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CHAPTER: 1

INTRODUCTION

There are various security systems are in use. This is new security system, which uses
fluidity of sand. This is controlled ‘PNEUMATICALLY AND ACTIVATED
AUTOMATICALLY’.

It is observed that, when a compressed air is passed through a container containing

‘FINE GRADE SAND’ commonly known as ‘BEACH SAND’, it acquires some of the
properties of water. Which means the object which floats on the water will also float on this
sand and the object which sinks in water will also sink in it, unless and until the compressed
air is kept on passing through it, continuously and if it is stopped the sand regains its original
properties.

This change which takes place dramatically can be used for a security purpose in
order to trap the person entering illegally, thus this system is a reliable one, very economical
and it is also easy to implement.

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CHAPTER: 2

SECURITY SYSTEM
Security has to be compared to related concepts: Safety, continuity, reliability. The
key difference between security and reliability is that security must take into account the
actions of people attempting to cause destruction.

Security as a national condition was defined in a United Nations study (1986)[citation

needed], so that they can develop and progress freely.

2.1 History

Home security systems first became available at the beginning of the 20th century.
They were very expensive and difficult to install. Therefore, only the very wealthy could
afford to have one installed. These early systems had an alarm that was tripped if an intruder
entered the house. They were very prone to false alarms. In 1969, a woman named Marie
Brown secured a patent for a home surveillance system. Her system used television to survey
properties, which was very expensive. Recently, however, as technology has improved and
become more widely available, home security systems have become affordable enough for
many homeowners to purchase.

2.2 Function

A home security door sensor alerts the homeowner when a door is open. If the alarm
is set, the sensor will send a signal to the system's central computer, which will sound the
alarm or call the police depending on the settings for the system.

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2.3 Types

Magnetic Security System:

Home security door sensor works with magnets, but there are several different
mounting options. The sensor mechanism is housed in one side of the unit, and the magnet is
housed in the other side. When the metallic parts lose contact with each other, the sensor
sends a signal to the alarm. Door sensors can be small, rectangular units attached to the door
jamb and wall. This is a good option for renters. A more permanent and less visible option is
to have the sensors recessed in the door and door jamb. Another variety rests on top of the
door to keep the sensor out of sight.

Lighting security
Security lighting can be used in residential, commercial, industrial, institutional, and
military settings. Some examples of security lighting include floodlights and low pressure
sodium vapor lights. Most lights intended to be left on all night are high-intensity discharge
lamps as these have good energy efficiency, thus reducing the cost of running a lamp for
such long periods. An important limitation to the usefulness of security lighting is the simple
fact that it is only useful at night.

A disadvantage of low pressure sodium lamps is that the color is pure yellow, so the
illuminated scene is seen without any color differentiation. Consequently high pressure
sodium vapor lamps (which are still yellowish, but closer to golden white) are also used, at
the cost of greater running expenses and increased light pollution. High pressure sodium
lamps also take slightly longer to re-strike after a power interruption.

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Other lights may be activated by sensors such as passive infrared sensors (PIRs),
turning on only when a person (or other mammal) approaches. PIR activated lamps will
usually be incandescent bulbs so that they can activate instantly; energy saving is less
important since they will not be on all the time. PIR sensor activation can increase both the
deterrent effect (since the intruder knows that he has been detected) and the detection effect
(since a person will be attracted to the sudden increase in light). Some PIR units can be set up
to sound a chime as well as turn on the light. Most modern units have a photocell so that they
only turn on when it is dark.

Wireless Security Systems:

These systems are convenient because they can be put almost anywhere and can be
moved when necessary. There are no wires to worry about hiding, or getting tangled with
other wires in the home.

Acoustic Security Systems:

These Security Systems can detect sounds such as breaking glass. These Security
Systems are usually put around windows and doors where intruders are likely to try and gain
entrance into a home or business.

Digital Security Systems

These systems secure a certain area and require a code to disarm them. If this is not
done, the company that monitors the device, will check for an error or send help, if
necessary.

Personal Alarms
These alarms are carried around with a person and in the event that there is a medical
or other emergency, the alarm can be triggered. These are usually worn on the body, either
the neck or wrist.

