PARAMETER ESTIMATION OF SINGLE-PHASE INDUCTION MACHINES

Olorunfemi Ojo and Obasohan Omozusi

Laboratory for Electric Machines and Power Electronics
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering/Center for Electric Power,
Tennessee Technological University, Cookeville, TN 38501
E-mail: jojo@tntech.edu Phone: (931) 372-3869

Michael Omoigui A. A. Jimoh

Department of Electrical Engineering Technikon North-West
Obafemi Awolowo University Rosslyn, South Africa
Ile-Ife, Nigeria

Abstract- This paper sets forth the development of the q-d
model of single-phase induction machines [spim], which is then
simplified and used for the estimation of the machines electrical
parameters. In simplifying the model equations of the machines,
two transformations are used - the stationary reference frame
and the turn ratio transformations, following which the
harmonic balance technique is then applied to develop a steady-
state model for the parameter determination. The electrical
parameters of a 1-hp single-phase induction motor were
determined and were shown by confirmatory experimental
results to accurately predict both the machine steady-state
characteristics and waveforms when the single-phase machine
operates in both motoring and generating modes.
I. INTRODUCTION
Single-phase induction machines with capacitor start
with/without capacitor run connections in the auxiliary
winding are the mostly widely used electric machines in home
appliances and in applications requiring less than 5 kW,
consuming a significant percentage of electricity generated in
the world. The need to improve the motors efficiency
through parametric design and improved control have spurred
renewed interest in the evolution of better models and the
determination of the parameters of single-phase machines,
especially considering the influence of magnetic saturation
and the non-negligible core loss due to time-varying flux
linkages and harmonic fields.
So far, the techniques set forth in the literature use the
revolving field concepts for obtaining steady-state models of
single-phase induction machines; there appears to be problems
with accounting for saturation effects and including core loss
effects in the equivalent circuits [1-4 and references therein].
In a more recent work reported in [5], the steady-state model
of a capacitor-run single-phase induction machine was
presented in which equations for the calculation of the
parameters from design parameters are determined, and the
model is shown to predict the motor efficiencies for different
rotor speeds. The q-d model of the machine in the stationary
reference frame, not considering the influence of magnetic
saturation and core loss, has also been adequately presented in
[6]. Carefully worked expressions for the parameters of the
three-phase squirrel-cage induction machines that are
applicable to single-phase machines with slight modifications
have also been published [7].
Starting from classical assumptions for the analysis of
electric machines that are detailed in [5-7], the model of the
single-phase machines is presented using the harmonic
balance technique to obtain dynamic and steady-state
performance equations. The resulting equations become the
platform to accurately determine machine parameters and to
calculate performance. Admittedly, much research has been
published on the subject of this paper. However, the following
may be considered as either innovative or providing much
needed clarification: (1) a more explicit approach (using the q-
d harmonic balance technique, which in essence is the
generalization of the Krause-Thomas q-d-o reference frame
transformation in the synchronous reference frame used in
three-phase electric machinery) for the derivation of steady-
state and dynamic models of electric machines, (2) a
straightforward approach (devoid of hand-waving arguments)
to the experimental determination of the machine parameters,
and (3) confirmatory experimental results including steady-
state waveforms and performance curves for a machine
operating both in the motoring and generating modes. The
analysis technique set forth herein provides the setting for
modeling and analyzing other single-phase electric machines
and systems.
II. DERIVATION OF SINGLE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR
EQUATION
A schematic cross section of a single-phase induction
machine model is shown in Fig. 1. The following classical
assumptions are made in the derivation of the electrical model
of the machine. The air-gap is uniform. The main and
auxiliary stator windings are sinusoidally distributed. Only the
fundamental component of the air-gap flux distribution is
considered. The magnetic saturation is considered by making
the magnetizing inductances to be air-gap flux linkage
dependent. The core loss is represented by saturation-

