Day 1 PDF

Pakistan Affairs
Wednesday, November 04, 2015 1

Day 1
Sequence
Muslim Rule in India
The Bhakti Movement
Deen-e- Illahi
Role of Sufis
Muslim Reformist Movements
War of Independence 1857
Wednesday, November 04, 2015 Pakistan Affairs 3

Introduction
A compulsory subject
Marks 100
Objectives and MCQs
Recommended book M. Ikram Rabbani, Struggle for
Pakistan by I. H. Qureshi. MCQs from Caravan series and
Dogar series publications
Common sense
Quotations and maps are very important
Scoring or Not scoring?
Wednesday, November 04, 2015 Pakistan Affairs by Asmatullah Junejo, PSP 4

Question Types
Pre-partition Questions
Less scoring
Less innovative
Post-partition Questions
More scoring
More innovative

Paper CSS 2014
1. Highlight the factors which played significant role in the evolution
and growth of Muslim Society in Sub Continent?
2. Evaluate the impact of the services rendered by Sir Syed Ahmad
Khan towards the regeneration of the Muslims?
3. Briefly describe the genuine factors which were responsible for the
demand of separate homeland by the Muslims of the Sub Continent?
4. "The Simla Deputation, 1906 laid the foundation for the creation of
Pakistan" Substantiate your view point with solid arguments.
5. Give critical analysis of steps taken for Islamization in Pakistan since
1947.
6. "Population explosion in Pakistan is emerging as the greatest threat
to the economy of Pakistan". Comment.
7. Pakistan can become one of the richest countries of the world, if we
make best use of our natural resources." Elaborate in the light of
present situation of the Country.
Revised Syllabus
1. Ideology of Pakistan ----- definition and elucidation,
historical aspects: Muslim rule in the Sub-continent, its
downfall and efforts for Renaissance. Movements for reforms
-- Shaikh Ahmad Sarhindi, Shah Waliullah, Sayyid Ahmad
Shaheed, Aligarh, Deoband, Nadwah, and other educational
institutions- Sindh Madrassah and Islamia College Peshawar.
Ideology of Pakistan in the light of Speeches and statements
of Allama Iqbal and Quaid i Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah.
2. Land and people of Pakistan-Geography, Society,
Natural resources, Agriculture, Industry and education with
reference to characteristics, trends and problems.
3. Pakistan and Changing Regional Apparatus
4. Nuclear Program of Pakistan, its Safety and Security;
International Concerns
5. Regional Economic Cooperation (SAARC,ECO,SCO) and the
Role of Pakistan
6. Civil-Military Relations in Pakistan
Revised Syllabus
7. Pakistans Role in the Region
8. Palestine Issue
9. Changing Security Dynamics for Pakistan: Challenges to National
Security of Pakistan
10. Political Evolution Since 1971
11. Pakistan and US War on Terror
12. Foreign Policy of Pakistan Post 9/11
13. Evolution of Democratic System in Pakistan
14. Ethnic Issues and National Integration
15. Hydro Politics ; Water Issues in Domestic and Regional Context
16. Pakistans National Interest
17. Challenges to Sovereignty
18. Pakistans Energy Problems and their Effects
19. Pakistans Relations with Neighbors excluding India
20. Pakistan and India Relations Since 1947
21. Kashmir Issue
Revised Syllabus
22. Economic Challenges in Pakistan
23. Non-Traditional Security Threats in Pakistan: Role of Non-State
Actors
24. The war in Afghanistan since 1979 and its impact on, and
challenges to Pakistan, in the Post 2014 era.
25. Proxy Wars: Role of External Elements
26. Economic Conditions of Pakistan, the Most Recent Economic
Survey, the Previous and Current Budgets, and the Problems
and Performance of Major Sectors of Economy.
27. The Recent Constitutional and Legal Debates, the Latest
Constitutional Amendments and Important Legislations, Legal
Cases and the Role of Higher Courts.
28. The Prevailing Social Problems of Pakistan and the Strategies to
Deal with Them, Poverty, Education, Health and Sanitation
Draw This
Map
Muslim Rule in India
After the fall of the Gupta Empire in the 500 AD, India broke apart
into a number of small kingdoms.
The Arrival of Islam Muslim Raiders
During period of small Next Muslims to arrive not so
kingdoms, Arab Muslim peaceful
traders arrived in India for
Early 700 AD, Muslim raiders
first time
including Mohd bin Qasim,
Traders sailed to ports on west invaded and conquered region
coast in search of goods such of Sind, in what is now
as spices Pakistan 300 years later,
Muslims poured into north
Over time, traders settled in
India from Afghanistan
India, lived peacefully beside
Hindus, Buddhists By 1200s, most of northern
India under Muslim control
Advent of Islam
Arab Traders in Malabar Region (Link between them and South
East Asia)
The first Indian mosque was built in 629 A.D, at the behest of
Cheraman Perumal (later converted to Islam), who is also
considered the first Indian Muslim. It was constructed in the
district of Thrissur, Kerala by Malik Bin Deenar (Tabiin and 12
associates)
In Malabar, the Mappilas may have been the first community to
convert to Islam
Source: Elliot and Dowson in their book: The History of India as told by its own
Historians

