1905

This article is about the year 1905. For the lm, see January 2 Russo-Japanese War: The Russian
1905 (lm). For the band, see 1905 (band). Army surrenders at Port Arthur in Qing dynasty
China.
1905 (MCMV) was a common year starting on Sun- January 5 The play The Scarlet Pimpernel opens at
day (dominical letter A) of the Gregorian calendar and the New Theatre in London and begins a run of 122
a common year starting on Saturday (dominical letter B) performances and numerous revivals.
of the Julian calendar, the 1905th year of the Common
Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 905th January 22 (January 9 O.S.) The Bloody Sunday
year of the 2nd millennium, the 5th year of the 20th cen- massacre of peaceful Russian demonstrators led by
tury, and the 6th year of the 1900s decade. As of the Russian Orthodox priest Father Gapon at the Winter
start of 1905, the Gregorian calendar was 13 days ahead Palace in Saint Petersburg helps trigger the abortive
of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use Revolution of 1905.
until 1923.
January 26
As the second year of the massive Russo-Japanese War
began, more than 100,000 died in the largest world battles (January 13 O.S.) Russian Revolution of 1905:
of that era, and the war chaos lead to a revolution against The Imperial Russian Army opens re on
the Tsar. (Shostakovich's 11th Symphony is subtitled demonstrators in Riga, Governorate of Livo-
The Year 1905 to commemorate this.) Canada and the nia, killing 73 and injuring 200 people.
U.S. expanded west, with the Alberta and Saskatchewan The Cullinan Diamond is found near Pretoria,
provinces and the founding of Las Vegas. 1905 is also South Africa, at the Premier Mine.
the annus mirabilis of Albert Einstein, who published pa-
pers which lay the foundations for quantum physics, intro-
duced the special theory of relativity, explained Brownian 1.2 February
motion, and established massenergy equivalence.
February 12 In Christchurch, New Zealand, the
Cathedral of the Blessed Sacrament is opened.
1 Events February 16 At Haulbowline Base in Ireland, two
explosions on board HM Submarine A5, due to
1.1 January gasoline fumes after refueling, kill six of the eleven
crew.

February 17 At Fremantle, the R.M.S. Orizaba

is wrecked, but all 160 passengers and the mail are
saved.

February 20 Russo-Japanese War: The Battle of

Mukden begins in Manchuria.

February 23 Rotary International is founded.

1.3 March
March 1 Australian Conservative leader Richard
Butler takes oce as Premier of South Australia.
The Bloody Sunday massacre of Russian demonstrators, at the
Winter Palace in Saint Petersburg. March 3 Tsar Nicholas II of Russia agrees to create
an elected assembly (the Duma).

January 1 The Trans-Siberian Railway ocially March 4 Theodore Roosevelt is sworn in for a full
opens after its completion on July 21, 1904. term as President of the United States.

1
2 1 EVENTS

April 4 In India, the 1905 Kangra earthquake hits

the Kangra Valley, kills 20,000, and destroys most
buildings in Kangra, McLeod Ganj and Dharamsala.

April 6 Lochner v. New York: The Supreme Court

March 3: Nicholas II creates the Duma.
March 5 Russo-Japanese War: Russian troops be-
gin to retreat from Mukden after losing 100,000
troops in 3 days.
March 10
of the United States invalidates New Yorks 8-hour-
day law.
April 14 Erik Gustaf Bostrm resigns as the Prime
Minister of Sweden, over the issue of the Swedish-
Norwegian Union. His Minister without Portfolio,
Johan Ramstedt, becomes the new Prime Minister
of Sweden.

Russo-Japanese War: The Japanese capture of 1.5 May

Mukden (now Shenyang) completes the rout of
Russian armies in Manchuria.
Cassie Chadwick is sentenced for 14 years in
Cleveland, Ohio for fraud.
Chelsea F.C. is founded in London.

March 13 Mata Hari introduces her exotic dance

act in Paris.

March 17 Albert Einstein publishes his paper On

a heuristic viewpoint concerning the production and
transformation of light, in which he explains the
photoelectric eect using the notion of light quanta.

March 20 Grover Shoe Factory disaster: A boiler

explosion, building collapse and re in Brockton,
Massachusetts kills 58. May 15: Las Vegas is founded with auction of 110 acres (0.45
km2 )
March 23 Theriso revolt breaks out on Crete when
about 1,500 men led by Eleftherios Venizelos meet
at the village of Theriso to challenge the islands au- May 11 Albert Einstein submits his doctoral dis-
thoritarian government and press for its unication sertation On the Motion of Small Particles..., in
with Greece. which he explains Brownian motion. In the course
of the year, Einstein publishes four papers, formu-
March 31 Wilhelm II, German Emperor asserts lates the theory of special relativity and explains the
German equality with France in Morocco, triggering photoelectric eect by quantization. 1905 is re-
the Tangier or First Moroccan Crisis. garded as his miracle year.