0-7803-7116-X/01/$10.00 (C) 2001 IEEE

2280
dependent resistances shunted across the axis magnetizing
inductances. The stator main and auxiliary windings are
nonidentical sinusoidally distributed windings, but are
arranged in space quadrature. The (main) as winding is
assumed to have Nq equivalent turns with resistance ra. The
(auxiliary) bs winding has Nd equivalent turns with resistance
rb. The rotor windings may be considered as two identical,
sinusoidally distributed windings arranged in space
quadrature. Each rotor winding has Nr equivalent turns with
resistance rr
bs axis
br axis as
ar
o rl 2
Lij = N i ( )N j ( )d . (9)
g 0
The average air-gap radius is r, the effective motor stack
length is l, and the gap length is represented by g. The angle
defines the angular position along the stator inner diameter,
while the angular position of the rotor with respect to the
stator reference frame is r. The winding functions of
windings i and j are given, respectively, as N i () and Nj
(). In order to obtain closed-form inductance equations, the
winding functions are represented by their respective
fundamental components even though the winding functions
r
contain significant space harmonic components.
ar axis

br r The fundamental component of the winding functions for

bs
bs
as axis
the stator and rotor effective windings are given in (10).
br
N as = N A cos(f ), N bs = N B sin (f )
ar

N ar = N r cos(f - f r ), N br = N r sin (f - f r ) (10)

as

Fig. 1. Cross-sectional view of a single-phase induction machine. The self- and mutual inductances found using (9-10).
Equations (6-8) are:

The stator and rotor voltage equations of SPIM are given as Llas + Lma 0 N 2 0 Llas 0
Ls = = k A +
[5]:
0 Llbs + Lmb 0 N B2 0 Llbs
v as = ra i as + pas (1)
v bs = rb i bs + pbs (2)
v ar = rr i ar + par (3) Llr + Lmr 0 N r2 0 Llr 0
Lr = = k + (11)
0 Llr + Lmr 0 N r2 0 Llr
v br = rr i br + pbr (4)
The term p denotes differentiation with respect to time. The L Lasbr N N cos(r ) N A N r sin(r )
L sr = asar = k A r
stator and rotor flux linkage equations are: Lbsar Lbsbr N B N r sin(r )

N B N r cos(r )
abs Ls Lsr iabs
= (L )T Lr iabr
(5)
o rl
abr sr where, k = p.
g
where,
In (11), the leakage inductances of the a-phase and b-phase
L Lasbs Llas 0 stator windings are Llas and Llbs, respectively, while those of
L s = asas + (6)
Lbsas Lbsbs 0 Llbs the rotor windings are Llr .
A. Reference Frame and Turn Ratio Transformations
L L arbr Llr 0
L r = arar + (7)
Lbrbr 0 Llr
The transformation of stator variables to the arbitrary
Lbrar reference frame and the transformation of rotor variables to
the arbitrary reference frame are necessary to simplify the
L L asbr
L sr = asar (8) SPIM voltage equation. In vector notation, the stator variables
Lbsar Lbsbr are represented as fabs [fas, fbs]T , where f may be voltage (v),
Ls is the self-inductance for the stator windings, Lr is the self- current (i), or flux linkages (). If is the angular position of
inductance for the rotor, and Lsr is the mutual inductance an arbitrary reference frame, then the transformation of the
between the stator and rotor windings. stator variables to arbitrary reference frame is [7]:
Winding function principles [8] can be used to determine f qds = K 2s f abs , f abs = (K 2s )-1 f qds (12)
the self- and mutual inductance matrix in (6-8). The
where,
inductance between any windings i and j in any machine
is expressed as: f
f qds = qs ,
f ds