Malabar (Kerala)

Cheraman Perumal
King of Chera Dynasty
in Malabar
First Muslim Mosque of

India
Cheraman to Tajuddin

Invasions of Sub Continent
In 644 AD, Balochistan (Part of Sistan) was captured by Suhail
Ibn Adi under King Umers rule
Around 664 AD, during the Umayyad Caliphate, led by Al

Muhallab ibn Abi Suffrah marched towards Multan in Southern
Punjab (in modern day Pakistan).
Muhallab's expeditions were not aimed at conquest, though they

penetrated only as far as Multan, he returned with wealth and
prisoners of war.

Extent of Islamic
World
Growth of Muslim Society
It took several centuries for Islam to spread across India
and how it did so is a topic of intense debate.
There are several schools of thought in this regard:
1. Inspiration with Islamic teachings

2. Forced conversions to Islam
3. Inter-marriages
4. Economic integration
5. Sufism
Growth of Muslim Society
6. Imposition of Jizya and Dhimmitude (protected) favoring
Muslim citizens, and the threat of naked force. Dhimmitude
can only be understood in the context of jihad, because it
originates from this ideology. Infidels who submit without
fighting to the Islamic armies, were granted a pledge of
security. Peace and security for non-Muslims were
recognized only after their submission. Protection status
was provided through the Islamization of conquered lands.
Ghaznavi Period
In 1001, Mahmud Ghaznavi defeated Shahi Raja
Jayapala of the Hindu Shahi Dynasty of Gandhara
Also fought against the Ismaili Fatimids and obtained

formal recognition of Ghazni's sovereignty from the
Abbassid Khalifah, al-Qadir Billah
Died in 1030 at the age of 59

Muhammad Ghauri
Muhammad Ghouri was a Turk-Afghan conqueror from
the region of Ghor in Afghanistan
In 1160, the Ghourids conquered Ghazni from the

Ghaznevids
In 1187, he conquered Lahore in alliance with a local

Hindu ruler
1191 and 1192, won Battle of Tarain vs Prithvi Raj Chohan
Died in 1200 and Qutbuddin Aibak took Control

The Slave Dynasty (12111290)
The Khalji (12901320)
The Tughlaq (13201413)
The Sayyid (141451)
The Lodhi (14511526)

The Slave Dynasty (12111290)
Mamluk Dynasty or Ghulam Dynasty
Qutb-ud-din Aybak (12061210).
Aram Shah (12101211).
Shams ud din Iltutmish (12111236), son-in-law of Qut-bud-
din Aybak.
Rukn ud din Firuz (1236), son of Iltutmish.
Raziyyat-ud-din Sultana (12361240), daughter of
Iltutmish.
Muiz ud din Bahram (12401242), son of Iltutmish.
Ala ud din Masud (12421246), son of Ruk-nud-din.
Nasir ud din Mahmud (12461266), son of Iltutmish.
Ghiyas ud din Balban (12661286), ex-slave, son-in-law of
Iltutmish.
Muiz ud din Qaiqabad (12861290), grandson of Balban
and Nasir-ud-din.
Khalji Sultans of Delhi (1290-1320)
Jalal ud din Firuz Khilji (1290-1296)
Ala ud din Khilji (1296-1316)
Qutb ud din Mubarak Shah (1316-1320)

Tughluq Dynasty
Ghiyas ud din Tughluq Shah I (1321 - 1325)
Muhammad Shah II (1325 - 1351)
Mahmud Ibn Muhammad ( March 1351)
Firuz Shah Tughluq (1351 - 1388)
Ghiyas ud din Tughluq II (1388 - 1389)
Abu Baker (1389 - 1390)
Nasir ud din Muhammad Shah III (1390 - 1393)
Sikander Shah I ( March - April 1393)
Mahmud Nasir ud din (Sultan Mahmud II) at Delhi (1393 - 1394)
(1394-1398)
Nusrat Shah, grandson of Firuz Shah Tughluq, controlled the west
from Firozabad
Nasir-ud-din Mahmud Shah, son of Mahmud Nasir ud din,
controlled the east from Delhi
Mughals
Babar (1526-1530)
Hamayun(15301539, 15551556)
Akbar (15561605 )
Jehangir (16051627 )
Shah Jehan(16281658 )
Aurungzeb (16581707 )