May 15 Las Vegas is founded when 110 acres

1.4 April
April Albert Einstein works on the special theory
of relativity as well as the theory of Brownian mo-
tion.
April 1 Penny Post established between the United
Kingdom and Australia.[1]
April 2 The Simplon Tunnel is ocially opened
through the Alps.
April 3 Boca Junior, as well known for football
club of Argentina, founded in Buenos Aires.
(0.45 km2 ), in what later becomes downtown, are
auctioned o.
May 17 Kappa Delta Rho is founded in room
14 of Old Painter Hall at Middlebury College in
Middlebury, Vermont.
May 27May 28 Russo-Japanese War Battle
of Tsushima: The Japanese eet under Admiral
Heihachiro Togo destroys the Russian eet under
Admiral Zinovi Petrovich Rozhdestvenski in a 2-day
battle.
1.9 September 3

August 12 Leopold II of Belgium opens the

Antwerpen-Centraal railway station.
August 12 First running of the Shelsley Walsh
Speed Hill Climb, the worlds oldest motorsport
event to have been staged continuously on its origi-
nal course
August 25 The Ancient Order of Druids initiate
neo-Druidic rituals at Stonehenge in England.
August Pablo Valencia gets lost in the Sonoran
Desert with no water.

1.9 September
September 1 The Canadian provinces of Alberta
and Saskatchewan are established from the south-
western part of the Northwest Territories.
September 5 Russo-Japanese War Treaty of
Portsmouth: In New Hampshire, a treaty mediated
by U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt is signed by
victor Japan and Russia. Russia cedes the island of
Sakhalin and port and rail rights in Manchuria to
May 11: Einstein submits his dissertation. Japan.
September 8 The 7.2 Mw Calabria earthquake
1.6 June
shakes Southern Italy with a maximum Mercalli in-
June 7 The Norwegian Parliament declares the tensity of XI (Extreme), killing between 557 and
union with Sweden dissolved, and Norway achieves 2,500 people.
full independence. September 27 Albert Einstein submits his paper
June 9 The Charlton Athletic F.C. is founded. Does the Inertia of a Body Depend Upon Its Energy
Content?" in which he develops an argument for the
June 15 Princess Margaret of Connaught mar- famous equation E = mc2 .
ries Prince Gustaf Adolf of Sweden, Duke of Skne
(Gustaf VI Adolf of Sweden).
1.10 October
June 27 (June 14 in the Julian calendar): Mutiny
breaks out on the Russian ironclad Potemkin.
June 29 The Automobile Association is founded
in the United Kingdom.
June 30 Albert Einstein publishes the article On
the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies where he
reveals his theory of special relativity.

1.7 July
July 22 TaftKatsura Secret Agreement.
July 23 Alfred Deakin becomes Prime Minister of
Australia for the second time.

October 2: HMS Dreadnought

1.8 August
August 2 The businessman and right-wing politi- October Fauvist artists, led by Henri Matisse and
cian Christian Lundeberg becomes Prime Minister Andr Derain, rst exhibit, at the Salon d'Automne
of Sweden. in Paris.
4 1 EVENTS
October 2 HMS Dreadnought is laid down in the
United Kingdom, revolutionizing battleship design
and triggering a naval arms race.
October 5 The Wright brothers' third aeroplane
(Wright Flyer III) stays in the air for 39 minutes with
Wilbur piloting, the rst aeroplane ight lasting over
half an hour.
October 16 The Partition of Bengal is made by
Lord Curzon to separate the region of Bengal by
Muslim and Hindu territories, until its reunication
in 1911.
October 20 Galatasaray S.K. sports and
Association football club is founded in Istanbul.
October 26 Sweden agrees to the repeal of the
union with Norway.
October 29
(October 16 Old Style) Russian Revolution of 1.12 December
1905: The Imperial Russian Army opens re
on a meeting at a street market in Tallinn,
Governorate of Estonia, killing 94 and injur-
ing over 200 people.
(October 16 Old Style) The Circum-Baikal
Railway is brought into permanent operation,
completing through rail communication on the
Trans-Siberian Railway.
October 30
(October 17 Old Style) October Manifesto:
Tsar Nicholas II of Russia is forced to an-
nounce the granting of his countrys rst con-
stitution (the Russian Constitution of 1906),
conceding a national assembly (State Duma)
with limited powers.
Turkish professional sports society club,
Galatasaray founded in Istanbul.
1.11 November
November 4 The application of the infamous
February Manifesto, removing the veto of the Diet
of the autonomous Grand Principality of Finland
over matters considered by the Emperor to concern
Russian imperial interests, is interrupted by the new
November Manifesto. The Senate of Finland is or-
dered to put forward a proposal for parliamentary
reform based on unicameralism and universal and
equal surage.
November 7 The lawyer and liberal politician Karl
Staa becomes Prime Minister of Sweden, after an
Riksdag election based mainly on voting rights re-
form.
November 9 The Province of Alberta, Canada,
holds its rst general election.
November 17 JapanKorea Treaty of 1905 (Eu-
lsa Treaty) eectively makes Korea a protectorate
of Japan.
November 18 Prince Carl of Denmark becomes
King Haakon VII of Norway.
November 27 Moravian Copromise.
November 28 Irish nationalist Arthur Grith
founds Sinn Fin in Dublin as a political party whose
goal is independence for all of Ireland.
November-December Russian Revolution of
1905: In the Baltic governorates, workers and
peasants burn and loot hundreds of Baltic German
manors. The punitive Imperial Russian Army there-
after executes and deports thousands of looters.
December 718 Moscow Uprising, led mainly by
Bolsheviks and suppressed by the army.
December 9 1905 French law on the Separation
of the Churches and the State is passed, enacting
lacit.
December 11 In support of the Moscow Uprising,
the Council of Workers Deputies of Kiev stages a
mass uprising, establishing the Shuliavka Republic
in the city, December 1216.
December 30
A bomb kills Frank Steunenberg, ex-governor
of Idaho; the case leads to a trial against lead-
ers of the Western Federation of Miners.
First performance of Franz Lehr's operetta
The Merry Widow, at the Theater an der Wien,
Vienna.
1.13 Date unknown
Non-aboriginal women are given the vote and ad-
mitted to the practice of law in Queensland.
Workers compensation is introduced in Queens-
land.
The title Prime Minister of the United Kingdom is
ocially recognized by Edward VII.
Path Frres colors black and white lms by ma-
chine.
Huckleberry Finn and Tom Sawyer are banned from
the Brooklyn Public Library for setting a bad ex-
ample.
2.2 February 5

