Chapter II

35
CHAPTER II
PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA
This chapter contains the presentation, analysis and interpretation of gathered
data from the respondents based on the result of the statistical computation and
important information gathered through the Key Informant Interviews (KIIs).
The presentation of data is ordered as follows: Part I shows the implications of
the declaration of President Dutertes war against illegal drugs to the different group of
respondents, as reflected in the first part of the questionnaire, and the Key Informant
Interviews. Part II presents data based on the responses of the different groups in terms
of challenges faced by the Duterte administration which is reflected in the second part of
survey questionnaire and Key Informant Interviews. Part III covers the acceptability by
the public on the initiatives done by the Dutertes administration as the president
declares war against illegal drugs. Each part of the presentation of data includes a
display of quantitative measures and supporting details from the information gathered
through qualitative method.
Ninety-seven (97) leaders or high ranking officials from the different group of
respondents within Tagbilaran City were made to answer the survey questionnaire
drafted by the researchers. In the study, 7 Youth Leaders, 4 PNP Officials, 7
Prosecutors, 3 Court Judges, 21 Non-catholic Leaders, 20 Catholic Priests, 27 Private
Sector and 8 Chairmen of Barangay Anti-Drug Council (BADAC) were the respondents
in the descriptive survey. Eight (8) Key Informant were interviewed, one (1) each
representing the different groups of respondents.

36
I. IMPLICATIONS OF PRESIDENT DUTERTES DECLARATION OF WAR AGAINST
ILLEGAL DRUGS TO THE DIFFERENT GROUPS OF RESPONDENTS
The respondents were made to answer a three-part questionnaire with where the
first part was drafted to draw out the implications of President Dutertes declaration of
war against illegal drugs. Table 2.1 shows the possible implications to the youth on the
declaration of war against illegal drugs. The researchers used seven indicators with an
option for respondents to add possible implication and for them to rate accordingly.
Further, another set of questions were used to draw the possible implications of the
declaration of war against illegal drugs to the other group of respondents.
Table 2.1. Implications of President Dutertes Declaration of War Against

Illegal Drugs to the Youth
Implications to the Mode (%)

Youth Youth PNP Prosecu- Court Non- Catholic Private BADAC
tors Judges Catholics Priests Sector Chairman
1. Develop a high STA/SLA STA STA U/SLA/ STA STA SLA STA
sense of discipline (51.1%) (100%) (51.1%) SLA (71.4%) (70.0%) (55.6%) (87.5%)
(66.7%)
2. Provide security and STA STA STA STA STA STA STA STA
safety (42.9%) (100%) (42.9%) (33.3%) (51.1%) (60.0%) (48.1%) (100%)
3. Keep the youth STA STA STA SLA STA SLA STA STA
away from the ill (57.1%) (100%) (71.4%) (66.7%) (66.7%) (65.0%) (55.6%) (87.5%)
effects of illegal drugs
4. Instill misguided SLA STA SLD/STD/ SLD SLA U SLA SLA
sense of discipline (57.1%) (75%) STA (66.7%) (47.6%) (55.0%) (25.9%) (32.0%)
which is based on fear (28.6%)
rather than morality or
self-consciousness
5. Compromising SLA STA STA SLD/STD/ STA SLD SLD U
teenager's safety due (42.9%) (75%) (42.3%) STA (38.1%) (40.0%) (29.6) (62.5%)
to the killings (33.3%)
6. Destroys family, SLA SLA STD SLD STD SLA SLD SLA
making the children (57.1%) (75%) (57.1%) (66.7%) (33.3%) (65.0%) (37.0%) (37.1%)
orphans because their
father or any family
members were
allegedly killed in the
campaign against
illegal drugs
7. Instill hatred to the SLA U STD SLD/STA/ SLD SLD SLD U
police officers (42.9%) (75%) (42.9%) SLA (28.6%) (50.0%) (33.3%) (37.5%)
(33.3%)
37
Legend
STA - Strongly Agree

SLA - Slightly Agree
U - Undecided
SLD - Slightly Disagree
SLA - Strongly Disagree
Table 2.2. Weighted Mean on the Totality of the Implications to the Youth on
Dutertes Declaration of War Against Illegal Drugs
Number of
Variable Respondent
Respondents Mean Std. Deviation Description
totality of implications Youth 7 23.8571 3.07834 Slightly Agree
to the Youth PNP 4 25.2500 6.50000 Slightly Agree
Prosecutors 7 26.2857 8.92028 Slightly Agree
Court Judges 3 27.0000 2.64575 Slightly Agree
Non-Catholics 21 25.7619 4.06085 Slightly Agree
Catholic Priests 20 24.3000 4.04058 Slightly Agree
Private Sector 27 26.4444 5.67947 Slightly Agree
BADAC Chair 8 26.1250 5.08324 Slightly Agree
Total 97 25.5979 5.02216
Range for Mean Descriptive Value

