Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Active filters are a distinct family of filters. They take their name from the fact
that, aside from passive components, they also contain active elements such
as transistors or operational amplifiers. Just like passive filters, depending on
the design, they retain or eliminate a specific portion of a signal.
These types of filters are an advantage over passive filters, mainly because
bulky inductors at low frequencies can be avoided and higher quality factors
can be obtained.
1. Akerberg-Mossberg
2. Biquadratic
3. Dual Amplifier BandPass (DABP)
4. Fliege
5. Multiple feedback
6. Voltage-Controlled Voltage-Source (VCVS) and Sallen/Key
7. State variable
8. Wien
1. Bessel
2. Butterworth
3. Chebyshev
4. Elliptic or Cauer
5. Gaussian
6. Legendre-Paupolis
7. Butterworth-Thomson or Linear phase
8. Linkwitz-Riley
9. Synchronous
10. Transitional or Paynter
The Butterworth filter has the flattest response. The Elliptic or Cauer filter has
the steepest response. The Linkwitz-Riley filter is often used in audio
applications (crossovers).
Note that Cauer is the name of an active filter but its also the name of a
passive topology. The two are different concepts.
1 www.ice77.net
Sallen/Key topology
The network for the Sallen/Key topology includes an op-amp, often in a buffer
configuration, and a set of resistors and capacitors. The op-amp can
sometimes be substituted by an emitter follower or a source follower circuit
since both circuits produce unity gain. Cascading two or more stages will
produce higher-order filters.
Unlike passive filters, where only one pole is present in the circuit so that the
response drops by 6bB/octave or 20dB/decade at the cutoff frequency, the
Sallen/Key circuit topology has two poles so the response drops by
12bB/octave or 40dB/decade at the cutoff frequency.
Considering two signals with magnitudes A1 and A2, the definitions for octave
and decade are
A 1
20 log10 1 = 20 log10 = 6dB / octave
A2 2
and
A 1
20 log10 1 = 20 log10 = 20dB / decade
A2 10
where octave means twice the magnitude and decade means ten times the
magnitude.
2 www.ice77.net
Low-pass
C1
-797.3uV
1n
V+ V+ V-
7
R1 R2 U1 10.00V 10.00V
3 5 -10.00V
V+
0V -1.595mV + OS2 V2
V
10k 10k 6 10Vdc V3
OUT
2 1 V
- OS1
V-
V1 C2 10Vdc
1Vac AD741
0Vdc -10.00V 0V 0V
4
1n
V- 0 0
0V 0V
-1.575mV
0
0
(15.910K,500.000m)
0.5V
0V
1.0Hz 10Hz 100Hz 1.0KHz 10KHz 100KHz 1.0MHz
V(R1:1) V(U1:-)
Frequency
1 1
fc = = = 15.915kHz
2 R1 R2 C1C 2 2 10k 10k 1nF 1nF
3 www.ice77.net
-0
(16.094K,-6.1371)
-20
-40
(160.941K,-40.508)
-60
1.0Hz 10Hz 100Hz 1.0KHz 10KHz 100KHz 1.0MHz
20*LOG10(V(U1:OUT)/V(V1:+))
Frequency
4 www.ice77.net
High-pass
-778.0uV
10k
V+ V+ V-
7
C1 C2 U1 10.00V 10.00V
3 5 -10.00V
V+
0V -797.3uV + OS2 V2
V
220n 220n 6 10Vdc V3
OUT
2 1 V
- OS1
V-
V1 R2 10Vdc
1Vac AD741
0Vdc -10.00V 0V 0V
4
10k
V- 0 0
0V 0V
-778.0uV
0
0
(72.334,500.000m)
0.5V
0V
1.0Hz 10Hz 100Hz 1.0KHz 10KHz 100KHz 1.0MHz 10MHz 100MHz
V(C1:1) V(R1:2)
Frequency
1 1
fc = = = 72.34 Hz
2 R1 R2 C1C 2 2 10k 10k 220nF 220nF
5 www.ice77.net
-0
(71.969,-6.1226)
-20
-40
(7.2718,-40.000)
-60
-80
1.0Hz 10Hz 100Hz 1.0KHz 10KHz 100KHz 1.0MHz 10MHz 100MHz
20*LOG10(V(R1:2)/V(C1:1))
Frequency
6 www.ice77.net
Band-pass
The band-pass filter blocks low and high frequency signals. It peaks at the so-
called center frequency.
R3
-782.6uV -1.565mV
10k
V+ V+ V-
7
R1 C2 U1 10.00V 10.00V
3 5 -10.00V
V+
0V -1.595mV + OS2 V2
V
10k 220n 6 10Vdc V3
OUT
2 1 V
V-
R2 - OS1 10Vdc
V1
1Vac C1 AD741 Ra
0Vdc -10.00V 0V 0V
4
20k
220n V- 10k 0 0
0V
0V
-1.575mV
0 0 0 Rb
20k
(72.287,1.0000)
0.5V
0V
1.0Hz 10Hz 100Hz 1.0KHz 10KHz 100KHz 1.0MHz
V(R1:1) V(U1:OUT)
Frequency
1 R3 + R1 1 10k + 10k
fc = = = 72.34 Hz
2 C1C 2 R1 R2 R3 2 220nF 220nF 10k 20k 10k
Ra 10k G 1.5
G = 1+ = 1+ = 1 + 0 .5 = 1 .5 A= = =1
Rb 20k 3 G 3 1.5
7 www.ice77.net
The previous is a Sallen/Key circuit as long as the value of Rb is twice the
value of Ra. If A turns out to be more or less than unity, the circuit provides
amplification and becomes a VCVS filter.
R3
-285.5uV -571.0uV
10k
V+ V+ V-
7
R1 C2 U1 10.00V 10.00V
3 5 -10.00V
V+
0V -1.595mV + OS2 V2
V
10k 220n 6 10Vdc V3
OUT
2 1 V
V-
R2 - OS1 10Vdc
V1
1Vac C1 AD741 Ra
0Vdc -10.00V 0V 0V
4
20k
220n V- 1Meg 0 0
0V
0V
-1.575mV
0 0 0 Rb
20k
0.8V
0.4V
0V
1.0Hz 10Hz 100Hz 1.0KHz 10KHz 100KHz 1.0MHz
V(R1:1) V(U1:OUT)
Frequency
Ra 1M G 51
G = 1+ = 1+ = 1 + 50 = 51 A= = = 1.06
Rb 20k 3 G 3 51
Note that the magnitude of the output is 6% higher than the input.
8 www.ice77.net
R3
-748.5uV -1.497mV
10k
V+ V+ V-
7
R1 C2 U1 10.00V 10.00V
3 5 -10.00V
V+
0V -1.595mV + OS2 V2
V
10k 220n 6 10Vdc V3
OUT
2 1 V
V-
R2 - OS1 10Vdc
V1
1Vac C1 AD741 Ra
0Vdc -10.00V 0V 0V
4
20k
220n V- 1k 0 0
0V
0V
-1.575mV
0 0 0 Rb
1Meg
(72.287,500.734m)
0.5V
0V
1.0Hz 10Hz 100Hz 1.0KHz 10KHz 100KHz 1.0MHz
V(R1:1) V(U1:OUT)
Frequency
1 R3 + R1 1 10k + 10k
fc = = = 72.34 Hz
2 C1C 2 R1 R2 R3 2 220nF 220nF 10k 20k 10k
Ra 1k G 1
G = 1+ = 1+ = 1+ 0 = 1 A= = = +0.5
Rb 1M 3 G 3 1
Connecting the op-amp in the buffer configuration would produce the same
frequency response.
Note that the magnitude of the output at the center frequency is 50% lower
than the input.
9 www.ice77.net
-0
(72.444,-718.738u)
-20
(1.0000,-33.667)
-40
(100.000m,-53.667)
(10.000K,-39.293)
-60
(100.000K,-59.369)
-80
1.0mHz 10mHz 100mHz 1.0Hz 10Hz 100Hz 1.0KHz 10KHz 100KHz 1.0MHz
20*LOG10(V(R3:2)/V(R1:1))
Frequency
(66.069,526.810m)
-40
-80
1.0mHz 10mHz 100mHz 1.0Hz 10Hz 100Hz 1.0KHz 10KHz 100KHz 1.0MHz
20*LOG10(V(R3:2)/V(R1:1))
Frequency
(72.444,-6.0081)
-20
(1.0000,-37.181)
-40
(100.000m,-57.180)
(10.000K,-42.805)
-60
(100.000K,-62.833)
-80
1.0mHz 10mHz 100mHz 1.0Hz 10Hz 100Hz 1.0KHz 10KHz 100KHz 1.0MHz
V(R1:1) 20*LOG10(V(R3:2)/V(R1:1))
Frequency
10 www.ice77.net
Biquadratic topology
The biquadratic topology takes its name from the fact its transfer function is
the ratio of two quadratic functions. It can be implemented in two ways:
single-amplifier biquadratic or two-integrator-loop.