Alfred Einhorn introduces novocaine. January 15 Torin Thatcher, English actor and
Lieutenant Colonel of the Royal Artillery (d. 1981)
Wolves become extinct in Japan.
January 17 Guillermo Stbile, Argentine football
Civil service examinations are abolished in Qing dy- player and manager (d. 1966)
nasty China.
January 18 Joseph Bonanno, American gangster
Germany insists on an international conference on (d. 2002)
the Moroccan question.
January 19 Stanley Hawes, British-born Australian
Max Weber publishes Die Protestantische Ethik und lm producer, director and administrator (d. 1991)
der Geist des Kapitalismus.
January 21 Christian Dior, French couturier (d.
1957)
2 Births January 24 J. Howard Marshall, American billion-
aire (d. 1995)
2.1 January
January 26
Charles Lane, American actor (d. 2007)
Maria von Trapp, Austrian singer (d. 1987)
January 27 Howard McNear, American actor (d.
1969)
January 29 Barnett Newman, American painter (d.
1970)
January 31 John O'Hara, American writer (d.
1970)

2.2 February
Christian Dior
February 1 Emilio G. Segr, Italian physicist,
Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1989)
January 1 Malek Bennabi, Algerian philosopher
(d. 1973) February 2 Ayn Rand, American author (The
Fountainhead) (d. 1982)
January 2 Michael Tippett, English composer (d.
1998) February 4 Hylda Baker, English actress (d. 1986)

Anna May Wong, American actress (d. 1961) February 7 Paul Nizan, French author (d. 1940)
Prince Takamatsu, Younger brother of February 10
Hirohito (d. 1987)
Walter A. Brown, American basketball and ice
January 4 Sterling Holloway, American actor (d. hockey pioneer (d. 1964)
1992) Chick Webb, American drummer and ban-
January 8 Giacinto Scelsi, Italian composer (d. dleader (d. 1939)
1988) February 15 Harold Arlen, American composer of
January 12 popular music (d. 1986)

James Bennett Grin, American archaeolo-
gist (d. 1997)
Tex Ritter, American actor and singer (d.
1974)
January 13 Kay Francis, American actress (d.
1968)
January 14 Takeo Fukuda, 67th Prime Minister of
Japan from 1976-1978 (d.1995)
February 18 Queenie Leonard, British character
actress and singer (d. 2002)
February 23 Derrick Henry Lehmer, American
mathematician (d. 1991)
February 26 Arthur Brough, English actor (d.
1978)
February 27 Franchot Tone, American actor (d.
1968)
6 2 BIRTHS

2.3 MarchApril

Lale Andersen

Berthold Schenk Graf von Stauenberg

March 1 Doris Hare, English actress (d. 2000)

March 2 Georey Grigson, British poet, writer,

critic (d. 1985)

March 3 Marie Glory, French silent-screen actress

(d. 2009)

March 6

Bob Wills, American singer (d. 1975)

William Cagney, American actor (d. 1988)

March 9 Gerard Helders, Dutch politician (d.

2013)
Pat Brown
March 10 Richard Haydn, English comic actor (d.
1985)
Berthold Schenk Graf von Stauenberg, Ger-
March 12 Takashi Shimura, Japanese actor (d. man lawyer and Nazi opponent (d. 1944)
1982)

March 15 March 16 Elisabeth Flickenschildt, German ac-

tress (d. 1977)
Bertha Hill, American blues and vaudeville
singer and dancer (d. 1950) March 18
2.4 MayJune 7

March 30

Mikio Oda, Japanese athlete (d. 1998)

Albert Pierrepoint, British executioner (d.
1992)

April 19 John Thach, American naval aviator and

admiral (d. 1981)

April 21 Pat Brown, Governor of California (d.

1996)

April 25 George Nepia, New Zealand Maori rugby

player (d. 1986)

April 26 Ral Leoni, President of Venezuela, (d.

1972)

April 30 Sergey Nikolsky, Russian mathematician

(d. 2012)

2.4 MayJune

Ral Leoni

Thomas Townsend Brown, American inventor

(d. 1985)
Robert Donat, English actor (d. 1958)
Benny Friedman, American football player (d.
1982)

March 19

Albert Speer, German Nazi ocial and archi-

tect (d. 1981)
Joe Rollino, American strongman,
weightlifter, and boxer (d. 2010)

March 20

Jean Galia, French rugby footballer (d. 1949)

Vera Panova, Soviet-Russian writer (d. 1973)

March 23

Lale Andersen, German singer (d. 1972)

John Randall (physicist), English physicist and Joseph Cotten
biophysicist (d. 1984)

March 24 Pura Santillan-Castrence, Filipino May 3 Werner Fenchel, German mathematician

writer and diplomat (d. 2007) (d. 1988)