29.4 35.0 Strongly Agree
23.8 29.3 Slightly Agree
18.2 23.7 Undecided
12.6 18.1 Slightly Disagree
7.0 12.5 Strongly Disagree
The respondents from the different groups agree that Dutertes declaration of war
against illegal drugs develops a high sense of discipline, provide security, safety and
keep the youth away from the ill effects of illegal drugs. One hundred percent (100%) of
the respondents representing the PNP strongly agree on the positive implications and
seventy-four point four percent (71.4%) from the Non-Catholic leaders also strongly
agree on the first positive implication. These two groups of respondents comprise the
highest percentage of agreement as regards to the positive response on the
implications. The representatives from PNP were solid on their response. In the
38
interview conducted by the researchers to PSINSP William Canoy Alicaba, the Deputy
Chief of Police of Tagbilaran City, he articulated that, The war against illegal drugs
benefits our society as a whole, it brightens the future of our youth and it minimizes the
proliferation of crimes against persons, such as murders, robberies, and other crimes
which can be linked to drugs. The study of Rafael (2009) concluded that drug problems
have psychological impact on Philippine society which created a chain of adverse
situation. The study suggested that public awareness is not enough to curb the long-
term effects of drugs and that much more committed support is needed to discipline the
youth and keep them away from the harmful effects of illegal drugs.
While there were groups who see the positive implications of the war against
illegal drugs, there are other groups, such as the youth that acknowledged the negative
side brought by the war on illegal drugs. Fifty-seven point one percent (57.1%) of the
youth slightly agree that the war on illegal drugs instil misguided sense of discipline
which is based on fear rather than morality or self-consciousness and that it destroys
the family, making the children orphans. Student leader John McGuiller Calma, CSG
President of Holy Name University responded that, Personally I can say that Dutertes
war against illegal drugs is terrifying at the same time sorrowful because it turns out that
the number of deaths is increasing every day and its effect to me personally is terrifying.
I am scared to roam at night because I might be mistaken as a drug offender and be
shot. It reflects that the majority of Filipino citizens acknowledge the positive views on
the declaration of war against illegal drugs. However, some are also having concern on
the unintended consequences that might happen along the process. The result shows
similarity to the study conducted by UN World Drug Report (2011) that despite the
39
positive effects of the incarceration of drug offenders which leads to the decrease of
drug addicts within few months of the campaign in Mexico, unintended consequences
emerge along the process such us overcrowded prisons, fear within the society, loss of
lives and new modus of criminal acts because law enforcement does not have enough
power to prosecute the drug traffickers using violent tactics as drug traders are getting
wiser.
The punitive approach in fighting illegal drugs which, involves strict criminal
punishment and harsh means draws varying comments from the respondents.
Respondents from the Youth and Private sector add negative implications of the war on
illegal drugs as manifested in their responses from the survey questionnaire. They
slightly agree that the declaration of war against illegal drugs develops insensitivity to
life values and deprives the youth who are involved in drugs to change their lives
because they are vulnerable to the killings that are happening in society.
Table 2.2 shows that all the different groups of respondents slightly agree that
Dutertes declaration of war against illegal drugs has implications to the youth such as
developing a high sense of discipline, providing security and safety and instilling
misguided sense of discipline which is based on fear rather than morality or self
consciousness.
40
Table 3.1 Implications of President Dutertes Declaration of War

Against Illegal Drugs to the PNP

PNP Youth PNP Prosecu- Court Non- Catholic Private BADAC
1. Provides motivation STA SLD U SLA SLA U STA STA
to the police officers to (42.9%) (75%) (57.1%) (66.7%) (47.6%) (75%) (51.9%) (62.5%)
do their job.
2.Efficiency in the work SLA SLA SLA SLD/U/ SLA SLA SLA SLA
of police officers (71.4%) (75%) (57.1%) SLA (61.9%) (80.0%) (48.1%) (62.5%)
(33.3%)
3.Promotes a sense of STA SLA SLA SLD/U/ SLA SLA U/SLA/ SLA
dignity to the police (42.9%) (75%) (57.1%) SLA (57.1%) (60.0%) STA (62.5%)
officers (33.3%) (29.6%)
4. The police lineup are STA STA SLA STA SLA STA SLA SLA
cleanse because (57.1%) (100%) (57.1%) (66.7%) (47.6%) (60.0%) (40.7%) (62.5%)
police officers that are
related to drugs are
being removed.
5. Creates abusive SLA U SLA SLA SLD SLA U SLA

police officers of their (57.1%) (75%) (42.9) (66.7%) (33.3%) (55.0%) (33.3%) (50%))
powers
6. Strained community- SLA U SLD SLA U U SLA SLA

police relations (42.9%) (75%) (85.7%) (100%) (33.3%) (60%) (33.3%) (50%)
Table 3.2. Weighted Mean on the Totality of the Implications to the PNP on
Dutertes Declaration of War Against Illegal Drugs
Number of
Respondent
Variable
to the PNP PNP 4 24.0000 4.00000 Slightly Agree
Court Judges 3 18.6667 1.52753 Undecided
Total 97 21.6907 4.17922

15.6 20.3 Undecided
41
The Philippine National Police (PNP) plays a central role in the law enforcement
system. The police officers monitor criminal activity, take part in community patrols,
respond to emergency calls, make arrests, and directly fight illegal drugs. They enforcer
the law and lead the operations in fighting illegal drugs. The Presidents declaration of
war against illegal drugs means a command to the PNP to do their job in protecting and
safeguarding the citizens of this country. There were four PNP officials who were
respondents of this study. The study is limited only to high ranking officials and the PNP
Tagbilaran gave only four names which they considered high ranks in the PNP line up.
The table shows that seventy five percent (75%) of the PNP respondents slightly
disagree to the notion that the declaration of war against illegal drugs provides
motivation to the police officers to do their job. Deputy Chief of Police of Tagbilaran City
noted during interview that, as a member of the PNP, the war against illegal drugs adds
burdens to the work of the PNP considering that we are pressured to implement the war
against illegal drugs whoever or kahit sinong mang tamaan., we have to implement the
war against illegal drugs. Despite this claim, one hundred percent (100%) of the
respondent representing PNP Office strongly agree that such declaration cleanses the
police line up removing those police officers that are related to drugs. This promotes a
sense of dignity to the police officers.
The respondents from the religious sector, particularly the Catholic Priests and
Non-Catholic Leaders, are undecided if such actions by the PNP during police
operations brought strained community-police relations. The representatives from the
religious community acknowledge the role of PNP however; they cannot take side as to
condemn or support their actions. A Catholic Priest clarified during an interview in