1k
R3
V+ V-
1k
C2 R6
C1 V2 V3
1u
1k
1u
5Vdc -5Vdc
V-
V-
U1 0 0
uA741
V-
4
R1 uA741 U2
2 1
V-
- OS1
4
R4 uA741 U3
1k
6 2 1
V-
V OUT - OS1
4
R5
1k
V1 3 5 6 2 1
V+
V-
+ OS2 V OUT - OS1
1Vac
1k
0Vdc band-pass 3 5 6
V+
+ OS2 OUT
7
3 5
V+
+ OS2 V
low-pass
7
V+
0
7
V+
0
0 V+
0
Biquadratic filter
1.2V
(158.489,1.0007)
0.8V
0.4V
0V
1.0Hz 10Hz 100Hz 1.0KHz 10KHz 100KHz 1.0MHz 10MHz
V(R1:1) V(R2:2) V(U1:OUT)
Frequency
R4
The band-pass gain is G BP = .
R2
R2
The low-pass gain is G LP = + .
R1
The output for the band-pass option is shown in red. The output for the
low-pass option is shown in blue.
11 www.ice77.net
The cutoff/center frequency is
1 1
fc = = = 159.15Hz
2 R2 R4 C1C 2 2 1k 1k 1F 1F
R32 C1 1k 31F
Q= = = 0.03
R2 R4 C 2 1k 1k 1F
2f c 2 159.15Hz
BW = = 33.33kHz
Q 0.03
100
(87.096K,65.256)
50
(158.489,5.8272m)
0
(15.963,-19.929) (1.5963K,-19.979)
(15.963K,-39.358)
-50
1.0Hz 10Hz 100Hz 1.0KHz 10KHz 100KHz 1.0MHz 10MHz
V(R1:1) 20*LOG10(V(U1:OUT)/V(R1:1)) 20*LOG10(V(U1:OUT)/V(R2:2))
Frequency
12 www.ice77.net
Multiple feedback topology
The multiple feedback topology takes its name from the fact it has positive
and negative feedback.
R3 C2
1k 1n V+ V-
V- U1
4
R1 R2 AD741
2 1 V2 V3
V-
- OS1 5Vdc -5Vdc
1k 1k
V
6
OUT
3 5
V+
+ OS2 V
V1 C1
1Vac
1n
0Vdc
7
V+ 0 0
0 0
0
0.5V
(151.741K,333.257m) (159.224K,316.568m)
0V
1.0Hz 10Hz 100Hz 1.0KHz 10KHz 100KHz 1.0MHz 10MHz
V(R1:1) V(U1:OUT)
Frequency
Vo K o2
H (s ) =
1
= 2 =
Vi As + Bs + C o
s2 + s + o2
Q
where
13 www.ice77.net
R3 1k
K = = = 1
R1 1k
o = 2f c = 2 159.15kHz = 999.968kHz
Note that cutoff frequency and quality factor are a function of each other but
do not exactly define a single point. Yet, they two points that are obtained are
reasonably close and in the same neighborhood as shown in the AC sweep.
40
(160.456K,-10.060)
(1.6046M,-38.113)
(16.046M,-61.581)
-40
-80
1.0Hz 10Hz 100Hz 1.0KHz 10KHz 100KHz 1.0MHz 10MHz 100MHz
V(R1:1) 20*LOG10(V(U1:OUT)/V(R1:1))
Frequency
14 www.ice77.net
First-order filters
First-order filters are very simple. They have only one capacitor which in turn
produces a single pole. The 3dB frequency is given by
1
f 3dB =
2RC
Non-inverting low-pass
This circuit lets the low frequencies through without inverting the input.
V+
V+ V-
7
R1 U1
3 5
V+
+ OS2 V2 V3
V 2k 6 3.6Vdc -3.6Vdc
OUT
2 1 V
V-
- OS1
V1
1Vac C1 AD741
0Vdc
4
47n
0 0
V-
0 0
1 1
f 3dB = = = 1.693kHz
2RC 2 2k 47nF
1.0V
(1.6930K,707.101m)
0.5V
0V
1.0Hz 10Hz 100Hz 1.0KHz 10KHz 100KHz 1.0MHz
V(V1:+) V(U1:OUT)
Frequency
15 www.ice77.net
10
(1.6853K,-2.9899)
-0
(16.853K,-20.004)
-20
(168.526K,-40.039)
-40
-60
1.0Hz 10Hz 100Hz 1.0KHz 10KHz 100KHz 1.0MHz
V(V1:+) 20*LOG10(V(U1:OUT)/ V(V1:+))
Frequency
16 www.ice77.net
Non-inverting high-pass
This circuit lets the high frequencies through without inverting the input.
V+
V+ V-
7
C1 U1
3 5
V+
+ OS2 V2 V3
V 47n 6 3.6Vdc -3.6Vdc
OUT
2 1 V
V-
- OS1
V1
1Vac R1 AD741
0Vdc
4
2k 0 0
V-
0 0
1 1
f 3dB = = = 1.693kHz
2RC 2 2k 47nF
1.0V
(1.6933K,707.101m)
0.5V
0V
1.0Hz 10Hz 100Hz 1.0KHz 10KHz 100KHz 1.0MHz
V(V1:+) V(U1:OUT)
Frequency
(1.6853K,-3.0304)
(168.526,-20.084)
-40
(16.853,-40.041)
-80
1.0Hz 10Hz 100Hz 1.0KHz 10KHz 100KHz 1.0MHz
V(V1:+) 20*LOG10(V(U1:OUT)/ V(V1:+))
Frequency
18 www.ice77.net
Second-order filters
Second-order filters have two poles which are given by two capacitors.
1
fc =
2 R1 R2 C1C 2
R1 R2 C1C 2
Q= low-pass
C 2 (R1 + R2 )
R1 R2 C1C 2
Q= high-pass
R1 (C1 + C 2 )
where C2 is the shunt capacitor for the low-pass configuration and R1 is the
bridging resistor in the high-pass configuration (consistency is important).
The quality factors for 2nd-order and higher filters are summarized here:
Butterworth 0.7071
Linkwitz-Riley 0.5
Bessel 0.577
Chebyshev (0.5dB) 0.8637
Chebyshev (1dB) 0.9565
Chebyshev (2dB) 1.1286
Chebyshev (3dB) 1.3049
Transitional or Paynter 0.639
Butterworth-Thomson or Linear phase 0.6304
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Butterworth filter
This filter can be implemented with different orders. For every order, the filter
will drop by 6dB/octave or 20dB/decade in magnitude past the cutoff
frequency. Increasing the order of the filter will produce a sharper drop in the
output response.
The Butterworth filter has a very flat response and does not present ripples in
the pass-band. It can be arranged for low-pass, bandpass, high-pass, notch
and band-pass purposes.
C1
200n
V+ V+ V-
U1
R2
7
R1 LM741
3 5
V+
+ OS2 V2 V3
V
1k 1k 6
OUT
V1 C2 2 1 V
5Vdc -5Vdc
- OS1
V-
1Vac
0Vdc
100n
4
V-
0 0
0 0
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1.0V
(1.1253K,707.101m)
0.5V
0V
1.0Hz 10Hz 100Hz 1.0KHz 10KHz 100KHz 1.0MHz
V(V1:+) V(U1:-)
Frequency
1 1
fc = = = 1.125kHz
2 R1 R2 C1C 2 2 1k 1k 200nF 100nF
-0
(1.1307K,-3.0528)
-20
-40
(11.307K,-40.148)
-60
1.0Hz 10Hz 100Hz 1.0KHz 10KHz 100KHz 1.0MHz
V(V1:+) 20*LOG10(V(U1:-)/ V(V1:+))
Frequency
22 www.ice77.net
Second-order low-pass (same capacitor values)
C1
100n
V+ V+ V-
U1
R2
7
R1 LM741
3 5
V+
+ OS2 V2 V3
V
1k 1k 6
OUT
V1 C2 2 1 V
5Vdc -5Vdc
- OS1
V-
1Vac
0Vdc
100n 4 R3
V- 586
0 0
0 0
R4
1k
1.5V
(1.5950K,1.1191)
1.0V
0.5V
0V
1.0Hz 10Hz 100Hz 1.0KHz 10KHz 100KHz 1.0MHz
V(V1:+) V(C1:2)
Frequency
1 1
fc = = = 1.5915kHz
2 R1 R2 C1C 2 2 1k 1k 100nF 100nF
23 www.ice77.net
The gain is
1 1
A = 3 = 3 = 1.5856 or +4dB
Q 0.707
R3 + R4 586 + 1k
A= = = 1.586
R4 1k
Note that the capacitors here are matched and they do not set the quality
factor but they only set the frequency cutoff.
20
(100.000,4.0058)
(1.5849K,1.0335)
-0
-20
(15.849K,-35.993)
-40
-60
1.0Hz 10Hz 100Hz 1.0KHz 10KHz 100KHz 1.0MHz
V(V1:+) 20*LOG10(V(R3:2)/V(V1:+))
Frequency
The output is flat with a gain of +4dB in the lower frequency range and then it
drops to +1dB at 1.5915kHz. It eventually drops to 35.993dB at 15.849kHz
(40dB below the lower frequency range).