March 27 Elsie MacGill, Canadian aeronautical
engineer (d. 1980)
March 28 Marlin Perkins, American zoologist and
television host, Mutual of Omahas Wild Kingdom
(d. 1986)
May 5 Floyd Gottfredson, American cartoonist,
primarily known for the "Mickey Mouse" comic
strip (d. 1986)
May 7 Bumble Bee Slim, American Piedmont
blues singer and guitarist (d. 1968)
8 2 BIRTHS
Henry Fonda
Jean-Paul Sartre
May 8 Red Nichols, American jazz musician (d.
1965)
May 11 Kansas Joe McCoy, American Delta blues
musician and songwriter (d. 1950)
May 13 Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed, Indian lawyer and
politician, 5th President of India (d. 1977)
May 14
Herbert Morrison, American radio reporter
(d. 1989)
Fred Sherman, American actor (d. 1969)
May 15 Joseph Cotten, American actor (d. 1994)
May 16 Henry Fonda, American actor, better
known for his role in The Grapes of Wrath (d. 1982)
May 17 Roy Nelson, American cartoonist (d.
1956)
May 20 Gerrit Achterberg, Dutch poet (d. 1962)
May 27 Signe Johansson-Engdahl, Swedish
Olympic diver (d. 2010)
May 28 Sada Abe, Japanese actress (d. 1970)
May 29 Sebastian Shaw, English actor (d. 1994)
June 1 Robert Newton, English stage and lm ac-
tor (d. 1956)
June 5 John Abbott, English actor (d. 1996)
June 7 James J. Braddock, Irish-American
wrestler (d. 1974)
June 12 Ray Barbuti, American athlete (d. 1975)
June 14 Arthur Davis, American animator (d.
2000)
June 19 Mildred Natwick, American stage and
lm actress (d. 1994)
June 21 Jean-Paul Sartre, French existentialist (d.
1980)
June 23 Mary Livingstone, American radio come-
dian (d. 1983)
June 30
John Harmon, American actor (d. 1985)
Nestor Paiva, American actor (d. 1966)
2.5 JulyAugust
July 2 Clara Anderson, American supercentenar-
ian
July 3
Wynne Gibson, American actess (d. 1987)
Johnny Gibson, American runner and
Olympic athlete (d. 2006)
July 4 Irving Johnson, American sail training pio-
neer (d. 1991)
July 5 Jock Cameron, South African cricketer (d.
1935)
July 6 Alelia Murphy, American supercentenarian
July 8 Leonid Amalrik, Russian animator (d.
1997)
July 12
Edward Bernds, American director (d. 2000)
Prince John of the United Kingdom (d. 1919)
July 13 Alfredo M. Santos, Filipino general (d.
1990)
2.5 JulyAugust 9

Dag Hammarskjld
Myrna Loy
July 14 Elia Concari, Italian supercentenarian
July 15 Dorothy Fields, American songwriter (d.
1988)
July 19 Geertje Kuijntjes, Dutch supercentenarian
July 22
Molly Schmidt, American supercentenarian
Doc Cramer, American baseball player (d.
1990)
July 23 Leopold Engleitner, Austrian Holocaust
survivor (d. 2013)
July 25 Elias Canetti, Bulgarian-born British
writer (d. 1994)
July 29
Clara Bow, American silent lm actress (d.
1965)
Dag Hammarskjld, Swedish United Nations
Secretary-General (d. 1961)
July 30 Pedro Quartucci, Argentine boxer and ac-
tor (d. 1983)
August 2 Karl Amadeus Hartmann, German com-
poser (d. 1963)
August 2
Ernst Kals, German submarine commander (d.
1979)
Myrna Loy, American actress (d. 1993)
Franz Knig, Austrian Roman Catholic arch-
bishop (d. 2004)
August 8 Andr Jolivet, French composer (d.
1974)
August 9 Leo Genn, English actor (d. 1978)
August 11 Erwin Charga, Austrian biochemist
(d. 2002)
August 16 Marian Rejewski, Polish mathematician
and cryptologist (d. 1980)
August 18 Amelia Boynton Robinson, American
civil rights activist (d. 2015)
August 20
Jean Gebser, German-born author, linguist
and poet (d. 1973)
Mikio Naruse, Japanese lmmaker (d. 1969)
August 22 John Lyng, Norwegian politician, for-
mer prime minister (d. 1978)
August 23 Constant Lambert, British composer (d.
1951)
August 24 Siaka Stevens, former President of
Sierra Leone (d. 1988)
August 25 Faustina Kowalska, Polish saint, the
Secretary of Divine Mercy (d. 1938)
10 2 BIRTHS

August 29
Dhyan Chand, Indian hockey player (d. 1979)
Al Taliaferro, Disney comics artist (d. 1969)
August 31 Dore Schary, American lm writer, di-
rector, and producer (d. 1980)

2.6 SeptemberOctober

Max Schmeling

Greta Garbo

September 1 Elvera Sanchez, Puerto Rican dancer

(d. 2000)
September 3 Carl David Anderson, American
physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1991)
September 5 Justiniano Montano, Filipino politi-
cian (d. 2005)
September 5 Walther Mller, German physicist (d.
1979) Helen Wills Moody

September 18
Eugen Snger, Austrian aerospace engineer (d.
Eddie Anderson, American actor (d. 1977) 1964)
Greta Garbo, Swedish actress (d. 1990)
September 24 Severo Ochoa, SpanishAmerican
September 22 biochemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1993)

Haakon Lie, Norwegian politician (d. 2009) September 26 Emilio Navarro, Puerto Rican base-
2.7 NovemberDecember 11

October 29 Berthold Wolpe, German-born British

calligrapher, typographer and illustrator (d. 1989)
October 31 Harry Frederick Harlow, American
psychologist (d. 1981)

2.7 NovemberDecember

Felix Bloch

ball player (d. 2011)

September 28 Max Schmeling, German boxer (d.

