CASE STUDY DESIGN

: SPUR GEARS

INTRODUCTION

Gears are used in various types of machinery as a transmission component. The

reasons why gears are so widely used to this day can best be described by these
facts:
Gears range in size from miniature instrument installations, such as watches, to
large, powerful gears used in turbine drives for ocean liners.
Gears offer positive transmission of power
Transmission ratio can be freely controlled with high accuracy by changing the
number of gear teeth.
By increasing or decreasing the number of paired gears, enables you to adjust
position transmission with very high angular or linear accuracy.
Gears can couple power and motion between shafts whose axis are parallel,
intersecting or skew.

Spur gears or straight-cut gears are the simplest type of gear. They consist of a cylinder
or disk with the teeth projecting radially, and although they are not straight-sided in
form (they are usually of special form to achieve constant drive ratio mainly involute),
the edge of each tooth is straight and aligned parallel to the axis of rotation. These gears
can be meshed together correctly only if they are fitted to parallel shafts.Spur gears are
the most common type of gears. They have straight teeth, and are mounted on parallel
 shafts. Sometimes, many spur gears are used at once to create very large gear
reductions.

Spur gears are used in many devices.This is because the spur gear can be really loud.
Each time a gear tooth engages a tooth on the other gear, the teeth collide, and this
impact makes a noise. It also increases the stress on the gear teeth. To reduce the noise
and stress in the gears, most of the gears in your car are helical.

TYPE OF SPUR GEAR

1. Composite Spur Gears

Spur Gears are the most common & cost-effective type of gear. Spur Gears are
designed to transmit motion & power between parallel shafts, which rotate in
opposite directions.

generally Plastic, brass, steel, & aluminum are the materials used for manufacturing
Spur Gears

2. Anti-backlash Gears

An Anti-Backlash Gear is a gear having minimum or no backlash (lash or play)

1. Designed for precision applications (i.e. radio tuning dial)
2. Springs are used for tensioning
3. Plastic, brass, stainless steel & aluminum are the materials generally used for
manufacturing
 4. Available in several different pitches (24 96)
5. Available in spur, bevel & worm gears
In order for anti-backlash gears to work together (mesh) they must have the
same diametral pitch (pitch) & pressure angle (PA)

3. Cluster Gears

A series or clusters of spur gears on a shaft or gear blank, each with varying diameters.

4. Gear Blanks
We can conveniently provide the spur gear blank, as in the case where you the number of teeth
cannot be specified yet. Or, we can provide the spur gear blanks,where you can cut to your
desired lengths.

5. Pinion Shafts

A Pinion Shaft is a cylindrical piece with teeth that run parallel to the length of the shaft.
6. Ratchets and Pawls
The ratchet portion consists of a gear wheel or linear rack with teeth, while the pawl is a spring-
loaded pivoting component. Either the teeth or the pawl, are slanted at an angle. Such a system
is designed for unidirectional movement, and thus almost zero backlash.
 MODULE PITCH
TOOTH DIMENSIONS
Tooth Dimensions Based Upon Module System
SPUR GEAR STYLES

Clamp Hub

A spur gear that utilizes a clamping hub (a small rod that projects from the side of the gear) to tighten the
inner diameter of the gear around the shaft, or accompanying component.

Hubless

Hubless Spur gears typically rely on friction, via press-fitting, or some compound adhesive to be attached to
a shaft, or accompanying component.

Pin Hub

Pin Hub Spur gears are similar to clumping hubs, except this style of spur gear utilizes a pin to tighten the
gear around the shaft, or accompanying component.

TYPE OF MATERIAL FOR SPUR GEAR

17-4 PH Stainless Steel

Type 17-4PH (precipitation-hardening) stainless steel is arguably the most common of stainless steels. This
type of stainless steel has a high level of strength and a moderate level of corrosion resistance. Type 17-4PH
stainless steel can be found in a wide variety of applications including medical devices, aerospace platforms, as
well as chemical and food processing.

303 Stainless Steel

Type 303 Stainless Steel is another popular form of stainless steel that posses non-magnetic properties. This type
of stainless steel is strong, but not as strong as 17-4PH, and it cannot be heat-treated. Type 303 stainless steel has
a high level of resistance to corrosion, and is popular with applications involving surgical devices.

Aluminum Anodized

To guard against oxidation, aluminum can be strengthened and be made more durable through the anodizing
process. This process involved placing the material in a chemical bath. After an electric is passed, a coating for
anodized aluminum is formed, thus provided increased durability.

Brass

Brass is a metal that is an alloy of copper and zinc. Brass is commonly used in applications where low friction is
required. Hence, using brass for gear manufacturing is popular. However, brass is much more susceptible to stress
fractures than stainless steel.

Cast Polyurethane

Cast Polyurethane is advantageous in that it can be shaped into virtually any kind of shape. It is one of the
strongest and abrasive-resistant elastomers available. Cast polyurethane can be developed with varying levels of
coefficients of friction, be made flame resistant, and can be made to be flexible at very low temperatures.