24 www.ice77.net
Second-order high-pass (different resistor values)
R1
1k
V+ V+ V-
U1
7
C1 C2 LM741
3 5
V+
+ OS2 V2 V3
V
10n 10n 6
OUT
V1 2 1 V
5Vdc -5Vdc
V-
1Vac R2 - OS1
0Vdc
4
2k
V-
0 0
0 0
(11.247K,707.101m)
0.5V
0V
1.0Hz 10Hz 100Hz 1.0KHz 10KHz 100KHz 1.0MHz
V(C1:1) V(U1:-)
Frequency
1 1
fc = = = 11.253kHz
2 R1 R2 C1C 2 2 1k 2k 10nF 10nF
25 www.ice77.net
40
(11.142K,-3.0893)
(1.1142K,-40.169)
-100
(111.424,-80.170)
-200
1.0Hz 10Hz 100Hz 1.0KHz 10KHz 100KHz 1.0MHz
V(C1:1) 20*LOG10(V(U1:-)/V(C1:1))
Frequency
26 www.ice77.net
Second-order high-pass (same resistor values)
R1
2k
V+ V+ V-
U1
7
C1 C2 LM741
3 5
V+
+ OS2 V2 V3
V
10n 10n 6
OUT
V1 2 1 V
5Vdc -5Vdc
V-
1Vac R2 - OS1
0Vdc R3
4
2k
V- 586
0 0
0 0
R4
1k
(39.811K,1.5524)
1.5V
(7.9767K,1.1243)
1.0V
0.5V
0V
1.0Hz 10Hz 100Hz 1.0KHz 10KHz 100KHz 1.0MHz
V(C1:1) V(U1:OUT)
Frequency
1 1
fc = = = 7.957kHz
2 R1 R2 C1C 2 2 2k 2k 10nF 10nF
27 www.ice77.net
The gain is
1 1
A = 3 = 3 = 1.5856 or +4dB
Q 0.707
R3 + R4 586 + 1k
A= = = 1.586
R4 1k
Note that the resistors here are matched and they do not set the quality factor
but they only set the frequency cutoff.
40
(8.0545K,1.0978)
(39.811K,3.8199)
(793.102,-36.050)
-100
-200
1.0Hz 10Hz 100Hz 1.0KHz 10KHz 100KHz 1.0MHz
V(V1:+) 20*LOG10(V(R1:2)/V(V1:+))
Frequency
The output is flat with a gain of about +4dB in the higher frequency range and
then it drops to +1dB at 7.957kHz. It eventually drops to 36dB at 795Hz
(40dB below the lower frequency range).
28 www.ice77.net
Third-order low-pass (same capacitor values)
7
R2 LM741
3 5
V+
+ OS2 V2 V3
V
2294 1059 476 6
OUT
V1 C1 C2 C3 2 1 V
5Vdc -5Vdc
- OS1
V-
1Vac
0Vdc
150n 150n 150n R4
4
V- 1.2k
0 0
0 0 0
R5
1k
(10.000,2.1999)
2.0V
(1.0029K,1.5710)
1.0V
0V
1.0Hz 10Hz 100Hz 1.0KHz 10KHz 100KHz 1.0MHz
V(V1:+) V(C2:1)
Frequency
R4 + R5 1.2k + 1k
A= = = 2 .2 or +6.848dB
R5 1k
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50
(10.000,6.8481) (1.0000K,3.9619)
(10.000K,-53.006)
-50
-100
1.0Hz 10Hz 100Hz 1.0KHz 10KHz 100KHz 1.0MHz
V(V1:+) 20*LOG10(V(C2:1)/ V(V1:+))
Frequency
The output is flat with a gain of +6.8481dB in the lower frequency range and
then it drops to +3.9619dB at 1kHz. It eventually drops to 53.006dB one
decade later.
30 www.ice77.net
Third-order low-pass (cascaded)
400n
V+ V+ V-
U1
R2
7
R1 LM741
3 5
V+
+ OS2 R3 V2 V3
V
795 795 6
OUT
V1 C2 2 1 V
1.59k V
5Vdc -5Vdc
- OS1
V-
1Vac
0Vdc C3
100n
4
V- 100n
0 0
0 0
0
(1.0000K,1.0009)
(1.0000K,708.091m)
0.8V
0.4V
0V
1.0Hz 10Hz 100Hz 1.0KHz 10KHz 100KHz 1.0MHz
V(V1:+) V(U1:OUT) V(R3:2)
Frequency
1 1
f c1 = = = 1kHz
2 R1 R2 C1C 2 2 795 795 400nF 100nF
1 1
f c2 = = = 1kHz
2R3C 3 2 1.59k 100nF
31 www.ice77.net
20
(1.0000K,-2.9982)
-50
(10.000K,-60.083)
-100
1.0Hz 10Hz 100Hz 1.0KHz 10KHz 100KHz 1.0MHz
V(V1:+) 20*LOG10(V(U1:OUT)/ V(V1:+)) 20*LOG10(V(R3:2)/ V(V1:+))
Frequency
The output drops to 3dB at 1kHz and then it drops by 60dB/decade past the
cutoff frequency.
32 www.ice77.net
Third-order high-pass (same resistor values)
7
C1 C2 C3 LM741
3 5
V+
+ OS2 V2 V3
V
47n 47n 47n 6
OUT
V1 2 1 V
5Vdc -5Vdc
V-
1Vac R1 R2 R3 - OS1
0Vdc
4
2431 954 16.73k
V-
0 0
0 0
0
0 .5 V
0V
1. 0H z 10 Hz 1 00H z 1.0 KH z 1 0K Hz 10 0KH z 1. 0MH z
V( V1 :+) V( R2 :1 )
F re que nc y
(1.0000K,-3.0038)
(100.000,-60.007)
-100
(10.000,-120.007)
-200
1.0Hz 10Hz 100Hz 1.0KHz 10KHz 100KHz 1.0MHz
V(V1:+) 20*LOG10(V(R2:1)/ V(V1:+))
Frequency
The output drops to 3dB at 1kHz and then it drops by 60dB/decade past the
cutoff frequency.
33 www.ice77.net
Third-order high-pass (cascaded)
750
V+ V+ V-
U1
7
C1 C2 LM741
3 5
V+
+ OS2 C3 V2 V3
V
106n 106n 6
OUT
V1 R2 2 1 V
100n V
5Vdc -5Vdc
- OS1
V-
1Vac
0Vdc R3
3k
4
V- 1.59k
0 0
0 0
0
(1.0000K,706.096m)
0.8V
0.4V
0V
1.0Hz 10Hz 100Hz 1.0KHz 10KHz 100KHz 1.0MHz
V(C1:2) V(R1:2) V(R3:2)
Frequency
1 1
f c1 = = = 1kHz
2 R1 R2 C1C 2 2 750 3k 106nF 106nF
1 1
f c2 = = = 1kHz
2R3C 3 2 1.59k 100nF
34 www.ice77.net
200
(1.0000K,-6.9601)
-200
(100.000,-138.213)
-400
-500
1.0Hz 10Hz 100Hz 1.0KHz 10KHz 100KHz 1.0MHz
V(C1:2) 20*LOG10(V(R1:2)/ V(C1:2)) 20*LOG(V(R3:2)/ V(C1:2))
Frequency
35 www.ice77.net
Fourth-order low-pass (same resistor values)
7
R3 LM741
3 5
V+
+ OS2 V2 V3
V
1k 1k 1k 1k 6
OUT
V1 C1 C2 C3 C4 2 1 V
5Vdc -5Vdc
V-
1Vac - OS1
0Vdc R5
212n 296n 214n 47n
4
V- 430
0 0
0 0 0
R6
1k
(10.000,1.4299)
1.5V
(1.0009K,1.0385)
1.0V
0.5V
0V
1.0Hz 10Hz 100Hz 1.0KHz 10KHz 100KHz 1.0MHz
V(V1:+) V(C1:1)
Frequency
(10.000,3.1064)
(1.0000K,343.421m)
-40
(9.3325K,-61.319)
-80
1.0Hz 10Hz 100Hz 1.0KHz 10KHz 100KHz 1.0MHz
V(V1:+) 20*LOG10(V(C1:1)/V(V1:+))
Frequency
The output is flat with a gain of +3.1064dB in the lower frequency range and
then it drops to +0.343dB at 1kHz. It eventually drops to 61.319dB at
9.3325kHz.
36 www.ice77.net
Fourth-order low-pass (same capacitor values)
7
R3 LM741
3 5
V+
+ OS2 V2 V3
V
495 2.65k 1.08k 195 6
OUT
V1 C1 C2 C3 C4 2 1 V
5Vdc -5Vdc
V-
1Vac - OS1
0Vdc R5
220n 220n 220n 220n
4
V- 1.2k
0 0
0 0 0
R6
1k
2.0V
(1.0005K,1.5311)
1.0V
0V
1.0Hz 10Hz 100Hz 1.0KHz 10KHz 100KHz 1.0MHz
V(V1:+) V(R5:2)
Frequency
(10.000,6.8481)
(1.0000K,3.7091)
-0
-20
-40
(8.7096K,-50.861)
-60
1.0Hz 10Hz 100Hz 1.0KHz 10KHz 100KHz 1.0MHz
V(V1:+) 20*LOG10(V(R5:2)/ V(V1:+))
Frequency
The output is flat with a gain of +6.8481dB in the lower frequency range and
then it drops to +3.7091dB at 1kHz. It eventually drops to 50.861dB at
8.7096kHz.