2005)

September 30
Cli Arquette
Savitri Devi, Greek writer and National So-
cialist philosopher (d. 1982)
November 1 Eric Siday, American bandleader and
Nevill Francis Mott, English physicist, Nobel electronic composer (d. 1976)
Prize laureate (d. 1996)
Michael Powell, British director (d. 1990) November 2

October 5 John Hoyt, American actor, and mem-
ber of the editorial board of The Yale Record (d.
1991)
October 6 Helen Wills Moody, American tennis
player (d. 1998)
October 7 Andy Devine, American character actor
(d. 1977)
October 11 Fred Trump, American real estate de-
veloper (d. 1999)
October 18 Flix Houphout-Boigny, former
President of Cte d'Ivoire (d. 1993)
October 23
Felix Bloch, Swiss-born physicist, Nobel Prize
laureate (d. 1983)
Claude de Cambronne, French aircraft manu-
facturer (d. 1993)
Isabella Smith Andrews, New Zealand Writer
(d. 1990)
Georges Schehad, Lebanese poet and play-
wright (d. 1989)
November 4 Dragutin Tadijanovi, Croatian poet
(d. 2007)
November 5 Sajjad Zaheer, Urdu writer and rev-
olutionary (d. 1973)
November 7 William Alwyn, English composer
(d. 1985)
November 9 Erika Mann, German author and war
correspondent (d. 1969)
November 15 Mantovani, Italian-born conductor
and arranger (d. 1980)
November 17 Queen Astrid of Belgium (d. 1935)
November 19
12 3 DEATHS

Eleanor Audley, American actress (d. 1991)

Tommy Dorsey, American bandleader (d.
1956)

November 26 Bob Johnson, American baseball

player (d. 1982)

December 5

Frank Pakenham, 7th Earl of Longford,

British peer, politician and reformer (d. 2001)
Otto Preminger, Austrian-born American lm
director (d. 1986)

December 7

Gerard Kuiper, Dutch astronomer (d. 1973)

Leonard Goldenson, American television ex-
ecutive (d. 1999)

December 8 Frank Faylen, American movie and

television actor (d. 1985)

December 11 Gilbert Roland, Mexican-born

American actor (d. 1994)
Ernst Abbe
December 17 Simo Hyh, Finnish sniper (d.
2002)
3 Deaths
December 19 Irving Kahn, American nancial an-
alyst and investor (d. 2015) 3.1 January
December 21 Anthony Powell, British author (d. January 6 Jos Mara Gabriel y Galn, Spanish
2000) poet (b. 1870)
December 22 Kenneth Rexroth, American poet January 14 Ernst Abbe, German physicist (b.
(d. 1982) 1840)

December 23 Paul Caraway, American general
and High Commissioner (d. 1985)
December 24 Howard Hughes, American million-
aire, aviation pioneer and lm mogul (d. 1976)
January 19 Debendranath Tagore, Indian philoso-
pher (b. 1817)
January 27 Watson Heston, American cartoonist
(b. 1846)

December 27 Cli Arquette, American comic (d. 3.2 February

1974)
February 2 Adolf Bastian, German anthropologist
December 31 Jule Styne, English-born composer
(b. 1826)
(d. 1994)
February 4 Louis-Ernest Barrias, French sculptor
(b. 1841)
2.8 Date unknown
February 5 Andrijica imi, Croatian hajduk (b.
1833)
Reg Bunn, English comic book artist (d. 1971)
February 9 Adolph von Menzel, German painter
Gershon Liebman, French rabbi (d. 1997) (b. 1815)
Lilo Milchsack, born Lisalotte Duden, German pro- February 12 Marcel Schwob, French writer (b.
moter of Anglo-German relations (d. 1992) 1867)
3.4 April 13

Adolph von Menzel

February 15 Lew Wallace, American writer, au- Jules Verne

thor of Ben-Hur: A Tale of the Christ (b. 1827)
March 28 Huang Zunxian, Chinese poet and
February 17 Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich of writer (b. 1848)
Russia, (b. 1857)
February 20 Jeremiah W. Farnham, American 3.4 April
merchant captain (b. c. 1828)
April 4 Constantin Meunier, Belgian painter and
sculptor (b. 1831)
3.3 March
April 9 Frederic Thesiger, 2nd Baron Chelmsford,
March 3 Antonio Annetto Caruana, Maltese ar- British general (b. 1827)
chaeologist and author (b. 1830)
April 18 Juan Valera, Spanish writer (b. 1824)
March 6
April 23 Joseph Jeerson, American actor (b.
John Henninger Reagan, American Confeder- 1829)
ate politician (b. 1818)
Makar Yekmalyan, Armenian composer (b. 3.5 May
1856)
May 13 Sam S. Shubert, American theater owner
March 15
(b. 1878)
Meyer Guggenheim, Swiss-born patriarch of
May 26 Alphonse James de Rothschild, French
the Guggenheim family (b. 1828)
banker and philanthropist (b. 1827)
Amalie Skram, Norwegian author and femi-
nist (b. 1846) May 29 Francisco Silvela, Spanish politician, for-
mer Prime Minister (b. 1843)
March 24 Jules Verne, French science ction au-
thor (Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea) (b.
1828) 3.6 June
March 25 Maurice Barrymore, British actor (b. June 1 mile Delahaye, French automotive pio-
1849) neer (b. 1843)
14 3 DEATHS

3.8 August

August 1 John Brown, Canadian politician (b.