42
relation to police operations that, The escalating drug problem of our country is not just
affecting normal people but to the highest strata in the marginalized ones. There is a
need for the government to strongly enforce this campaign against illegal drugs. So, as
much as possible we have to see to it that legitimate means are used during the war
against illegal drugs. To the extent that we should kill to uphold the rights of the people
and the rights of our brothers and sisters as men and women with the dignity but ]In my
final analysis extra judicial killings is always wrong. This reveals that not all from the
religious sector are opposing the Dutertes initiatives in implementing the war against
illegal drugs.
Based on the study conducted by Collins (2016), the war on drugs in the U.S.
has destroyed police-community relations in many areas. This is somehow consistent to
the responses given by the youth, court judges, private sector and chairs of BADAC.
They slightly agree that Dutertes war against illegal drugs lead to strained community-
police relations.
43
Table 4.1 Implications of President Dutertes Declaration of War Against

Illegal Drugs to the Prosecutors and Court Judges

Prosecutors and Youth PNP Prosecu- Court Non- Catholic Private BADAC
Court Judges tors Judges Catholics Priests Sector Chairman
1.Promotes rights of SLA STA SLD/SLA SLD/U/ SLA SLA STA STA
innocent individuals (42.9%) (100%) (28.6%) SLA (42.9%) (65%) (37%) (50%)
(33.3%)
2. Provides due process SLA STA STD SLD/U/ SLA SLA SLA SLA
(28.6%) (100%) (42.9%) SLA (42.9%) (60%) (40.7%) (50%)
(33.3%)
3.Upholds individual's STA STA STD/SLA SLD/U/ SLA SLA STA SLA
right to enjoy life and (42.9%) (100%) (28%) SLA (42.9%) (55%) (44.4%) (50%)
feel secured (33.3%)
4.Neglected human SLA SLD SLD/SLA SLD/SLA/ U SLD SLA U
rights of drug (57.1%) (75%) (42.9%) STD (47.6%) (50%) (37.5%) (23.7%)
personalities (33.3%)
5. Killing without due STD SLD STD U/SLD/ STD SLA SLD U
process or without the (42.9%) (75%) (57.1%) STD (28.6%) (40%) (29.6%) (25%)
court intervention can (33.3%)
be justified
6. Promote STA SLD SLD SLD/STD/ STD SLD STD SLD

discrimination to the (42.9%) (75%) (42.9%) STA (28%) (65%) (40.7%) (25%)
drug addicts and (33.3%)
personnels
Table 4.2. Weighted Mean on the Totality of the Implications to the Prosecutors
and Court Judges on Dutertes Declaration of War Against Illegal Drugs
Number of
Respondent
Variable
totality of implications Youth 7 19.0000 5.88784 Undecided
to Prosecutors PNP 4 27.7500 1.50000 Strongly Agree
and Court Judges Prosecutors 7 19.4286 5.85540 Undecided
Catholic Priests 20 20.0500 4.60520 Undecided
Total 97 21.3093 4.93787

15.6 20.3 Undecided
44
Table 4.1 shows a glaring difference of the responses between the PNP and
Prosecutors. All respondents from the PNP group (100%) strongly agree that such
actions by the government promote rights of innocent individuals and uphold the right to
enjoy life and feel secured. On the other side, 42.9% of the Prosecutors slightly
disagree on the notion that the actions of the government provide due process. A
prosecutor during the interview explained that, there is a point of peace with regard[s]
to the community. However, there are persons [also] affected [that] because their
relatives are being shot to death or being arrested and according to their defense, they
are not really engaging in drug trade. They were not given a chance to defend
themselves in a counsel They are making this compromise in the society. The
prosecution always wanted to uphold the proper procedure in dealing drug cases. This
was supported by the statement of Judge Arcamo during the interview saying that, On
the part of the judiciary, the court should be impartial and presumed the accused
innocent until proven guilty. The court must scrutinize[d] every evidence presented and
decide the case according to the presentation of evidence. According to Llamas (2016),
lawyers, prosecutors and judges, should be well informed about the different facets
concerning dangerous drugs; their sources; manner of preparation and use; how they
work and affect users; what physical signs to watch out that will indicate drug, use,
abuse or addiction. Evaluation of evidence needs the knowledge about what its
composition. Putting the law in motion requires a basic working knowledge of pertinent
provisions of the rules of criminal procedure and evidence.
On the unanticipated side of the religious sector, the study revealed that both the
Non-Catholic leader (42.9%) and Catholic Priests (65%) slightly agree on the
45
declaration of war against illegal drugs and that it promotes rights of innocent individuals
and upholds the right to enjoy life and safety. A pastor from the Jesus is Lord
Movement gave his sentiments about the current Duterte administration during an
interview, We are longing for so many years that[s] someone could fight illegal drugs
and this is the time we are waiting for. So, the war against illegal drugs of Duterte
administration has a very big help to the society. [In] only less than a year, the effect of
President Dutertes initiatives can already be felt by our citizens. Big changes happen,
we are even trending in the National media a negative way for us Third World Country
these changes are a very big help for us to prosper economically.

Illegal Drugs to the Religious Sector

Religious Sector Youth PNP Prosecu- Court Non- Catholic Private BADAC
1. People become more STD/SLD/ SLA SLD/U STD SLA SLA U STA
religious, praying for SLA (75%) (42.9%) (66.7%) (38.1%) (75%) (37%) (87.5%)
the success of the (28.6%)
campaign against
illegal drugs
2. The process can be STD/SLD/ U STD/U/ SLA U SLD STA SLA/STA

justified because SLA (100%) SLA (66.7%) (33.3%) (55%) (29%) (37.5%)
killing the lives of drug (28.6%) (28.6%)
personalities means
protecting the lives of
majority.
3. Do not mind killing U U SLA SLA U SLD SLA U

criminals in the belief (42.9%) (75%) (42.9%) (66.7%) (38.1%) (55%) (37%) (62%)
that their murders will
lessen evil in the world
4. It violates the U/SLA/ U U U STA STA U SLA

teachings of God STA (75%) (57.1%) (66.7%) (66.7%) (75%) (29.6%) (37.5%)
especially the phrase (28.6%)
Thou Shall Not Kill
5. The society may STA U SLD SLA U/SLA SLD U U

become a safer place (42.9%) (75%) (57.1%) (66.7%) (28.6%) (65%) (33.3%) (37.5%)
but children might
learn to tolerate
murder.
6. We become less SLA U SLD/U/ SLD U STA U SLA

human when we kill (42.9%) (75%) SLA (66.7%) (42.9%) (45%) (37%) (37.5%)
our brethren. (28.6%)
46
Table 5.2. Weighted Mean on the Totality of the Implications to the Religious
Sector on Dutertes Declaration of War Against illegal Drugs
Number of
Respondent
Variable
totality of implications Youth 7 15.7143 7.43223 Undecided
to the Religious Sector PNP 4 18.2500 1.50000 Undecided
Prosecutors 7 16.7143 4.68025 Undecided
Court Judges 3 18.0000 .00000 Undecided
Non-Catholics 21 16.0952 4.34632 Undecided
Private Sector 27 19.0000 5.21094 Undecided
BADAC Chair 8 19.3750 2.19984 Undecided
Total 97 17.2990 4.63943

15.6 20.3 Undecided
Table 5.1 shows how the different groups responded to the possible implications
enumerated in the survey questionnaire regarding the declaration of war against illegal
drugs and on how it affects the religious sector. Most of the responses of the different
groups of respondents about the implications of the war on drugs to the religious sector
are undecided. It is inferred that the different groups of respondents cannot separate
their religious views as to the tough fight done by the government against illegal drugs.
This is one of the interesting facts uncovered during the conduct of the study that
despite the clash of opinions of many people on the outcome of Dutertes war against
illegal drugs, most of them still recognize the side of the church. The mere fact that most
of their answers in the questionnaire are undecided denote that they have difficulties in
taking any side.

47

Illegal Drugs to the Private Sector

Private Sector Youth PNP Prosecu- Court Non- Catholic Private BADAC
1. Attract more STA STA U SLD/SLA/ SLA SLA STA STA
investors because the (42.9%) (100%) (42.9%) STA (47.6%) (55%) (59.3%) (75%)
government is (33.3%)
providing peace and
order in the Philippine
society.
2. Unleash tensions of SLA STA SLA SLD SLA SLA U STA

the investors from all (71.4%) (100%) (71.4%) (66.7%) (52.4%) (55%) (37%) (62.5%)
drug related incidents
3. Provide safety and STA STA U SLD/SLA/ SLA SLA SLA STA
security assurance to (57.1%) (100%) (57.1%) STA (47.6%) (65%) (48.1%) (50%)
the investors. (33.3%)
4. Investors become U U U SLD/STD/ SLD SLA STD/U U
hesitant to invest (42.9%) (75%) (85%) SLA (33.3%) (60%) (25.9%) (37.5%)
because of the killings (33.3%)
of allegedly drug users
U SLD U SLD/STD/ SLD U SLD U

5. Business community (85.7%) (75%) (85.7%) U (42.9%) (55%) (33.3%) (50%)
does not welcome (33.3%)
such actions by the
administration
6. Decline of the SLD U U SLD SLD SLD U U

number of tourists (42.9%) (75%) (57%) (66.7%) (42.9%) (60%) (29.6%) (50%)
visiting
Table 6.2. Weighted Mean on the Totality of the Implications to the Private Sector
on Dutertes Declaration of War Against Illegal Drugs
Number of
Respondent
Variable
to the Private Sectors PNP 4 26.5000 1.00000 Strongly Agree
Total 97 22.1134 4.36577
15.6 20.3 Undecided
48
The tables above show how the different groups responded to the declaration of
war against illegal drugs in relation to the business community. Majority of the
respondents are positive on the impact of war against illegal drugs towards business.
The PNP respondents strongly agree that the war against illegal drugs attracts more
investors because the government is providing peace and order in the Philippine
society. This is supported by the responses given by the Youth, BADAC Chairmen and
the Private sector. Based on the interviews conducted by the researchers, it was found
out that the war against illegal drugs brought positive views to the business sector. A
prosecutor personally noted that, if there is peace and order, the community will be
more progressive; people will be having this more improvement in their lives
considering that crimes will be lessen[ed] such as crimes of theft, robbery, killings and
many more. So the war against illegal drugs has a good impact to the business
community as the investors will feel safe and secured of their investments as fewer
crimes occurred. This was further supported by the response from the PNP, In the
business community, we can read in news, news in TV and observe in the community,
the businessmen are supporting the war against illegal drugs. I have a friend who is a
businessman and he is very happy about the war against illegal drugs. Therefore it
affects the business community positively. The respondent coming from the Private
Sector slightly agrees (48.1%) that the war against illegal drugs provides safety and
security assurance to the investors. They, however, slightly disagree (33.3%) that the
business community does not welcome the actions done by the current administration.
The table shows that there are some questions in which the response of the
respondents are undecided. There are also concerns especially on how the foreign
49
and local media brought news about the war on illegal drugs. Malcolm X quoted The
media's the most powerful entity on earth because they control the minds of the
masses. The response from the Key Informant Interviews also brought concern on how
the media labelled the war against illegal drugs. A youth leader commented that, In the
business community, as of now, I see the negative effect because of the misguided
broadcast by the foreign media. The Philippines is negative on [in] the eyes of foreign
investors. Wrong news leads to wrong impression. However, if foreign investors will not
rely on foreign news then the war on illegal drugs is very beneficial to the business
community. Media plays a vital role on how the people perceive things. Still on media
influence, a catholic priest remarked, if the business men from foreign countries will
rely much of the impression of foreign media they might discourage to stay and put up
big investments here because of rampant killings but the war against illegal drugs is
very effective to the business community. This is very beneficial for them because we
know for a fact in the Philippines [there are] so many robberies, thief [theft] , rape and
other crimes committed because of drugs and so the campaign against illegal drugs will
lessen the rate of the crimes and violence perpetrated by those people that is [are]
under the influence of drugs. The researchers found out the vital role the media play in
the countrys economy. Media has the power to make bad situations look good and to
make good ones look bad. The war against illegal drugs in the Philippines also plays a
vital role in the economy because more businesses mean more opportunities for the
Filipinos to be employed.
50

Illegal Drugs to the BADAC Chairman

BADAC Chairman Youth PNP Prosecu- Court Non- Catholic Private BADAC
1. Safe and secured STA STA SLA SLD/SLA/ SLA SLA SLA STA
community (42.9%) (100%) (42.9%) STA (47.6%) (50%) (48.1%) (87.5%)
(33.3%)
2.Lesser crime STA STA SLD STA SLA SLA SLA STA
committed by (42.9%) (100%) (42.9%) (66.7%) (61.9%) (50%) (55.6%) (87.5%)
individuals
3.Keep the residents STA STA SLA SLA SLA SLA STA STA
away from engaging (71.4%) (100%) (57.1%) (66.7%) (47.6%) (65%) (59.3%) (87.5%)
drug related activities
4. Unsafe neighborhood SLA STD U SLD U SLD STD U

due to the killings (57.1%) (75%) (28.6%) (66.7%) (42.9%) (40%) (29.6%) (37.5%)
5. Create fear due to STD U SLD SLD/U/ SLA U SLD U
the chances that the (38.6%) (75%) (42%) SLA (33.3%) (45%) (25%) (25%)
family members of the (33.3%)
allegedly killed drug
personalities will take
vengeance
6. The people develop a SLA U U U SLA U SLD U

sense of (42.9%) (75%) (51.7%) (66.7%) (33.3%) (45%) (22%) (50%)
disappointment on
how the police killed
the drug personalities
in the list.
Table 7.2. Weighted Mean on the Totality of the Implications to the Chairs of
BADAC on Dutertes Declaration of War Against Illegal Drugs
Number of
Respondent
Variable
to the Chairs of BADAC PNP 4 26.0000 .00000 Strongly Agree
Total 97 21.8454 4.43081 Slightly Agree

15.6 20.3 Undecided
51
The Barangay Anti-Drug Council (BADAC) was created to emphasize to the local
authorities, especially barangay officials, their principal responsibilities in support of
overall government efforts particularly to curb illegal drugs. Table 7.1 shows data on
how the war against illegal drugs affects the local community which the BADAC has a
role and responsibility in keeping them safe. The BADAC Chairpersons strongly agree
(87.5%) that the war against illegal drugs provides a safe and secured community. This
is supported by a 100% (strongly agree) solid response from the PNP. The researchers
interviewed one BADAC Chairman from Barangay Cogon and his comment on the war
against illegal drugs is that it is, beneficial because before [the] Dutertes administration
the campaign [against] illegal drugs are [is] not strong. I can compare it because I was a
barangay kagawad in the past Administration and I can[could] witness [that] illegal
drugs transactions [were] very rampant , people are not afraid of those who are in
authority because it seems very lenient for them to do such things. After Duterte took
office, everything changes as to how people perceive those who are in authority. Drug
transaction in our barangay was minimized and crimes such as robberies and other
related crimes linked to drugs are lessening [lessened] because of the fear of the
people to get punish[ed] by the Duterte administration. The researchers discovered that
the barangay officials specially the Chairs of BADAC had a positive response on the
Dutertes war against illegal drugs. This shows that local government is very willing to
provide support to the current government in making this war against illegal drugs a
successful one. One of their main functions of BADAC is to coordinate and collaborate
with other institutions in implementing programs and projects.

52
II. CHALLENGES OF PRESIDENT DUTERTES DECLARATION OF WAR AGAINST
ILLEGAL DRUGS TO THE DIFFERENT GROUPS OF RESPONDENTS
Presented in Table 8.1 are the possible challenges faced by the Dutertes
administration in making the war against illegal drugs a success. As shown in the table,
the respondents have different opinions about the possible hindrances in the war
against illegal drugs. R.A. 9165 or the COMPREHENSIVE DANGEROUS DRUGS ACT
OF 2002 states that, It is the policy of the State to safeguard the integrity of its territory
and the well-being of its citizenry particularly the youth, from the harmful effects of
dangerous drugs x x x. Toward this end, the government shall pursue an intensive and
unrelenting campaign against the trafficking and use of dangerous drugs and other
similar substances through an integrated system of planning, implementation and
enforcement of anti-drug abuse policies, programs, and projects. Respondents coming
from the PNP strongly agree (100%) that the actions by the current government are in
accordance with the law therefore the question of legality of the initiatives done by the
government is not a challenge to the side of PNP. However, the catholic priests are
undecided (50%) on that part.

53
Table 8.1. Challenges of President Dutertes Declaration of War Against

Illegal Drugs
Challenges Mode (%)

Youth PNP Prosecu- Court Non- Catholic Private BADAC
1. There is U STA SLA SLD/U/ SLA U SLA SLA
Constitutionality and (42.9%) (100%) (57.1%) STA (38.1%) (50%) (59.3%) (50%)
legality of the initiatives (33.3%)
under Dutertes war
against illegal drugs
2. Their credibility and SLA U SLA SLD/STD/ SLA SLA U SLA

reliability of information (28.6%) (75%) (57.1%) U (38.1%) (75%) (37%) (37.5%)
gathered by the (33.3%)
administration and
police officers is in
question
3. Diverted attention of U U SLA SLD U SLA SLA SLD

the government. They (28.6%) (75%) (57.1%) (66.7%) (33.3%) (65%) (48.1%) (50%)
focus much on the war
against drugs rather
than on other problems
of the society
4. Inadequate SLD/SLA U SLA SLD SLD U SLA U

assistance of the (28.6%) (75%) (42.9%) (66.7%) (33.3%) (55%) (25.9%) (37.5%)
youth's involvement in
drug cases
5. Limited participation STD/SLA STA U SLD SLD U U SLD

of local government (28.6%) (75%) (57.1%) (66.7%) (38.1%) (60%) (33.3%) (50%)
units on the Duterte's
war against illegal drugs
6. Mistaken Identity U STD U SLD/STD/ SLA U U SLD

during police operations (28.6%) (100%) (28.6%) U (28.6%) (50%) (59.3%) (62.5%)
(33.3%)
7. Poor attitude of U STD SLA STD SLA U SLD SLD
personnels in conduct (28.6%) (100%) (57.1%) (66.7%) (28.6%) (50%) (37%) (25%)
of intelligence operation
in the identification and
location of drug
personalities
8. Police officers U STD U STD STA STA U SLD

involved in drug use (42.9%) (100%) (42.9%) (100%) (33.3%) (50%) (48.1%) (37.5%)
and illegal drug
activities are tolerated.
9. Police officers SLA STD SLD SLA U STA U SLA
involved in drug use (42.9%) (100%) (42.9%) (66.7%) (28.6%) (55%) (33.3%) (37.5%)
and illegal drug
activities are covered-
up by fellow officers
10. Emergence of new SLA SLA SLA SLD/STD/ SLA/U STA SLA SLA
modus operandi of (71.4%) (75%) (42.9%) SLA (28.6%) (50%) (33.3%) (37.5%)
jobless drug (33.3%)
personalities that adds
to the criminalities in
the society
11. Human rights SLA STD SLA SLA U STA SLA SLA
advocates resistance (42.9%) (100%) (42.9%) (66.7%) (42.9%) (70%) (44.4%) (37.5%)
in accepting Duterte's
initiative on war
against drugs
12. Church opposes SLA STD U SLA U STA U SLA
54
Dutertes war against (42.9%) (75%) (42.9%) (33.3%) (38.1%) (60%) (29.6%) (50%)
illegal drugs
13. Church attacks SLA/STA U U SLA U STA SLA U
Duterte, influencing (42.9%) (75%) (57.1%) (66.7%) (33.3%) (45%) (44.4%) (37.5%)
the community about
possible negative
effects of Dutertes
initiatives
14. Undermining human SLA U U STD STD SLA STD U
rights, promoting (28.6%) (75%) (42.9%) (66.7%) (28.6%) (35%) (33.3%) (37.5%)
discrimination
15. The rules of SLA STD U SLD U STA SLD U
engagement doesnt (42.9%) (100%) (42.9%) (100%) (42.9%) (60%) (29.6%) (50%)
followed by the police
officers
16. Police-community U STD U STD U STA U SLA
relation were strained (42.9%) (100%) (28.6%) (100%) (38.1%) (40%) (37%) (37.5%)
17. Residents refuse in U SLA U SLD/U/ U SLA SLD U

offering help on (42.9%) (75%) (57.1%) SLA (33.3%) (55%) (29.6%) (25%)
supporting the (33.3%)
Duterte's war against
illegal drugs.
18. Retaliation/ U/SLA U SLA SLD SLA SLA SLA U

vengeance of (28.6%) (75%) (57.1%) (66.7%) (28.6%) (50%) (33.3%) (50%)
allegedly killed family
members
Table 8.2. Weighted Mean on the Totality of Challenges on Dutertes Declaration of

War Against Illegal Drugs.
.
Number of
Variable Respondent
totality of the challenges Youth 7 61.7143 12.72418 Slightly Agree
PNP 4 41.0000 6.00000 Slightly Disagree
Court Judges 3 41.0000 10.00000 Slightly Disagree
Non-Catholics 21 57.1429 12.53908 Undecided
Private Sector 27 54.1111 14.57694 Undecided
BADAC Chair 8 54.7500 9.63253 Undecided
Total 97 57.2062 13.54617

75.6 90 Strongly Agree
46.8 61.1 Undecided
55
Based on the study of Cardoso (2009), the war on drugs in Latin America is really
a challenge because it brought unintended consequences that have been disastrous to
the lives of thousands of people. The Catholic priests strongly agree (60%) to the
statement that the church opposes Duterte and that they revealed the negative impact
of the war on drugs in the society. They also strongly agree (60%) that rules of
engagement were not followed by the police officers, thus compromising the lives of the
accused.
The key informants gave their personal statement on the obstacles faced by the
Duterte administration in the campaign to eliminate drugs. A Barangay Anti-Drug
Council (BADAC) chairperson said that, the big obstacle facing Dutertes administration
is the big politicians who are in[at] the back of big drug syndicates. They are supposed
to serve the people yet they are helping in destroying our community. Also Police
officers who are connected to drugs are serious threats in making this war against
illegal drugs a successful one. People who are self centered are the main problem and
one of the main hindrances of the campaign. They act according to their personal
interest without considering the common good. A PNP official added that, the present
governments serious threat, in making this war against illegal drugs a success, is that a
lot of people are using this program for their personal interest. A lot of people criticize
our President instead of supporting him to achieve the aims of the war against illegal
drugs which is secured and peaceful community.
The study supported by the Ministry of Home Affairs of Singapore found that the
harm eradication approach has seen progress in areas such as prevention, and
stamping out illicit use of drugs, and it involves using the public and private sectors to
56
control and eradicate drug addiction. In this regards, a Non-Catholic leader noted that,
I dont see any hindrance in the war against illegal drugs because the process is
consistent. I dont know any President who makes thousands of addicts surrendered in
less than a year except President Duterte. He strongly believes that the initiatives of
President Duterte will help the country and that challenges are not enough to stop the
intention of the campaign.
Table 9.1 Acceptability of President Dutertes Declaration of War Against

Illegal Drugs
Acceptability Mode (%)
Youth PNP Prosecu- Court Non- Catholic Private BADAC
1. Naming of Police VA VA SA VA VA VA VA VA
Generals as allegedly (85.7%) (75%) (57.1%) (66.7%) (71.4%) (85%) (74.1%) (87.5%)
protectors of drug
lords and drug
syndicates.
2. Removal of Police VA VA VA VA VA VA VA VA
Officers who are (87.5%) (100%) (85.7%) (100%) (95.2%) (90%) (88.9%) (87.5%)
related to drugs.
3. Naming of big time VA VA VA VA VA VA VA VA
Politicians as allegedly (85.7%) (100%) (71.4%) (66.7%) (66.7%) (80%) (81.5%) (87.5%)
protectors of drug
lords and drug
syndicates.
4. Shoot to kill order of SA SA NA SA SA SA SA VA

big time drug lords. (57.1%) (100%) (57.1%) (66.7%) (38.1%) (50%) (48.1) (50%)
5. Killing without due NA NA NA NA NA NA SA NA

process or without (57.1%) (100%) (100%) (100%) (61.9%) (75%) (44.4%) (75%)
court intervention of
allegedly drug
users/pushers
6. Listing of names in SA NA SA VA VA SA VA VA
local areas as (57.1%) (75%) (71.4%) (66.7%) (76.2%) (50%) (59.3%) (75%)
allegedly
users/pushers of
illegal drugs.
7. Oplan Tokhang VA SA SA VA VA SA VA VA
program which (71.4%) (75%) (57.1%) (66.7%) (52.4%) (75%) (63%) (50%)
encourage the names
in the list to surrender
without proving their
innocence.
8. Giving way of other SA NA NA NA NA SA SA SA
government problems (85.7%) (75%) (71.4%) (66.7%) (52.4%) (85%) (51.9%) (37.5%)
such as illegal and
online gambling just to
focus all the attention
of Police Officers in
the fight against illegal
drugs.
9. Giving power to the NA NA NA NA NA SA NA NA
57
civilians to kill (57.1%) (100%) (100%) (66.7%) (76.2%) (50%) (55.6%) (75%)
suspected drug
personalities because
the President Himself
will protect those who
will take initiatives in
fighting illegal drugs
Legend
VA - Very Acceptable
SA - Slightly Acceptable
NA - Not Acceptable
Table 9.2. Weighted Mean on the Totality of Acceptanility on Dutertes Declaration

of War Against Illegal Drugs
Number of
Variable Respondent
totality of the Youth 7 21.0000 2.82843 Very Acceptable
acceptability PNP 4 17.0000 2.00000 Slightly Acceptable
Prosecutors 7 16.1429 1.95180 Slightly Acceptable
Court Judges 3 20.6667 2.51661 Slightly Acceptable
Non-Catholics 21 19.5238 2.37948 Slightly Acceptable
Catholic Priests 20 19.7500 2.84466 Slightly Acceptable
Private Sector 27 21.3333 2.66025 Very Acceptable
BADAC Chair 8 20.1250 2.85044 Slightly Acceptable
Total 97 19.9175 2.89637

21 27 Very Acceptable
15 20 Slightly Acceptable
9 14 Not Acceptable
Table 9.1 shows how the public accepts the actions done by President Duterte in
the first quarter of his term in relation to the war against illegal drugs. The data reveal
that most of the initiatives done by President Duterte are accepted by the public
specially the naming of police generals and big time politicians as allegedly protectors of
drug syndicates. Such action by the President shows no fear despite creating conflict
with big names in politics. The results also show how serious the current government
58
and on how the public supported the government especially in removing those tainted
police officers who create problems instead of solving it in the society.
However, not all actions were accepted by the public. The shoot-to-kill orders are
not acceptable (57.1%) for the prosecutors. Based on the study of Cox in 2014, the
strategies in the punitive approach in war against illegal drugs failed to recognize the
limits of enforcement and results in extreme misallocations of resources toward
ineffective and often counterproductive policies. Most of the respondents do not accept
the notion of giving power to the civilians to kill suspected drug personalities and they
do not also accept the idea of extra judicial killings or the acts without due process. A
response from a private sector interviewee highlighted that, Extra Judicial Killings is
[are] always immoral. It is inappropriate. Due process must be held to individuals and
the law must be strictly observed in order to avoid extra judicial killings. There are
points in which the public accepts the actions by the government however some actions
cannot just be tolerated.
Table 10.1. Significant Difference on the Implications of Dutertes Declaration of