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2.4 Considerations
Some home security door sensors are designed to only work if the door is closed
when the alarm is set. This could be a problem in a house where there are lots of doors and
lots of people coming and going. Make sure you know your needs and the details of different
products before you choose a home security door sensor.

2.5 Benefits
Home security door sensors offer a simple and effective way to monitor the doors in
your home. Besides deterring intruders, door sensors can be helpful for parents of small
children who have a tendency to wander off. Door sensors can be linked to an alarm system
that sends out a small beeping noise every time the door opens, including when the alarm is
not set. This is another home safety feature that is often overlooked.

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CHAPTER: 3

LIQUID-LIKE PROPERTIES OF SAND :

Granular materials are made up of many small pieces that can move either separately
or together. Some examples of different granular materials are sand, soil, grain, corn, plastic
pellets, powders, and pills. These materials tend to have many different physical properties.
They appear both liquid- or solid-like. For example, a pile of sand is more like a solid, while
a vibrated or fluidized bed of sand can be more like a liquid like quicksand. This is important
in life and industry.
There are many different situations that demonstrate this behavior. One example is an
hourglass filled with sand. The sand can flow through the glass like a liquid, but at the same
time a mass, such as a person, can stand on top of the sand as if it were solid (shown in figure
3.1). Another example is a sandcastle. With a sandcastle, the wet sand can be held together
like a solid, but it can also fall apart as it dries, flowing down resembling an avalanche
pattern.

Fig 3.1 Fig 3.2

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One of the main interests is the liquid-like property of sand during an earthquake. In
an earthquake, the vibrations, with the help of water-saturated ground, the buildings to sink
in the sand as shown in (figure 3.2). These vibrations make the sand act like a liquid. Though
sand may appear liquid-like, it is not yet known if any standard fluid dynamical principles
can be applied. We have chosen a granular system with very liquid-like properties. For
instance, one of our main interests is working with sand as a fluidized bed. This is done by
flowing air up through the bottom of the sand. It has found that at a low flow rate of air
coming up through the sand using small sand granule size, the sand will become fluidized.
The main observation was that surprisingly even though you can easily stir the sand, the
grains do not move when left untouched (but fluidized). It found that 106 µ m particles and
smaller work best to make a fluidized bed. The sand appears fluid-like (easily stirred, surface
stays horizontal) without gas bubbles. As you turn up the flow rate to fluidize the sand, the
sand’s property changes from a solid, to a liquid where objects start to sink, then to a liquid
with bubbles.
There are many interesting things to study with a fluidized bed or with sand itself.
One of the main differences between a solid and a liquid is that in a solid there is an elastic
constant where as a liquid has viscosity, where viscosity is the resistance to flow. A liquid
cannot withstand shear forces so it cannot support a heavy object.

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CHAPTER:4
COMPONENTS OF SECURITY SYSTEM

1. Sand
2. Air Compressor.
3. Solenoid valve.
4. A simple sensor.
5. Air distribution pipe.

4.1 DEFINITION OF SAND

Sand, one of the most basic mineral formations on the planet, can be found in some
capacity in every country, temperate zone, geographical region and continent around the
globe. Sand is defined as a naturally occurring granular material composed of finely divided
rock and mineral particles.

4.1.2 Types

The most common type of sand, found in non-tropical coasts and continental areas, is
called silica, and usually takes the form of quartz. This type of sand is extremely resistant to
weathering due to its chemical composition (SiO2), which makes the grain very hard.
The exact composition of sand can vary greatly depending on local mineral sources
and geological conditions. White sand, such as that found at the White Sands National
Monument in New Mexico and on many beaches around the world is composed mainly of
eroded limestone.
Arkoses is a form of sand high in feldspar and granite. Other minerals known to be
found in sand include magnetite, glauconitic, gypsum, and magnetite. Magnetite, as well as

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the volcanic obsidian, produces very course black sand. Green sands can be seen wherever
there is a mix of basalt, chlorite and glauconitic. Many areas in Southern Europe have a deep
yellow color due to concentrations of quartz and iron.

