Technological Institute of the Philippines

Overall Energy
Balance
 Technological Institute of the Philippines

1. Liquid Ortho-xylene Vaporizer

Liquid Xylene Reactor Feed

Component Weight (kg) % Component Weight (kg) %
O-xylene 10,901.3847 95 O-xylene 10,900.2946 95
M-xylene 424.5802 3.7 M-xylene 424.5378 3.7
P-xylene 149.1768 1.3 P-xylene 149.1619 1.3
Total 11,475.1418 100 Total 11,473.9943 100
Temperature 25oC Temperature 205oC
Pressure 250 kPa Pressure 240 kPa

Line Loss
1.1475 kg

Specific heat of ortho-xylene at 25oC: [Table 2-153: Heat Capacities of Inorganic and
Organic Liquids. Perry, R. H. and Green, D. W. (2008). Perrys Chemical Engineers
Handbook, 8th Edition. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.]
CpO = C1 + C2 T + C3 T 2 + C4 T 3
CpO = 36,500 + 1,017.5(298.15) + (2.63)(298.15)2 + 0.00302(298.15)3
J 1 kJ 1 kmol
CpO = 186,118.7171 ( )( )
kmol K 1000 J 106.165 kg
kJ
CpO = 1.7531
kg K

Specific heat of meta-xylene at 25oC: [Table 2-153: Heat Capacities of Inorganic and
Organic Liquids. Perry, R. H. and Green, D. W. (2008). Perrys Chemical Engineers
Handbook, 8th Edition. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.]
CpM = C1 + C2 T + C3 T 2

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 Technological Institute of the Philippines

CpM = 133,860 + 7.8754(298.15) + 0.52265(298.15)2

J 1 kJ 1 kmol
CpM = 182,668.1978 ( )( )
kmol K 1000 J 106.165 kg
kJ
CpM = 1.7206
kg K

Specific heat of para-xylene at 25oC: [Table 2-153: Heat Capacities of Inorganic and
Organic Liquids. Perry, R. H. and Green, D. W. (2008). Perrys Chemical Engineers
Handbook, 8th Edition. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.]
CpP = C1 + C2 T + C3 T 2 + C4 T 3
CpP = 35,500 + 1,287.2(298.15) + (2.599)(298.15)2
+ 0.002426(298.15)3
J 1 kJ 1 kmol
CpP = 181,542.3452 ( )( )
kmol K 1000 J 106.165 kg
kJ
CpP = 1.7210
kg K

Specific heat of the liquid feed at 25oC:

CpL = xo CpO + xM CpM + xP CpP
CpL = 0.95(1.7531) + 0.037(1.7206) + 0.013(1.7210)
kJ
CpL = 1.7515
kg K

Temperature needed to vaporize the liquid feed at 250 kPa: [Table 2-8: Vapor
Pressure of Inorganic and Organic Liquids. Perry, R. H. and Green, D. W. (2008). Perrys
Chemical Engineers Handbook, 8th Edition. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.]
C2
+ C3 ln T + C4 T C5
ln P = C1 +
T
(7955.2)
ln 250,000 = 90.405 + + (10.086) ln T + (5.9594 x 106 )T 2
T
T = 455.1729 K = 182.0228

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Specific heat capacity of ortho-xylene feed at vaporization temperature: [Table 2-

153: Heat Capacities of Inorganic and Organic Liquids. Perry, R. H. and Green, D. W.
(2008). Perrys Chemical Engineers Handbook, 8th Edition. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.]
CpO = A + BT + CT 2 + DT 3
CpO = 15.8 + (0.5962)(455.1728) + (3.44 x 104 )(455.1728)2
+ (7.53 x 108 )(455.1728)3
kJ
CpO = 1.8018
kg K

Specific heat capacity of meta-xylene feed at vaporization temperature: [Table 2-153:

Heat Capacities of Inorganic and Organic Liquids. Perry, R. H. and Green, D. W. (2008).
Perrys Chemical Engineers Handbook, 8th Edition. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.]
CpM = A + BT + CT 2 + DT 3
CpM = 29.27 + (0.6297)(455.1728) + (3.75 x 104 )(455.1728)2
+ (8.48 x 108 )(455.1728)3
kJ
CpM = 1.7682
kg K

Specific heat capacity of para-xylene feed at vaporization temperature: [Table 2-153:

Heat Capacities of Inorganic and Organic Liquids. Perry, R. H. and Green, D. W. (2008).
Perrys Chemical Engineers Handbook, 8th Edition. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.]
CpP = A + BT + CT 2 + DT 3
CpP = 25.09 + (0.6042)(455.1728) + (3.37 x 104 )(455.1728)2
+ (6.82 x 108 )(455.1728)3
kJ
CpM = 1.7563
kg K

Specific heat of the feed at vaporization temperature:

CpG = xo CpO + xM CpM + xP CpP
CpG = 0.95(1.8018) + 0.037(1.7682) + 0.013(1.7563)
kJ
CpG = 1.80
kg K

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 Technological Institute of the Philippines

Heat needed to raise the temperature from 25oC to 182.0228oC:

Qsensible,1 = mCpG T
kJ
Qsensible,1 = 11,475.1418 kg (1.80 ) (182.0228 25)K
kg K
Qsensible,1 = 3,243,346.012 kJ

Heat of vaporization of ortho-xylene at 182.0228oC: [Table 2-150 Heats of Vaporization

of Inorganic and Organic Liquids. Perry, R. H. and Green, D. W. (2008). Perrys Chemical
Engineers Handbook, 8th Edition. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.]
2
Hv,O = C1(1 Tr )C2+C3Tr +C4Tr
455.1728 K 0.37788
Hv,O = 5.5395 x 107 (1 )
630.3
kJ
Hv,O = 321.5990
kg

Heat of vaporization of meta-xylene at 182.0228oC: [Table 2-150 Heats of Vaporization

of Inorganic and Organic Liquids. Perry, R. H. and Green, D. W. (2008). Perrys Chemical
Engineers Handbook, 8th Edition. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.]
2
Hv,M = C1(1 Tr )C2+C3Tr +C4Tr

7
455.1728 K 0.37289
Hv,M = 5.4626 x 10 (1 )
617
kJ
Hv,M = 312.8652
kg

Heat of vaporization of para-xylene at 182.0228oC: [Table 2-150 Heats of Vaporization

of Inorganic and Organic Liquids. Perry, R. H. and Green, D. W. (2008). Perrys Chemical
Engineers Handbook, 8th Edition. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.]
2
Hv,P = C1(1 Tr )C2+C3Tr +C4Tr

7
455.1728 K 0.36695
Hv,P = 5.3819 x 10 (1 )
616.2
kJ
Hv,P = 310.2866
kg

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 Technological Institute of the Philippines