War Against Illegal Drugs on the Different Groups of Respondents
F-value Sig. Interpretation

Totality of Implications to the Youth .472 .852 Not Significant
Totality of Implications to the PNP .650 .714 Not Significant
Totality of Implications to the Prosecutors 1.705 .118 Not Significant
and Court Judges
Totality of Implications Religious Sector 1.417 .208 Not Significant
Totality of Implications Private Sector 2.477 .023 Significant
Totality of Implications Chair of BADAC .990 .444 Not Significant
Totality of the Challenges 3.574 .002 Significant
Totality of the Acceptability 4.255 .000 Significant
*. The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level.
Table 10.1 presents the existence of significant difference in the responses of the
different groups to the questions constructed in the light of the problem statement. It can
59
be observed that the respondents have significant difference in their answers under the
questions on the implications to Private Sector, Challenges and Acceptability. The
remaining variables do not have significant difference. This might be true to the sample
but not to the whole population.
Table 10.2. Post Hoc Analysis
Dependent Variable (I-J) Mean Difference (I-J) Std. Error Sig.

Totality of the Challenges
PNP Catholic Priests -25.05000 6.80817 0.009
-25.05000 7.69587 0.033

Court Judges Catholic Priests
11.93889 3.66709 0.033

Catholic Priests Private Sector
Totality of the Acceptability

Youth - Prosecutor 4.85714 1.39177 0.017
PNP - Private Sector -4.33333 1.39499 0.050
Prosecutor - Catholic Priest -3.60714 1.14346 0.044
Prosecutor - Private Sector -5.19048 1.10436 0.000
* The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level.
Post Hoc Testing determines which mean or group of means is significantly
different from the others. This reveals which particular groups have significant difference
in their responses and in which particular part of the questionnaire they differ in
answers.

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35

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This chapter contains the presentation, analysis and interpretation of gathered

important information gathered through the Key Informant Interviews (KIIs).

The presentation of data is ordered as follows: Part I shows the implications of

through qualitative method.

drafted by the researchers. In the study, 7 Youth Leaders, 4 PNP Officials, 7

Prosecutors, 3 Court Judges, 21 Non-catholic Leaders, 20 Catholic Priests, 27 Private

representing the different groups of respondents.

I. IMPLICATIONS OF PRESIDENT DUTERTES DECLARATION OF WAR AGAINST

ILLEGAL DRUGS TO THE DIFFERENT GROUPS OF RESPONDENTS

declaration of war against illegal drugs to the other group of respondents.

Table 2.1. Implications of President Dutertes Declaration of War Against

Implications to the Mode (%)

STA - Strongly Agree

Range for Mean Descriptive Value

highest percentage of agreement as regards to the positive response on the

have psychological impact on Philippine society which created a chain of adverse

I am scared to roam at night because I might be mistaken as a drug offender and be

Table 3.1 Implications of President Dutertes Declaration of War

Implications to the Mode (%)

5. Creates abusive SLA U SLA SLA SLD SLA U SLA

6. Strained community- SLA U SLD SLA U U SLA SLA

Range for Mean Descriptive Value

sense of dignity to the police officers.

operations brought strained community-police relations. The representatives from the

condemn or support their actions. A Catholic Priest clarified during an interview in

has destroyed police-community relations in many areas. This is somehow consistent to

Table 4.1 Implications of President Dutertes Declaration of War Against

Implications to the Mode (%)

6. Promote STA SLD SLD SLD/STD/ STD SLD STD SLD

Range for Mean Descriptive Value

provisions of the rules of criminal procedure and evidence.

these changes are a very big help for us to prosper economically.

Table 5.1. Implications of President Dutertes Declaration of War Against

Implications to the Mode (%)

2. The process can be STD/SLD/ U STD/U/ SLA U SLD STA SLA/STA

3. Do not mind killing U U SLA SLA U SLD SLA U

4. It violates the U/SLA/ U U U STA STA U SLA

5. The society may STA U SLD SLA U/SLA SLD U U

6. We become less SLA U SLD/U/ SLD U STA U SLA

Range for Mean Descriptive Value

taking any side.

Table 6.1. Implications of President Dutertes Declaration of War Against

Implications to the Mode (%)

2. Unleash tensions of SLA STA SLA SLD SLA SLA U STA

U SLD U SLD/STD/ SLD U SLD U

6. Decline of the SLD U U SLD SLD SLD U U

Table 7.1. Implications of President Dutertes Declaration of War Against

Implications to the Mode (%)

4. Unsafe neighborhood SLA STD U SLD U SLD STD U

6. The people develop a SLA U U U SLA U SLD U

Range for Mean Descriptive Value

authorities, especially barangay officials, their principal responsibilities in support of

with other institutions in implementing programs and projects.

II. CHALLENGES OF PRESIDENT DUTERTES DECLARATION OF WAR AGAINST

ILLEGAL DRUGS TO THE DIFFERENT GROUPS OF RESPONDENTS

similar substances through an integrated system of planning, implementation and

enforcement of anti-drug abuse policies, programs, and projects. Respondents coming

undecided (50%) on that part.

Table 8.1. Challenges of President Dutertes Declaration of War Against

Challenges Mode (%)

2. Their credibility and SLA U SLA SLD/STD/ SLA SLA U SLA

3. Diverted attention of U U SLA SLD U SLA SLA SLD