1841)

August 4 Walther Flemming, German biologist (b.

1843)

August 14 Simeon Solomon, British artist (b.

1840)

August 31 Francesco Tamagno, Italian opera

singer (b. 1850)

3.9 September

Francisco Silvela

June 3 James Hudson Taylor, British missionary

(b. 1832)
June 4 Jan Mikulicz-Radecki, Polish-Austrian sur-
geon (b. 1850)
June 7 Carl Kellner (mystic), German mystic (b.
1851)
June 17 Mximo Gmez, Cuban general (b. 1836)
June 18
Carmine Crocco, Italian brigand (b. 1830)
Per Teodor Cleve, Swedish chemist and geol-
ogist (b. 1840)
June 22 Francis Lubbock, Governor of Texas (b.
1815) Rene Goblet

June 27 Grigory Vakulinchuk, Russian mutineer

(b. 1877)
3.7 July
July 1 John Hay, American diplomat and private
secretary to Abraham Lincoln (b. 1838)
July 4 lise Reclus, French geographer (b. 1830)
July 8 Walter Kittredge, American musician and
composer (b. 1834)
September 5 Touch the Clouds, Minneconjou
chief (b. c. 1838)
September 13 Ren Goblet, French politician,
52nd Prime Minister of France (b. 1828)
September 14 Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza,
Franco-Italian explorer (b. 1852)
September 18 George MacDonald, Scottish au-
thor, poet and Christian minister (b. 1824)

July 11 Muhammad Abduh, Egyptian philosopher September 19 Thomas John Barnardo, Irish phi-
and jurist (b. 1849) lanthropist (b. 1845)
 15

3.10 October
October 3 Jos-Maria de Heredia, French poet (b.
1842)

October 6 Ferdinand von Richthofen, German ex-

plorer and geographer (b. 1833)

October 13 Sir Henry Irving, English actor (b.

1838)

October 15 Mikhail Ivanovich Dragomirov, Rus-

sian general (b. 1830)

October 29 tienne Desmarteau, Canadian athlete

(b. 1873)

3.11 November
November 2 Albert von Klliker, Swiss anatomist
(b. 1817) 5 References
November 17 Adolphe, Grand Duke of Luxem- [1] Blake, Richard. The Book of Postal Dates, 1635-1985.
bourg (b. 1817) Caterham: Marden. p. 20.

3.12 December
December 5 Henry Eckford, British horticulturist
(b. 1823)

December 9

Sir Richard Claverhouse Jebb, British scholar

and politician (b. 1841)
Henry Holmes, British composer and violinist
(b. 1839)

December 12 Reimond Stijns, Belgian writer (b.

1850)

3.13 Date Unknown

Andrzej Jerzy Mniszech, Polish painter (b. 1823)