Latent heat of vaporization:

Qlatent = m(xO Hv,O + xM Hv,M+ xP Hv,P )
Qlatent = 11,475.1418 kg [0.95(312.5990) + 0.037(312.8652)
+ 0.013(310.2866)]
kJ
Qlatent = 11,475.1418 kg (312.1288 )
kg
Qlatent = 3,586,885.918 kJ

Specific heat capacity of ortho-xylene feed at 205oC: [Table B.17 Heat Capacities of
Selected Liquids and Vapors. Elliott, J.R. and Lira, C.T. (1999). Introductory Chemical
Engineering Thermodynamics. Prentice-Hall]
CpO = A + BT + CT 2 + DT 3
CpO = 15.8 + (0.5962)(478.15) + (3.44 x 104 )(478.15)2
+ (7.53 x 108 )(478.15)3
kJ
CpO = 1.8731
kg K

Specific heat capacity of meta-xylene feed at 205oC: [Table B.17 Heat Capacities of
Selected Liquids and Vapors. Elliott, J.R. and Lira, C.T. (1999). Introductory Chemical
Engineering Thermodynamics. Prentice-Hall]
CpM = A + BT + CT 2 + DT 3
CpM = 29.27 + (0.6297)(571.5338) + (3.75 x 104 )(571.5338)2
+ (8.48 x 108 )(571.5338)3
kJ
CpM = 1.8401
kg K

Specific heat capacity of para-xylene feed at 205oC: [Table B.17 Heat Capacities of
Selected Liquids and Vapors. Elliott, J.R. and Lira, C.T. (1999). Introductory Chemical
Engineering Thermodynamics. Prentice-Hall]
CpP = A + BT + CT 2 + DT 3
CpP = 25.09 + (0.6042)(571.5338) + (3.37 x 104 )(571.5338)2
+ (6.82 x 108 )(571.5338)3
kJ
CpP = 1.8294
kg K

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 Technological Institute of the Philippines

Specific heat of the feed at outlet temperature:

CpG = xo CpO + xM CpM + xP CpP
CpG = 0.95(2.0025) + 0.037(1.9757) + 0.013(1.9632)
kJ
CpG = 1.8713
kg K

Heat needed to raise the temperature from 182.0228oC to 205oC:

Qsensible,2 = mCpG T
kJ
Qsensible,2 = 11,475.1418 kg (1.8713 ) (205 182.0228)K
kg K
Qsensible,2 = 493,399.3613 kJ

Heat needed to raise the temperature from 25oC to 205oC:

QT = Qsensible,1 + Qlatent + Qsensible,2
QT = (3,243,346.012 + 3,586,885.918 + 493,399.3613) kJ
QT = 7,323,631.291 kJ

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2. Air Preheater

Compressed Air Reactor Feed

Component Weight (kg) % Component Weight (kg) %
Nitrogen 86,120.9391 79 Nitrogen 86,112.3270 79
Oxygen 22,892.9079 21 Oxygen 22,890.6186 21
Total 109,013.8470 100 Total 109,002.9496 100
Temperature 25oC Temperature 205oC
Pressure 250 kPa Pressure 240 kPa

Line Loss
10.9014 kg

Specific heat of air at 25oC and 250 kPa: [Table 2-187: Thermodynamic Properties of
Air. Perry, R. H. and Green, D. W. (2008). Perrys Chemical Engineers Handbook, 8 th
Edition. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.]

Pressure (MPa) Temperature (K) Cp, kJ/(mol K)

100 0.030116
0.1
300 0.029149
108.1 0.044597
1
300 0.029563

J 1000 mol 1 kmol

Cp1 = 0.0292 ( )( )
mol K 1 kmol 28.84 kg
kJ
Cp1 = 1.0110
kg K

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 Technological Institute of the Philippines

Specific heat of air at 205oC and 240 kPa: [Table 2-187: Thermodynamic Properties of
Air. Perry, R. H. and Green, D. W. (2008). Perrys Chemical Engineers Handbook, 8 th
Edition. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.]

Pressure (MPa) Temperature (K) Cp, kJ/(mol K)

300 0.029149
0.1
500 0.021504
300 0.029563
1
500 0.029854

J 1000 mol 1 kmol

Cp2 = 0.0235 ( )( )
mol K 1 kmol 28.84 kg
kJ
Cp2 = 0.8450
kg K

Average specific heat of air from 25oC to 205oC:

Cp1 + Cp2
Cp =
2
kJ kJ
1.0110 + 0.8450
kg K kg K
Cp =
2
kJ
Cp = 0.928
kg K

Heat needed to raise the temperature of air from 25oC to 205oC:

Qsensible = mCp T
kJ
Qsensible = 109,013.8470 kg (0.928 ) (205 25)K
kg K
Qsensible = 18,209,673 kJ

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3. Reactor

Reaction Gases
Component Weight (kg) %
CO2 6791.0595 5.64
Reactor Feed C8H4O3 12,360.7385 10.48
Component Weight (kg) % C4H2O3 705.3636 0.59
O-xylene 10,900.2946 95 N2 86,103.7158 71.48
P-xylene 424.5378 3.7 O2 7,694.8168 6.39
M-xylene 149.1619 1.3 H2O 6,539.1980 5.43
Total 11,473.9943 100 Total 120,464.8922 100
Temperature 205oC Temperature 370 C
o

Pressure 240 kPa Pressure 170 kPa

Reactor Feed
Component Weight (kg) % Line Loss
N2 86,112.33 79 12.0477 kg
O2 22,890.62 21
Total 109,002.95 100
Temperature 205oC
Pressure 240 kPa

Specific heat capacity of ortho-xylene feed at 205oC: [Table B.17 Heat Capacities of
Selected Liquids and Vapors. Elliott, J.R. and Lira, C.T. (1999). Introductory Chemical
Engineering Thermodynamics. Prentice-Hall]
CpO = A + BT + CT 2 + DT 3
CpO = 15.8 + (0.5962)(478.15) + (3.44 x 104 )(478.15)2
+ (7.53 x 108 )(478.15)3

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 Technological Institute of the Philippines

kJ
CpO = 1.8731
kg K

Specific heat capacity of meta-xylene feed at 205oC: [Table B.17 Heat Capacities of
Selected Liquids and Vapors. Elliott, J.R. and Lira, C.T. (1999). Introductory Chemical
Engineering Thermodynamics. Prentice-Hall]
CpM = A + BT + CT 2 + DT 3
CpM = 29.27 + (0.6297)(571.5338) + (3.75 x 104 )(571.5338)2
+ (8.48 x 108 )(571.5338)3
kJ
CpM = 1.8401
kg K