4.1.3 Size
Geologists define sand as rock particles that range in diameter from 0.0625 to 2
millimeters. An individual such particle is known as a sand grain. Smaller particles, from
0.0625 down to 0.004 millimeters are defined as silt. Larger particles range from 2 to 64
millimeters. In the United States, sand is categorized according to its size. Very fine sand is
1/16 to 1/8 mm in diameter, fine sand is 1/8 to 1/4 mm, medium sand is 1/4 to 1/2 mm,
course sand is 1/2 to 1 mm in diameter, and very course sand is 2mm to 64mm in diameter.

4.1.4 Function

Sand has found many commercial uses around the world. Usually, each task
requires a unique and ideal type of sand in order to produce optimal results. Commercial
uses of sand include:

1. Sand casting, a form of molding material.

2. Concrete, which often contains a high volume of sand.
3. Glass, in which sand is a central component.
4. Certain types of bricks that contain sand.
5. Textured paint.
6. Sandbags, used to prevent flooding and bullet penetration.
7. Landscaping, used as a natural element.

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4.1.5 Warning

By itself, sand is a relatively harmless, naturally occurring material. Care must

be used when using sand for an activity such as sandblasting, as exposure to sand fumes
can result in silicosis, a lung disease caused by inhaling the blasted sand. Quicksand, a
natural phenomena characterized by a source of water from beneath that causes the sand
to become a gel form, can be dangerous. Quicksand can be found in high-pore water
areas.

4.2 Air Compressor

An air compressor is just what its name suggests: a certain amount of air or a tank
that has been compressed and stored and can be used later.

There are basically three types of air compressors.

1. Reciprocating air compressor.
2. Rotary Centrifugal air compressor.
3. Rotary Screw air compressor.
4. Rotary Sliding Vane Compressors.

NOTE
For our project we are using Reciprocating air compressor.

4.2.1 Reciprocating air compressor

Reciprocating air compressors are positive displacement compressors (shown in fig
4.1). This means they are taking in successive volumes of air which is confined within a
closed space and elevating this air to a higher pressure. The reciprocating air compressor
accomplishes this by using a piston within a cylinder as the compressing and displacing
element.

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The reciprocating air compressor is considered single acting when the compressing
is accomplished using only one side of the piston. A compressor using both sides of the
piston is considered double acting.
The reciprocating air compressor uses a number of automatic spring loaded valves in
each cylinder that open only when the proper differential pressure exists across the valve.

Inlet valves open when the pressure in the cylinder is slightly below the intake
pressure. Discharge valves open when the pressure in the cylinder is slightly above the
discharge pressure.

Fig: 4.1

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Specification of CEC Air compressor.

Model ELT 600

Motor HP 7.5
Sl.No A43
MEG.Year 2007
Work Pressure 12kg/cm2
Unit RPM 950
Tank Capacity 270 lts

Manufactured by COIMBATORE COMPRESSOR ENGINEERING CO.RVT.LTD.

4.2.2 Rotary Centrifugal air compressor.

Centrifugal Compressors are not positive displacement compressors like the
Reciprocating, Screw or Vane Compressors. They use very high speed spinning impellers (up
to 60,000 rpm) to accelerate the air then diffuser to decelerate the air. This process, called
dynamic compression, uses velocity to cause an increase in pressure. In most Centrifugal
compressors, there are several of these impeller/diffuser combinations. Typically, these
machines have intercoolers between each stage to cool the air as well as remove 100% of the
condensate to avoid impeller damage due to erosion.

4.2.3 Rotary Screw air compressor.

Rotary Screw Compressors work on the principle of air filling the void between two
helical mated screws and their housing. As the two helical screws are turned, the volume is
reduced resulting in an increase of air pressure. Most rotary screw compressors inject oil into
the bearing and compression area. The reasons are for cooling, lubrication and creating a seal
between screws and the housing wall to reduce internal leakage. After the compression cycle,
the oil and air must be separated before the air can be used by the air system.

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4.2.4 Rotary Sliding Vane Compressors.

Rotary Sliding Vane Compressors like Reciprocating and Rotary Screw compressors
are positive displacement compressors. The compressor pump consists primarily of a rotor,
stator, and 8 blades. The slotted rotor is eccentrically arranged within the stator providing a
crescent shaped swept area between the intake and exhaust ports. As the rotor turns a single
revolution, compression is achieved as the volume goes from a maximum at the intake ports
to a minimum at the exhaust port. The vanes are forced outward from within the rotor slots
and held against the stator wall by rotational acceleration. Oil is injected into the air intake
and along the stator walls to cool the air, lubricate the bearings and vanes, and provide a seal
between the vanes and the stator wall. After the compression cycle, the oil and air must be
separated before the air can be transferred to the air system.

