Max.

Grad
Part Grade e
Abstract 10%
Introduction 10%
Results & 40%
Discussion
Conclusion &
Recommenda
tion 10%
Abu- References 10% Dhabi University
College Appendix 10% of Engineering
Format 10% Department of
Total 100%
Mechanical
Engineering
MEC 412 Dynamics & Control System Lab
Spring 2016

EXPERIMENT NUMBER 1
EXPERIMENT TITLE Crank & Connecting Rod (Slider) Mechanism
SECTION NUMBER 3
GROUP MEMBERS

Students S S
ig
Name tude na
tu
re
nts *

ID
Mohamma 1

d Tahir 0404

Mahmood
11
Zeeshan 1

Malik 0455

32
Jibran 1

Hassan Ansari 0447

36

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 Mudassir 1

0526

20
*No report to be accepted with missing signature

DATE PERFORMED 28 3 - 2016

DATE SUBMITTED 6 3 - 2016
CORRECTED BY ----------------------------------------
MARK OBTAINED ----------------------------------------

Contents

Abstract:..................................................................................................................... 3

Introduction:............................................................................................................... 3

Apparatus:.................................................................................................................. 4

Result and discussion:................................................................................................ 5

Conclusion and Recommendation:.............................................................................7

Appendix:................................................................................................................... 8

References:............................................................................................................... 10

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Abstract:
The objectives of this experiment are to understand theory of Whitworth
quick return, crank & connecting rod, scotch yoke, Ratchet & Pawl devices, Geneva
mechanisms. Also, to observe their machinations, determine the relationship between the
crank angle and stroke, and to study the effect of changing, crank radius and connecting rod
length. We recommend taking the readings very accurately, as per recommendation of this
experiment.

Introduction:
A linkage is a bunch of multiple joints that connect a system of links with rotary or linear
bearings. The location of joints is where two or more links are connected; also it is considered
the place where motion occurs between the links. Linkages that have positive mobility are called
mechanisms, whilst linkages with no mobility are called structures. The most common linkages
are designed to hold an input and produce a different output, thus/hence changing the motion
velocity or acceleration.

The main function of a linkage mechanism is to produce various types of motion- such as
rotary, oscillatory or reciprocating motion. Degrees of freedom (DOF) can be defined as the
number of input motions that must be provided in order to provide the desired output. In a planar
mechanism, the degree of freedom of a system is calculated using Grumblers equation. The
number of degrees of freedom is also known as the mobility. The Grueblers equation is given
by: m = 3(n-1) - 2f.

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Apparatus:

(UNIVERSAL MECHANISM KIT)

LEGEND
A. Ratchet and Pawl Mechanism
B. Geneva Drive Mechanism
C. Scotch Yoke Mechanism
D. Cam & Follower Mechanism
E. Crank & Connecting Rod Mechanism
F. Whitworth Quick Return Mechanism

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Result and discussion:
Table:

K (displacement) (mm)
Connecting rod = Connecting rod = Connecting rod =
100mm 110mm 120mm
10mm 20mm 30mm 10mm 20mm 30mm 10mm 20mm 30mm
0 5.5 6.6 7.8 5.5 5.7 7.8 4.6 6.4 8.3
30 6.1 7.1 8.1 6.5 6.8 8.8 6.2 8 4.8
60 6.5 7.5 8.5 7.4 7.5 9.5 7.2 9.3 11
90 6. 7.6 8.8 7.6 7.7 9.8 7.7 9.7 11.6
120 6.5 7.4 8.5 7.4 7.2 9.4 6.6 9.4 10.8
150 6 7.1 8 6.5 6.5 8.6 5.6 8.3 9.9
180 5.5 6.5 7.6 5.5 5.4 7.5 4.5 6.1 8.5
210 5.1 6.1 7.1 4.5 4.5 6.5 3 4.6 6.8
240 4.8 5.8 6.9 4 4 5.9 2.1 4.0 6
270 4.6 5.7 6.6 3.9 3.7 5.8 1.8 3.8 5.8
300 4.6 5.9 7 4 4.0 6.2 2.4 4.1 6.2
330 5.3 6.1 7.2 4.7 4.9 6.7 3.3 5 7.1
8.436
5.5 6.6 7.9 5.5 6.0 7.9 4.6 6.4 8.4
0

Graphs:

Connecting rod = 100mm Graph

10mm 20mm 30mm

10
8
6
displacement (CM)
4
2
0
0 30 60 90 120150180210240270300330360

crankshaft rotation angle ()

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 This graph shows a big difference when we change the
connecting rod from 10 mm, to 20 mm, to 30 mm- and they
meet at three points where the rotation angle is 0, 180, and 360
degrees. The maximum displacement occurs when the rotation
angle is 90 degrees and the connected rod is at 30 mm, and the
minimum displacement occurs when the rotation angle is at 270
degrees.