Later Mughals
Bahadur Shah I 1707-1712 First of the Mughal
emperors to preside over a steady and severe decline in
the territories under the empire's control and military
power. After his reign, the emperor became a
progressively insignificant figurehead.
Jahandar Shah 1712-1713 He was merely a
puppet in the hands of his Chief Minister Zulfikar Khan.
The acts of Jahandar Shah brought down the prestige of
the Mughal Empire.
Furrukhsiyar 1713-1719 In 1717 he granted a
free hand to the British East India Company
granting them duty free trading rights for Bengal,
and confirmed their position in India.
Rafi Ul-Darjat
Shah Jahan II
Nikusiyar
Later Mughals
Muhammad Ibrahim
Muhammad Shah 1719-1720, 1720-1748 Suffered
the invasion of Nadir-Shah of Persia in 1739.
Ahmad Shah Bahadur 1748-54
Alamgir II 1754-1759
Shah Alam II 1759-1806 Suffered the invasion of
Ahmed-Shah-Abdali in 1761; granted the 'Nizami' of
Bengal, Bihar and Orissa to the BEIC in 1765,
formally accepted the protection of the BEIC in
1803.
Akbar Shah II 1806-1837 Titular figurehead under
British protection
Bahadur Shah Zafar 1837-1857 Deposed by the
British and exiled to Burma following the Great Mutiny.
Causes of Downfall of the Muslim
Rule
I. Weak Successors of Aurangzeb
After the death of Aurangzeb, his incapable and weak
successors had not the stamina of holding his vast
empire.
There began a war of Succession among his sons.
After 1707 A.D. most of the Mughal rulers had indulged in
luxury and indolence.
They were brought up in worldly comforts and could not
stand hardship.
The rulers like Muhammad Shah Rangila loved singing
and dancing more than affairs of empire.
Rule
II. Weak Central Government
A strong central government is must for strong
sultanate. When the central government becomes weak
there arises rebellions in the country.
When the Muslim rulers lost their control on the central
government, Marathas of Decan, Sikhs of Punjab and
Jats of Agra and Delhi exploited the situation. They set
up several independent states in their respective areas.

Rule
III. No Rules for Succession
Mughals had no set rules for succession. Whenever a ruler
died, there appeared many royal princes to claim for the right
to succession. There was a war among them.
The victorious prince would slay his opponents and succeed
to the throne. The nobles and army would, therefore, divide
into many groups.
This gave a strong blow to the prestige and power of the
government. Many experienced generals were slain.
The succession war that took place among the sons of the
Shah Jehan caused a great damage to the good-will of the
Mughal dynasty.
Rule
IV. Lack of Resources
Due to the weakness of the Mughal rulers, the provinces of
Bengal, Gujrat, Deccan and Oudh became autonomous and
independent.
As a result, the financial resources of the government became
less and the government treasure became empty.
In the last days of the Mughal rule, the emperors were the
pensioners of the British administration.
Due to the lack of financial resources, it had become difficult
to raise huge army for defense.

Rule
V. Backward in Education
During the period of Muslim rule the education system
completely depended on the religious institutions which
were run by the trusts.
The British confiscated these trusts. As a result, the Muslims
lagged behind in the field of education.
They neither cooperated with the conquerors nor did they
want to learn English language which was the fate way to
modern sciences.
This backwardness boldly affected their economic and
political life. As a result Hindus occupied high positions in
government offices and left the Muslims behind in every
walk of life.
Rule
VI. Luxurious Life
The wealth and prolonging of the Mughal rule made the
Mughal princes fond of luxurious life.
At the royal court, the jesters and musicians were preferred
to the brave and the warrior soldiers.
When the nobles saw that the flatterers enjoyed more
respect and were honored with prizes as compared to
anybody else they also got temptation to choose the same
course.

Rule
VII. Undue Liberal Policy of Akbar
Akbar was monarch marked with grandeurs. He made a
number of conquests and set up an effective administration
in his vast empire.
He was however, so liberal that he married Hindu women
and appointed Hindu on key posts.
Thus Hindus became influential and they began to exercise
their powers in state affairs.
Akbar also introduced a new religion Deen-i-Ilahi which led
him to take such measures as were against the tenets of
Islamic faith. This policy caused a great harm to his vast
empire and led it on the way to decline.
Rule
VIII.Weak Military Force
The Muslim rulers could not perceive the call of the time.
They did not give importance to develop modern weapons
and latest techniques of warfare.
The Muslim soldiers depended on arrows and lances which
were not enough to meet the new challenges. The generals
lost courage. They became so easy-loving that they went in
litters to the battle field, and were accompanied by servants
and women.
During the sixteenth century when the European nations
reached India, they took advantage of the weakness of the
Muslim army and took possession of their territories.
Decline in the military force is an important cause of the
decline of the Muslim rule in the subcontinent.
Rule
IX. Lack of Naval Power
The Muslim rulers of the subcontinent gave no importance to
navy whereas the European countries had developed their
fleets which established their supremacy over the coastal
countries.
They could easily conquer the new territory by applying naval
force. The Muslims had no navy to defend their coastal
territories. In the Arabian Sea and the Indian Ocean the
circumstances reached the stage that the pilgrims had to seek
permission from the Portuguese before proceeding for
pilgrimage.
The Portuguese openly warned the Muslims that they would
wreak vengeance on them at sea if the later caused any harm
to them.
Rule
X. Foreign Invasions
During the reign of Muhammad Shah Rangila, India was attacked
by Nadir Shah of Iran. This attack proved a severe blow to the
Mughal Kingdom. The massacre carried out by the invaders in
Delhi shattered the economy of the country and the Mughal
Emperor altogether lost his dignity.
Later, the Marathas paralyzed even the remaining power of
Mughals.
Even in these critical circumstances, the courtiers continued their
conspiracies. The invasion of Ahmad Shah Abdali destroyed even
the remaining prestige of the Mughal Kingdom.
The Third Battle of Panipat though destroyed the power of
Marathas, yet it only provided the British with an opportunity to
make their position strong in the Subcontinent.
Rule
XI. Internal Conspiracies
The incompetent successors of Aurangzeb made the Royal
court an area of conspiracies. The ministers and nobles were
made about key posts and monopoly on state affairs.
This struggle badly upset the whole administration. Jealousy
and hypocrisy ruled the country.
The nobles quarreled among themselves for power. Such a
state of affairs turned the country too weak to survive.

Rule
XII. Loss of the Spirit of Jehad
The spirit of Jehad has always been the main spring of
Islamic Government.
Akbar caused this spirit by preferring Hindu to Muslims.
After Akbar, the requirement of fresh blood to the army from
the martial races of Central Asia had been stopped.
The local recruits loved life of ease. The Mughal princes were
indulged in luxuries.
The army became indolent. This factor weakened the Muslim
army and was no longer able to defend the country.

XIII.Foreign Intrigues
Rule
The English who had come as traders took full advantage of
the internal anarchy. They conspired with Meer Jafar and
became the masters of Bengal.
The gold of Bengal made their success possible in the Anglo-
French wars in the Deccan.
In Mysore, they won over Meer Sadiq to betray Tipu Sultan.
They used their advance military power as well as intriguing
tricks to weaken the Muslim government and succeeded in
their imperialistic designs.
After the failure of the Independence War (1857), they put an
end to the Muslim rule and brought the whole continent
under their possession.
South Asia in 18th Century

Write Up
What are the basic reasons of the
downfall of Muslim Rule in India.

The Bhakti
Movement
Started in
Wednesday, November 04, 2015 Pakistan Affairs
Tamil Nadu
52
The Bhakti Movement
During the 14th17th centuries, a great Bhakti movement
swept through central and northern India, initiated by a
loosely associated group of teachers or saints.
The Bhakti movement was a Hindu religious movement in
which the main spiritual practice is loving devotion among
the Shaivite and Vaishnava saints.
The Bhakti movement originated in ancient Tamil Nadu and
began to spread to the north during the late medieval ages
when north India was under Islamic rule and the Muslim
rulers were pressing the public to convert from Hindu to
Islam.

The Bhakti Movement
The history of the movement goes back to the time of great
reformer Shankaracharya (700-800 AD) who gave Hinduism a
solid philosophical background.
The movement became popular in the middle ages.
Kabirs teachings had great influence in the Punjab, but actually
the movement in the Punjab was led by Guru Nanak and his
nine successors.
The message was spread among the people of the Punjab for ten
generations. This intense and organized propaganda of the
Bhakti cult by the Sikh Gurus led to the foundation of a
community of Bhaktas known as the Sikhs.

The Bhakti Movement
Beyond the confines of such formal schools and movements,
however, the development of Bhakti as a major form of
Hindu practice started to have an indelible stamp on the
faith.
Generally a liberal movement, its denouncement of caste

offered recourse for Hindus from the orthodox Brahaminical
systems.
According to its teachings, Both Ram and Rehman are one.

16th Century
Mughal Empire

Introduction
The Deen-i Ilh i.e. "Religion of God was a syncretic
religion propounded by the Mughal emperor Akbar the
Great in 1582 AD.
He intending to merge the best elements of the religions

of his empire, and thereby reconcile the differences that
divided his subjects.
The elements were drawn from Islam, Hinduism,