2281
 cos sin cos sin It is convenient to refer all q variables to the as winding
K 2s = , (K 2s )-1 = (13) with Nq effective turns and all d variables to the bs winding
sin cos sin cos
with Nd effective turns. The voltage equation becomes:
Applying (12-13) to (1-2) and simplifying, we have (14): v qs = rqs i qs + pqs (23)
ra + rb ra - rb ra - rb v ds = rds i ds + pds (24)
Vqs 2 + 2 cos 2 2
sin 2 iqs
= ra - rb ra + rb rb - ra Nq
Vds sin 2 + cos 2 ids v qr = rqr iqr
- + p qr
r dr (25)
2 2 2 Nd
ds qs (14) Nd
+ + p = rdr idr
v dr + + pdr
r qr (26)
- ds
qs
Nq
where = p. where,
The stator voltage equation (14) is time-varying in view of qs = L qs i qs + L mq i qr , ? ds = L dsi ds + L md i dr
the time-varying resistance. The equation can be simplified
using the stationary reference frame, = 0 ( = 0). With this = Lqr iqr
qr + Lmq iqs , dr
= Ldr idr
+ Lmd ids
transformation, we can obtain constant parameters as:
Lqs = Llqs + Lmq , L ds = L lds + L md , Lqr = Llqr + L mq ,
vqs ra 0 iqs qs
= + p (15) 2
N N
vds 0 rb ids ds = d
Ldr = Lldr + Lmd , Lldr Lldr , Lmq = q Lqsr ,

Nr Nr
The rotor variables and qd transformation in the arbitrary
reference frame can be expressed in vector notation as: Nq Nr
vqr = =
vqr , iqr iqr ,
Nr Nq
f ar
f abr = , f qdr = K 2r f abr , f abr = (K 2r )-1 f qdr (16)
f br Nd N N
2

vdr = = r idr , rqr = q

v , idr rr ,
(27)
f qr cos( - r ) sin ( - r ) N r dr Nd Nr
f qdr = , K 2r = (17)
f
dr sin ( - r ) cos( - r ) 2 2
N N N
= q
Llqr Llqr , rdr = d
N
rr , Lmd = d Ldsr .

Applying (16-17) to (3-4) and simplifying, we have (18): N Nr
r r
vqr iqr dr qr
= rr + ( - r ) - + p (18)
vdr idr
qr dr B. Torque Equation Derivation
where = p. The stored energy of the SPIM can be written as [6]
1
The flux linkage equation (5) transformed to the stationary Wf = (i )T (Ls + L labs I) i abs + (i abs )T (Lsr ) i abr + 1 (i abr )T (L r + L labr I) i abr
reference frame is given as: 2 abs 2
(28)
qds L s L12 i qds
= (19) where I is an identity matrix. The change of mechanical
qdr L12 L r i qdr
energy in a rotational system with one mechanical input may
where, be written as:
N 2 0 Llas 0 Llqs + Lmq 0 P
Ls = k A + dWf = Te d rm , where, r =
= (20) 2 rm
0 N B2 0 Llbs 0 Llds + Lmd
Te is the electromagnetic torque positive for motor action
N 2 0 Llr 0 Llqr + Lmr 0
Lr = k r + = (21) (torque output). P is the number of poles in the machine, rm is
0 N r2 0 Llr 0 Lldr + Lmr the actual angular displacement of the rotor. The flux
linkages, currents, and Wf are all expressed as functions of the
N N 0 Lqr 0
L12 = k A r = (22) electrical angular displacement r:
0 NB Nr 0 Ldr
P W i ,( )
In (20-22), the leakage inductances of the stator main and dW f = Te P d r , Te (i j , r ) = 2
2 f j r
(29)
r
auxiliary windings are Llqs and Llds, respectively, while those
of the effective two mutually perpendicular rotor windings are Since Ls and Lr are not functions of r, substituting Wf from
Llqr and Lldr. (28) in (29), the electromagnetic torque in Newton meters
(Nm) is given as:

2282
 0 = rqr I qrr
- N qd r drr
+ j e qrr
+ p qrr
(37)
Te =
P
2
[
L qr i as (i ar sin r - i br cos r ) + L dr i bs (i ar cos r - i br sin r ) ]
0 = rdr I drr
+ N dq r qrr
+ j e drr
+ pdrr
(38)
(30)
The torque and rotor speed are related by the following The electromagnetic torque can be approximated as:
mechanical equations: Te = Re[Te1 + Te 2e j2 ? e t ] (39)
2 Using harmonic balance technique, the electromagnetic
Te = J p r + TL (31)
P torque components are:
where J is the inertia of the rotor and the connected load. The
4
(
Te1 = P N dq qrr
I drr
* - N qd drr
I qrr)
* ,
load torque is TL; it is positive for motor action.
The expression for the electromagnetic torque in terms of Te 2 = P (N dq qrr
I drr
- N qd drr )
I qrr (40)
4
stationary reference frame variables may be obtained by
substituting the equations of transformation into (30). Thus, where, Te1 and Te2 are the average and second-harmonic
pulsating electromagnetic torques, respectively.
Te =
P
(
L i i - L dr i ds i qr
2 qr qs dr
) The equivalent circuit for the single-phase machine using
voltage equations (35-38) is shown in Fig. 2. Core loss
In terms of referred variables, the expression for the torque resistances Rmq and Rmd are added to account for core loss.
becomes: The equations set forth above can be considered as the
Te =
P
2
( idr
N dq qr - N qd dr
iqr ) (32)
synchronous reference frame form of the single-phase
induction machine expressed in the complex form. One of the
usefulness of these equations is the ability to compute
III. SIMPLIFIED ANALYSIS OF SINGLE-PHASE INDUCTION
separately the constant and second harmonic components of
MOTOR
the electromagnetic torques. These equations can also be used
The state variables and sources in the machine model in studies involving the control of the single-phase motor or
equations set forth above are time-varying, even in steady- generator (since the state variable peaks are constant in
state. To simplify the analysis in the context of transforming steady-state), especially when it is required to design closed-
the state variables and sources to the synchronous reference loop control systems.
frame where the state variables are constant during steady-
state, the harmonic balance technique is applied [9]. This is Ndqr qrr
rds Llds rdr Lldr
achieved by representing the stated variables by sinusoidal
functions with time-varying magnitudes. Hence, the state - +
Idm
variables and sources are therefore approximated as: Idss
Vdss Lmd Idrr
[
Vqs = Re Vqss e j e t
], V = Re[V e ] ,
ds dss
j e t Rmd

= Re[ e
qs qss
j e t
] , = Re[ e ] ,
ds dss
j e t
Idss+ Idrr- Idm
= Re[ e
qr qrr
j e t
] , = Re[ e ] ,
dr drr
j e t
(a)

I = Re[ I e
qs qss
j e t
] , I = Re[I e ] ,
ds dss
j e t
rqs Llqs rqr Llqr
Nqdr drr

I = Re[ I e ] and I = Re[ I e ] .

j e t j e t +
qr qrr dr drr (33) Iqm
Vqss Iqss Iqrr
where Vdss, Vqss, dss, qss, qrr, drr, Iqss, Idss, Iqrr, and Idrr are R mq Lmq
(time-varying) complex peak quantities. Substituting
equations in (33) in the model dynamic equations in the Iqss+ Iqrr- Iqm
stationary reference frame and using the harmonic balance
technique [10], we have: (b)
Fig. 2. Equivalent circuit of single-phase induction machine with core loss:
[ ] [ ] { [
Re Vdss e je t = rds Re I dss e je t + p Re dss e je t ]} (34) (a) d-axis, (b) q-axis.

by comparing terms (34) becomes:

IV. EVALUATION OF MACHINE PARAMETERS
Vdss = rds I dss + j e dss + pdss (35) The main and auxiliary winding resistances were found by
applying a dc voltage across the terminals of the main and
Similarly,
auxiliary windings. The other parameters are estimated using
Vqss = rqs I qss + j e qss + pqss (36) the stand-still and synchronous-speed tests and the steady-