Brief Comparison:

Reciprocating Compressor
Advantages Disadvantages
• Simple design Higher maintence cost
• Lower intial cost Many moving parts
• Easy to install Potential for vibration problems
• Two stage models offer the highest Foundation may be required
efficiency depending on size

Centrifugal Compressor
Advantages Disadvantages

• High efficiencies approaching two stage High initial cost

reciprocating compressors

• Can reach pressure up to 1200psi Complicated monitoring

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4.3 SOLENOID VALVE

A solenoid valve is an electromechanical valve for use with liquid or gas. The valve
is controlled by an electric current through a solenoid coil. Solenoid valves may have two or
more ports: in the case of a two-port valve the flow is switched on or off; in the case of a
three-port valve, the outflow is switched between the two outlet ports. Multiple solenoid
valves can be placed together on a manifold.

Solenoid valves are the most frequently used control elements in fluidics. Their tasks
are to shut off, release, dose, distribute or mix fluids. They are found in many application
areas. Solenoids offer fast and safe switching, high reliability, long service life, good medium
compatibility of the materials used, low control power and compact design.

Besides the plunger-type actuator which is used most frequently, pivoted-armature

actuators and rocker actuators are also used.

• A solenoid is a coil of wire that becomes magnetized when electricity is run through
it.
• Solenoids often have a hole in the middle and a protruding metal rod that is pushed or
pulled by magnetism when power is applied.
• A solenoid valve uses a solenoid to actuate a valve. This lets you control the flow of
water, air, or other things with electricity.

There are many different types of solenoid valves available, and many companies that make
them. When selecting a solenoid valve, you must pay attention to:

• Coil voltage, current, AC or DC, and intermittent versus continuous duty.

• valve type
• aperture size
• pressure rating, such as "50 PSI"
• materials (medium) that it can control, such as "air/water"
• type of connection to each port, such as "1/4" NPT"

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Technical data:

Function:

2 way normally closed

Ports(NPT) Orifice Cv Operating pressure

range(psi)
G1/4 1/8” 0.28 0-100
G3/8 4/10” 0.50 0-72
1” 1/4" 1.94 0-29
1/4’’ 5/16’’ 1.0 0-14

Temperature rate:

Ambient 320 F to 1220F (00c to 500c)

Fluid 140F to 2300F (-100c to 1100c)

Power rating: 12watt

Voltage: 24 volt DC, 24/50-60,120/50-60,220/50-60 volt AC.

Electric connecter: DIN style plug with removable cable plug adapter

Body: PVDF

Bellow: PTFE

Tube fitting: Perl in

Seat Seal: EPDM (STD)

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Fig 4.2 www.kipine.com

Working Principle :

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A solenoid valve has two main parts: the solenoid and the valve (fig 4.2). The
solenoid converts electrical energy into mechanical energy which, in turn, opens or closes the
valve mechanically. A direct acting valve has only a small flow circuit, shown within section
E of this diagram (this section is mentioned below as a pilot valve). This diaphragm piloted
valve multiplies this small flow by using it to control the flow through a much larger orifice.

Solenoid valves may use metal seals or rubber seals, and may also have electrical
interfaces to allow for easy control. A spring may be used to hold the valve opened or closed
while the valve is not activated.

BASIC DIAGRAM OF SOLENOID VALVE

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Fig 4.3

A- Input side
B- Diaphragm
C- Pressure chamber
D- Pressure relief conduit
E- Solenoid
F- Output side

The above diagram (fig 4.3) shows the design of a basic valve. At the top figure is the
valve in its closed state. The water under pressure enters at A. B is an elastic diaphragm and
above it is a weak spring pushing it down. The function of this spring is irrelevant for now as
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the valve would stay closed even without it. The diaphragm has a pinhole through its center
which allows a very small amount of water to flow through it. This water fills the cavity C on
the other side of the diaphragm so that pressure is equal on both sides of the diaphragm.
While the pressure is the same on both sides of the diaphragm, the force is greater on the
upper side which forces the valve shut against the incoming pressure. In the figure, the
surface being acted upon is greater on the upper side which results in greater force. On the
upper side the pressure is acting on the entire surface of the diaphragm while on the lower
side it is only acting on the incoming pipe. This result in the valve being securely shut to any
flow and, the greater the input pressure, the greater the shutting force will be.

