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CHAPTER 18
Introduction
Cosmology, the study of the Universe and its origins,
is one of the most fascinating areas of study. Our
knowledge about the Universe is increasing rapidly.
New observatories orbiting Earth high above the
atmosphere can see parts of the electromagnetic
spectrum never properly observed before. The
nature and structure of the Universe is yet to be fully
understood. Indeed it is widely believed that the
matter we can observe is only about one-tenth of
what is out there. Dark matter and the even more
mysterious dark energy are believed to be exerting
their influence on the galaxies, but we know nothing
about them.
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NOTE: There are other commonly used astronomical distance units, the parsec
(about 3.26 light years) and the astronomical unit, or AU, the distance between the
Sun and the Earth.
speed of recession D
= Hs distance to the galaxy. The
of galaxies versus v
their distance value of the gradient of the
graph shown in Figure 18.6
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above gives the Hubble
Galaxies
constant. Its unit is s1. The
inverse value of Ho, or 1/
Ho, gives the age of the
0 Universe. Many corrections
0 2
to the value of Ho have been
1
Distance to galaxy D
made over recent years
(Megaparsecs) and continue to be made.
(1 Megaparsec = 3.25 million light years) Each time the value of Ho
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is revised, the estimated age of the Universe is revised. Currently, it is about 13.7 billion
years. Another technique used by astronomers to measure the age of the Universe is to
observe the background microwave radiation, a remnant of the original radiation released
when the Universe formed. The wavelength of this radiation has been gradually increasing
as the Universe expands. A computer-enhanced map of this radiation is shown in
Figure 18.7.
Figure 18.7 The remnant radiation from the Big Bang seen now in the microwave region of the
electromagnetic spectrum
If the Universe is expanding, from where did it originate? The nature of the expansion
means that from wherever the Universe is being observed, it seems that it is expanding
away from that point. The centre of the Universe cannot be found. However, if time is wound
back to the instant that everything came together, what was it that caused the Universe to
form? This event was at rst mockingly referred to as the Big Bang, a term that has now
been adopted widely by cosmologists and society in general. The Big Bang is now thought
to have created the Universe. It is considered to be a massive explosion that created energy
and matter, as well as spae and time.
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Figure 18.8 A light particle (a photon), not visible here, is annihilated and
becomes two oppositely charged particles that leave behind a vapour trail in
this cloud chamber, a way of seeing the paths left behind by the passage of
gamma rays
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NOTE: The proposition of the Universe coming into existence in one single event was at
first dismissed by many astronomers, including the well-regarded British astronomer Fred
Hoyle. When asked what he thought about such a theory in 1949, he jokingly referred to it
as the big bang in an attempt to show how silly such an idea was. The term has remained
in use to this day. Astronomers (including Fred Hoyle) today widely accept the Big Bang, as
more observations (including the existence of cosmic microwave background radiation) are
made that match and support the once ridiculed theory.
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Figure 18.11 An artists image of the stages of the Universe shortly after the Big Bang
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Figure 18.12 The cooling of the Universe and formation of the first stars
1. What did Friedmann predict about the Universe? Why was this prediction made?
2. Describe what observations were made by Hubble that supported Friedmanns prediction.
5. Outline the steps from the Big Bang until the formation of the rst stars.
6. Why did matter not simply spread out evenly through the Universe?
7. Research and identify a minimum of three other secondary sources that contain
information describing the probable origins of the Universe.
8. When a gas expands, it cools. How does this relate to the early Universe?
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