Plesiochronousdigitalhierarchy

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Theplesiochronousdigitalhierarchy(PDH)isatechnologyusedintelecommunicationsnetworksto
transportlargequantitiesofdataoverdigitaltransportequipmentsuchasfibreopticandmicrowaveradio
systems.[1]ThetermplesiochronousisderivedfromGreekplsios,meaningnear,andchronos,time,andrefers
tothefactthatPDHnetworksruninastatewheredifferentpartsofthenetworkarenearly,butnotquite
perfectly,synchronized.

BackbonetransportnetworksreplacedPDHnetworkswithsynchronousdigitalhierarchy(SDH)or
synchronousopticalnetworking(SONET)equipmentoverthetenyearsendingaroundtheturnofthe
millennium(2000),[2]whosefloatingpayloadsrelaxedthemorestringenttimingrequirementsofPDHnetwork
technology.ThecostinNorthAmericawas$4.5billionin1998alone,[3]p.171.

PDHallowstransmissionofdatastreamsthatarenominallyrunningatthesamerate,butallowingsome
variationonthespeedaroundanominalrate.Byanalogy,anytwowatchesarenominallyrunningatthesame
rate,clockingup60secondseveryminute.However,thereisnolinkbetweenwatchestoguaranteethatthey
runatexactlythesamerate,anditishighlylikelythatoneisrunningslightlyfasterthantheother.

Implementation
Thedatarateiscontrolledbyaclockintheequipmentgeneratingthedata.Therateisallowedtovaryby
50ppmof2.048kbit/s(accordingtoITUTrecommendation[4]).Thismeansthatdifferentdatastreamscan
(andprobablydo)runatslightlydifferentratesfromoneanother.

Inordertomovemultipledatastreamsfromoneplacetoanother,theyaremultiplexedingroupsoffour.This
isdonebytaking1bitfromstream#1,followedby1bitfromstream#2,then#3,then#4.Thetransmitting
multiplexeralsoaddsadditionalbits(knownasFrameAlignment)inordertoallowthefarendreceiving
multiplexertodecodewhichbitsbelongtowhichdatastream,andsocorrectlyreconstitutetheoriginaldata
streams.

Becauseeachofthefourdatastreamsisnotnecessarilyrunningatthesamerate,somecompensationhastobe
introduced.Thetransmittingmultiplexercombinesthefourdatastreamsassumingthattheyarerunningattheir
maximumallowedrate.Thismeansthatoccasionally,(unlessthe2Mbit/sreallyisrunningatthemaximum
rate)themultiplexerwilllookforthenextbitbutitwillnothavearrived.Inthiscase,thesendingmultiplexer
willaddadditionalbitstofillthevacantslotandsignalstothereceivingmultiplexerthatabitis"missing".
Thisallowsthereceivingmultiplexertocorrectlyreconstructtheoriginaldataforeachofthefour2Mbit/sdata
streams,andatthecorrect,different,plesiochronousrates.Theseadditionalbitsarecalled"justification"or
"stuffing"bits.

Theresultingdatastreamfromtheaboveprocessrunsat8.448Mbit/s(about8Mbit/s).Similartechniquesare
usedtocombinefour8Mbit/stogether,plusbitstuffingandFrameAlignment,giving34Mbit/s.Four
34Mbit/s,gives140.Four140gives565.

Seealso
Bilateralsynchronization
Digitalmultiplexhierarchy
Listofdevicebandwidths
TcarrierandEcarriersystems

References
 1.Valdar,Andy(2006).UnderstandingTelecommunicationsNetworks.IET.p.78.ISBN9780863413629.
2.Cavendish,Dirceu(June2000)."EvolutionofOpticalTransportTechnologies:FromSONET/SDHtoWDM".IEEE
CommunicationsMagazine.38:164172.doi:10.1109/35.846090.
3.Cavendish,Dirceu(June2000)."EvolutionofOpticalTransportTechnologies:FromSONET/SDHtoWDM".IEEE
CommunicationsMagazine.38:164172.doi:10.1109/35.846090.
4.tsbmail."G.703:Physical/electricalcharacteristicsofhierarchicaldigitalinterfaces".www.itu.int.Retrieved
20160306.

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