In the previous configuration the small conduit D was blocked by a pin which is the
armature of the solenoid E and which is pushed down by a spring. If the solenoid is activated
by drawing the pin upwards via magnetic force from the solenoid current, the water in
chamber C will flow through this conduit D to the output side of the valve. The pressure in
chamber C will drop and the incoming pressure will lift the diaphragm thus opening the main
valve. Water now flows directly from A to F.

When the solenoid is again deactivated and the conduit D is closed again, the spring
needs very little force to push the diaphragm down again and the main valve closes. In
practice there is often no separate spring, the elastomeric diaphragm is molded so that it
functions as its own spring, preferring to be in the closed shape.

From this explanation it can be seen that this type of valve relies on a differential of
pressure between input and output as the pressure at the input must always be greater than the
pressure at the output for it to work. Should the pressure at the output, for any reason, rise
above that of the input then the valve would open regardless of the state of the solenoid and
pilot valve.

In some solenoid valves the solenoid acts directly on the main valve. Others use a
small, complete solenoid valve, known as a pilot, to actuate a larger valve. While the second
type is actually a solenoid valve combined with a pneumatically actuated valve, they are sold
and packaged as a single unit referred to as a solenoid valve. Piloted valves require much less

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power to control, but they are noticeably slower. Piloted solenoids usually need full power at
all times to open and stay open, where a direct acting solenoid may only need full power for
a short period of time to open it, and only low power to hold it.

Valve Types
By "valve type", we mean how many connection ports it has, and how they are hooked
up. Sometimes one can call this "geometry".

1. A two-way valve.

A two-way valve has two ports. When power is applied,

the pressure flows from one port to the other. With pressure
off, the flow ceases.

2. A three-way valve.
A three-way valve has three ports. When power is on, one of the
ports is connected to the common port, and pressure flows through
to extend the pneumatic cylinder. When power is off, the other port
is connected to the common port, and pressure is exhausted to reset
the cylinder. This is the pneumatic equivalent of a single-pole
single-throw electrical switch.

3. A four-way valve.

A four-way valve has four ports. With power on, one set of
ports is connected straight through to the other set of ports.With

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power off, the connection is reversed.

4.4 Sensors

Sensors may be defined as an element or device which can respond directly to

different physical attributes such as heat, light, magnets, force related quantities, radiation
etc..Or to their variation.

The term transducer and sensors have been synonymously used although the
principles are different. Transducers are physical element and are a part of sensors.

A sensor is in fact a highly refined transducer provided with signal conditioning

circuit capable of modifying the signals from the transducer. The most commonly used signal

Conditioning circuits are amplifiers, filters, ADC, DAC, attenuators, etc. fig shows
the basic concept of sensors,

If the sensor itself transduces the physical attributes in addition to sensing (detecting)
is called detector transducer.

Sensors used as peripheral devices in a robotics include both simple types such as
limit switches and sophisticated types such as machine vision. Of course, sensors are also
used as an integral component of the robots positions feedback control systems there function
as peripheral devices in a robotic work cell is to permit the robot’s activities to be co-ordinate
with other activities in the cell. The sensors in robotics include general categories.

Classification of sensors

From the above definition it is clear that sensors are also a type of transducer

which change one form of energy into another. Hence sensors can also be classified
on the basis of the types of the transfer that they detect.

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The classification of the sensors are based on

a. Type of the energy transferred, under this we have:

1) Thermal

2) Electromagnet

3) Mechanical

4) Chemical

5) Optical radiation

6) Ionizing radiation

7) Acoustic

b. Biological sensor
c. Geodetic sensor
NOTE
From the above types of sensor, photo electric sensor has been used for PASS.

Principal of photo electric sensor.