37 www.ice77.net
Fourth-order low-pass (cascaded)
120n 685n
V+
U1 V+
R2
7
R1 LM741 U2
3 5
V+
+ OS2 R4
7
R3 LM741 V+ V-
1.45k 1.45k 6 3 5
V+
V OUT + OS2
V1 C2 2 1 V
610 610 6
V-
V-
100n - OS1
4
4
V-
0 0
0 0 0
th
Butterworth filter (low-pass) (4 -order)
1.2V
(1.0063K,706.509m)
0.8V
(1.0000K,548.870m)
0.4V
0V
1.0Hz 10Hz 100Hz 1.0KHz 10KHz 100KHz 1.0MHz
V(V1:+) V(C1:1) V(C3:1)
Frequency
1 1
f c1 = = = 1001Hz
2 R1 R2 C1C 2 2 1.45k 1.45k 120nF 100nF
1 1
f c2 = = = 997 Hz
2 R1 R2 C1C 2 2 610 610 685nF 100nF
38 www.ice77.net
The quality factors are
(1.0000K,-2.9035)
-0
(1.0000K,-5.2106)
-40
-80
(10.000K,-80.232)
-120
1.0Hz 10Hz 100Hz 1.0KHz 10KHz 100KHz 1.0MHz
V(V1:+) 20*LOG10(V(C1:1)/ V(V1:+)) 20*LOG10(V(C3:1)/ V(V1:+))
Frequency
39 www.ice77.net
Fourth-order high-pass (same capacitor values)
7
C1 C2 C3 C4 LM741
3 5
V+
+ OS2 V2 V3
V
100n 100n 100n 100n 6
OUT
V1 R1 R2 R3 R4 2 1 V
5Vdc -5Vdc
V-
1Vac - OS1
0Vdc R5
1195 850 1.2k 5.28k
4
V- 440
0 0
0 0 0
R6
1k
(10.000K,1.4233)
1.5V
(1.0000K,1.0184)
1.0V
0.5V
0V
1.0Hz 10Hz 100Hz 1.0KHz 10KHz 100KHz 1.0MHz
V(C1:2) V(R3:1)
Frequency
(1.0000K,158.734m)
-100
(100.000,-76.834)
-200
1.0Hz 10Hz 100Hz 1.0KHz 10KHz 100KHz 1.0MHz
V(V1:+) 20*LOG10(V(R5:2)/V(V1:+))
Frequency
The output is flat with a gain of +3.6058dB in the higher frequency range and
then it drops to +0.158dB at 1kHz. It eventually drops by 80dB/decade past
the cutoff frequency.
40 www.ice77.net
Fourth-order high-pass (cascaded)
1k 1k
V+
U1 V+
7
C1 C2 LM741 U2
3 5
V+
+ OS2
7
C3 C4 LM741 V+ V-
192n 100n 6 3 5
V+
V OUT + OS2
V1 R2 2 1 V
23n 100n 6
V-
V-
1.3k - OS1
4
4
V-
0 0
0 0 0
th
Butterworth filter (high-pass) (4 -order)
1.2V
(1.0094K,706.509m)
0.8V
0.4V (1.0000K,537.091m)
0V
1.0Hz 10Hz 100Hz 1.0KHz 10KHz 100KHz 1.0MHz
V(V1:+) V(R1:2) V(U2:-)
Frequency
1 1
f c1 = = = 1007 Hz
2 R1 R2 C1C 2 2 1k 1.3k 192nF 100nF
1 1
f c2 = = = 1kHz
2 R1 R2 C1C 2 2 1k 11k 23nF 100nF
41 www.ice77.net
The quality factors are
-0
(1.0000K,-5.3991)
-100
(100.000,-80.138)
-200
-300
1.0Hz 10Hz 100Hz 1.0KHz 10KHz 100KHz 1.0MHz
V(V1:+) 20*LOG10(V(R1:2)/ V(V1:+)) 20*LOG10(V(U2:-)/V(V1:+))
Frequency
The output drops to 3dB at 1kHz and then it drops by 80dB/decade past the
cutoff frequency.
42 www.ice77.net
Fifth-order low-pass (cascaded)
C3
153n
1050n
V+
U1 V+ V+ V-
R2
7
R1 LM741 U2
3 5
V+
+ OS2 R4
7
R3 LM741
1.285k 1.285k 6 3 5
V+
V OUT + OS2 R5 V2 V3
V1 C2 2 1 V 490 490 6
V-
V-
100n - OS1
4
C5
V- 100n
4
V- 100n
0 0 0 0
0
0
1.0V
(1.0033K,705.621m)
0.5V
(1.0033K,617.409m)
0V
1.0Hz 10Hz 100Hz 1.0KHz 10KHz 100KHz 1.0MHz
V(R1:1) V(U1:-) V(U2:-) V(R5:2)
Frequency
1 1
f c1 = =
= 1001Hz
2 R1 R2 C1C 2 2 1.285k 1.285k 153nF 100nF
1 1
f c2 = = = 1002 Hz
2 R3 R4 C 3 C 4 2 490 490 1050nF 100nF
1 1
f c3 = = = 1kHz
2R5 C 5 2 1.59k 100nF
44 www.ice77.net
The quality factors are
(1.0000K,-2.9558)
-0
-50
-100
(10.000K,-100.244)
-150
1.0Hz 10Hz 100Hz 1.0KHz 10KHz 100KHz 1.0MHz
V(R1:1) 20*LOG10(V(U1:-)/V(R1:1)) 20*LOG10(V(U2:-)/V(R1:1)) 20*LOG10(V(R5:2)/V(R1:1))
Frequency
The output drops to 3dB at 1kHz and then it drops by 100dB/decade past
the cutoff frequency.
45 www.ice77.net
Fifth-order high-pass (cascaded)
R3
1.285k
1k
V+
U1 V+ V+ V-
7
C1 C2 LM741 U2
3 5
V+
+ OS2
7
C3 C4 LM741
207n 50n 6 3 5
V+
V OUT + OS2 V2 V3
C5
V1 R2 2 1 V 48n 50n 6
V-
V-
2.44k - OS1
4
R5
V- 10.475k
4
V- 1.59k
0 0 0 0
0
0
1.0V
(1.0000K,703.322m)
(1.0000K,617.445m)
0.5V
0V
1.0Hz 10Hz 100Hz 1.0KHz 10KHz 100KHz 1.0MHz
V(C1:2) V(U1:OUT) V(R3:2) V(R5:2)
Frequency
1 1
f c1 = = = 1001Hz
2 R1 R2 C1C 2 2 1k 2.44k 207nF 50nF
1 1
f c2 = = = 1003Hz
2 R3 R4 C 3 C 4 2 1k 10.475k 48nF 50nF
1 1
f c3 = = = 1kHz
2R5 C 5 2 1.59k 100nF
46 www.ice77.net
The quality factors are
(1.0000K,-3.0569)
(100.000,-100.100)
-200
-400
1.0Hz 10Hz 100Hz 1.0KHz 10KHz 100KHz 1.0MHz
V(C1:2) 20*LOG10(V(U1:OUT)/V(C1:2)) 20*LOG10(V(R3:2)/V(C1:2)) 20*LOG10(V(R5:2)/V(C1:2))
Frequency
The output drops to 3dB at 1kHz and then it drops by 100dB/decade past
the cutoff frequency..
47 www.ice77.net
Sixth-order low-pass (same resistor values)
7
R3 R5 R6 LM741
3 5
V+
+ OS2 V2 V3
V 1k 1k 1k 1k 1k 1k 6
OUT
V1 C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 2 1 V 5Vdc -5Vdc
V-
1Vac - OS1
0Vdc R7
205n 465n 218n 212n 104n 36n
4
V- 1k
0 0
0 0 0 0
R8
1k
(10.000,1.9999)
2.0V
(1.0000K,1.4347)
1.0V
0V
1.0Hz 10Hz 100Hz 1.0KHz 10KHz 100KHz 1.0MHz
V(R1:1) V(C5:1)
Frequency
(10.000,6.0202)
(1.0000K,3.1353)
-40
(3.8019K,-65.177)
-80
1.0Hz 10Hz 100Hz 1.0KHz 10KHz 100KHz 1.0MHz
V(R1:1) 20*LOG10(V(C5:1)/V(R1:1))
Frequency
The output is flat with a gain of +6dB in the lower frequency range and then it
drops to +3.1353dB at 1kHz. It eventually drops to 65.177dB at 3.8019kHz.
48 www.ice77.net
Linkwitz-Riley filter
The Linkwitz-Riley filter was invented by Siegfried Linkwitz and Russ Riley in
1978. This filter is alternatively called Butterworth squared filter (squared
because for the Linkwitz-Riley filter Q=0.5, for the Butterworth filter Q=0.707
and the square of 0.707 is 0.5). This filter is used in audio crossovers.
The Linkwitz-Riley filter can be implemented with different orders. For every
order, the filter will drop by 6dB/octave or 20dB/decade in magnitude past
the cut-off frequency. Increasing the order of the filter will produce a sharper
drop in the output response.