4 Nobel Prizes
Physics Philipp Eduard Anton von Lenard

Chemistry Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Adolf von

Baeyer

Medicine Robert Koch

Literature Henryk Sienkiewicz

Peace Bertha von Suttner

16 6 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

6 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

6.1 Text
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David Parker, CYD, ClaudeMuncey, Mav, Wesley, Jeronimo, Arcade~enwiki, Eclecticology, Danny, Gsl, Deb, SimonP, Camembert,
Fonzy, Montrealais, KF, Mrwojo, Rbrwr, Jazz77, Lir, Tomi, Skysmith, Stw, Looxix~enwiki, Ahoerstemeier, Snoyes, Rlandmann,
Ggaughan, RodC, Clipdude, Astrotrain, Ed g2s, Philopp, Indefatigable, Warofdreams, Optim, Camerong, Francs2000, RadicalBender,
Dimadick, Bearcat, Robbot, NightCrawler, RedWolf, Altenmann, Amgine, FredR, Nilmerg, Rholton, Hemanshu, Seth Ilys, Dbroadwell,
Lysy, Giftlite, Resist, ScudLee, Nichalp, Derobert, Suitov, Matthead, Matt Crypto, Bobblewik, MusiCitizen, Gadum, R. end, Jonel, Bg-
bot, BozMo, MistToys, Ary29, Lumidek, Klemen Kocjancic, Grunt, Lacrimosus, Millisits, Destinova, Ta bu shi da yu, Jayjg, EugeneZe-
lenko, Rich Farmbrough, Guanabot2, WegianWarrior, ESkog, Djordjes, CanisRufus, Shanes, Brisis~enwiki, Art LaPella, Krin, Smalljim,
Zarateman, Kappa, Forteanajones, Man vyi, Slambo, SPUI, Leifern, Jumbuck, Eixo, Ksnow, Wtmitchell, Suruena, Sudachi, Kusma, Inge,
Ceyockey, TriNotch, Adrian.benko, Thryduulf, Woohookitty, Brunnock, PatGallacher, Tabletop, Mea76, SteveCrook, Graham87, Tim!,
Vegaswikian, FlaBot, TheMidnighters, RexNL, Codex Sinaiticus, Aloysius, Chobot, RetiredUser167213, Chwyatt, YurikBot, Fabartus,
DBD, Kkkiii, Gaius Cornelius, CambridgeBayWeather, Xtanstic, Howcheng, Bronks, Lt-wiki-bot, Chesnok, Rms125a@hotmail.com, Jon-
Roma, Petri Krohn, Eeee, Curpsbot-unicodify, Copygir1, Tim1965, GrinBot~enwiki, KnightRider~enwiki, SmackBot, Scruy, Reedy,
Maarten1963, Bjdelro, Hmains, Betacommand, Skizzik, Nick Novikov, Chris the speller, H2ppyme, MalafayaBot, Droll, Akanemoto,
FordPrefect42, Colonies Chris, GoodDay, Trekphiler, Skoglund, Derekbridges, DLand, Amazon10x, RFD, Jwy, DMacks, Oceanh, Ugur
Basak Bot~enwiki, SashatoBot, FunkyFly, Axem Titanium, Scientizzle, J 1982, Simongraham, Waggers, Jkaharper, Peteboro, Clarity-
end, Embele, JoeBot, Skapur, Mosaa, Clay4president, Flying Saucer, Kanags, NorthernThunder, PamD, RandomOrca2, Thijs!bot, Anyo
Niminus, Barticus88, Wikid77, Einbierbitte, Ronald W Wise, Nlwiki, AgentPeppermint, Ludde23, Blathnaid, 00666, Dawnseeker2000,
Escarbot, Histrydude, Brian0324, Rozehawk, Bluetooth954, JAnDbot, Ekabhishek, .anacondabot, Geniac, VoABot II, Brionies~enwiki,
JackLondon77, Tommieboi, Starrycupz, MartinBot, CliC, CalendarWatcher, CommonsDelinker, Nono64, Koplimek, Sasajid, Trusilver,
Rrostrom, Numbo3, Mikael Hggstrm, Fountains of Bryn Mawr, Student7, Biglovinb, Juliancolton, Jamesontai, Idioma-bot, VolkovBot,
ChkMINUS, AlnoktaBOT, Kyle the bot, Law Lord, TXiKiBoT, Cosmic Latte, Leonidaa, Hqb, ClickuClicku, Mrlob, Gibson Flying V, Lu-
uva, Peteritism, Df206, AlleborgoBot, PericlesofAthens, EmxBot, SieBot, DerbyCountyinNZ, Nogai Khan, BotMultichill, Belle Equipe,
Born Again 83, Purbo T, Flyer22 Reborn, Sterry2607, Yerpo, Lightmouse, Akarkera, CultureDrone, Ken123BOT, ImageRemovalBot,
ClueBot, PipepBot, Ralphierce, Alexbot, Pug Marcel, Lady234, Leroyinc, DumZiBoT, Camboxer, Bearsona, PseudoBot, Addbot, Jty-
roler, Blue954, CarsracBot, Favonian, Mdnavman, 20yearoldboyfromNY, Tassedethe, Numbo3-bot, Lightbot, Romanskolduns, Zorrobot,
Frogger3140, DK4, Legobot, Luckas-bot, Yobot, Dennislarsson93, KamikazeBot, Peters01, Ciphers, JackieBot, MasqueIV, ArthurBot,
MauritsBot, Xqbot, Timir2, Jouke Bersma, Maestroso simplo, 55go, XZeroBot, Gap9551, GrouchoBot, Andres arg, Luiz c. queiroz,
GhalyBot, Jaison Lee, Smarajitmitra, Tussin92, Cygnebleu, Augustseven, Seryo93, Frtslck, Schwede66, TjBot, EmausBot, Goldenbrook,
-- -- --, Yggdrasilius, WikitanvirBot, TuHan-Bot, Werieth, ChuispastonBot, Mjbmrbot, ClueBot NG, Movses-bot, Frietjes, Gubbenmed-
banansnopp, Krin5292, Vagobot, Wiki13, Jahnavisatyan, Argento Surfer, Xwejnusgozo, Miszatomic, Itbeso, Makecat-bot, Charle dango,
Kawaii-Soft, Hagte, GreekLesbos, Vedac13, Filedelinkerbot, Propositum, WhatEndsWhenTheSymbolsShatter?, PraiseTheAlmightyHe-
lixFossil, GeoreyT2000, Michael0986, Radosaw Winiewski, ParisEdition, Muztiop, Miratosalla, I2padams, Blemby and Anonymous:
243

6.2 Images
File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-2008-0184,_Berlin,_Berthold_Schenk_Graf_v._Stauffenberg.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.
org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-2008-0184%2C_Berlin%2C_Berthold_Schenk_Graf_v._Stauffenberg.jpg
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wikipedia/commons/e/e1/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-S01260%2C_St._Petersburg%2C_Milit%C3%A4r_vor_Winterpalast.jpg License:
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License: Public domain Contributors: Dag Hammarskjld. En minnesbok. Malm 1961. Original artist: Unknown<a
href='https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4233718' title='wikidata:Q4233718'><img alt='wikidata:Q4233718' src='https:
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/20px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png' width='20' height='11'
srcset='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/30px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x,
6.2 Images 17