Specific heat capacity of para-xylene feed at 205oC: [Table B.17 Heat Capacities of
Selected Liquids and Vapors. Elliott, J.R. and Lira, C.T. (1999). Introductory Chemical
Engineering Thermodynamics. Prentice-Hall]
CpP = A + BT + CT 2 + DT 3
CpP = 25.09 + (0.6042)(571.5338) + (3.37 x 104 )(571.5338)2
+ (6.82 x 108 )(571.5338)3
kJ
CpP = 1.8294
kg K

Specific heat of nitrogen at 205oC: [Table A.9 Heat Capacity Equation Constant. Smith,
J. M., Van Ness H. C. and Abbott. M. M. (1996). Introduction to Chemical Engineering
Thermodynamics, 5th Edition. New York: McGraw-Hill]
Cp
= a + bT + cT 2 + dT 2
R
kJ
R = 8.314
mol K
Gas Temperature (K) a b c d
N2 478.15 3.280 0.593x10-3 - 0.040x105
O2 478.15 3.639 0.506x10-3 - -0.227x105

kJ
CpN2 = 1.0633
kg K

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kJ
CpO2 = 0.9825
kg K

Specific heat of the feed at inlet temperature:

Cp1 = xo CpO + xP CpP + xM CpM + xN2 CpN2 + xO2 CpO2
Cp1 = 0.0905(0.1695) + 0.0035(0.0064) + 0.0012(0.0023)
+ 0.7148(0.7600) + 0.1900(0.1867)
kJ
Cp1 = 1.1249
kg K

Energy needed to raise the temperature of the reactant from 25oC to 205oC:
Q1 = mCp1 T
kJ
Q1 = 120,476.9399 kg (1.1249 ) (205 25)K
kg K
Q1 = 24,394,411.74 kJ

Heat of combustion of o-xylene: [Table 2-179: Enthalpies and Gibbs Energies of

Formation, Energies and Net Enthalpies of Combustion of Inorganic and Organic
Compounds. Perry, R. H. and Green, D. W. (2008). Perrys Chemical Engineers
Handbook, 8th Edition. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.]
J 1 kJ 1 kmol
Hco = 4.333 x 109 (0.1) ( )( ) (10,900.2946 kg)
kmol 1000 J 106.165 kg
Hco = 44,488,274.3859 kJ

Heat of combustion of m-xylene: [Table 2-179: Enthalpies and Gibbs Energies of

Formation, Energies and Net Enthalpies of Combustion of Inorganic and Organic
Compounds. Perry, R. H. and Green, D. W. (2008). Perrys Chemical Engineers
Handbook, 8th Edition. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.]
J 1 kJ 1 kmol
Hco = 4.3318 x 109 ( )( ) (424.5378 kg)
kmol 1000 J 106.165 kg
Hco = 17,322,213.9315 kJ

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Heat of combustion of p-xylene: [Table 2-179: Enthalpies and Gibbs Energies of

Formation, Energies and Net Enthalpies of Combustion of Inorganic and Organic
Compounds. Perry, R. H. and Green, D. W. (2008). Perrys Chemical Engineers
Handbook, 8th Edition. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.]
J 1 kJ 1 kmol
Hco = 4.333 x 109 ( )( ) (149.1619 kg)
kmol 1000 J 106.165 kg
Hco = 6,087,868.0610 kJ

Heat of formation of phthalic anhydride: [Table 2-179: Enthalpies and Gibbs Energies
of Formation, Energies and Net Enthalpies of Combustion of Inorganic and Organic
Compounds. Perry, R. H. and Green, D. W. (2008). Perrys Chemical Engineers
Handbook, 8th Edition. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.]
J 1 kJ 1 kmol
Hfo = 37.14 x 107 ( )( ) (12,360.7385 kg)
kmol 1000 J 148.116 kg
Hfo = 30,994,479.1846 kJ

Heat of formation of maleic anhydride: [Table 2-179: Enthalpies and Gibbs Energies of
Formation, Energies and Net Enthalpies of Combustion of Inorganic and Organic
Compounds. Perry, R. H. and Green, D. W. (2008). Perrys Chemical Engineers
Handbook, 8th Edition. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.]
kJ
Hfo = 4,062 (705.3636 kg)
kg
Hfo = 2,865,186.943 kJ

Specific heat of nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide and water at 370oC: [Table A.9 Heat
Capacity Equation Constant. Smith, J. M., Van Ness H. C. and Abbott. M. M. (1996).
Introduction to Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics, 5th Edition. New York: McGraw-
Hill]
Cp
= a + bT + cT 2 + dT 2
R
kJ
R = 8.314
mol K
Gas Temperature (K) a b c d
N2 643.15 3.280 0.593x10-3 - 0.040x105
O2 643.15 3.639 0.506x10-3 - -0.227x105
CO2 643.15 5.457 1.045x10-3 - -1.157x105

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H2O 643.15 3.470 1.450x10-3 - 0.121x105

kJ
CpN2 = 1.0900
kg K
kJ
CpO2 = 1.0158
kg K
kJ
CpCO2 = 1.1053
kg K
kJ
CpH2 O = 2.0470
kg K

Specific heat of phthalic anhydride at 370oC: [Immerzeel, J and Gonfalone, O. (1994).

A New Concept of a Reactor System for Carrying Out Fast and Highly Exothermic
Reactions, in Respect to the Partial Oxidation of Ortho-xylene. Delft: Netherlands]
CpPAN = A + BT + CT 2 + DT 3
CpPAN = 144 + (0.442)(643.15) + (3.46 x 104 )(643.15)2
+ (1x 107 )(643.15)3
kJ
CpPAN = 2.1065
kg K

Specific heat of maleic anhydride at 370oC: [Immerzeel, J and Gonfalone, O. (1994). A

New Concept of a Reactor System for Carrying Out Fast and Highly Exothermic
Reactions, in Respect to the Partial Oxidation of Ortho-xylene. Delft: Netherlands]
CpMAN = A + BT + CT 2 + DT 3
CpMAN = 144 + (0.442)(643.15) + (3.46 x 104 )(643.15)2
+ (1x 107 )(643.15)3
kJ
CpMAN = 1.8412
kg K

Specific heat of the product at outlet temperature:

Cp2 = xN2 CpN2 + xO2 CpO2 + xCO2 CpCO2 + xH2 O CpH2 O + xPAN CpPAN
+ xMAN CpMAN
Cp2 = 0.7148(1.0900) + 0.0639(1.0158) + 0.0564(1.1053)
+ 0.0543(2.047) + 0.1048(2.1065) + 0.0059(1.8412)

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 Technological Institute of the Philippines

kJ
Cp2 = 1.2492
kg K

Energy needed to raise the temperature of the reactant from 25oC to 370oC:
Q2 = mCp2 T
kJ
Q2 = 120,464.8922 kg (1.2492 ) (370 25)K
kg K
Q2 = 51,917,236.45 kJ