LOCATION OF THE APPLICATION

Using Spur Gears For Power

Spur gears can be used to increase or decrease the torque, or power, of a given object. Spur gears are used to
this effect in washing machines, blenders, clothes dryers, construction equipment, fuel pumps and mills. In power
stations, so-called 'trains' of spur gears are used to convert a form of energy, such as wind or hydroelectric power,
into electrical energy.

Using Spur Gears For Speed

 Spur gears are also used to increase or decrease the speed of an object. For example, they are used in
mechanical clocks to adjust the relative speeds of the second, minute and hour hands. In hand-held eggbeaters,
spur gears are used to increase the speed of the eggbeater so it can be used more effectively.

Using Spur Gears for aircraft engines

Spur gears are not used in cars because of the loud noise they produce at high speeds. The noise comes from
the sound made when the teeth of the gears collide. Spur gears are, however, used in aircraft engines, where they
are superior to helical gears, and where noise is not an issue.

Other using for Spur Gears

Spur gears are also used in construction equipment, machine tools, marine hoists, turbine drives, multi-spindle
drives, indexing equipment, roller feeds, Electric screwdrivers, oscillating sprinklers, windup alarm clocks,
washing machines, clothe dryers & conveyors are just a few everyday machines where spur gears are used.

Applications of Spur Gear:

Spur gears have a wide range of applications. They are used in:

1. Metal cutting machines

2. Power plants
3. Marine engines
4. Mechanical clocks and watches
5. Fuel pumps
6. Washing Machines
7. Gear motors and gear pumps
8. Rack and pinion mechanisms
9. Material handling equipments
10. Automobile gear boxes
11. Steel mills
12. Rolling mills
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF SPUR GEAR

Spur gears have their own advantages, disadvantages and applications.

Advantages of Spur Gear:

1. Spur gears have high power transmission efficiency.

2. They are compact and easy to install.
3. They offer constant velocity ratio.
4. Unlike belt drives, spur gear drives have no slip.
5. Spur gears are highly reliable.
6. They can be used to transmit large amount of power (of the order of 50,000 kW).

Disadvantages of Spur Gear:

1. Spur gear drives are costly when compared to belt drives.

2. They have a limited center distance. This is because in a spur gear drive, the gears should be meshed and
they should be in direct contact with each other.
3. Spur gears produce a lot of noise when operating at high speeds.
4. They cannot be used for long distance power transmission.
5. Gear teeth experience a large amount of stress.

A spur gear drive is a combination of two spur gears properly meshed with each other. It is used for transmitting
rotational motion between parallel shafts. It offers a definite velocity ratio. From my previous article about gears,

If the driving gear is smaller the than the driven gear, then rotating velocity is reduced in the driven gear. If the
driving gear is larger than the driven gear, rotational velocity is increased in the driven gear. If both the driving
and driven gears have the same number of teeth, there is no change in the rotational velocity. In the image above,
both the gears have the same number of teeth Hence, their velocity ratio is one and they rotate at same speeds.

In a spur gear drive, the smaller gear is called pinion and the larger one is called gear. When designing a spur gear
drive, the pinion is made harder than the gear. This is because, the pinion has to run more no. of cycles when
compared to the gear.
Calculations

Three spur gear tooth forms are generally used with pressure angles of 14, 20, and 25 degrees. The 14 degree
tooth form is being replaced and made obsolete by the 20 and 25 degree forms. Figure 1. illustrates these three
pressure angles as applied to a gear rack with all teeth being the same depth.
The larger pressure angle makes teeth with a much larger base, which makes these teeth much stronger
and also allows the production of gears with fewer teeth. Any two gears in mesh with each other must be
of the same pressure angle.
When gear tooth measurements are to be made with gear tooth calipers, the chordal tooth thickness and
the chordal addendum must be calculated.

Spur Gear Term

Definitions

Addend The radial distance from the pitch circle to the

um. outside diameter.
Dedend The radial distance between the pitch circle and the
um. root diameter.
Circular
The distance of the arc along the pitch circle from
thicknes
one side of a gear tooth to the other.
s.
The length of the arc of the pitch circle from one
Circular
point on a tooth to the same point on the adjacent
pitch.
tooth.
Pitch
diamete The diameter of the pitch circle.
r.
Outside The major diameter of the gear.
diameter.
Root diameter. The diameter of the root circle measured from the bottom of the tooth spaces.
Chordal
The distance from the top of the tooth to the chord connecting the circular thickness arc.
addendum.
Chordal
The thickness of a tooth on a straight line or chord on the pitch circle.
thickness.
Whole depth. The total depth of a tooth space equal to the sum of the addendum and dedendum.
Working
The depth of engagement of two mating gears.
depth.
Clearance. The amount by which the tooth space is cut deeper than the working depth.
The amount by which the width of a tooth space exceeds the thickness of the engaging
Backlash.
tooth on the pitch circles.
Diametral
The number of gear teeth to each inch of pitch diameter.
pitch.
Pressure angle. The angle between a tooth profile and a radial line at the pitch circle.
Center
The distance between the centers of the pitch circles.
distance.
REFERENCE

http://mechteacher.com/spur-gear-advantages-disadvantages-
applications/#ixzz2h9McSLaJ
 http://www.ehow.com/list_7508417_uses-spur-gears.html#ixzz2h9NewaSz
http://mechteacher.com/spur-gear/#ixzz2h9X