Christianity, Jainism and Zoroastrianism.
Teachings of Deen-e- Illahi
Akbar promoted tolerance of other faiths. In fact, not only
did he tolerate them, he encouraged debate on philosophical
and religious issues. This led to the creation of the Ibdat
Khna ("House of Worship") at Fatehpur Sikri in 1575.
He had already repealed the Jizya (tax on non-Muslims) in
1568.
From the discussions he led at the Ibdat Khna, Akbar
concluded that no single religion could claim the monopoly
of truth. This inspired him to create the Dn-i Ilh in 1582.
Various pious Muslims, among them the Qadi of Bengal and
the seminal Sufi personality Shaykh Ahmad Sirhindi,
responded by declaring this to be blasphemy to Islam.
Teachings of Deen-e- Illahi
Deen-i-Ilahi prohibits lust, sensuality, slander and pride,
considering them sins. Piety, prudence, abstinence and
kindness are the core virtues.
The soul is encouraged to purify itself through yearning of
God.
Celibacy is respected and the slaughter of animals is
forbidden. There are neither sacred scriptures nor a priestly
hierarchy in this religion.
He increased the marriage; minimum age for boys to 16 and
girls to 14.
No marriages among cousins as they are like brothers and
sisters.
Sufism
Two origins of the word sufi have been suggested.
Commonly, the lexical root of the word is traced to afa
which in Arabic means "purity". Another origin is f "wool"
in Arabic, referring to the simple cloaks the early Muslim
ascetics wore. The two were combined by the Sufi al-
Rudhabari who said, "The Sufi is the one who wears wool on
top of purity
According to the medieval scholar Ab Rayn al-Brn, the
word sufi is derived from the Greek word sofia, meaning
wisdom.
Prominent Orders of Sufis
Four prominent Sufi orders
around 11th-12th century
1. Chistia Order
2. Suharwardya Order
3. Naqshbandia Order
4. Qadri Order

Role of Sufis
i. Contrary to the spiritual mission of Sufism, the cult
was primarily introduced in India for spread of Islam
with a view to help the Muslim rulers for political
domination.
ii. By and large the spiritual successors of mystic Islamic
saints enjoyed the royal favor of Muslim rulers and
gave moral support to the atrocious Muslim invaders
and looked other way to ignore the growing social
conflict.
iii. They also guided the State in political affairs with their
experience of regular interaction with common people.
iv. They also endeavored to neutralize the negative effects
of the Bhakti Movement.
Criticism against Sufism
i. Monasticism
Monasticism, which they innovated; We did not prescribe it for
them". (Holy Quran 57:27)
ii. Anti-Materialistic strain
There is much emphasis on physical laws of the universe within the
Quran, urging believers to study and understand the "signs" of God
in the physical world (Holy Quran 2:164)
iii. Sufism as a method of bypassing the rules of Islam (Sharia) in
order to attain salvation directly
iv. Much Sufi poetry refers to intoxication
Sufis use terms such as sukr (intoxication) and sahu (sobriety) to
describe their experiences. Intoxicated expressions of Sufism
predominate in Sufi poetry, expressing joy and ecstacy.
In the Sufi metaphor of turning grapes into wine, wine is the result
of the "purification" of the grape through the process of
fermentation. It symbolizes the purification that comes from
actively
Wednesday, progressing
November 04, along the Sufi path.
2015 Pakistan Affairs 66
Criticism against Sufism
v. "Neo-Sufism" and Universal Sufism" denote forms of
Sufism that do not require adherence to Shariah or a
Muslim faith. The Universal Sufism movement was
founded by Inayat Khan, teaches the essential unity of all
faiths, and accepts members of all creeds.
vi. Evolution of bidaats like marriages with Holy Quran,
Taaveez, bowing down in front of graves and rulers, etc.
vii. Disillusionment of the Muslims of South Asia
viii. Religionization of politics

Discussion
In the West, there is a separation between the
religion and the State. However, the
contemporary history of South Asia reveals
that the State has always used religion to
advance its interests. Which line of action is
more preferred- the former or the latter. Also
exemplify your response.
Former Latter
Challenges,
Adulteration of Islam,
Muslims Disunity,
Non-Muslim Rulers,

Challenges, Responses,
Adulteration of Islam, Cleansing of Islam,
Muslims Disunity, Consolidation of Islam,
Non-Muslim Rulers, Spreading of Islam,

Challenges, Responses, Leaders
Adulteration of Islam, Cleansing of Islam, Mujaddid Alif Sani
Muslims Disunity, Consolidation of Islam, Shah Waliullah
Non-Muslim Rulers, Spreading of Islam, Syed Ahmed

Mujadad Alf Sani
Reformer of the Second Millennium
Sheikh
Ahmad
Sirhandi

Brief Life History
Born on 26th June 1564 at Sirhind in East Punajb.
Named Ahmed and title was Badr-ul-Dir
S/o Sheikh Abdul Ahad and lineage upto Hazrat Umer
Farooq
Read Quran, Hadith and Fiqh from father and Maulana
Kamal and Maulana Yaqub Kashmiri
Journey to Agra and met with Fazl and Faizi
Journey to Delhi and met with Hazrat Khawaja Baqi
Billah Bairang
Died on 10th December 1624 in Sirhind

Area of Influence

Quotation
Hazrat Khwaja Baqi Billah predicted
Sheikh Ahmad is such a light which will
illuminate the whole world

Refusal to Prostrate before Jahangir
As soon as Akbar died and Jahangir ascended the throne,
Sheikh Ahmed Sarhindi came out to reform and to do away
with all Un-Islamic practices and beliefs initiated by Akbar
among the Muslims. He wrote letters to all the nobles' of
Jahangir's court. Most of them were the same who were
present in Akbar's court. So Sheikh was summoned to the
court of Jahangir and was asked to bend down.
His plea that bending down before anyone except Allah was
un-Islamic annoyed Jahangir, who ordered for his
imprisonment in the Fort of Gawaliar for two years due to his
discourteous behavior.
Preaching of Islam during the
Imprisonment in Gawaliar's Fort
Hazrat Mujaddid continued preaching of Islam during the
imprisonment in the fort of Gawaliar. Due to his efforts
thousands of Non-Muslims accepted Islam. After a year
however, Jahangir under the influence of his Islamic
writings released him from jail and offered huge gifts to
him. He also received the title of Khilat-e-Fakhira and
Rupees 1000.
Jahangir also listened to his advice. After Maghrib prayers
the king would grant him special audience where Sheikh
would talk about religious affairs to Jahangir. He asked his
son Shah Jahan to become a spiritual disciple of the
Sheikh.
Services to Islam
Mohayyudin Ibn-e-Arabi introduced the concept of
Wahdat ul Wajood. According to him, the being of all
things is God: there is nothing except Him. Wahdatul
Wajood is separated in two words i.e. "wahdat" means
ALLAH and "wajood" means Noor (Light of GOD).
On the contrary, Mujadad Alf Sani introduced the idea of
Wahdatul Shahood which means "Apparentism" or "Unity
of Witness. It holds that God and his creation are entirely
separate.
Services to Islam
Efforts against Bhakti Movement and Akbars Deen-e-Ilahi
The Bhakti movement was a Hindu religious movement in

which the main spiritual practice was loving devotion
among the Vaishnava saints. Similarly, Akbars Deen-e-Ilahi
was an attempt to blur the religious differences between
Islam and the other religions of India.
Sheikh Ahmed Sarhindi wrote a Risala (Magazine) Asbat-e-

Nauwwat to oppose Deen-e-Elahi.

Results of Mujaddids Services
During the period of Emperor Jahangir (1605-1627), the
respect of Scholars of Islam was restored and Deen-e-Elahi
was abolished.
The period of Aurangzeb Alamgir (1659-1760) was a glorious
period for the establishment of and stability of Muslim
society in South India. Islam nourished successfully because
Aurangzeb himself was the strict follower of Shariyah.
He teamed up with Sheikh Nizamuddin Burhanpuri and
other scholars and produced an authentic book Fatwa-e-
Alamgir compiled on Islamic Laws.

Reformation Efforts
Promotion of Naqshbandia Chain
Reforming Scholars and Mystics
Opposition to Bidaat
Reformation through Documents. His letters are

known as Maktubat-e-Imam Rabbani.
Starting of two-nation theory

Quotation
To consider Ram and Rehman as one is stupidity
because creator cannot be one with its creation
(Sheikh Ahmad Sirhindi)

Concept of Government
Concept of Government (Amir Sheikh Farid
Bukhari)
The position of a King is the same as that of the

heart in the body; if the heart is pure the body
will be pure and if the heart is not pure how the
body can be pure.
(Sheikh Ahmad Sirhindi)
Effect of Teachings
Differentiation of Kufr and Islam (Ram and

Rahman, Kaaba and Kaashi)
Dominance of Islam
Opposing United Nationhood
Advise on Shariat
Shariats superiority to Mysticism

Quotations
Mujadad Alf Sani
Kashf and revelation get value through the book of

Allah and Sunnah and not through wajd
If Muslims want to live as a nation than they have to
quit the talk of shirk and Bidaat and stay away from
Hindus. If the awareness of separate national identity
is not awakened in Muslims then it is feared that they
would be swept away with the flood of combined
nationhood. Islam would be destroyed like Buddhism
and Hinduism

Write Up
What is the most important contribution of
Mujadad Alf Sani towards cleansing the
religious pollution in South Asia.

Shah Wali Ullah
Qutbuddin

Early Life
Born on 21st February 1703 in Moza
Phalat near Delhi
S/o Abdul Rahim founder of Madrassa

Rahimia
Pedigree leads up to Hazrat Umer from

fathers side and to Imam Musa Kazim
from mothers side

Educational and Religious Services
Persian Translation of Holy Quran to answer questions of Christian
Missionaries in 1738. Later on his sons Shah Rafi-ud-Din and Shah
Abdul Qadir translated the Holy Quran in Urdu.
Important publications:
Al Fauz al Kabir
Muqadima Fe Tarjumatul Quran
Hajjat ul balagha
Shahrah al Mustafa
Shahrah al Musawa
Insaf-e-Biyan Fe Sabab Ul Ikhtilaf
Aqd ul Iayad Fe Ihkam ul Ijtihad ul Talqid
Tafhemat Ilahi
Educational and Religious Services
Shah Wali-Ullah trained students in different branches of
Islamic knowledge. He recommended the application of
Ijtihad against blind Taqlid in his famous work Aqad-al-
jaiyad-fi-Ahkam-al-Ijtihad wa-al-Taqlid.