2283
state equivalent circuit. The stand-still test is carried out by TABLE I
holding the rotor down and by applying a single-phase voltage STAND-STILL TEST: VOLTAGE APPLIED TO (a) THE AUXILIARY WINDING
across the auxiliary winding with the main winding opened. AND (b) THE MAIN WINDING
As the voltage across the auxiliary winding is increased (a)
gradually, the auxiliary winding input power, phase voltage, V1A [V] I1A [A] P1A [W] V2M [V]
and current are measured, along with the voltage across the 3.162 0.1662 0.264 0.192
6.346 0.32 0.9672 0.539
main winding. Also, the voltage source is applied across the
8.843 0.5438 2.474 0.685
main winding with the auxiliary winding open. Main winding 11.98 0.8693 5.957 0.627
input power, phase voltage, and current, as well as the voltage 16.28 1.3409 13.77 0.597
at the terminals of the auxiliary winding, are then measured as 20.6 1.8034 24.92 0.498
the main voltage is increased. 24.27 2.2 37.22 0.434
27.31 2.53 49.29 0.373
The synchronous test is performed in addition to the stand-
still test. This test is accomplished by running the rotor at the
synchronous speed. Then all other steps of the test are carried (b)
V1M [V] I1M [A] P1M [W] V2A [V]
out, as was described for the stand-still test. The single-phase 3.79 0.331 0.585 0.025
induction motor used for this work is rated at 1 hp, 115 V, 7.8 5.049 0.555 1.076 0.032
A, and 1725 rpm. The measured values of the main winding 7.23 1.052 3.188 0.044
resistance are rqs=1.1 , and auxiliary winding resistance, rds= 10.16 1.765 8.374 0.082
4.3 . The measured experimental short circuit and 13.71 2.687 19.07 0.12
17.33 3.672 36.01 0.156
synchronous test results are shown in Tables 1 -2.
19.58 4.224 46.92 0.182
In Tables I-II, V1A is the auxiliary winding voltage; I1A is 25.24 5.67 84.9 0.256
the auxiliary winding current; P1A is the power to auxiliary
winding power; V2M is the main winding voltage; V1M is the TABLE II
main winding voltage; I1M is the main winding current; P1M is SYNCHRONOUS TEST: VOLTAGE APPLIED TO (a) THE AUXILIARY
the power to the main winding power; and V2A is the auxiliary WINDING AND (b) THE MAIN WINDING.
winding voltage. Use of the stationary reference frame (a)
transformation results in the following relationships V1M= Vqs, V1A [V] I1A [A] P1A [W] V2M [V]
I1M= Iqs, V1A= Vds, and I1A= Ids. 10.18 0.2655 1.1 2.386
The parameters of the machine are estimated based on the 20.33 0.4835 3.252 6.31
30.18 0.6845 5.781 11.83
steady-state equivalent circuits shown in Figs. 3-6 which are 40.25 0.8989 9.135 17.69
drawn for the conditions corresponding to the synchronous 50.31 1.114 13.209 23.61
and short circuit tests described above. From these circuits, 60.22 1.3276 17.852 29.57
nonlinear expressions (in terms of the machine parameters) 70.37 1.5553 23.55 35.5
for impedances are derived which when equated to the 80.4 1.7814 30 41.5
measured values are numerically solved for the determination 90.13 1.9985 36.59 47.4
100.1 2.24 45.29 53.3
of all the parameters of the machine at each input voltage
110.5 2.499 55.3 59.7
point. 120.8 2.772 66.6 65.8
The calculated q-d magnetizing inductances of the SPIM as 130.3 3.051 79.62 71.5
a function of input voltage are shown in Fig. 7(a). The q-d 140.6 3.386 96.06 77.8
150.9 3.764 114.75 84
magnetizing inductance increases steadily with increase in 161 4.222 141.32 89.8
input voltage then falls steadily with additional input voltage
as the machine goes into saturation. Fig. 7(b) shows the core
loss resistances for the two axes also as a function of the input (b)
V1M [V] I1M [A] P1M [W] V2A [V]
voltage magnitude. The core loss representation herein
10.16 0.511 1.271 5.95
presented is an improvement over existing models where the 20.91 1.014 4.208 17.41
same value of core loss resistances is assumed for both the q 32.04 1.518 8.716 31.08
and d axes. The values of these core loss resistances increase 39.14 1.813 12.01 39.9
at lower voltages and then decrease as the machine goes into 50.73 2.374 19.61 54.3
saturation. The sum of q-d axis stator and rotor leakage 60.25 2.831 26.9 66.2
70.12 3.328 36.19 78.7
inductances is shown in Fig. 7(c) as a function input voltage.
80.13 3.867 47.87 91.6
The value decreases with increase of terminal voltage due to 90.17 4.435 61.67 104.1
redistribution of flux linkage. 100.4 5.11 79.51 116.8
110.2 5.935 101.8 128.9
120.3 7.139 137.9 140.9
131 8.945 201.9 152.4
139.9 10.89 280 160.7

