Frustum

Frustum of a pyramid (cone) is a portion of pyramid (cone) included between the base
and the section parallel to the base not passing through the vertex.

Formula for Volume of a Frustum

The volume of a frustum is equal to one-third the product of the altitude and the sum of
the upper base, the lower base, and the mean proportional between the bases. In
symbols

V=13(A1+A2+A1A2)hV=13(A1+A2+A1A2)h

See the derivation of formula for volume of a frustum.

Derivation of formula for volume of a frustum of pyramid/cone

Frustum of a pyramid and frustum of a cone

The formula for frustum of a pyramid or frustum of a cone is given by

V=h3[A1+A2+A1A2]V=h3[A1+A2+A1A2]

Where:
h = perpendicular distance between A1 and A2 (h is called the altitude of the frustum)
A1 = area of the lower base
A2 = area of the upper base
Note that A1 and A2 are parallel to each other.

Derivation:
V1=13A1yV1=13A1y
V2=13A2(yh)V2=13A2(yh)

V=V1V2=13A1y13A2(yh)V=V1V2=13A1y13A2(yh)
V=13A1y13A2y+13A2hV=13A1y13A2y+13A2h
V=13[(A1A2)y+A2h]V=13[(A1A2)y+A2h] Equation (1)

By similar solids (Click here for more information about Similar Solids):

A2A1=(yhy)2A2A1=(yhy)2

A2A1=1hyA2A1=1hy

hy=1A2A1=1A2A1hy=1A2A1=1A2A1

hy=A1A2A1hy=A1A2A1
yh=A1A1A2yh=A1A1A2
y=A1A1A2h=(A1A1A2A1

+A2A1+A2)hy=A1A1A2h=(A1A1A2A1+A2A1+A2)h

y=A1+A1A2A1A2hy=A1+A1A2A1A2h

Substitute y to Equation (1),

V=13[(A1A2)(A1+A1A2A1A2h)+A2h]V=13[(A1A2)

(A1+A1A2A1A2h)+A2h]
V=13[(A1+A1A2)h+A2h]V=13[(A1+A1A2)h+A2h]
V=13[A1+A1A2+A2]hV=13[A1+A1A2+A2]h
V=h3[A1+A2+A1A2]
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Frustum of a Regular Pyramid

Frustum of a regular pyramid is a portion of right regular pyramid included between the
base and a section parallel to the base.
Properties of a Frustum of Regular Pyramid

The slant height of a frustum of a regular pyramid is the altitude of the face.

The lateral edges of a frustum of a regular pyramid are equal, and the faces are
equal isosceles trapezoids.

The bases of a frustum of a regular pyramid are similar regular polygons. If

these polygons become equal, the frustum will become prism.

Elements of a Frustum of Regular Pyramid

a = upper base edge
b = lower base edge
e = lateral edge
h = altitude
L = slant height
A1 = area of lower base
A2 = area of upper base
n = number of lower base edges

Formulas for Frustum of a Regular Pyramid

Area of Bases, A1 and A2

See the formulas of regular polygon for the formula of A1 and A2

Volume

V=13(A1+A2+A1A2)hV=13(A1+A2+A1A2)h
See the derivation of formula for volume of a frustum.

Lateral Area, AL
The lateral area of frustum of regular pyramid is equal to one-half the sum of the
perimeters of the bases multiplied by the slant height.

AL=12n(a+b)LAL=12n(a+b)L
 The relationship between slant height L, lower base edge b, upper base edge a,
and lateral edge e, of the frustum of regular pyramid is given by

(ba)2+4L2=4e2
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Derivation of formula for volume of a frustum of pyramid/cone

Frustum of a pyramid and frustum of a cone

The formula for frustum of a pyramid or frustum of a cone is given by

V=h3[A1+A2+A1A2]V=h3[A1+A2+A1A2]

Where:
h = perpendicular distance between A1 and A2 (h is called the altitude of the frustum)
A1 = area of the lower base
A2 = area of the upper base
Note that A1 and A2 are parallel to each other.

