examination
Treatment: albandazole
Filarial worms
Onchocerca volvulus
microfilaria in blood
Toxocara canis
T. canis and T. cati may cause visceral larvae migrans in children who
eat soil contaminated with (embyronated) infected eggs.
Pathology
Eosinophalia, hepatomegaly, retinitis.
Treatment : albendazole
Trichinella spiralis
Pathology:
Larvae
- by muscle biopsy
(microscopic observation),
- serology.
Treatment: Albendazole or
mebendazole+corticosteroids
Management:
Prevention
Wucheraria bancrofti
Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi
Worms restrict
normal flow of lymph
and result in
swelling, fibrosis and
eventually secondary
infections in the affected tissues (usually legs and
groin).
Lymphatic filariasis
-Blood film ,
(nocturnal periodicity).
Treatment: diethylcabamazine
(DEC) or ivermectin
Onchocerca volvulus
Pathology:
Management:
Loa loa
Diurnal periodicity.
In Africa.
Diagnosis
Treatment
Chemotherapy
Dracunculus medinensis
Ulcer forms over nematod ,uterus ruptures and discharge larvae into
water.
Larvae ingested by intermediate host (cyclop)
Pathology:
Drug therapy.
Infection by
Laboratory confirmation: