FUNDAMENTAL

CONCEPTS
EE 1 Basic Electrical Engineering

Asst. Prof. Adrian Augusto M. Sumalde

Department of Electrical Engineering
College of Engineering and Agro-Industrial Technology (CEAT)
University of the Philippines Los Baos (UPLB)
 Ch. 1 - Fundamental Concepts 2

Topics Covered
Numerical Prefixes
Electric Charge and Current
Voltage
Power
Voltage and Current Sources
Resistance

Asst. Prof. Adrian Augusto M. Sumalde

Department of Electrical Engineering
College of Engineering and Agro-Industrial Technology (CEAT)
University of the Philippines Los Baos (UPLB)
 Ch. 1 - Fundamental Concepts 3

Powers of 10 (decimal multiples)

101 - deca 10-1 - deci
102 - hecto 10-2 - centi
103 - kilo 10-3 - milli
106 - mega 10-6 - micro
109 - giga 10-9 - nano
1012 - tera 10-12 - pico
1015 - peta 10-15 - femto
1018 - exa 10-18 - atto
1021 - zeta 10-21 - zepto
1024 - yotta 10-24 - yocto
Asst. Prof. Adrian Augusto M. Sumalde
Department of Electrical Engineering
College of Engineering and Agro-Industrial Technology (CEAT)
University of the Philippines Los Baos (UPLB)
 Ch. 1 - Fundamental Concepts 4

Powers of 2 (Binary Prefixes)

For binary multiples, used in fields of data
processing and transmission, i.e. memory
(foundation: 1 kilobyte = 1024 bytes = 210)
210 - kibi 250 - pebi
220 - mebi 260 - exbi
230 - gibi 270 - zebi
240 - tebi 280 - yobi

Asst. Prof. Adrian Augusto M. Sumalde

Department of Electrical Engineering
College of Engineering and Agro-Industrial Technology (CEAT)
University of the Philippines Los Baos (UPLB)
 Ch. 1 - Fundamental Concepts 5

Electric Charge and Current

Electric Charge
- physical property of matter that causes
attraction or repulsion when close to another
electrically charged unit
- unit: Coulomb (C)
19
qe 1.6 x10 C

Thus: 1 C = the charge of 6.24 x 1018 e-

Asst. Prof. Adrian Augusto M. Sumalde

Department of Electrical Engineering
College of Engineering and Agro-Industrial Technology (CEAT)
University of the Philippines Los Baos (UPLB)
 Ch. 1 - Fundamental Concepts 6

Electric current
Rate of change of charge passing through a
predetermined area.
q dq
i
t dt

Unit: Ampere (A)

1 Ampere = 1 Coulomb per second

Asst. Prof. Adrian Augusto M. Sumalde
Department of Electrical Engineering
College of Engineering and Agro-Industrial Technology (CEAT)
University of the Philippines Los Baos (UPLB)
 Ch. 1 - Fundamental Concepts 7

Electric current
Electric current is a vector quantity, thus the
direction is always required in its illustration!
i(t) i(t)

2A -2 A

Asst. Prof. Adrian Augusto M. Sumalde

Department of Electrical Engineering
College of Engineering and Agro-Industrial Technology (CEAT)
University of the Philippines Los Baos (UPLB)
 Ch. 1 - Fundamental Concepts 8

Kinds of Current: Direct Current

Unidirectional

Continuous

Pulsating

Asst. Prof. Adrian Augusto M. Sumalde

Department of Electrical Engineering
College of Engineering and Agro-Industrial Technology (CEAT)
University of the Philippines Los Baos (UPLB)
 Ch. 1 - Fundamental Concepts 9

Kinds of Current: Alternating Current (AC)

Alternating

Oscillating

Asst. Prof. Adrian Augusto M. Sumalde

Department of Electrical Engineering
College of Engineering and Agro-Industrial Technology (CEAT)
University of the Philippines Los Baos (UPLB)
 Ch. 1 - Fundamental Concepts 10

High range of Birkeland current (1 MA)

106
Typical 104
Lightning Bolt (300kA)
Birkeland current (100 kA)
Current
102 Vehicle starter motors (80-160A)
Magnitude Circuit breaker ratings (20A); typical
100 appliance currents
10-1 Causes V-fib (30-50mA)
10-2 Let go threshold (10mAAC, hand to foot)
10-3 Maximum harmless current (5mA)
Threshold of feeling (1mAAC )
Hearing aid (~0.7mA)
10-4 Min. lethal current (direct to heart, 10A)
10-6 IC memory current
10-14 Synaptic current (brain cell)
Asst. Prof. Adrian Augusto M. Sumalde
Department of Electrical Engineering
College of Engineering and Agro-Industrial Technology (CEAT)
University of the Philippines Los Baos (UPLB)
 Ch. 1 - Fundamental Concepts 11

Voltage
Defined as the work done in moving a unit
charge through the element from one
terminal to another

Has a unit of Volt (1 V = 1 Joule/coulomb)

In general, V = W/q
Asst. Prof. Adrian Augusto M. Sumalde
Department of Electrical Engineering
College of Engineering and Agro-Industrial Technology (CEAT)
University of the Philippines Los Baos (UPLB)
 Ch. 1 - Fundamental Concepts 12

Voltage: Illustration

Asst. Prof. Adrian Augusto M. Sumalde

Department of Electrical Engineering
College of Engineering and Agro-Industrial Technology (CEAT)
University of the Philippines Los Baos (UPLB)
 Ch. 1 - Fundamental Concepts 13

Voltage and Polarity

Polarity can either be positive or negative

Can be expressed as:

- Terminal A is V volts positive wrt B
- Terminal A is at a potential V volts
higher than terminal B
- Subscripted voltage: VAB
Asst. Prof. Adrian Augusto M. Sumalde
Department of Electrical Engineering
College of Engineering and Agro-Industrial Technology (CEAT)
University of the Philippines Los Baos (UPLB)
 Ch. 1 - Fundamental Concepts 14

Equivalent Polarity
VAB = 7 V

VBA = - 7 V

Current : direction
Voltage : polarity

Asst. Prof. Adrian Augusto M. Sumalde

Department of Electrical Engineering
College of Engineering and Agro-Industrial Technology (CEAT)
University of the Philippines Los Baos (UPLB)
 Ch. 1 - Fundamental Concepts 15

108
Typical 106 Lightning Bolt

Voltage 104
HV Transmission Lines (~765 kV)
Shinkansen (bullet train) (25kV)
Magnitude Electric chair execution (~2kV)
102 AC Convenience Outlets (100-240)
100 Car Batteries (12 V); USB power for
smartphones / digital circuits (3-5V)
Ripple voltages in electronics ( 0.3 V)
10-2 Nerve cell potential (75 mV)
10-4
10-6 Voltage between 2 points on a human
scalp (10-100 V)
10-8
10-10
Asst. Prof. Adrian Augusto M. Sumalde
Department of Electrical Engineering
College of Engineering and Agro-Industrial Technology (CEAT)
University of the Philippines Los Baos (UPLB)
 Ch. 1 - Fundamental Concepts 16

Illustration: Voltage, Current and AH

Asst. Prof. Adrian Augusto M. Sumalde

Department of Electrical Engineering
College of Engineering and Agro-Industrial Technology (CEAT)
University of the Philippines Los Baos (UPLB)
 Ch. 1 - Fundamental Concepts 18

Power
Measure of how much work can be down in a
specified amount of time; rate of doing work

SI unit : Watt

Electric power (P) supplied by generators or

chemical sources

Mathematically, P = VI
Asst. Prof. Adrian Augusto M. Sumalde
Department of Electrical Engineering
College of Engineering and Agro-Industrial Technology (CEAT)
University of the Philippines Los Baos (UPLB)
 Ch. 1 - Fundamental Concepts 19

Power: Absorbing and Supplying

Absorbing
- Positive current enters the
positive terminal of a positive
voltage

- Positive current leaves the

negative terminal of positive
voltage

Asst. Prof. Adrian Augusto M. Sumalde

Department of Electrical Engineering
College of Engineering and Agro-Industrial Technology (CEAT)
University of the Philippines Los Baos (UPLB)
 Ch. 1 - Fundamental Concepts 20

Power: Absorbing and Supplying

Supplying
- Positive current leaves the
positive terminal of a positive
voltage

- Positive current enters the

negative terminal of a positive
voltage

Asst. Prof. Adrian Augusto M. Sumalde

Department of Electrical Engineering
College of Engineering and Agro-Industrial Technology (CEAT)
University of the Philippines Los Baos (UPLB)
 Ch. 1 - Fundamental Concepts 21

Example: Absorbing and Supplying

Find the power at elements (a), (b) and (c).

Asst. Prof. Adrian Augusto M. Sumalde

Department of Electrical Engineering
College of Engineering and Agro-Industrial Technology (CEAT)
University of the Philippines Los Baos (UPLB)
 Ch. 1 - Fundamental Concepts 22

Voltage and Current Sources

Independent Dependent
Voltage Source Voltage-dependent
Current Source VDVS
VDCS
Current-dependent
CDVS
CDCS

Asst. Prof. Adrian Augusto M. Sumalde

Department of Electrical Engineering
College of Engineering and Agro-Industrial Technology (CEAT)
University of the Philippines Los Baos (UPLB)
 Ch. 1 - Fundamental Concepts 23

Independent Sources
Voltage Source
- Two terminal element that
maintains a specified voltage
between terminals

- Magnitude is completely
independent of the current
through the element

Asst. Prof. Adrian Augusto M. Sumalde

Department of Electrical Engineering
College of Engineering and Agro-Industrial Technology (CEAT)
University of the Philippines Los Baos (UPLB)
 Ch. 1 - Fundamental Concepts 24

Independent Sources
Current Source
- Two terminal element through
which a specified current flows

- The magnitude is completely

independent of the voltage
across the element

Asst. Prof. Adrian Augusto M. Sumalde

Department of Electrical Engineering
College of Engineering and Agro-Industrial Technology (CEAT)
University of the Philippines Los Baos (UPLB)
 Ch. 1 - Fundamental Concepts 25

Voltage-Dependent Sources
- Voltage Dependent
Voltage Source (VDVS)

- Voltage Dependent
Current Source (VDCS)

Asst. Prof. Adrian Augusto M. Sumalde

Department of Electrical Engineering
College of Engineering and Agro-Industrial Technology (CEAT)
University of the Philippines Los Baos (UPLB)
 Ch. 1 - Fundamental Concepts 26

Current-Dependent Sources
- Current Dependent
Voltage Source (CDVS)

- Current Dependent
Current Source (CDCS)

Asst. Prof. Adrian Augusto M. Sumalde

Department of Electrical Engineering
College of Engineering and Agro-Industrial Technology (CEAT)
University of the Philippines Los Baos (UPLB)
 Ch. 1 - Fundamental Concepts 27

Resistance
Property of a material to oppose current

Units in ohms (), directly proportional to the

length I, the resistivity (a.k.a specific resistance),
and inversely proportional to the cross-sectional
area A.

l
Mathematically, R
A
Asst. Prof. Adrian Augusto M. Sumalde
Department of Electrical Engineering
College of Engineering and Agro-Industrial Technology (CEAT)
University of the Philippines Los Baos (UPLB)
 Ch. 1 - Fundamental Concepts 28

Resistor
Electrical component or device designed explicitly
to have a certain magnitude of resistance

Symbols used:

Units used:
Mil unit of length; used for wire diameters
1 mil = 0.001 inch
Circular Mil used for cross-sectional area
Asst. Prof. Adrian Augusto M. Sumalde
Department of Electrical Engineering
College of Engineering and Agro-Industrial Technology (CEAT)
University of the Philippines Los Baos (UPLB)
 Ch. 1 - Fundamental Concepts 29

Mil vs. Circular Mil

A = s2 A= d2/4
A = 1 square mil A = /4 square mil
= 1 circular mil (CM)
Conversion: 1 CM = /4 mil2
1 inch = 1000 mil
Asst. Prof. Adrian Augusto M. Sumalde
Department of Electrical Engineering
College of Engineering and Agro-Industrial Technology (CEAT)
University of the Philippines Los Baos (UPLB)
 Ch. 1 - Fundamental Concepts 30

Resistivities of Common Elements and Alloys at 20oC

Source: Boylestad, (2014). Introductory Circuit Analysis 12th Ed.