Second-order low-pass
C1
100n
V+ V+ V-
U1
R2
7
R1 LM741
3 5
V+
+ OS2 V2 V3
V
1k 1k 6
OUT
V1 C2 2 1 V
5Vdc -5Vdc
V-
1Vac - OS1
0Vdc
100n
4
V-
0 0
0 0
53 www.ice77.net
1.0V
(1.5915K,500.000m)
0.5V
0V
1.0Hz 10Hz 100Hz 1.0KHz 10KHz 100KHz 1.0MHz
V(R1:1) V(C1:2)
Frequency
1 1
fc = = = 1.5915kHz
2 R1 R2 C1C 2 2 1k 1k 100nF 100nF
-0
(1.5849K,-5.9848)
-20
-40
(15.849K,-40.062)
-60
1.0Hz 10Hz 100Hz 1.0KHz 10KHz 100KHz 1.0MHz
V(R1:1) 20*LOG10(V(C1:2)/V(R1:1))
Frequency
54 www.ice77.net
Second-order high-pass
R1
1.5k
V+ V+ V-
U1
7
C1 C2 LM741
3 5
V+
+ OS2 V2 V3
V
10n 10n 6
OUT
V1 2 1 V
5Vdc -5Vdc
V-
1Vac R2 - OS1
0Vdc
4
1.5k
V-
0 0
0 0
(10.635K,501.385m)
0.5V
0V
1.0Hz 10Hz 100Hz 1.0KHz 10KHz 100KHz 1.0MHz
V(C1:1) V(U1:OUT)
Frequency
1 1
fc = = = 10.61kHz
2 R1 R2 C1C 2 2 1.55k 1.65k 10nF 10nF
55 www.ice77.net
40
(10.540K,-6.0746)
-0
(1.0540K,-40.197)
-40
(105.404,-80.113)
-80
-120
10Hz 100Hz 1.0KHz 10KHz 100KHz 1.0MHz
V(C1:1) 20*LOG10(V(U1:OUT)/V(C1:1))
Frequency
56 www.ice77.net
Fourth-order low-pass (cascaded)
200n 200n
V+
U1 V+
R2
7
R1 LM741 U2
3 5
V+
+ OS2 R4
7
R3 LM741 V+ V-
1k 1k 6 3 5
V+
V OUT + OS2
V1 C2 2 1 V
1k 1k 6
V-
V-
100n - OS1
4
4
V-
0 0
0 0 0
(1.1254K,707.134m)
(1.1254K,500.000m)
0.5V
0V
1.0Hz 10Hz 100Hz 1.0KHz 10KHz 100KHz 1.0MHz
V(R1:1) V(R3:1) V(U2:-)
Frequency
1 1
f c1 = f c 2 = = = 1.125kHz
2 R1 R2 C1C 2 2 1k 1k 200nF 100nF
57 www.ice77.net
30
(1.1316K,-3.0594)
-0
(1.1316K,-6.1196)
-40
-80
(11.316K,-80.323)
-120
1.0Hz 10Hz 100Hz 1.0KHz 10KHz 100KHz 1.0MHz
V(R1:1) 20*LOG10(V(R3:1)/V(R1:1)) 20*LOG10(V(U2:-)/V(R1:1))
Frequency
58 www.ice77.net
Fourth-order high-pass (same capacitor values)
7
C1 C2 C3 C4 LM741
3 5
V+
+ OS2 V2 V3
V
100n 100n 100n 100n 6
OUT
V1 R1 R2 R3 R4 2 1 V
5Vdc -5Vdc
V-
1Vac - OS1
0Vdc R5
1.125k 906 1.12k 5.623k
4
V- 320
0 0
0 0 0
R6
1k
1.0V
(1.0000K,662.007m)
0.5V
0V
1.0Hz 10Hz 100Hz 1.0KHz 10KHz 100KHz 1.0MHz
V(C1:2) V(U1:OUT)
Frequency
(1.0000K,-3.5828)
(10.000K,2.3198)
-100
(100.000,-77.614)
-200
1.0Hz 10Hz 100Hz 1.0KHz 10KHz 100KHz 1.0MHz
V(C1:2) 20*LOG10(V(U1:OUT)/V(C1:2))
Frequency
The output is flat with a gain of +2.3198dB in the higher frequency range and
then it drops to 3.5828dB at 1kHz. It eventually drops by 80dB/decade past
the cutoff frequency.
59 www.ice77.net
Fourth-order high-pass (cascaded)
R3
1k
V+ 1k
U1 V+ V-
7 V+
C1 C2 LM741 U2
3 5
V+
+ OS2
7
C3 C4 LM741
10n 10n 6 3 5 V2 V3
V+
V OUT + OS2
V1 2 1 V
10n 10n 6
V-
V-
R4 - OS1
4
2k
V-
4
2k
V- 0 0
0 0
0
(11.245K,707.211m)
(11.245K,500.000m)
0.5V
0V
1.0Hz 10Hz 100Hz 1.0KHz 10KHz 100KHz 1.0MHz
V(C1:1) V(R1:2) V(U2:-)
Frequency
1 1
f c1 = f c 2 = = = 11.253kHz
2 R1 R2 C1C 2 2 1k 2k 10nF 10nF
60 www.ice77.net
60
(11.167K,-6.1380)
(11.167K,-3.0696)
(1.1167K,-80.261)
-200
-350
1.0Hz 10Hz 100Hz 1.0KHz 10KHz 100KHz 1.0MHz
V(C1:1) 20*LOG10(V(R1:2)/V(C1:1)) 20*LOG10(V(U2:-)/V(C1:1))
Frequency
61 www.ice77.net
Sixth-order low-pass (cascaded)
C3
100n
C5
V+ 200n
U1 V+ 200n
R2
7
R1 LM741 U2 V+ V-
3 5 V+
V+
+ OS2 R4
7
R3 LM741 U3
1k 1k 6 3 5
V+
V OUT + OS2 R6
7
R5 LM741
V1 C2 2 1 1k 1k 6 3 5 V2 V3
V+
V
V-
V-
100n 5Vdc -5Vdc
4
C6 2 1 V
- OS1
V-
V- 50n
4
V- 50n
4
0 0
V- 0 0
0
0
0.8V
(1.5895K,501.939m)
0.4V
0V
1.0Hz 10Hz 100Hz 1.0KHz 10KHz 100KHz 1.0MHz
V(V1:+) V(C1:2) V(R5:1) V(C5:2)
Frequency
The plot shown above clearly demonstrates that increasing the order of the
filter will produce a sharper response at the output. Increasing the order of the
filter will produce a roughly vertical drop at the cutoff frequency.
1 1
f c1 = = 1.591kHz =
2 R1 R2 C1C 2 2 1k 1k 100nF 100nF
1 1
f c2 = f c3 = = = 1.591kHz
2 R1 R2 C1C 2 2 1k 1k 200nF 50nF
62 www.ice77.net
50
(1.5898K,-5.9938)
-100
(15.898K,-120.259)
-200
1.0Hz 10Hz 100Hz 1.0KHz 10KHz 100KHz 1.0MHz
V(R1:1) 20*LOG10(V(U1:-)/V(R1:1)) 20*LOG10(V(U2:OUT)/V(R1:1)) 20*LOG10(V(U3:-)/V(R1:1))
Frequency
63 www.ice77.net
Sixth-order high-pass (cascaded)
R3
1.5k
R5
V+ 750
U1 V+ 750
7
C1 C2 LM741 U2 V+ V-
3 5 V+
V+
+ OS2
7
C3 C4 LM741 U3
10n 10n 6 3 5
V+
V OUT + OS2
7
C5 C6 LM741
V1 2 1 10n 10n 6 3 5 V2 V3
V+
V
V-
V-
R4 - OS1 OUT 5Vdc -5Vdc
4
1.5k 2 1 V
V-
V- R6 - OS1
4
3k
V-
4
0 0 3k
V- 0 0
0
0
0.8V
(10.616K,501.939m)
0.4V
0V
1.0Hz 10Hz 100Hz 1.0KHz 10KHz 100KHz 1.0MHz
V(C1:1) V(U1:-) V(U2:-) V(R5:2)
Frequency
The plot shown above clearly demonstrates that increasing the order of the
filter will produce a sharper response at the output. Increasing the order of the
filter will produce a roughly vertical drop at the cutoff frequency.