Political Services
In the middle of the 18th century, Marathas had become a
great political power. They were threatening to occupy the
crown of Delhi.
At this critical juncture Shah Wali-Ullah in order to check
their advance prepared Najid-ullah (Rohilla Chief) and
Shuja-ud-Daulah (Nawab of Oudh) for Jihad.
Moreover, he wrote a letter to Ahmed Shah Abdali. King of
Afghanistan requesting him to save the Muslims from the
highhanded-less of the Marathas.
Consequently in the Third Battle of Panipat, Ahmed Shah
Abdali inflicted a crushing defeat on the Marathas.
In short, the Muslim Renaissance Movement launched by
Shah Wali-Ullah was the forerunner of all the future
freedom movements of Indo-Pakistan.
Social and Political Services
1. Ending of Social Evils
2. Reformation of Islamic Society
3. Formation of Majlis-e-Muntazima
4. Representation of Unity of Islamic World
5. Revolutionary Legislature for Islam

Social and Political Services
In his time, Shias and Sunnis were aggressively hostile
to each other and their rivalry was damaging the
Muslim unity.
Shah Sahab wrote Izalat-al-Akhifa and Khilafat-al-

Khulafa in order to remove misunderstanding between
Shias and Sunnis.

Economic Services
Shah Wali-Ullah directed his teachings towards reorienting the
Muslim society with the concepts of basic social justice, removing social
inequalities, and balancing the unjust distribution of wealth. In his
book "Hujjat-ullah-il-Balighah", he pinpointed the causes of chaos and
disintegration of Muslim society.
These were:
1. Pressure on public treasury, the emoluments given to various people
who render no service to the state.
2. Heavy taxation on peasants, merchants and workers, with the result
that tax evasion was rampant. According to Shah Wali-Ullah, a state can
prosper only if there were light and reasonable taxes.

Shah Waliullahs Four Basic Principles
of Economics
Shah Waliullah discussed four basic principles of
economics; such as Production of wealth, consumption of wealth,
distribution of wealth, exchange of wealth.
The whole nation is participant in the production of
wealth, so it should be distributed in the whole nation. He
established the principles for distribution of wealth among people
as well as the values that how the wealth should be consumed.
That economic system is successful which establishes the
principles for these four Principles.
Shah Waliullahs Four Basic Principles of
Economics
The first principle is that people living in
specific geographic boundaries have the
right over the resources of that area. That
economic system in which all the people are
equal, no single person or specific class can
get hold of the resources. He has narrated
Hazrat Abu Bakkar Siddique in Aizaalatul
Khifa Equality is better in economics than
giving priority to one group over other.

of Economics
Second principle is that everybody has the right to have limited

owner ship as the abilities of every individual are different. Not
that the whole nation should have same clothing, food and
houses.
Third principle is that any practice which concentrates wealth

in certain hands should not be tolerated and the system should
oppose it.

of Economics
Fourth principle is that such a balance should be maintained
in these factors that society develop as a whole.
Shah Waliullah stressed on the creation of a

system on such principles which will end the out-modled
system and built a new system which ensures the development
of society as a whole.

Write Up
The four principles of economics are

outstanding achievements of Shah Waliullah.
However, with the passage of time, these
principles have lost their significance and
could not be applied today. What is your
opinion.
Syed Ahmed Shaheed
(1786-1831)

Syed Ahmed Shaheed
Born at Rai Barailly in November 1786
Father Shah Ilm-Ullah was a pious religious scholar
He was inspired spiritually with Shah Abdul Aziz.
In 1810, he joined the army of Nawab Ameer Khan of Tonak
in order to take part in Jihad against the British. He fought
against the English forces and displayed his skill in the art
of fighting.
Syed Ahmed Shaheed was an outstanding orator. His
religious and political sermons won him many companions
which included Shah Ismail and Shah Abdul Haye.