Derivation:
V1=13A1yV1=13A1y
V2=13A2(yh)V2=13A2(yh)

V=V1V2=13A1y13A2(yh)V=V1V2=13A1y13A2(yh)
V=13A1y13A2y+13A2hV=13A1y13A2y+13A2h
V=13[(A1A2)y+A2h]V=13[(A1A2)y+A2h] Equation (1)

By similar solids (Click here for more information about Similar Solids):

A2A1=(yhy)2A2A1=(yhy)2

A2A1=1hyA2A1=1hy

hy=1A2A1=1A2A1hy=1A2A1=1A2A1

hy=A1A2A1hy=A1A2A1
yh=A1A1A2yh=A1A1A2

y=A1A1A2h=(A1A1A2A1

+A2A1+A2)hy=A1A1A2h=(A1A1A2A1+A2A1+A2)h

y=A1+A1A2A1A2hy=A1+A1A2A1A2h

Substitute y to Equation (1),

V=13[(A1A2)(A1+A1A2A1A2h)+A2h]V=13[(A1A2)

(A1+A1A2A1A2h)+A2h]
V=13[(A1+A1A2)h+A2h]V=13[(A1+A1A2)h+A2h]
V=13[A1+A1A2+A2]hV=13[A1+A1A2+A2]h
V=h3[A1+A2+A1A2]
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Frustum of a Right Circular Cone

Frustum of a right circular cone is that portion of right circular cone included between
the base and a section parallel to the base not passing through the vertex.

Properties of Frustum of Right Circular Cone

The altitude of a frustum of a right circular cone is the perpendicular distance

between the two bases. It is denoted by h.

All elements of a frustum of a right circular cone are equal. It is denoted by L.

Formulas for Frustum of Right Circular Cone

Area of lower base, A1

A1=R2A1=R2

Area of upper base, A2

A2=r2A2=r2

Lateral Area, AL
The lateral area of the frustum of a right circular cone is equal to one-half the
 sum of the circumference of the bases multiplied by slant height. See
the derivation of the formula for lateral area of frustum of a right circular cone.

Let C and c, the circumference of lower and upper bases, respectively.

AL=12(C+c)LAL=12(C+c)L

A more convenient formula is when we substitute C = 2R and c = 2r, giving us

AL=(R+r)LAL=(R+r)L

Volume, V
The volume of a frustum of any cone is equal to one-third of the product of the
altitude and the sum of the upper base, the lower base, and the mean
proportional between the two bases. See the derivation of formula for the
volume of any frustum.

For any Frustum, the volume is V=13(A1+A2+A1A2

)hV=13(A1+A2+A1A2)h. For frustum of right circular
cone, A1=R2A1=R2 and A2=r2A2=r2. Thus,
V=13[R2+r2+R2(r2)]hV=13[R2+r2+R2(r2)]h
V=13[R2+r2+Rr]hV=13[R2+r2+Rr]h
V=13(R2+r2+Rr)hV=13(R2+r2+Rr)h

Relationship between L, R, h, and r

The relationship between the lower base radius R, upper base radius r, altitude h,
and element L is given by

(Rr)2+h2=L2
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Derivation of Formula for Lateral Area of Frustum of a Right Circular Cone

The lateral area of frustum of a right circular cone is given by the formula

A=(R+r)LA=(R+r)L

where
R = radius of the lower base
r = radius of the upper base
L = length of lateral side

Derivation of Formula
Lateral area of right circular cone is the difference of the areas of sectors of a circle of
radii L1 and L2 and common central angle . See the figure below

By ratio and proportion:

L1R=LRrL1R=LRr
L1=RLRrL1=RLRr

From the figure:

L2=L1LL2=L1L
L2=RLRrLL2=RLRrL
L2=RL(Rr)LRrL2=RL(Rr)LRr
L2=rLRrL2=rLRr

The length of arc is the circumference of the base:

s1=2Rs1=2R
s2=2rs2=2r

From the figure:

A=12s1L112s2L2A=12s1L112s2L2

A=12(2R)(RLRr)12(2r)(rLRr)A=12(2R)(RLRr)12(2r)(rLRr)

A=R2LRrr2LRrA=R2LRrr2LRr
A=R2Lr2LRrA=R2Lr2LRr
A=(R2r2)LRrA=(R2r2)LRr
A=(Rr)(R+r)LRrA=(Rr)(R+r)LRr
A=(R+r)L
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