Total energy:
QT = Q2 Q1 + Hco Hfo
QT = (51,917,236.4500 24,394,411.7400 + 44,488,274.3859
+ 17,3222,213.9315 + 6,087.868.0610 30,994,479.1846
2,865,186.9430) kJ
QT = 61,561,514.9608 kJ

Heat to be removed by the molten salt coolant:

QT = Qmolten salt
QT
mmolten salt =
Cp T
61,561,514.9608 kJ
mmolten salt =
1.5 + 1.68 kJ
( ) (385 150)K
2 kg K
mmolten salt = 164,757.1657 kg

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4. Waste Heat Boiler

WHB Feed Reaction Gases

Component Weight (kg) % Component Weight (kg) %
CO2 6,791.0595 5.64 CO2 6,790.3804 5.64
C8H4O3 12,630.7385 10.48 C8H4O3 12,629.4755 10.48
C4H2O3 705.3636 0.59 C4H2O3 705.2931 0.59
N2 86,103.7158 71.48 N2 86,095.1054 71.48
O2 7,694.8168 6.39 O2 7,694.0473 6.39
H2O 6,539.1980 5.43 H2O 6,538.5441 5.43
Total 120,464.892 100 Total 120,452.846 100
Temperature 370 C
o Temperature 300oC
Pressure 170 kPa Pressure 101 kPa

Line Loss
12.0468 kg

Specific heat capacities of reaction gases at 370C in the ideal gas state: [Table A.9
Heat Capacity Equation Constant. Smith, J. M., Van Ness H. C. and Abbott. M. M. (1996).
Introduction to Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics, 5th Edition. New York: McGraw-
Hill]
Cp
= a + bT + cT 2 + dT 2
R
kJ
R = 8.314
kmol K

Gas Temperature (K) a b c d

CO2 643.15 5.457 5.457x10-3 - -1.157x105
N2 643.15 3.28 0.593x10-3 - 0.04x105
O2 643.15 3.639 0.506x10-3 - -0.227 x105
H2O 643.15 3.47 1.45x10-3 - 0.121x105

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 Technological Institute of the Philippines

kJ
CpCO2 = 1.5701
kg K
kJ
CpN2 = 1.09
kg K
kJ
CpO2 = 1.0158
kg K
kJ
CpH2 O = 2.0470
kg K

Average specific heat capacities of reaction gases at 370C:

Cp1 = xCO2 CpCO2 + xN2 CpN2 + xO2 CpO2 + xH2 O CpH2 O
kJ kJ
Cp1 = (0.0568) (1.5701 ) + (0.7148) (1.09 )
kg K kg K
kJ kJ
+ (0.0639) (1.0158 ) + (0.0543) (1.8841 )
kg K kg K
kJ
Cp1 = 1.0436
kg K

Specific heat capacities of reaction gases at 300C in the ideal gas state: [Table A.9
Heat Capacity Equation Constant. Smith, J. M., Van Ness H. C. and Abbott. M. M. (1996).
Introduction to Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics, 5th Edition. New York: McGraw-
Hill]
Cp
= a + bT + cT 2 + dT 2
R
kJ
R = 8.314
mol K

Gas Temperature (K) a b c d

CO2 573.15 5.457 5.457x10-3 - -1.157x105
N2 573.15 3.28 0.593x10-3 - 0.04x105
O2 573.15 3.639 0.506x10-3 - -0.227 x105
H2O 573.15 3.47 1.45x10-3 - 0.121x105

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kJ
CpCO2 = 1.3664
kg K
kJ
CpN2 = 1.0633
kg K
kJ
CpO2 = 0.9825
kg K
kJ
CpH2 O = 1.9474
kg K

Average specific heat capacities of reaction gases at 300C:

Cp2 = xCO2 CpCO2 + xN2 CpN2 + xO2 CpO2 + xH2 O CpH2 O
kJ kJ
Cp2 = (0.0564) (1.3664 ) + (0.7147) (1.0633 )
kg K kg K
kJ kJ
+ (0.0639) (0.9825 ) + (0.0543) (1.9474 )
kg K kg K
kJ
Cp2 = 1.0055
kg K

Average specific heat capacities of reaction gases from 370C to 300C:

1.0436 + 1.0055 kJ
Cp = ( )
2 kg K
kJ
Cp = 1.02455
kg K

Energy required to raise the temperature of steam from 300 oC to 370 oC:
kJ
Qsensible = (120,464.8922 kg) (1.02455 ) ( 370 300)K
kg K
Qsensible = 20,364,695.59 kJ

Specific heat and enthalpy of superheated steam at 300C and 370C: [Table 2-413
Thermodynamic Properties of Water. Perry, R. H. and Green, D. W. (2008). Perrys
Chemical Engineers Handbook, 8th Edition. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.]
kJ
Cp1 = 1.481690
kg K

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kJ
Cp2 = 2.060582
kg K
1.481690 + 2.060582 kJ
Cp,s = ( )
2 kg K
kJ
Cp,s = 1.771136
kmol K
Latent heat of steam:
kJ
H478.15 = 2848.0797
kg
kJ
H643.15 = 3218.8842
kg
Mass of steam required:
Q
msteam =
(H643.15 H478.15 ) + Hvap
23,276,829.67 kJ
=
kJ kJ
(3218.8842 2848.0797) + 2260
kg kg
msteam = 8,847.7991 kg

Waste heat boiler duty:

Q = mH2 O (H643.15 H478.15 )
kJ
Q = 8,847.7991kg (3218.8842 2848.0797)
kg
Q = 3,280,803.719 kJ

Total mass of reaction gases:

mRG = mCO2 + m C8 H4O3 + mC4 H2 O3 + mN2 + mO2 + mH2 O
mRG = 6,790.3804 + 12,629.475 + 705.2931 + 86,095.1054 + 7,694.0473
+ 6,538.5441
mRG = 120,452.8457 kg

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5. After-Cooler

After-Cooler Feed Reaction Gases

Component Weight (kg) % Component Weight (kg) %
CO2 6,790.3804 5.64 CO2 6,789.7013 5.95
C8H4O3 12,629.4755 10.48 C8H4O3 6,314.1063 5.53
C4H2O3 705.2931 0.59 C4H2O3 705.2225 0.62
N2 86,095.1054 71.48 N2 86,086.4959 75.43
O2 7,694.0473 6.39 O2 7,693.2779 6.74
H2O 6,538.5441 5.43 H2O 6,537.8902 5.73
Total 120,452.85 100 Total 114,126.70 100
Temperature 300oC Temperature 217oC
Pressure 101 kPa Pressure 101 kPa