2284
 V. PERFORMANCE PREDICTION magnetizing reactances and core loss resistances are
Fig. 8 shows measured steady-state performance adequately accounted for.
characteristics of a single-phase induction motor for two Fig. 9 further shows simulated steady-state waveforms of
levels of input voltages. The measured results are compared the single-phase induction machine acting as a generator with
with calculated results which are based on the proposed an inductive load connected to the main winding and an
system model and the parameters determined using the excitation capacitor closing the auxiliary winding. The rotor
procedure set forth above. The results compare very well as speed is 1800 rpm. It is seen that simulation results based on
shown because the influence of main flux saturation on the estimated parameters and the dynamic model presented above
compare well with experimental results.

Nd q e qrr
rd r L ldr

rdr Lldr - +
Idm
Idm Lmd Idrr
Rmd
Lmd Idrr
Rmd
I d r r- I d m
Idrr- Idm (a)

(a) rqr Nqde drr

rqs Llqs Llqr
rqs Llqs rqr Llqr +
Iqm
Iqss Iqrr
Iqm Vqss R mq Lmq
Iqss Iqrr
Vqss R mq Lmq Iqss+ Iqrr- Iqm
Iqss+ Iqrr- Iqm (b)
Fig. 5. Equivalent circuit of single-phase induction machine with Ids
(b)
= 0, and r = e (a) d-axis, (b) q-axis.

Fig. 3. Equivalent circuit of single-phase induction machine with Ids

= 0, and r = 0 (a) d-axis, (b) q-axis. Ndqe qrr
rds Llds rdr Lldr
rds Llds rdr Lldr
- +
Idm
Idm Idss
Idss Vdss Lmd Idrr
Vdss Lmd Idrr Rmd
Rmd
Idss+ Idrr- Idm
Idss+ Idrr- Idm
(a)
(a)

rqr rqr Nqde drr

Llqr Llqr
+
Iqm Iqm
Iqrr Iqrr
R mq Lmq R mq Lmq
Iqrr- Iqm
Iqrr- Iqm
(b)
Fig. 4. Equivalent circuit of single-phase induction machine with (b)
Iqs = 0, and r = 0 (a) d-axis, (b) q-axis. Fig. 6. Equivalent circuit of single-phase induction machine with Iqs = 0,
and r = e (a) d-axis, (b) q-axis.

2285
 0.2 3
Vin = 170
0.18 2.5
o Lmd Vin = 141
0.16
2
(H)

Torque (Nm)
0.14
1.5
Lmd

0.12

0.1 1
Lmq

0.08 0.5
* Lmq
0.06
0
1650 1700 1750 1800
0.04
50 100 150 200 (a) Speed (rpm)
Voltage (V)
800
(a) Vin = 170
700
Vin = 141
350
600

Input Power (W)

o Rmd
300 500
Rmd (Ohm)

400
250
300
200
200
Rmq

150 100
* Rmq 1650 1700 1750 1800
(b) Speed (rpm)

100

50 100 150 200 Vin = 170

Voltage (V) 0.6
(b) Vin = 141
Efficiency 0.5

0.03 0.4
o Ldsc
0.3

0.025
0.2
Ldsc (H)

0.1
0.02
0
1650 1700 1750 1800
Lqsc

0.015 (c) Speed (rpm)

* Lqsc
9.5
0.01 Vin = 170
9
Vin = 141
50 100 150 200 8.5
Voltage (V)
Input Current (A)