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www.wikpidia.com

Whenever light falls on a material the entire light energy is given to the electrons of the
material, whose kinetic energy increases or velocity increases.
The electrical property of a material depends on its valance electrons and the energy of these
electrons change resulting in the electrical property of the material. This phenomenon is
known as photo electric effect.
For non-contact detection of targets at a distance regardless of material. Photoelectric
sensors emit invisible infra-red or visible red light to detect the presence of an object. The
target either breaks a beam of light or reflects it back to the detector to activate the sensor
output.

Advantages of photoelectric sensors include longer standoff distances than inductive

proximity sensors, ability to detect virtually any target material, ability to differentiate
between targets of different color or surface characteristics, and the ability to operate in
different sensing modes such as thru-beam, retro-reflective, or diffuse.

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Specification of sensor:
Classification: Optical sensor
Type: on contact detection
Wave lenth: Infrared rays
Ranging dist: 0-5mtr

TYPES OF PHOTOELECTRIC SENSORS.

Tubular Block Light

Grids

Slot Angle Window

Special Application of Photoelectric Sensor

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Contrast (Color Mark) Detection

Distance (Analog)

Distance with IO-Link

Full Color Detection

Laser

Line Sensors

Pin-Point LED

Self-contained Thru-Beam

Transparent Detection

UV-Luminescence
CHAPTER:5
DESGIN OF SECURITY SYSTEM AND CIRCUIT
DIAGRAM

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5.1 Design of Air distribution pipe.

Design of instrument air distribution systems is not a clear science, and there are
myriad of ways to approach it. Even most experienced piping system designers take the easy
way out and over design, because doing so is rarely costly and instrument air delivery
systems are rarely a major cost factor in the design or installation of the plant.

The D'Arcy-Weisbach equation is considered to be the most accurate model for

estimating frictional head loss in steady pipe flow.

The D'Arcy-Weisbach equation is valid for fully developed, steady state and
incompressible flow. The friction factor or coefficient - λ -depends on the flow, if it is
laminar, transient or turbulent (the Reynolds Number) - and the roughness of the tube or
duct. The friction coefficient can be calculated by the Colebrook Equation or by using the
Moody Diagram.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

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DATA TABLE

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CALCULATION :
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Pressure required to displace sand

P= weight of sand / area of sand

Pressure Loss

The pressure loss (or major loss) in a pipe, tube or duct can be expressed with the D'Arcy-
Weisbach equation

Δp = λ (l / dh) (ρ v2 / 2) (1)

Where

Δp = pressure loss (Pa, N/m2)

λ = D'Arcy-Weisbach friction coefficient

l = length of duct or pipe (m)

dh = hydraulic diameter (m)

ρ = density (kg/m3)

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Calculation for design of pipe:

Total area=120x120=14400x10-4m2
Volume of sand below person standing=20x10x30=6000x10-6 m2
Density of sand=1602 kg/m3
Pressure= 1602x6000x10-6/14400x10-4
Pressure=6.675kg/m2
Working pressure=6.675x1.2=8.01 kg/m2
Pressure required=8.01
Material of the pipe=mild steel
Stress=Pd/2t
d=3/4 inch
Stress for mild steel=55 N/m2
Pd=8.01 kg/m2
t= (8.01x10-4/2x55x10-4) x1.8=0.13cm=1.3mm
Considering the pressure of the nozzle=pressure of the inlet
Qin=Qout
Ax (V2/2gp) 2=8xAhx (V2/2gp)2
A=8Ah
d=0.636mm

CHAPTER: 6

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FABRICATION
PROTOTYPE :
Initially after getting this innovative idea of making such a kind security system, it was
very necessary to conduct some kind of tests. The aim of testing was to check weather this
security system works or not. Thus the prototype was produced in DIVT (haliyal).

Material required for prototype:

1. Bucket
2. Sand
3. Compressor
4. Pipes and Fittings.

Procedure:
Initially a hole ½” diameter was made at the centre of the bucket (bottom side) then the
pipe of required length in the L shaped was prepared. One end of this pipe is connected with
the bucket at the bottom and it was sealed air tight with the bucket to avoid leakage. The
other end of pipe was connected to the outlet of the valve which in turn was connected to the
compressor. Now fine graded sand was put into the bucket up to certain level. Thus the
assembly of the prototype was over.

TEST CONDUCTED:
The working of this prototype was tested for different pressure which was completely
based on trial and error method.