Line Loss Crude PAN

12.0453 kg Component Weight (kg) %
C8H4O3 6,314.1063 100
Temperature 217oC
Pressure 101 kPa

Specific heat capacities of reaction gases at 300C in the ideal gas state: [Table A.9
Heat Capacity Equation Constant. Smith, J. M., Van Ness H. C. and Abbott. M. M. (1996).
Introduction to Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics, 5th Edition. New York: McGraw-
Hill]
Cp
= a + bT + cT 2 + dT 2
R
kJ
R = 8.314
mol K

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Gas Temperature (K) a b c d

CO2 573.15 5.457 5.457x10-3 - -1.157x105
N2 573.15 3.28 0.593x10-3 - 0.04x105
O2 573.15 3.639 0.506x10-3 - -0.227 x105
H2O 573.15 3.47 1.45x10-3 - 0.121x105

kJ
CpCO2 = 1.3664
kg K
kJ
CpN2 = 1.0633
kg K
kJ
CpO2 = 0.9825
kg K
kJ
CpH2 O = 1.9474
kg K

Specific heat of phthalic anhydride at 300oC: [Immerzeel, J and Gonfalone, O. (1994).

A New Concept of a Reactor System for Carrying Out Fast and Highly Exothermic
Reactions, in Respect to the Partial Oxidation of Ortho-xylene. Delft: Netherlands]
CpPAN = A + BT + CT 2 + DT 3
CpPAN = 144 + (0.442)(573.15) + (3.46 x 104 )(573.15)2
+ (1x 107 )(573.15)3
kJ
CpPAN = 2.0439
kg K

Specific heat of maleic anhydride at 300oC: [Immerzeel, J and Gonfalone, O. (1994). A

New Concept of a Reactor System for Carrying Out Fast and Highly Exothermic
Reactions, in Respect to the Partial Oxidation of Ortho-xylene. Delft: Netherlands]
2 2
C E
CpMAN = A + B [ T ] + D[ T ]
C E
sinh (T) cosh (T)

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2
1,459.6
CpMAN = 165,140 + 68,030 [ 573.15 ]
1,459.6
sinh ( )
573.15
2
8.4765
+ (6.732 x 107 ) [ 573.15 ]
8.4765
cosh ( )
573.15
kJ
CpMAN = 1.02995
kg K

Average specific heat capacities of reaction gases at 300C:

Cp1 = xCO2 CpCO2 + xN2 CpN2 + xO2 CpO2 + xH2 O CpH2 O + xPAN CpPAN
+ xMAN CpMAN
kJ kJ
Cp1 = (0.0564) (1.4879 ) + (0.7148) (1.0785 )
kg K kg K
kJ kJ
+ (0.0639) (1.0029 ) + (0.0543) (2.0036 )
kg K kg K
kJ kJ
+ (0.1048) (0.8574 ) + (0.0059) (1.02995 )
kg K kg K
kJ
Cp1 = 2.7084
kg K

Specific heat capacities of reaction gases at 217C in the ideal gas state: [Table A.9
Heat Capacity Equation Constant. Smith, J. M., Van Ness H. C. and Abbott. M. M. (1996).
Introduction to Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics, 5th Edition. New York: McGraw-
Hill]
Cp
= a + bT + cT 2 + dT 2
R
kJ
R = 8.314
mol K

Gas Temperature (K) a b c d

CO2 422.15 5.457 5.457x10-3 - -1.157x105
N2 422.15 3.28 0.593x10-3 - 0.04x105
O2 422.15 3.639 0.506x10-3 - -0.227 x105
H2O 422.15 3.47 1.45x10-3 - 0.121x105

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kJ
CpCO2 = 0.9918
kg K
kJ
CpN2 = 1.0549
kg K
kJ
CpO2 = 0.9679
kg K
kJ
CpH2 O = 1.9168
kg K

Specific heat of phthalic anhydride at 217oC: [Immerzeel, J and Gonfalone, O. (1994).

A New Concept of a Reactor System for Carrying Out Fast and Highly Exothermic
Reactions, in Respect to the Partial Oxidation of Ortho-xylene. Delft: Netherlands]
CpPAN = A + BT + CT 2 + DT 3
CpPAN = 144 + (0.442)(490.15) + (3.46 x 104 )(573.15)2
+ (1x 107 )(490.155)3
kJ
CpPAN = 2.0439
kg K

Specific heat of maleic anhydride at 217oC: [Immerzeel, J and Gonfalone, O. (1994). A

New Concept of a Reactor System for Carrying Out Fast and Highly Exothermic
Reactions, in Respect to the Partial Oxidation of Ortho-xylene. Delft: Netherlands]
2 2
C E
CpMAN = A + B [ T ] + D[ T ]
C E
sinh (T) cosh (T)
2
1,459.6
CpMAN = 165,140 + 68,030 [ 490.15 ]
1,459.6
sinh ( )
490.15
2
8.4765
+ (6.732 x 107 ) [ 490.15 ]
8.4765
cosh ( )
490.15
kJ
CpMAN = 1.02995
kg K

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Average specific heat capacities of reaction gases at 217C:

Cp1 = xCO2 CpCO2 + xN2 CpN2 + xO2 CpO2 + xH2 O CpH2 O + xPAN CpPAN
+ xMAN CpMAN
kJ kJ
Cp1 = (0.0564) (1.4879 ) + (0.7148) (1.0785 )
kg K kg K
kJ kJ
+ (0.0639) (1.0029 ) + (0.0543) (2.0036 )
kg K kg K
kJ kJ
+ (0.1048) (0.8574 ) + (0.0059) (1.02995 )
kg K kg K
kJ
Cp1 = 2.7084
kg K

Average specific heat of reaction gases:

Cp1 + Cp2
Cp =
2
(2.7084 + 1.1749) kJ
Cp =
2 kg K
kJ
Cp = 1.9416
kg K

Energy needed for steam raising:

Qsensible = mCp T
kJ
Qsensible = (120,452.8457 kg) (1.9416 ) (490.15 K 573.15)K
kg K
Qsensible = 19,411,690.06 kJ

Heat of condensation of phthalic anhydride at 217oC: [Table 2-150 Heats of

Vaporization of Inorganic and Organic Liquids. Perry, R. H. and Green, D. W. (2008).
Perrys Chemical Engineers Handbook, 8th Edition. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.]
2 3
Hc = C1 (1 Tr )C2 +C3 Tr +C4Tr +C5 Tr
T 490.15 K
Tr = = = 0.6197
Tc 791 K
Hc = 6.916 x 107 (1 0.6197)0.1755

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J 1 kJ 1 kmol
Hc = 58,366,970 ( )( )
kmol 1000 J 148 kg
kJ
Hc = 394.3714
kg
Hc = 2,490,102.941 kJ