1 1
f c1 = = 10.61kHz =
2 R1 R2 C1C 2 2 1.5k 1.5k 10nF 10nF
1 1
f c2 = f c3 = = = 10.61kHz
2 R1 R2 C1C 2 2 750 3k 10nF 10nF
64 www.ice77.net
100
(10.638K,-5.9403)
-200 (1.0638K,-119.853)
-400
-600
1.0Hz 10Hz 100Hz 1.0KHz 10KHz 100KHz 1.0MHz
V(V1:+) 20*LOG10(V(R1:2)/V(V1:+)) 20*LOG10(V(C5:1)/V(V1:+)) 20*LOG10(V(R5:2)/V(V1:+))
Frequency
65 www.ice77.net
Bessel filter
Second-order low-pass
C1
133n
V+
U1 V+ V-
R2
7
R1 LM741
3 5
V+
+ OS2
1k 1k 6 V2 V3
V OUT
V1 C2 2 1 V
V-
V-
0 0
0 0
(1.3791K,576.923m)
0.5V
0V
1.0Hz 10Hz 100Hz 1.0KHz 10KHz 100KHz 1.0MHz
V(R1:1) V(C1:2)
Frequency
1 1
fc = = = 1.38kHz
2 R1 R2 C1C 2 2 1k 1k 133nF 100nF
66 www.ice77.net
The quality factor is
-0
(1.3804K,-4.7854)
-20
(13.971K,-40.118)
-40
-60
1.0Hz 10Hz 100Hz 1.0KHz 10KHz 100KHz 1.0MHz
V(R1:1) 20*LOG10(V(C1:2)/ V(R1:1))
Frequency
67 www.ice77.net
Second-order high-pass
R1
1k
V+
U1 V+ V-
7
C1 C2 LM741
3 5
V+
+ OS2
100n 100n 6 V2 V3
V OUT
V1 R2 2 1 V
V-
1Vac - OS1 5Vdc -5Vdc
0Vdc
1.33k
4
V-
0 0
0 0
(1.3807K,576.923m)
0.5V
0V
1.0Hz 10Hz 100Hz 1.0KHz 10KHz 100KHz 1.0MHz
V(V1:+) V(R1:2)
Frequency
1 1
fc = = = 1.38kHz
2 R1 R2 C1C 2 2 1k 1.33k 100nF 100nF
68 www.ice77.net
40
-0
(1.3834K,-4.7606)
-50
(138.337,-40.002)
-100 (13.834,-79.958)
-150
1.0Hz 10Hz 100Hz 1.0KHz 10KHz 100KHz 1.0MHz
V(V1:+) 20*LOG10(V(R1:2)/ V(V1:+))
Frequency
69 www.ice77.net
Third-order low-pass (different capacitor values)
7
R2 LM741
3 5
V+
+ OS2 V2 V3
V
712 712 712 6
OUT
V1 C1 C2 C3 2 1 V
5Vdc -5Vdc
- OS1
V-
1Vac
0Vdc
218n 314n 56n
4
V-
0 0
0 0 0
(1.0006K,715.976m)
0.5V
0V
1.0Hz 10Hz 100Hz 1.0KHz 10KHz 100KHz 1.0MHz
V(V1:+) V(U1:-)
Frequency
(1.0000K,-2.8984)
(10.034K,-51.006)
-50
-100
1.0Hz 10Hz 100Hz 1.0KHz 10KHz 100KHz 1.0MHz
V(V1:+) 20*LOG10(V(U1:-)/ V(V1:+))
Frequency
70 www.ice77.net
Third-order low-pass (same capacitor values)
7
R2 LM741
3 5
V+
+ OS2 V2 V3
V
3.05k 902 520 6
OUT
V1 C1 C2 C3 2 1 V
5Vdc -5Vdc
V-
1Vac - OS1
0Vdc R4
100n 100n 100n
4
V- 1.2k
0 0
0 0 0
R5
1k
(10.000,2.1998)
2.0V
(1.0000K,1.5651)
1.0V
0V
1.0Hz 10Hz 100Hz 1.0KHz 10KHz 100KHz 1.0MHz
V(V1:+) V(U1:OUT)
Frequency
(10.000,6.8478)
(1.0000K,3.8909)
(10.000K,-44.399)
-50
-100
1.0Hz 10Hz 100Hz 1.0KHz 10KHz 100KHz 1.0MHz
V(V1:+) 20*LOG10(V(U1:OUT)/ V(V1:+))
Frequency
The output is flat with a gain of +6.8478dB in the lower frequency range and
then it drops to +3.8909dB at 1kHz. It eventually drops to 44.399dB one
decade later.
71 www.ice77.net
Fourth-order low-pass (same capacitor values)
7
R3 LM741
3 5
V+
+ OS2 V2 V3
V
640 4.41k 1.265k 333 6
OUT
V1 C1 C2 C3 C4 2 1 V
5Vdc -5Vdc
V-
1Vac - OS1
0Vdc R5
100n 100n 100n 100n
4
V- 1.2k
0 0
0 0 0
R6
1k
(10.000,2.1998)
2.0V
(1.0000K,1.5627)
1.0V
0V
1.0Hz 10Hz 100Hz 1.0KHz 10KHz 100KHz 1.0MHz
V(V1:+) V(C3:1)
Frequency
-0
-20
-40
(12.589K,-50.168)
-60
1.0Hz 10Hz 100Hz 1.0KHz 10KHz 100KHz 1.0MHz
V(V1:+) 20*LOG10(V(C3:1)/V(V1:+))
Frequency
The output is flat with a gain of +6.8478dB in the lower frequency range and
then it drops to +3.8777dB at 1kHz. It eventually drops to 50.168dB at
12.689kHz.
72 www.ice77.net
Chebyshev filter
The filter can be designed to have different ripples that can vary from 0.5dB to
3dB and intermediate values (typically by 0.5dB increments).
Type I
This is the Chebyshev filter with the ripple in the passband. Its probably the
most common version of the filter.
For a second-order Chebyshev Type I filter, the quality factors must be 0.864,
0.956, 1.129 and 1.305 for 0.5dB, 1dB, 2dB and 3dB versions of the filter
respectively.
C1
298n
V+
U1 V+ V-
R2
7
R1 LM741
3 5
V+
+ OS2
1k 1k 6 V2 V3
V OUT
V1 C2 2 1 V
V-
V-
0 0
0 0
73 www.ice77.net
1.2V
(922.189,862.722m)
0.8V
0.4V
0V
1.0Hz 10Hz 100Hz 1.0KHz 10KHz 100KHz 1.0MHz
V(V1:+) V(U1:OUT)
Frequency
1 1
fc = = = 921.96 Hz
2 R1 R2 C1C 2 2 1k 1k 298nF 100nF
(926.119,-1.3203)
-0
-20
(9.2612K,-40.123)
-40
-60
1.0Hz 10Hz 100Hz 1.0KHz 10KHz 100KHz 1.0MHz
V(V1:+) 20*LOG10(V(U1:OUT)/ V(V1:+))
Frequency
74 www.ice77.net
2.0
1.0
(524.808,499.849m)
-1.0
1.0Hz 10Hz 100Hz 1.0KHz 10KHz 100KHz 1.0MHz
V(V1:+) 20*LOG10(V(U1:OUT)/ V(V1:+))
Frequency
The frequency response of the circuit peaks at 524Hz with a 0.5dB overshoot
and then it decays rapidly.
75 www.ice77.net
Second-order low-pass (1dB ripple)
C3
366n
V+ V+ V-
U2
R4
7
R3 LM741
3 5
V+
+ OS2 V2 V3
V
1k 1k 6
OUT
V4 C4 2 1 V
5Vdc -5Vdc
V-
1Vac - OS1
0Vdc
100n
4
V-
0 0
0 0
(830.016,958.580m)
0.8V
0.4V
0V
1.0Hz 10Hz 100Hz 1.0KHz 10KHz 100KHz 1.0MHz
V(V4:+) V(U2:-)
Frequency
1 1
fc = = = 831.92 Hz
2 R2 R3C 2 C 3 2 1k 1k 366nF 100nF
R 2 R3 C 2 C 3 1k 1k 366nF 100nF
Q= = = 0.957
C 3 (R 2 + R3 ) 100nF (1k + 1k )
76 www.ice77.net
50
(830.736,-863.103m)
-0
-50
(8.3074K,-92.129)
-100
-150
1.0Hz 10Hz 100Hz 1.0KHz 10KHz 100KHz 1.0MHz
V(V4:+) 20*LOG(V(U2:-)/ V(V4:+))
Frequency
The output drops to 0.863dB at 830Hz and then it drops to 92dB a decade
past the cutoff frequency (much faster roll-off).
2.0
(562.341,1.0039)
1.0
-1.0
1.0Hz 10Hz 100Hz 1.0KHz 10KHz 100KHz 1.0MHz
V(V4:+) 20*LOG10(V(U2:-)/ V(V4:+))
Frequency
The frequency response of the circuit peaks at 562Hz with a 1dB overshoot
and then it decays rapidly.
77 www.ice77.net
Second-order low-pass (2dB ripple)
C5
509n
V+ V+ V-
U3
R6
7
R5 LM741
3 5
V+
+ OS2 V2 V3
V 1k 1k 6
OUT
V5 C6 2 1 V 5Vdc -5Vdc
-
V-
1Vac OS1
0Vdc
100n
4
V-
0 0
0 0
(705.774,1.1272)
1.0V
0.5V
0V
1.0Hz 10Hz 100Hz 1.0KHz 10KHz 100KHz 1.0MHz
V(V5:+) V(C5:2)
Frequency
1 1
fc = = = 705.44 Hz
2 R5 R6 C 5 C 6 2 1k 1k 509nF 100nF
R5 R6 C 5 C 6 1k 1k 509nF 100nF
Q= = = 1.128
C 6 (R5 + R 6 ) 100nF (1k + 1k )
78 www.ice77.net
20
(702.533,1.0863)
-0
-20
(6.9970K,-39.882)
-40
-60
1.0Hz 10Hz 100Hz 1.0KHz 10KHz 100KHz 1.0MHz
V(V5:+) 20*LOG10(V(C5:2)/ V(V5:+))
Frequency
(549.541,2.0010)
2.0
1.0
-1.0
1.0Hz 10Hz 100Hz 1.0KHz 10KHz 100KHz 1.0MHz
V(V5:+) 20*LOG10(V(C5:2)/ V(V5:+))
Frequency
The frequency response of the circuit peaks at 549Hz with a 2dB overshoot
and then it decays rapidly.
79 www.ice77.net
Second-order low-pass (3dB ripple)
C7
681n
V+ V+ V-
U4
R8
7
R7 LM741
3 5
V+
+ OS2 V2 V3
V
1k 1k 6
OUT
V6 C8 2 1 V
5Vdc -5Vdc
V-
1Vac - OS1
0Vdc
100n
4
V-
0 0
0 0
1.0V
0.5V
0V
1.0Hz 10Hz 100Hz 1.0KHz 10KHz 100KHz 1.0MHz
V(V6:+) V(U4:OUT)
Frequency
1 1
fc = = = 609.88Hz
2 R7 R8 C 7 C8 2 1k 1k 681nF 100nF
R 7 R8 C 7 C 8 1k 1k 681nF 100nF
Q= = = 1.305
C 8 ( R 7 + R8 ) 100nF (1k + 1k )
80 www.ice77.net
20
(611.881,1.8548)
-0
-20
(6.1188K,-37.523)
-40
-60
1.0Hz 10Hz 100Hz 1.0KHz 10KHz 100KHz 1.0MHz
V(V6:+) 20*LOG10(V(U4:OUT)/ V(V6:+))
Frequency
(512.861,3.0052)
2.0
-1.0
1.0Hz 10Hz 100Hz 1.0KHz 10KHz 100KHz 1.0MHz
V(V6:+) 20*LOG10(V(U4:OUT)/ V(V6:+))
Frequency
The frequency response of the circuit peaks at 512Hz with a 3dB overshoot
and then it decays rapidly.