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During this process we had to face some complications. They were as follows:
1. Due to very high pressure the some amount of sand was blown out of the bucket.
2. Due to very low pressure their was no movement in the sand particles.
3. Finally at some amount of pressure the properties of sand turn to liquid and the air
bubbles would be observed clearly.
Now after getting the proper amount of pressure the testing was continued.
Some materials like plastic balls, nuts, bolts and paper balls were placed on the sand. When
the valve was open, light materials such as paper balls and plastic balls were floating on this
fluidized bed of sand. While the heavy materials such as nuts and bolts sunk into it.

Conclusion:
From this we could conclude that this innovative idea will work as security system.

CONSTRUCTION AND WORKING OF PASS :

The required equipments and materials are:

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1. Compressor.
2. Plywood.
3. GI pipes.
4. Fine grad sand.
5. Solenoid valve.
6. Sensor and circuit.
7. Hose pipe and other fittings.

Initially a pit (Box) of the required dimensions is made. Now an air distribution pipe
of equivalent dimension with pit is prepared. It resembles the shape of an antenna i.e. it has a
main branch consisting of sub branches at equal spacing. This distribution pipe is perforated
at equal distance. Care should be taken that the diameter of main branch is greater than the
diameter of sub branches. Then this air distribution pipe is placed into the bottom of the pit.
Now hose pipe is divided into two parts. One the part is connected between the outlet of the
compressor and inlet of the solenoid valve. The other part of the hose pipe is connected from
outlet of the solenoid valve to the inlet of the air distribution pipe.

The required circuit is made using sensor to which the solenoid valve is coupled. This
sensor is placed at the centre of the pit to detect the threat. Now the security system is ready
for the use.

Initially the pit is filled with the fine graded dry sand and is covered with the bricks
so that it the sand pit could be hidden. The required amount of compressed is filled in the
receiver of the compressor and kept ready. The connections are made and the power supply is
put on.

Now when the sensor sense the threat it activates the solenoid valve for certain time
that is predetermined and set with the help of the automatic timer. As soon as the valve gets
open the compressed air flows through the sand and the sand gains the property of fluid. This
fluidized bed sand makes the individual to fall in the pit. Soon after this the solenoid valve is
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deactivated. Thus the sand regains its own solid property. This makes an individual difficult
to move. Thus an individual is trapped.

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CHAPTER: 7

COST ESTIMATION :

Sr. No. Materials Quantity. Material

required. In no. Cost.
In Rs.

1 Sensor and 1 4600/-

circuit

2 Solenoid valve 1 1470/-

3 Hose nipple 2 126/-

4 ½*½ 1 38/-
connector

5 P.O Tube 1 36/-

6 Hose pipe 1 162/-

7 ¾ female 1 16/-
socket
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8 Hose nipple 2 10/-

clamps

9 Air distribution 1 2000/-

pipe

10 Ply wood 5 2000/-

11 Sand ----------------- 1500/-

Total approximate cost is: - Rs 12000/-

CHAPTER: 8

CONCLUSION AND SCOPE FOR FUTURE WORK:

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APPLICATION:

• It can be used to trap a person entering illegally in the prohibited areas

• It can be use for military reasons.

• It can be effectively collaborated with other security systems and used.

• It can be used to trap any wild animal which enters the urban areas, thus it prevents
the killing of animal.

• It can be efficiently used for the security of banks.

• It can even be used to trap four wheeled vehicles easily.

• It can be used as home security system at doors.

MERITS:

• Low initial investment.

• Low maintenance cost.

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• Easy to implement.

• Easy to repair.

• Highly efficient.

DEMERITS:

• It may fail in case of leakages in distribution and connective pipes due to lack of
pressure required.

• In case of pneumatically controlled system it may not work due to failure of sensor.

CONCLUSION:

Through this we can conclude that, the fluidized bed of sand (or fluid property of
sand) can be successfully used to make an effective security system that not only detects the
threat but also traps it.

CHAPTER: 9

BIBLIOGRAPHY :

1. Pneumatic systems- S.R.majumdar.

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2. Industrial hydrolics- pippenger

3. Mechatronic and microprocessor-
4. Majumdar S.R.Pneutic system

1. www.absgroup.com

2. www.ehow.com

3. www.wikipidia.org

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