Solving for :
Qtotal = Qsensible + Qlatent
Qtotal = 19,411,690.06 kJ + 2,490,102.941 kJ
Qtotal = 16,921,587.12 kJ

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6. Switch Condensers

Reaction Gases
Component Weight (kg) %
CO2 6,789.7013 5.95
C8H4O3 6,314.1063 5.53 Crude Product
C4H2O3 705.2225 0.62 Component Weight (kg) %
N2 86,086.4959 75.43 C8H4O3 6,310.5898 90.66
O2 7,693.2779 6.74 C4H2O3 572.3659 8.22
H2O 6,537.8902 5.73 H2O 78.1179 1.12
Total 114,126.70 100.00 Total 6,961.0737 100
Temperature 217oC Temperature 136oC
Pressure 101 kPa Pressure 101 kPa

Line Loss To Scrubber

11.4127 kg Component Weight (kg) %
CO2 6,789.0224 6.336
C8H4O3 2.8850 0.003
C4H2O3 132.7862 0.124
N2 86,077.8873 80.331
O2 7,692.5085 7.179
H2O 6,459.1185 6.028
Total 107,154.21 100
Temperature 136 C
o

Pressure 101 kPa

Specific heat capacities of reaction gases at 217C in the ideal gas state: [Table A.9
Heat Capacity Equation Constant. Smith, J. M., Van Ness H. C. and Abbott. M. M. (1996).
Introduction to Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics, 5th Edition. New York: McGraw-
Hill]
Q = mCpT
Qloss = Qin Qout

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Qfeed = QCO2(g) + QPAN(g) + QMAN(g) + Q N2 (g) + QO2 (g)

For Carbon Dioxide, Water (g), Nitrogen (g) and Oxygen (g)
Cp C4
= C1 + C2 T + C3 T 2 + 2
R T
8.314J
R=
mol. K
Specific heat of maleic anhydride at 217C: [Immerzeel, J and Gonfalone, O. (1994). A
New Concept of a Reactor System for Carrying Out Fast and Highly Exothermic
Reactions, in Respect to the Partial Oxidation of Ortho-xylene. Delft: Netherlands]

For maleic anhydride (g):

2 2
C3 C5
Cp = C1 + C2 ( T ) + C4 ( T )
C3
sinh( T) C6
cosh( T)
For phthalic anhydride (g):
Cp = C1 + C2T + C3T 2 + C43 + C54

Gas C1 C2 C3 C4 C5
Carbon dioxide 5.4570 1.0450 -1.157x105 0
PAN(gas) 144 0.442 -0.000346 0.0000001 0
MAN(gas) 165140 68030 1459.6 -6.73E-07 8.4765
Nitrogen 3.280 0.593 0.0 0.00400 0
Oxygen 3.639 0.5060 0 -0.227 0
Water(gas) 3.47 1.45 0.000E+00 1.21E-01 0

Specific heat capacities of reaction gases at 217C in the ideal gas state: [Table A.9
Heat Capacity Equation Constant. Smith, J. M., Van Ness H. C. and Abbott. M. M. (1996).
Introduction to Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics, 5th Edition. New York: McGraw-
Hill]

343.15
8.314
CpN2 dT = 5.4570 + 1.0450 x103 T + 0T 2
1000(44) 490.15
+ (1.157x105 )T 2 dT

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HN2 = mN2 CpN2 dT

343.15
8.314
HCO2 = 6,789.726606 ( 5.4570 + 1.0450 x103 T + 0T 2
1000(44) 490.15

+ (1.157x105 )T 2 dT)

HCO2 = 981,438.63 kJ
343.15
8.314
CpN2 dT = 3.280 + 0.593x103 T + 0T 2 + 0.04x105 T 2 dT
1000(28) 490.15
HN2 = mN2 CpN2 dT
343.15
8.314
HN2 = 86,086.52078 ( 3.280 + 0.506x103 T + 0T 2
1000(28) 490.15

+ 0.04x105 T 2 dT)

HN2 = 13,341173.79 kJ
8.314 343.15
CpO2 dT = 3.639 + 0.506x103 T + 0T 2 + 0.227x105 T 2 dT
1000 490.15
8.314 343.15
HO2 = 7,693.277874 ( 3.639 + 0.506x103 T + 0T 2
1000 490.15

+ 0.227x105 T 2 dT)

HO2 = 1,091,410.47 kJ

Heat loss due to cooling of carbon dioxide, oxygen and nitrogen gas:
Qcooling gases = 981,438.63 kJ 13,341,173.79 kJ 1,091,410.47 kJ
QCooling gases = 15,414,022.89 kJ

Heat loss from cooling of PAN (g) from 217oC to 131oC:

404.15
6,313.48
HPAN =( ) 8.314 (144 + 0.442T 0.000346T 2
1000(148) 490.15
+ 0.0000001T 3 )dT

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Qcooling PAN(g) = HPAN = 1,031,878.12kJ

81J
1KJ
kmol (1,000J)
Heat of Deposition of PAN = Hd(PAN) = (6314.106258)
kg
148
kmol
( )
Heat of Deposition of PAN = 3,455,693.29 kJ

Q loss from cooling of MAN (g) to Melting Temperature (200.5 C)

2
473.15
1459.6
705.152 T
HMAN = ( ) 8.314 (165,140 + 68030 [ ]
1000(98) 1459.6
490.15 sinh ( T )
2
8.4765
+ 6.737 [ T ] ) dT
8.4765
cosh ( T )

Qcooling man = 19,566.86 kJ

Heat of Condensation of MAN = Hc(MAN)

13.6J
1KJ
kmol (1,000J)
= (705.2225303) = 97,867.61645
kg
98
kmol
( )

Heat loss due to cooling of Water from 217oC to 100oC:

373.15
8.314
CpH2 O dT = 3.47 + 1.45T + 0T 2 + 0.121T 2 dT
1000(18) 490.15
HH2 O = mH2 O CpH2 O dT
373.15
8.314
HH2 O = 6,537.244 ( 3.47 + 1.45T + 0T 2 + 0.121T 2 dT)
1000(18) 490.15

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Qcooling water = HH2 O = 1,470,365.57 kJ

Heat of Condensation of Water = Hc(Water) = 2800(6537.898524)

= 18,306,115.87 kJ

Specific heat capacity constants for maleic anhydride (l) and water(l):
C1 C2 C3 C4 C5
MAN(liq) 93670 188.9 0 0 0
Water(liq) 276,370 -2,090.10 8.125 -0.014116 9.37E-06

Heat capacity of PAN(s) at 131oC to 70oC:

160KJ/kmol
CpPAN(s) = = 1.081081081
148 kg/kmol

Heat loss from cooling of PAN(s) from freezing point 131oC to 70oC:
Qcooling PAN(s) = 6,314.106258(404.15 343.15)(1.081081081)
= 416,389.71 kJ