The Punjab

Jihad Movement
Before 1850s, Punjab was under the rule of Sikhs who were
very cruel to the Muslims.
They were showing disregard to the Muslim culture, customs
and religious places.
Syed Ahmed Shaheed decided to launch Jihad against the
Sikhs. For this purpose he founded Jihad Movement.
The Muslims of Indo-Pakistan responded to his call and
thousands of Muslims joined Jihad Movement.
Syed Ahmed Shaheed started his journey on 17th January
1826 along with thousands of Mujahideens. He reached
Sindh via Gwalior, Tonak, Ajmer and Marwar. Then he went
to Afghanistan through Balochistan. From Afghanistan he
arrived at Nowshera after nine months journey.
Jihad Movement

Jihad Movement
Syed Ahmed Shaheed declared war against Sikhs.
Ranjid Singh the Sikh ruler of Punjab sent Budh Singh at the
head of ten thousand soldiers to meet the challenge of the
Mujahideens.
On 21st December 1826, a strong contingent of Mujahideens
attacked the Sikh army at night. As a result thousands of
Sikh soldiers were killed and Budh Singh had to retreat with
heavy losses.
Later on after several skirmishes the sikh army was defeated
in the battle of Hazru.
After these successes Syed Ahmed Shaheed decided to
organize the local administration. He established an Islamic
state in the area and announced his caliphate on January 11,
1827.
Jihad Movement
These victories and successes of Mujahideens disturbed
Ranjit Sikh very much.
He decided to weaken Mujahideens through diplomacy. He
reached Peshawar and won the sympathies of two local
chiefs Yar Mohammad Khan and Sultan Mohammad Khan
by pointing them the ruler of Peshawar. Thus the Muslims
were divided into two camps.
However Syed Ahmed Shaheed succeeded in conquering
Peshawar in November 1830. Through mistake Syed Ahmed
Khan appointed Sultan Mohammad Khan the ruler of
Peshawar.

Jihad Movement
Unfortunately Sultan Mohammad turned a traitor and
hatched a conspiracy against Syed Ahmed Shaheed.
Thousands of Mujahideens were murdered treacherously at

Peshawar and other places.
In the meantime, Sikh army under Sher Singh advanced

against the Mujahideen. Syed Ahmed Shaheed gathered his
forces and encamped at Balakot which was a very secure
place.
End of Jihad Movement
Sardar Sher Singh too arrived at Balakot at the head of 20
thousands soldiers.
The Sikh army besieged the area.
The famous battle of Balakot was fought on 6th May 1831.
The Sikhs emerged victorious.
Almost all the Mujahideens including Syed Ahmed Shaheed

were martyred.

Causes of Failure of
Jihad Movement
Ranjeet Singh acquired the military services of the Western
generals Ventura and Elite who imparted training upon the
soldiers of Ranjeet Army and the battle was also fought with
the modern war weapons from the side of Ranjeet Singh.
Mujahideen on the other side were ignorant of War Strategy.
They were ample financial sources with Ranjeet Singh but
Mujahideen were facing the lack of financial resources.
Ranjeet Singh infiltrated his agents among Mujahideen who
created misunderstanding amongst them.

Jihad Movement
According to Islamic System and in the following of Sunnat-
e-Rasul (P.B.U.H), Syed Ahmed after establishing Islamic
rule, collected Zakat (Islamic tax) from the rich Muslims but
he could not arrange the proper distribution of Zakat
amongst the needy poor people. Consequently, the lower
class became the victim of pessimism, depravity and the
sense of inferiority.
Due to the poverty of the suffering class, they refused to
accept Islamic system and started the move against this
government.

Jihad Movement
Syed Ahmed Shaheed, dominated by feelings of reformation,
wanted to implement the Islamic laws even during the
period of war. For instance, compulsory marriage of girl and
widows. The sentiments of pathans, in the manner, injured
and they started to kill the government officials in nights.
Jihad Movement failed also due the reasons that the Syed's
government punished people severely even on every minor
mistake. For instance, lashing punishment to the liar woman
and people who were not offering namaz. These were not
Islamic punishments.

Jihad Movement
According to one school of thought, Jihad Movement
resembled with the Wahabi Movement. Since Pathans were
against of Wahabi Movement, their popular support could
not be secured.

Effects of Jihad Movement
Although Syed Ahmed Shaheed failed to finish Sikh rule in
Punjab yet his Jihad Movement kindled a flame of freedom in
the Sub-Continent.
Pathans of the Frontier province were greatly inspired by the

valiant deeds of the Mujahideens, The tribesmen continued
the Jihad for freedom against the British.
Similarly the Mujahideen spread the spirit of Jihad

throughout the length and breadth of Sub-Continent.
Effects of Jihad Movement
The spirit of freedom led to the war of independence in
1857.
In addition the Jihad Movement imbibed in the Muslims

the spirit of Islamic nationalism which ultimately led to
the Two Nation Theory and establishment of Pakistan.

Write Up
What are the important lessons learnt
during Jihad Movement. Please comment.

Thank
You
Please contact for Queries
Asmatullah Junejo (PSP)
Senior Superintendent of Police, Rawalpindi
0300-7064608
asmatullahjunejo@hotmail.com

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Pakistan Affairs

Wednesday, November 04, 2015 1

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Wednesday, November 04, 2015 Pakistan Affairs by Asmatullah Junejo, PSP 4

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First Muslim Mosque of

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1. Inspiration with Islamic teachings

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He intending to merge the best elements of the religions

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Sheikh Ahmad is such a light which will

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