Asst. Prof. Adrian Augusto M. Sumalde

Department of Electrical Engineering
College of Engineering and Agro-Industrial Technology (CEAT)
University of the Philippines Los Baos (UPLB)
 Ch. 1 - Fundamental Concepts 31

Examples
1. What is the resistance of a 100-ft length
of copper wire with a diameter of 0.020 in,
at 20 oC?

2. An undetermined length of wire has been

used from a full roll. Find the length of the
remaining copper wire if it has a diameter
of 1/16 in. and a resistance of 0.5 ohm.
Asst. Prof. Adrian Augusto M. Sumalde
Department of Electrical Engineering
College of Engineering and Agro-Industrial Technology (CEAT)
University of the Philippines Los Baos (UPLB)
 Ch. 1 - Fundamental Concepts 32

Example
What is the resistance of the given copper bus-bar,
as used in the power distribution panel of a high-
rise office building, with the dimensions indicated
below?

Asst. Prof. Adrian Augusto M. Sumalde

Department of Electrical Engineering
College of Engineering and Agro-Industrial Technology (CEAT)
University of the Philippines Los Baos (UPLB)
 Ch. 1 - Fundamental Concepts 33

Resistance-Temperature Effect

R1 | T | T1 R | T | 0

R2 | T | T2 R2 | T | T2
Asst. Prof. Adrian Augusto M. Sumalde
Department of Electrical Engineering
College of Engineering and Agro-Industrial Technology (CEAT)
University of the Philippines Los Baos (UPLB)
 Ch. 1 - Fundamental Concepts 34

Resistance-Temperature Effect
Rearranging for R2,

| T | T2 |T | T2
R2 R1 R1
| T | T1 | T | T1 | T | T1
Adding and subtracting the quantity (T1/ |T|+T1),

| T | T T2 T
R2 R1 1
1


| T | T1 | T | T1 | T | T1 | T | T1

Asst. Prof. Adrian Augusto M. Sumalde

Department of Electrical Engineering
College of Engineering and Agro-Industrial Technology (CEAT)
University of the Philippines Los Baos (UPLB)
 Ch. 1 - Fundamental Concepts 35

Resistance-Temperature Effect
Simplifying,
1
R2 R1 1 T2 T1
| T | T1

Asst. Prof. Adrian Augusto M. Sumalde

Department of Electrical Engineering
College of Engineering and Agro-Industrial Technology (CEAT)
University of the Philippines Los Baos (UPLB)
 Ch. 1 - Fundamental Concepts 37

Temperature coefficient of resistance for

various conductors at 20oC

Asst. Prof. Adrian Augusto M. Sumalde

Department of Electrical Engineering
College of Engineering and Agro-Industrial Technology (CEAT)
University of the Philippines Los Baos (UPLB)
 Ch. 1 - Fundamental Concepts 38

Example
The resistivity of a copper rod 50 ft. long and 0.25
inch in diameter is 1.76 -cm at 20oC. What is its
resistance at -20oC?

Asst. Prof. Adrian Augusto M. Sumalde

Department of Electrical Engineering
College of Engineering and Agro-Industrial Technology (CEAT)
University of the Philippines Los Baos (UPLB)
 Ch. 1 - Fundamental Concepts 39

Example
The tungsten filament of an incandescent bulb has
an equivalent resistance of 0.26 m at 37oC. After
being used for several hours, the resistance is
found to be 0.29 m. Determine the temperature
of the coils at this time. The temperature coefficient
of tungsten at 20oC is 0.0045 / oC.

Asst. Prof. Adrian Augusto M. Sumalde

Department of Electrical Engineering
College of Engineering and Agro-Industrial Technology (CEAT)
University of the Philippines Los Baos (UPLB)
 Ch. 1 - Fundamental Concepts 40

Summary
Reviewed basic concepts on units and exponents

Introduced the fundamental electric quantities: charge,

voltage, current, power and resistance

Solved for the resistance of materials given their physical

dimensions

Applied the effects of temperature changes in changing the

resistance of a material
Asst. Prof. Adrian Augusto M. Sumalde
Department of Electrical Engineering
College of Engineering and Agro-Industrial Technology (CEAT)
University of the Philippines Los Baos (UPLB)