Heat loss from cooling of MAN(l) from 200.5oC to 70oC:

2
343.15
1459.6
705.152 T
HMAN = ( ) 8.314 (165,140 + 68030 [ ]
1000(98) 1459.6
473.65 sinh ( T )
2
8.4765
+ 6.737 [ T ] ) dT
8.4765
cosh ( )
T
Qcooling man = 160,397.53 kJ

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Heat loss from cooling of Water (l) from 100oC to 70oC:

343.15
8.314
CpH2 O dT = 276,370T + (2,090.10)T 2 + 8.125T 3
1000(18) 473.15
+ (0.014116)T 4 + 9.37x106 T 5 dT
HH2 O = mH2 O CpH2 O dT
343.15
8.314
HH2 O = 6,537.245 ( 276,370T + (2,090.10)T 2
1000(18) 473.15

+ 8.125T 3 + (0.014116)T 4 + 9.37x106 T 5 dT)

Qcooling Water(l) = 822,709.2691kJ

Total Heat Loss requirement to cool all material from 217oC to 70oC:
Q removed = QCooling Gases + Qcooling PAN(g) + Qcooling MAN(g)
+ Qcooling water(g) + Qcooling PAN(s) + Qcooling MAN(l)
+ Qcooling Water(l) + Hd(PAN) + Hd(PAN) + Hc(Water)
Q removed = 41,192,779.63 kJ

Heating requirement from 70oC to 136oC

Q requirement to raise temperature of PAN(s) to Melting point (13 oC):
Qheating PAN(s) = 6310.589847(1.081081081)(404.15 343.15)
Qheating PAN(s) = 416157.8169 kJ

Energy required to transform PAN(s) to PAN(l):

Hf(PAN) = 135.1266855(6310.589847) = 852,729.0897 kJ

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Heat requirement to raise temperature of phthalic anhydride (l) from 131oC to 136
oC:

Qheating PAN(s) = H(PAN)

160J
1KJ
kmol (1,000J)
= (404.15 343.15) (6312.8437)
kg
148
kmol
( )
Qheating PAN(s) = 416,306.4457 kJ

Specific heat capacity of maleic anhydride (l) at 136oC:

CpMAN(l) = 1.744473827
Q requirement to raise temperature of MAN(l) from 70 C to 136 C

409.15
705.152
HMAN = ( ) 8.314 (93670T + 188.9T 2 )dT
1000(98) 343.15

Qheating MAN(l) = 78,219.6742 kJ

Specific heat capacity of water at 100oC:

CpWater(l) = 4.211340572
Q requirement to raise temperature of Water(l) from 70 C to 100 C where it remains
liquid
343.15
8.314
CpH2 O dT = 276,370T + (2,090.10)T 2 + 8.125T 3
1000(18) 473.15
+ (0.014116)T 4 + 9.37x106 T 5 dT
HH2 O = mH2 O CpH2 O dT
343.15
8.314
HH2 O = 6,537.245 ( 276,370T + (2,090.10)T 2
1000(18) 343.15

+ 8.125T 3 + (0.014116)T 4 + 9.37x106 T 5 dT)

Qheating Water(l) = 892,937.9443 kJ

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Switch to heating from 70oC to 136oC at vent:

409.15
8.314
HCO2 = 6,788.369 ( 5.4570 + 1.0450 x103 T + 0T 2
1000(44) 343.15

+ (1.157x105 )T 2 dT)

HCO2 = 425,489.98 kJ
409.15
8.314
CpN2 dT = 3.280 + 0.593x103 T + 0T 2 + 0.04x105 T 2 dT
1000(28) 343.15
HN2 = mN2 CpN2 dT
409.15
8.314
HN2 = 86,069 ( 3.280 + 0.593x103 T + 0T 2
1000(28) 343.15

+ 0.04x105 T 2 dT)

HN2 = 5,956,747.89kJ
8.314 409.15
CpO2 dT = 3.639 + 0.506x103 T + 0T 2 + 0.227x105 T 2 dT
1000 343.15
8.314 409.15
HO2 = 7,691.481 ( 3.639 + 0.506x103 T + 0T 2
1000 343.15

+ 0.227x105 T 2 dT)

HO2 = 483,745.04 kJ

Heat requirement to raise temperature of Gases from 70oC to 136oC:

Qheating Gases = 425,489.98 kJ + 5,956,747.89kJ + 483,745.04 kJ
QHeating Gases = 6,865,982.91 kJ

Energy required to change PAN(l) to PAN(g) at 136oC

Heat of Vaporization Constants for PAN
C1 C2 C3 C4 Tc(K)
PAN 69,160,000 0.1755 0 0 791

2
Hv = C1(1 Tr)C2+C3Tr +C4Tr

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T
Tr =
Tc
404.15
Tr = = 0.510935525
791
Heat of Vaporization of PAN = Hv(PAN) = (412.1706118)(2.885)
= 1,189.112215 kJ

Energy required to change water (l) to water (g) at 100oC:

Heat of Vaporization of Water = Hv(Water) = (2,800)(6459.126791)
= 18,085,555.01 kJ

Energy required to change MAN (l) to MAN (g) at 136oC:

Heat of Vaporization of MAN = Hv(MAN) = (559.1836735)(132.7861355)
= 74,251.83903 kJ

Heat required to raise the temperature of water (g) from 100oC to 136oC:
373.15
8.314
CpH2 O dT = 3.47 + 1.45T + 0T 2 + 0.121T 2 dT
1000(18) 409.15
HH2 O = mH2 O CpH2 O dT
373.15
8.314
HH2O = 6,458.4810 ( 3.47 + 1.45T + 0T 2 + 0.121T 2 dT)
1000(18) 409.15

HH2O = 442,069.1482kJ

Total Heat Requirement in heating of Switch Condenser from 70oC to 136oC:

QRequired = Qheating Water(g) + Hv(PAN) + Hv(Water) + Hv(MAN)
+ QHeating Gases + Qheating Water(l) + Qheating MAN(l)
+ Qheating PAN(s) + Qheating PAN(l) + Hf(PAN)
= , , .