81 www.ice77.net
Second-order low-pass ripple comparison
1.5V
1.0V
0.5V
0V
1.0Hz 10Hz 100Hz 1.0KHz 10KHz 100KHz 1.0MHz
V(V1:+) V(U1:OUT) V(V4:+) V(U2:OUT) V(V5:+) V(C5:2) V(V6:+) V(U4:OUT)
Frequency
The one above is a comparison of the response for the low-pass circuits
previously presented. The peaks in the response are clearly not matching
because the circuits have been designed with the same resistor values so the
frequency cutoff moves to the left of the plot as the magnitude of the ripple
increases.
4.0
(512.861,3.0052)
(549.541,2.0010)
2.5
(562.341,1.0039)
(524.808,499.849m)
-2.5
-5.0
100Hz 300Hz 1.0KHz 3.0KHz
V(V1:+) 20*LOG10(V(U1:OUT)/ V(V1:+)) V(V4:+) 20*LOG10(V(U2:OUT)/ V(V4:+)) V(V5:+)
20*LOG10(V(U3:OUT)/ V(V5:+)) V(V6:+) 20*LOG10(V(U4:OUT)/ V(V6:+))
Frequency
The plot shown above compares the ripples for every circuit previously
presented. It is clear that a higher amount of ripple will produce a sharper
cutoff.
82 www.ice77.net
Second-order high-pass (0.5dB ripple)
R1
1k
V+
U1 V+ V-
7
C1 C2 LM741
3 5
V+
+ OS2
100n 100n 6 V2 V3
V OUT
V1 R2 2 1 V
-
V-
1Vac OS1 5Vdc -5Vdc
0Vdc
2.98k
4
V-
0 0
0 0
0.8V
(921.668,862.722m)
0.4V
0V
1.0Hz 10Hz 100Hz 1.0KHz 10KHz 100KHz 1.0MHz
V(C1:1) V(R1:2)
Frequency
1 1
fc = = = 921.96 Hz
2 R1 R2 C1C 2 2 1k 2.98k 100nF 100nF
83 www.ice77.net
40
(925.642,-1.2459)
-0
(92.564,-39.902)
-40
-80
-120
1.0Hz 10Hz 100Hz 1.0KHz 10KHz 100KHz 1.0MHz
V(C1:1) 20*LOG10(V(R1:2)/ V(C1:1))
Frequency
1.0
(1.6218K,486.213m)
-1.0
1.0Hz 10Hz 100Hz 1.0KHz 10KHz 100KHz 1.0MHz
V(C1:1) 20*LOG10(V(R1:2)/ V(C1:1))
Frequency
84 www.ice77.net
Second-order high-pass (1dB ripple)
R3
1k
V+
U2 V+ V-
7
C3 C4 LM741
3 5
V+
+ OS2
100n 100n 6 V2 V3
V OUT
V4 R4 2 1 V
-
V-
1Vac OS1 5Vdc -5Vdc
0Vdc
3.66k
4
V-
0 0
0 0
0.8V
(833.787,958.580m)
0.4V
0V
1.0Hz 10Hz 100Hz 1.0KHz 10KHz 100KHz 1.0MHz
V(V4:+) V(R3:2)
Frequency
1 1
fc = = = 831.92 Hz
2 R3 R4 C 3 C 4 2 1k 3.66k 100nF 100nF
85 www.ice77.net
40
(830.736,-398.059m)
-0
(83.074,-39.986)
-40
-80
-120
1.0Hz 10Hz 100Hz 1.0KHz 10KHz 100KHz 1.0MHz
V(V4:+) 20*LOG10(V(R3:2)/ V(V4:+))
Frequency
(1.2303K,990.336m)
1.0
-1.0
1.0Hz 10Hz 100Hz 1.0KHz 10KHz 100KHz 1.0MHz
V(V4:+) 20*LOG10(V(R3:2)/ V(V4:+))
Frequency
The frequency response of the circuit peaks at 1.23kHz with a 1dB overshoot
and then it decays rapidly.
86 www.ice77.net
Second-order high-pass (2dB ripple)
R5
1k
V+ V+ V-
U3
7
C5 C6 LM741
3 5
V+
+ OS2 V2 V3
V
100n 100n 6
OUT
V5 R6 2 1 V
5Vdc -5Vdc
- OS1
V-
1Vac
0Vdc
5.09k
4
V-
0 0
0 0
(705.088,1.1272)
1.0V
0.5V
0V
1.0Hz 10Hz 100Hz 1.0KHz 10KHz 100KHz 1.0MHz
V(C5:1) V(R5:2)
Frequency
1 1
fc = = = 705.44 Hz
2 R5 R6 C 5 C 6 2 1k 5.09k 100nF 100nF
87 www.ice77.net
40
(700.870,985.793m)
-0
(70.087,-40.061)
-40
-80
-120
1.0Hz 10Hz 100Hz 1.0KHz 10KHz 100KHz 1.0MHz
V(C5:1) 20*LOG10(V(R5:2)/ V(C5:1))
Frequency
(912.011,1.9866)
2.0
1.0
-1.0
1.0Hz 10Hz 100Hz 1.0KHz 10KHz 100KHz 1.0MHz
V(C5:1) 20*LOG10(V(R5:2)/ V(C5:1))
Frequency
The frequency response of the circuit peaks at 912Hz with a 2dB overshoot
and then it decays rapidly.
88 www.ice77.net
Second-order high-pass (3dB ripple)
R7
1k
V+ V+ V-
U4
7
C7 C8 LM741
3 5
V+
+ OS2 V2 V3
V
100n 100n 6
OUT
V6 R8 2 1 V
5Vdc -5Vdc
-
V-
1Vac OS1
0Vdc
6.81k
4
V-
0 0
0 0
1.0V
0.5V
0V
1.0Hz 10Hz 100Hz 1.0KHz 10KHz 100KHz 1.0MHz
V(C7:1) V(U4:-)
Frequency
1 1
fc = = = 609.88Hz
2 R7 R8 C 7 C8 2 1k 6.81k 100nF 100nF
89 www.ice77.net
40
(609.867,2.3057)
-0
(60.987,-39.939)
-40
-80
-120
1.0Hz 10Hz 100Hz 1.0KHz 10KHz 100KHz 1.0MHz
V(C7:1) 20*LOG10(V(U4:-)/ V(C7:1))
Frequency
(724.436,2.9916)
2.0
-1.0
1.0Hz 10Hz 100Hz 1.0KHz 10KHz 100KHz 1.0MHz
V(C7:1) 20*LOG10(V(U4:-)/ V(C7:1))
Frequency
The frequency response of the circuit peaks at 724Hz with a 3dB overshoot
and then it decays rapidly.
90 www.ice77.net
Second-order high-pass ripple comparison
1.5V
1.0V
0.5V
0V
1.0Hz 10Hz 100Hz 1.0KHz 10KHz 100KHz 1.0MHz
V(V1:+) V(R1:2) V(C3:1) V(U2:OUT) V(C5:1) V(R5:2) V(C7:1) V(U4:-)
Frequency
The one above is a comparison of the response for the high-pass circuits
previously presented. The peaks in the response are clearly not matching
because the circuits have been designed with the same capacitor value so the
frequency cutoff moves to the left of the plot as the magnitude of the ripple
increases.
4.0
(724.436,2.9916)
(912.011,1.9866)
2.0
(1.2303K,990.336m)
(1.6218K,486.213m)
-2.0
The plot shown above compares the ripples for every circuit previously
presented. It is clear that a higher amount of ripple will produce a sharper
cutoff.
91 www.ice77.net
Type II
Fifth-order low-pass
This circuit is implemented with two notch filter blocks and a simple RC filter.
This is a fifth-order filter because the circuit contains five capacitors. It has a
gain of 1.2741dB and a very sharp cutoff at 1kHz.
C1
C3
10n
10n
R3
R8
92.3k
22.86k
V- V+ V-
U1 V-
4
R1 C2 LM741 U2
2 1
V-
- OS1
4
R6 C4 V2 V3
LM741
2398 10n 6 2 1
V-
V OUT - OS1 R11
V1 3 5 6184 10n 6 5Vdc -5Vdc
V+
+ OS2 V OUT
1Vac R2
0Vdc 3 5 777
V+
+ OS2 V V
R7
7
337k
V+ C5
7
23.36k 0 0
V+ 100n
0 0
R4 0
0
R9
670
R5 1.04k
R10
10k
1k
0
0
(10.000,1.1579)
(1.0004K,807.692m)
1.0V
0.5V
0V
1.0Hz 10Hz 100Hz 1.0KHz 10KHz 100KHz 1.0MHz
V(R1:1) V(R3:2) V(C3:2) V(R11:2)
Frequency
The gain in the passband boosts the input from 1V to 1.15V. The filter drops
rapidly right before 1kHz. The ripple in the stopband is noticeable.