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/40px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x' data-le-width='1050'

data-le-height='590' /></a>
File:Einstein_patentoffice.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a0/Einstein_patentoffice.jpg License: Pub-
lic domain Contributors: Cropped from original at the Historical Museum of Berne. Original artist: Lucien Chavan [#cite_note-author-1 [1]]
(1868 - 1942), a friend of Einsteins when he was living in Berne.
File:Ernst_Abbe.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/Ernst_Abbe.jpg License: Public domain Contribu-
tors: The Print Collector via Heritage Image Original artist: Emil Tesch (* 1860; 1931), deutscher Fotograf in Jena. (Emil Tesch wird
im Internet nie als Fotograf genannt, auf [1] ndet man jedoch unter der Bildnummer port-010274 eine Reproduktion mit der expliziten
Fotografen-Nennung. Lebensdaten von Emil Tesch nach [2].)
File:Felix_Bloch,_Stanford_University.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0b/Felix_Bloch%2C_
Stanford_University.jpg License: CC BY 3.0 Contributors: Stanford News Service Original artist: Stanford University / Courtesy Stanford
News Service
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Franzen.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: (1905-06-01). Mercurio (43). ISSN 2172-2692. Original artist: Christian Franzen
File:Flix_Nadar_1820-1910_portraits_Jules_Verne_(restoration).jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/
d1/F%C3%A9lix_Nadar_1820-1910_portraits_Jules_Verne_%28restoration%29.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: This le was
derived from: Flix Nadar 1820-1910 portraits Jules Verne.jpg
Original artist: Nadar
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inal artist: ?
File:Governor_Edmund_G._\char"0022\relax{}Pat\char"0022\relax{}_Brown.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.
org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/Governor_Edmund_G._%22Pat%22_Brown.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: http:
//catalog.library.ca.gov/F/8C94YNNJKT9UAK549BJBF73S6VUAK6TJJRM1D93T82TGDC7IDE-02002?func=full-set-set&set_
number=000192&set_entry=000001&format=999 Original artist: California State Library
File:Greta_Garbo02_crop.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c4/Greta_Garbo02_crop.jpg License: Pub-
lic domain Contributors: http://www.garboforever.com/Bilder/Film-Pic/Freudlose%20Gasse/Freudlose-Gasse-02.jpg from http://www.
garboforever.com/Film-Pic-04.htm Original artist: Alexander Binder (died 1929)
File:HMS_Dreadnought_1906_H61017.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/62/HMS_Dreadnought_
1906_H61017.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: U.S. Naval Historical Center Original artist: U.S. Navy
File:Helen_Wills_Moody_1932.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5d/Helen_Wills_Moody_1932.jpg
License: Public domain Contributors: <a data-x-rel='nofollow' class='external text' href='http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/
btv1b9030336s/'>Bibliothque nationale de France</a> Original artist: Agence de presse Meurisse
File:Henry_Fonda_in_Jezebel_trailer.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/Henry_Fonda_in_Jezebel_
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License: Public domain Contributors: Archivo del diario Clarn. Fotografa publicada en 1983 en la revista do-
minical del periodico ilustrando un artculo sobre el poeta, en Buenos Aires, Argentina Original artist: Unknown<a
href='https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4233718' title='wikidata:Q4233718'><img alt='wikidata:Q4233718' src='https:
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/20px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png' width='20' height='11'
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data-le-height='590' /></a>
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lic domain Contributors: eBay item Original artist: NBC Television
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nahme von Artur Beul Original artist: Adrian Michael
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Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
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Contributors: http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/cph.3c25850 - REPRODUCTION NUMBER: LC-USZ62-125850 (b&w lm copy neg.) Orig-
inal artist: Wm. C. Greene - New York World-Telegram and the Sun
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lic domain Contributors: Original publication: MGM studio photo.
Immediate source: http://myloveofoldhollywood.blogspot.com.au/2010/11/myrna-loy-1905-1993.html Original artist: MGM
(Life time: .)
File:Nobel_medal.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/6/6a/Nobel_medal.png License: PD-US Contributors:
Photographer: David Monniaux (2005, 2006, 2007)
Original artist:
Design of the medal: The Nobel Foundation. Sculptor and engraver: Erik Lindberg (1902).
File:Ral_Leoni_1965.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Ra%C3%BAl_Leoni_1965.jpg
License: CC BY-SA 3.0 nl Contributors: [1] Dutch National Archives, The Hague, Fotocollectie Algemeen Neder-
lands Persbureau (ANEFO), 1945-1989 bekijk toegang 2.24.01.04 Bestanddeelnummer 917-6905 Original artist: Un-
known<a href='https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4233718' title='wikidata:Q4233718'><img alt='wikidata:Q4233718' src='https:
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srcset='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/30px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x,
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data-le-height='590' /></a>
18 6 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

File:Stamps_of_Romania,_2005-002.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/

commons/f/f8/Stamps_of_Romania%2C_2005-002.jpg License: Public domain Contributors:
[authority_id=101&search[freetext]=&search[month]=&search[order_by]=asc&search[theme_id]=&search[year]=2004&utf8=%E2%9C%93
wnsstamps.ch] Original artist: Post of Romania
File:Tauride_duma.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/Tauride_duma.jpg License: Public domain Con-
tributors: Uploaded to English wikipedia by User:Ghirlandajo with the summary: Public domain from the Russian National Library [1]
Original artist: unknown, uploader: Nuno Tavares

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