Photophoresis and Planet Formation

Dr. Gerhard Wurm

Institut fr Planetologie, Univ. Mnster

gwurm@uni-muenster.de
 The magic word for the next hour is

Photophoresis
( which is based on Thermophoresis)
What is moving the light mill?

Radiation pressure ?

Nope
What is moving the light mill?

Something called photophoresis

but what is this really?
Pressure dependence of photophoresis in experiments

Light mill does not rotate at 1 bar

It starts rotating at lower pressure

~10 mbar at given light flux
photophoretic force > friction in needle bearing

It increases in speed to ~10-2 mbar

It rotates at constant speed to at least ~10-5 mbar

v = const
tf F = const

tf ~1/p Force maximum at Kn ~ 1

F~ p

(Rohatschek 1995)
Photophoresis at low pressure (large Kn) force ~ pressure
Photophoresis at high pressure (small Kn) force ~ 1/pressure

Radiation

This is NOT photophoresis!

It is not overall pressure
difference

This IS photophoresis!
Photophoresis at high pressure

Within the gas, on the large scale there has to be

no mass flow and
pressure is the same everywhere

(v: diffusion velocity, many molecule collisions)

 Photophoresis at high pressure

nwvw nw Tw pw Tc Tc
= = = <1
nc vc nc Tc pc Tw Tw

p = nk BT
pw = pc

nwvw < nc vc

Thermal creep:
net mass flow
from cold to warm side
(v: mean thermal velocity)
Photophoresis at high pressure
Some names:

Thermophoresis: a particle moving in a temperature gradient

Temperature gradient can be
within the gas
within the particle
between gas and particle (both at different but one temperature)

Photophoresis: Thermophoresis induced by illumination

Photophoresis (Approximation for LOW pressure)
Irradiance
Volume

Gas Pressure

a Ip3
FPh =
6kthT
Temperature
Thermal Conductivity
How strong can photophoresis be?

Solar flux

Rohatschek 85

... with solar flux it ...

can be stronger than Earths gravity (I will show you some experiment soon)
can be million times stronger than radiation pressure on dust
can act on at least 10 cm bodies efficiently
Does planet formation care about photophoresis?
 The effect is supposed to be used technically
on space station experiment (ICAPS)
to manipulate particle clouds studying aspects
of planet formation.

(see also work by Blum, von Borstel, Steinbach)

... but does it occur

in the early phases of planet formation itself?
What conditions do we need?

- a radiation source (sun light is fine for a light mill)

- some gas (e.g. 10-2 mbar in a light mill)

What conditions do we find in protoplanetary disks?

- some gas (e.g. 10-2 mbar in minimum mass nebula at 1AU)

- star light (inner disk edge, further out in later stages)
and
- thermal radiation from the disk
Star
Photophoresis Photophoresis
Particle
Drift Drift
Residual Gravity Residual Gravity

Ring Formation
 (1)

(Krauss & Wurm, 2005,

Herrmann & Krivov, 2008 (sol. lum.)

Courtesy NASA/JPL-Caltech / T. Pyle

Concentrate and sort chondrules (Wurm & Krauss, 2006)
(complementarity matrix/chondrules can be kept, (2)
if acting at an inner disk edge)
Problem:
This mechanism needs light, so it will not work in the dark
center of dense protoplanetary disks.
 (3)

CAIs (calcium aluminum rich inclusions)

Drifting towards the sun

they are last to evaporate.
With other dust gone, the disk is transparent and
CAIs are pushed back into the disk by photophoresis.

They survive
 (4)

These disk holes (at least some) still have

significant amounts of gas!
(e.g. TW Hya (Calvet et al. 2002, Rettig et al. 2004))

Courtesy NASA/JPL-Caltech / T. Pyle

 (4)

Transport of matter to comets

Clearing the disk
(Krauss & Wurm, ApJ, 2005, Petit et al., LPSC, 2006,
Courtesy NASA/JPL-Caltech / T. Pyle Krauss et al., A&A, 2007, Herrmann & Krivov, A&A, 2008)
 But photophoresis not only works with visible radiation
(5)
Infrared works just as well (if not better)

Thermal Photophoresis (Disk)

Stellar Photophoresis
Residual
Gravity

Gravity

Star
Dense Disk

(Wurm & Haack, in prep.)

Known to work in Earths thermal field for stratospheric particles (Beresnev et a. 2003)
 Resulting values for
visible photospheric surface / pressure scale height for dust (5)
in the inner 10 AU
H/h = 1 .. 4

(Chiang 2001)

Does photophoresis create the surface of the disk?

(Wurm& Haack, in prep.)
Lets assume a dusty body gets out of the shadow
but is too big for photophoresis to move it, e.g.
meter bodies drifting inwards, emerging from the edge.

Close to the star (say 0.1 AU) the irradiance is very high.
(100 solar constants or > 100 kW/m2)

Does the light have any effect?

O.k. the object heats up a bit but otherwise?
Greenhouse Effect and Thermophoresis in Dust Layers
Laser

Works for all dark dust

samples
graphite
vitreous carbon
basalt
iron oxides
silicon carbide
copper

Graphite
(<10 m, 150 mbar) 1 cm
(Wurm and Krauss, PRL, 2006; Wurm, MNRAS, 2007)
 2cm

Works for extended light

source (halogen lamp)
(2 cm x 0.5 cm here)
Temperature Profile, Laser from Top

t=10s

t=1s

t=0.1s

Wurm & Krauss, PRL, 2006

Wurm, MNRAS, 2007
(Solid State) Greenhouse Effect
Thermophoresis on Dust Particles

Wurm & Krauss, PRL, 2006

Wurm, MNRAS, 2007
 Universalprocess which disassembles
a dusty body to sub-mm units.

Requirements are gas, light, and loosly bound dust

 Gas Pressure
Irradiance
Gas Temperature

Erosion
Parameter

Threshold Value (Continuous erosion, Basalt, 0..100m)

Is the erosion parameter > 1 under any kind of (protoplanetary) disk condition?

(Wurm, MNRAS, 2007)

(Wurm, MNRAS, 2007)
Courtesy NASA/JPL-Caltech / T. Pyle
In the inner disk

Dusty bodies up to planetesimal size drifting (i.e. meter size) or moving

otherwise into the erosion zone lose dust and get detstroyed.
However, this dust is not lost for the disk but can be recycled.

This dust can be pushed back into the disk (dust edge) by photophoresis
and radiation pressure or can be sent over the disk.
This dust might also be collected by exisiting planets and might explain
high mass, gas poor planets (Sato et al. 2005) which supposedly
form in gas starved regions.