92 www.ice77.net
0
(299.358,1.2741)
(1.0002K,-1.8478)
(10.000K,-21.079)
-20
-40
100Hz 300Hz 1.0KHz 3.0KHz 10KHz 30KHz 100KHz
V(R1:1) 20*LOG10(V(R3:2)/V(R1:1)) 20*LOG10(V(C3:2)/V(R1:1)) 20*LOG10(V(R11:2)/V(R1:1))
Frequency
93 www.ice77.net
Elliptic filter
The Elliptic filter, also known as Cauer filter, is the filter with the sharpest
cutoff of all filters. This filter is named after Wilheld Cauer, a German
mathematician who developed the theory behind the filter.
Third-order low-pass
This circuit is implemented with an asymmetrical twin-T notch filter (R1, R2, R3,
C2, C3, C4). This is a third-order filter with a gain of 12.669dB. It cuts off at
1kHz.
R6 V-
4.42k U1
4
uA741
2 1
V-
C1 - OS1 R7
6
OUT
3 5 2358
V+
20n + OS2 V
R5
C5
7
1k
100n
V+
0
R1 R2 0
V
6242 6242
V+ V-
C2 C3 C4 R4
V1
1Vac
0Vdc 10n 10n
44n 47.94k
5Vdc V2 5Vdc V3
R3
3111
0 0 0
0 0 0
(10.000,4.2998)
4.0V
(1.0011K,2.8047)
2.0V
0V
1.0Hz 10Hz 100Hz 1.0KHz 10KHz 100KHz 1.0MHz
V(C2:2) V(R7:2)
Frequency
The gain in the passband boosts the input from 1V to 4.3V. The ripple in the
passband is barely noticeable. The filter drops rapidly right before 1kHz.
94 www.ice77.net
50
(10.000,12.669) (1.0098K,8.7278)
(10.000K,-29.254)
-50
-100
1.0Hz 10Hz 100Hz 1.0KHz 10KHz 100KHz 1.0MHz
V(C2:2) 20*LOG10(V(R7:2)/V(C2:2))
Frequency
95 www.ice77.net
Synchronous filter
Second-order low-pass
C1
200n
V+ V+ V-
U1
R2
7
R1 LM741
3 5
V+
+ OS2 V2 V3
V
1125 1125 6
OUT
V1 C2 2 1 V
5Vdc -5Vdc
- OS1
V-
1Vac
0Vdc
100n
4
V-
0 0
0 0
(1.0003K,707.101m)
0.5V
0V
1.0Hz 10Hz 100Hz 1.0KHz 10KHz 100KHz 1.0MHz
V(V1:+) V(U1:-)
Frequency
1 1
fc = = = 1kHz
2 R1 R2 C1C 2 2 1125 1125 200nF 100nF
96 www.ice77.net
The quality factor is
-0
(1.0000K,-3.0079)
-20
(10.000K,-40.051)
-40
-60
1.0Hz 10Hz 100Hz 1.0KHz 10KHz 100KHz 1.0MHz
V(V1:+) 20*LOG10(V(U1:-)/ V(V1:+))
Frequency
The output drops to 3dB at 1kHz and then it drops by 40dB/decade past the
cutoff frequency.
97 www.ice77.net
Second-order high-pass
R1
1125
V+ V+ V-
U1
7
C1 C2 LM741
3 5
V+
+ OS2 V2 V3
V
100n 100n 6
OUT
V1 R2 2 1 V
5Vdc -5Vdc
- OS1
V-
1Vac
0Vdc
2.25k
4
V-
0 0
0 0
(0.9995K,706.509m)
0.8V
0.4V
0V
1.0Hz 10Hz 100Hz 1.0KHz 10KHz 100KHz 1.0MHz
V(C1:2) V(U1:-)
Frequency
1 1
fc = = = 1kHz
2 R1 R2 C1C 2 2 1125 2.25k 100nF 100nF
98 www.ice77.net
50
-0
(1.0000K,-3.0135)
-50
(100.000,-40.007)
-100 (10.000,-80.006)
-150
1.0Hz 10Hz 100Hz 1.0KHz 10KHz 100KHz 1.0MHz
V(C1:2) 20*LOG10(V(U1:-)/ V(C1:2))
Frequency
The output drops to 3dB at 1kHz and then it drops by 40dB/decade past the
cutoff frequency.
99 www.ice77.net
Third-order low-pass
100n
V+ V+ V-
U1
R2
7
R1 LM741
3 5
V+
+ OS2 R3 V2 V3
V
810 810 6
OUT
V1 C2 2 1 810 V
5Vdc -5Vdc
- OS1
1Vac V-
0Vdc C3
100n
4
V- 100n
0 0
0 0
0
(1.0021K,707.101m)
0.5V
0V
1.0Hz 10Hz 100Hz 1.0KHz 10KHz 100KHz 1.0MHz
V(V1:+) V(C3:2)
Frequency
(1.0000K,-2.9990)
(10.000K,-42.932)
-40
-80
1.0Hz 10Hz 100Hz 1.0KHz 10KHz 100KHz 1.0MHz
V(V1:+) 20*LOG10(V(C3:2)/ V(V1:+))
Frequency
The output drops to 3dB at 1kHz and then it drops by 40dB/decade past the
cutoff frequency.
100 www.ice77.net
Fourth-order low-pass
100n 100n
V+
U1 V+
R2
7
R1 LM741 U2
3 5
V+
+ OS2 R4
7
R3 LM741 V+ V-
691 691 6 3 5
V+
V OUT + OS2
V1 C2 2 1 V
691 691 6
V-
V-
100n - OS1
4
4
V-
0 0
0 0 0
th
Synchronous filter (low-pass) (4 -order)
(1.0026K,707.101m)
0.5V
0V
1.0Hz 10Hz 100Hz 1.0KHz 10KHz 100KHz 1.0MHz
V(V1:+) V(C1:1) V(U2:-)
Frequency
(1.0000K,-1.4979)
(1.0000K,-2.9961)
-50
(10.000K,-51.990)
-100
1.0Hz 10Hz 100Hz 1.0KHz 10KHz 100KHz 1.0MHz
V(V1:+) 20*LOG10(V(C1:1)/V(V1:+)) 20*LOG10(V(U2:-)/V(V1:+))
Frequency
The output drops to 3dB at 1kHz and then it drops to 51.99dB a decade
later.
101 www.ice77.net
Linkwitz-Riley crossover
The Linkwitz-Riley crossover is an audio application that stems from the work
of Linkwitz and Riley.
The crossover can be implemented with different orders. For every order, the
filter will drop by 6dB/octave or 20dB/decade in magnitude past the cut-off
frequency. Increasing the order of the filter will produce a sharper drop in the
output response.
1
f =
2 2 RC
First of all the designer needs to choose cut-off frequencies for the specific
regions of the spectrum. At that point, with a set frequency, a value for
capacitance (C) or resistance (R) is chosen and the other one is derived.
Assuming that the desired low cut-off frequency is 340Hz then C can be
chosen to be 100nF and R can be chosen to be 3.3k.
1 1
f = = = 341.029 Hz
2 2 RC 2 2 3.3k 100nF
Assuming that the desired high cut-off frequency is 3.5kHz then C can be
chosen to be 6.8nF and R can be chosen to be 4.7k.
1 1
f = = = 3.521kHz
2 2 RC 2 2 4.7k 6.8nF
102 www.ice77.net
E.S.P. Linkwitz-Riley Crossover Calculator screenshots for low pass and high pass
The values for the two sections of the crossover need to be arranged just like
shown above. The values of capacitance or resistance double depending on
the configuration of the specific section of the filter.
R4 R5
U1 VCC U2
7
C1 R1 3 5 VCC
V+
+ OS2
7
3 5 C6 C7 U3
V+
+ OS2 C2 C3 6 3 5
V+
1u 2.2k
V
6 uA741OUT + OS2 R6 HIGH
6.8n
uA741OUT 2 1 6.8n 6
6.8n 6.8n
V-
-VCC R22
4
0 -VCC
4
1000k
0 0
0
0
C5
C4
13.6n VCC
7
13.6n VCC
R10 R9
7
U4 3 5
V+
3 5 +U5 OS2
V+
+ OS2 R7 R8 6
4.7k 4.7k 6 uA741OUT
uA741OUT 2 1
V-
- OS1 C9 6.8n
-VCC
4
-VCC
4
0
0
R11 R12
3.3k 3.3k
VCC
C11 C12
7
U6
3 5 VCC
V+
U7
100n 100n 6 3 5 MID
V+
- OS1 uA741OUT
R20 2 1 100 V
V-
-VCC - OS1
4
6.6k R23
0 -VCC 100k
4
0
0
C15
200n C16
VCC
R18 R17
7
U9
3.3k 3.3k 6 3 5 V1 V2
V+
0 0 0
103 www.ice77.net
The circuit shown previously is a cascode of 3 sections. The top provides the
high frequencies, the bottom provides the low frequencies and the central part
provides the mid frequencies. High and low sections are made up by a
cascade of 2 2nd-order Butterworth filters. The middle section is a high-pass
section followed by a low-pass section.
1.0V
(3.5445K,501.188m)
0.5V
(340.041,503.457m)
0V
10Hz 30Hz 100Hz 300Hz 1.0KHz 3.0KHz 10KHz 30KHz 100KHz
V(R22:2) V(R13:2) V(R24:2) V(V3:+)
Frequency
104 www.ice77.net