8
(c) 7.5

Fig. 7: Experimental determined parameters of a 1 hp single- 7

phase induction motor. (a) q -d magnetizing inductances, (b) q-d 6.5
core loss resistances, (c) sum of q -d axis leakage inductances.
6

5.5
VI. CONCLUSIONS 5
1650 1700 1750 1800
The paper gives a detailed derivation of the equivalent (d) Speed (rpm)

circuit model of the single-phase induction machine, including Fig. 8: Measured and calculated performance characteristics
main flux saturation dependent core loss resistances and of a single-phase motor. (a) Output torque, (b) input power, (c)
magnetizing reactances in the q and d axes. The model efficiency, (d) input main current.
equations are further simplified to achieve synchronous
reference-type equations common in balanced three-phase
electric machines using the harmonic balance technique. The parameters on the main flux saturation (i.e., the input supply
simplified equations are then used for determining the voltage), calculating the parameters requires the solution of
machine parameters based on classical short circuit and nonlinear simultaneous equations obtained from the
synchronous speed tests. Because of the dependence of the

2286
 Confirmatory experimental results, including steady-state
characteristics and waveforms based on the proposed machine
model and the parameters obtained using the parameter
determination technique, compare very closely with
calculation and simulation results. Without including the core
loss resistances and the dependence of the magnetizing
reactances on the main flux saturation effect, the calculation
and simulation results differ much from measurement results,
especially when the main flux saturation is high.
Admittedly, much research has been published on the
(a)
subject of this paper. However, the following may be
Simulation considered as either innovative or providing much needed
60
clarification: (a) a more explicit approach (using the q-d
harmonic balance technique, which in essence is the
40
generalization of the Krause-Thomas q-d-o reference frame
Load Voltage (V)

20
transformation in the synchronous reference frame used in
0 three-phase electric machinery) for the derivation of steady-
-20 state and dynamic models of single-phase electric machines,
-40
(b) the inclusion of different main-flux saturation dependent
core loss resistances in the q and d axes, and (c) a
-60
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 straightforward approach to the experimental determination of
T ime (s)
the machine parameters.
(a)
Experiment
The methodology set forth in this paper for model
derivation and estimation of machine parameters can be used
with little modification for other single-phase machines such
as single-phase reluctance, permanent-magnet and unbalanced
and faulted machines.

REFERENCES

[1] F. W. Shur, Towards an accurate evaluation of single-phase induction

motor constants, Trans. on AIEE, part 3, Power Apparatus and
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(b)
[2] C. G. Veinott, Segregation of losses in single-phase induction motors,
Simulation Trans. on AIEE, vol. 54, December 1935, pp. 1302-1306.
4 [3] M. Poloujadoff and W. R. Perera, A contribution to the 1975 -1976
3
single-phase motor calculation and test project, Trans. on IEEE Power
Apparatus and Systems, vol. 101, March 1982, pp. 592-601.
Main Winding Current (A)

1 [4] C. Van der Merwe and F. S. Van der Merwe, A study of methods to
0
measure the parameters of single-phase induction motors, IEEE Trans.
on Energy Conversion, vol. 10, no. 2, June 1995, pp. 248-253.
-1

-2
[5] S. D. Umans, Steady-state, lumped-parameter model for capacitor-run,
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vol. 32, no. 1, pp 169-179, January/February 1996.
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0 0.005 0.01
T ime (s)
0.015
[6] P. C. Krause, Analysis of Electric Machinery, New York, McGraw-Hill,
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(b)
[7] R. Munoz and T. A. Lipo, Complex vector model of the squirrel-cage
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Fig. 9: Simulated waveforms of a single-phase generator feeding [8] N. L. Schmitz and D. W. Novotny, Introductory Electromechanics,
an impedance load. (a) Load voltage, (b) main winding current. Ronald Press Company, New York, 1965.
[9] H. K. Khalil, Nonlinear Systems, Macmillan Publishing Company, New
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equivalent circuits corresponding to the short circuit and [10] A. Nayfeh, Method of Normal Forms, John Wiley and Sons Inc, New
synchronous speed tests. York, 1993.

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