Connecting rod = 110mm GRAPH

10mm 20mm 30mm

12
10
8
displacement (CM) 6
4
2
0
0 30 60 90 12 015018 021024 027030 033036 0

crankshaft rotation angle ()

Changing the rod from 100 mm to 110 mm made the

difference less when the connected rod changed from 10mm to
20mm to 30mm. the maximum displacement is when the
rotation angle is 90 degrees and the connected rod is 30mm, and
the minimum displacement imos when the rotation angle is 270
degrees and the connected rod is 30mm. the three connected
rod meet in one point when the rotation angle is 0, 180, 360
degrees.

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 Connecting rod = 120mm
10mm 20mm 30mm
15

10

displacement (CM) 5

crankshaft rotation angle ()

As the last graph showing when using the 120 mm the

difference in displacement is not that much when change the
connected rod. The maximum displacement is when the rotation
angle is 90 degrees and the connected rod is 30 mm, and the
minimum displacement is when the rotation angle is 270 and the
connected rod is 30 mm.

Conclusion and Recommendation:

Throughout the course of this experiment we have gained a thorough understanding of

the theory underlying cranks and connecting rods, how to observe their motion, and how to
determine the sufficient relation between crank angles and strokes. A crank and slider mechanism
is a type of four-bar linkage with an output crank and a ground member of infinite length used in
a variety of machines when converting rotary motion to reciprocatory motion and vice versa.
Using Greubles equation, we can calculate the mobility of the crank mechanisms which has 1
degree of freedom (DOF).

In this experiment we have learned to calculate the the mobility of the apparatus using the
m = 3(n-1) - 2f. And selected the desired the crank distance (10, 20, 30mm) and connecting rod
(100, 110, 120mm). Then we have learned to place the selected crank to the rotating disc and
connected rod to the crank holder and the slider holder. After we have learned to record the

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length of the crank and connecting rod to the table provided. Then we leavened to rotate the
crank to 0o by rotating the turning knob. Once the crank set at 0 o, record down the initial position
of the connecting rod using the linear scale provided. After we have slowly rotated the crank of
the apparatus. For every 30o increment, we have recorded downs the displacement value for the
connecting rod.

Recommendation:

1- Follow the safety rules.

2- Be careful when using the apparatus
3- Take the reading carefully

Appendix:

Sample of pictures:

Sample of tables:

K (displacement) (mm)

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 Connecting rod = Connecting rod = Connecting rod =
100mm 110mm 120mm
10mm 20mm 30mm 10mm 20mm 30mm 10mm 20mm 30mm
0 5.7 5.5 5.3 6.8 6.7 6.4 8.7 8.6 8.5
30 6.2 6.6 7.1 7.4 7.8 8 9.2 9.5 9.4
60 6.5 7.4 8.4 7.7 8.4 9.2 9.5 10.3 11
90 6.7 7.7 8.8 7.8 8.8 9.7 9.7 10.7 11.5
120 6.5 7.4 8.4 7.7 8.4 9.2 9.5 10.3 11
150 6.2 6.6 7.2 7.4 7.8 8 9.2 9.5 9.4
180 5.7 5.5 5.2 6.8 6.7 6.1 8.7 8.6 8
210 5.2 4.4 3.7 6.3 5.7 4.8 8.1 7.6 7.8
240 4.9 3.8 3 6 5 3.9 7.8 7 6
270 4.7 3.6 2.8 5.8 4.8 3.8 7.6 6.8 5.8
300 4.9 3.9 3.3 6 5 4.2 7.8 7 6
330 5.2 4.4 4.1 6.3 5.7 5.2 8.2 7.6 7.8
360 5.7 5.5 5.3 6.8 6.7 6.4 8.7 8.6 8.5

Sample of graphs:

Connecting rod = 120mm

10mm 20mm 30mm

14
12
10
8
displacement (CM) 6
4
2
0

crankshaft rotation angle ()

The Grueblers equation is given by:

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 m = 3(n-1) - 2f
Where:
m = degree of freedom or mobility
n = total number of links including the ground
f = total number of joints (pins, slider, balls or sockets)

References:

Crank (mechanism). (n.d.). Retrieved from wikipedia.org/:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crank_(mechanism)
Lab Manual-Experiment #1 Mechanisms. (2015). Retrieved from Blackboard:
http://blackboard.adu.ac.ae/webapps/blackboard/execute/content/file?
cmd=view&content_id=_302897_1&course_id=_32176_1

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