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7. Crude PAN Storage Tank

Crude Product Crude Product

Component Weight (kg) % Component Weight (kg) %
C8H4O3 6,310.5898 90.66 C8H4O3 12,623.4336 95.10
C4H2O3 572.3659 8.22 C4H2O3 572.3086 4.31
H2O 78.1179 1.12 H2O 78.1101 0.59
Total 6,961.0737 100 Total 13,273.8524 100.00
Temperature 136oC Temperature 136oC
Pressure 101 kPa Pressure 101 kPa

Liquid PAN Line Loss

Component Weight (kg) % 1.3276 kg
C8H4O3 6,31z4.106 100
Temperature 217oC
Pressure 101 kPa

Specific heat of liquid phthalic anhydride at 136 oC: [Table 2-168: Heat Capacities of
inorganic and organic Liquids. Perry, R. H. and Green, D. W. (2008). Perrys Chemical
Engineers Handbook, 8th Edition. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.]
CpPAN = C1 + C2T + C3T 2 + C4T 3
CpPAN = 144,400 + (252.4)(409.15)
J 1 kJ 1 kmol
CpPAN = 247,669.46 ( )( )
kmol K 1000 J 148.116 kg
kJ
CpPAN = 1.6721
kg K

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Specific heat of liquid maleic anhydride at 136 oC: [Table 2-168: Heat Capacities of
inorganic and organic Liquids. Perry, R. H. and Green, D. W. (2008). Perrys Chemical
Engineers Handbook, 8th Edition. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.]
CpMAN = C1 + C2T + C3T 2 + C4T 3
CpMAN = 93,760 + (188.9)(409.15)
J 1 kJ 1 kmol
CpMAN = 171,048.435 ( )( )
kmol K 1000 J 98.02 kg
kJ
CpMAN = 1.745
kg K

Specific heat of water at 136 oC: [Table A.9 Heat Capacity Equation Constant. Smith, J.
M., Van Ness H. C. and Abbott. M. M. (1996). Introduction to Chemical Engineering
Thermodynamics, 5th Edition. New York: McGraw-Hill]
Cp
= a + bT + cT 2 + dT 2
R
kJ
R = 8.314
mol K
CpH2 O
= 3.470 + (1.450 x 103 )(409.15) + (0.121 x 105 )(409.15)2
8.314
kJ
CpH2 O = 1.9102
kg K

Average specific heat of the feed at 136oC:

Cp,1 = xPAN CpPAN + xMAN CpMAN + xH2 O CpH2 O
kJ kJ
Cp,1 = 0.9066 (1.6721 ) + 0.0822 ( 1.745 )
kg K kg K
kJ
+ 0.0112 (1.9102 )
kg K
kJ
Cp,1 = 1.6808
kg K

Heat needed to raise the temperature from storage inlet, 136oC, to outlet, 149oC:
Qsensible,1 = mCp,1 T

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kJ
Qsensible,1 = (6,961.0737 kg) (1.6808 ) (422.15 409.15)K
kg K
Qsensible,1 = 152,102.2448 kJ

Specific heat of liquid phthalic anhydride at 149oC: [Table 2-168: Heat Capacities of
inorganic and organic Liquids. Perry, R. H. and Green, D. W. (2008). Perrys Chemical
Engineers Handbook, 8th Edition. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.]
CpPAN = C1 + C2T + C3T 2 + C4T 3
CpPAN = 144,400 + (252.4)(422.15)
J 1 kJ 1 kmol
CpPAN = 250,950.66 ( )( )
kmol K 1000 J 148.116 kg
kJ
CpPAN = 1.6943
kg K
Specific heat of liquid maleic anhydride at 149oC: [Table 2-168: Heat Capacities of
inorganic and organic Liquids. Perry, R. H. and Green, D. W. (2008). Perrys Chemical
Engineers Handbook, 8th Edition. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.]
CpMAN = C1 + C2T + C3T 2 + C4T 3
CpMAN = 93,760 + (188.9)(422.15)
J 1 kJ 1 kmol
CpMAN = 173,504.135 ( )( )
kmol K 1000 J 98.02 kg
kJ
CpMAN = 1.7701
kg K
Specific heat of water at 149oC: [Table A.9 Heat Capacity Equation Constant. Smith, J.
M., Van Ness H. C. and Abbott. M. M. (1996). Introduction to Chemical Engineering
Thermodynamics, 5th Edition. New York: McGraw-Hill]
Cp
= a + bT + cT 2 + dT 2
R
kJ
R = 8.314
mol K
CpH2 O
= 3.470 + (1.450 x 103 )(422.15) + (0.121 x 105 )(422.15)2
8.314
kJ
CpH2 O = 1.9168
kg K

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Average specific heat of the feed at 149oC:

Cp = xPAN CpPAN + xMAN CpMAN + xH2 O CpH2 O
kJ kJ
Cp = 0.9510 (1.6721 ) + 0.0431 ( 1.745 )
kg K kg K
kJ
+ 0.0059 (1.9102 )
kg K
kJ
Cp = 1.6766
kg K
Specific heat of liquid phthalic anhydride in after cooler at 217oC: [Table 2-168: Heat
Capacities of inorganic and organic Liquids. Perry, R. H. and Green, D. W. (2008). Perrys
Chemical Engineers Handbook, 8th Edition. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.]
CpPAN = C1 + C2T + C3T 2 + C4T 3
CpPAN = 144,400 + (252.4)(490.15)
J 1 kJ 1 kmol
CpPAN = 263,113.86 ( )( )
kmol K 1000 J 148.116 kg
kJ
CpPAN = 1.8102
kg K

Heat loss due to mixing of phthalic from switch condenser and after-cooler, 217oC
and 136 oC, to storage outlet, 149oC:
Qsensible,2 = mCp PAN T
kJ
Qsensible,2 = (6,314.1063 kg) (1.8102 ) (422.15 490.15)K
kg K
Qsensible,2 = 777,226.0752 kJ

Total heat requirement:

QT = Qsensible,1 + Qsensible,2
QT = 152,102.2448 kJ + (573,580.9932 kJ)
QT = 625,123.8304 kJ

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8. Distillation
To MAN Storage Tank
Component Weight (kg) %
C8H4O3 13.7907 2.30
C4H2O3 508.8418 84.70
H2O 78.0945 13.00
Total 600.7270 100
Temperature 60 C
o

Crude Product Pressure 101 kPa

Component Weight (kg) %
C8H4O3 12,622.1713 95.10
C4H2O3 572.2514 4.31
H2O 78.1023 0.59
Total 13,272.53 100
Temperature 175oC
Pressure 101 kPa

Line Loss
1.3273 kg
To PAN Storage Tank
Component Weight (kg) %
C8H4O3 12607.1184 99.50
C4H2O3 63.3524 0.50
Total 12670.4708 100
Temperature 206 C
o

Pressure 101 kPa

Mass, kg
Component Feed XF Distillate XD Bottom XB
C8H4O3 12622.17 0.9510 13.79 0.02 12607.12 0.995
C4H2O3 572.25 0.0431 508.84 0.85 63.35 0.005
H2O 78.10 0.0059 78.09 0.13 - -
13272.53 1.0000 600.73 1.00 12670.47 1

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Inputs: reboiler heat input QB + feed sensible heat HF

Outputs: condenser cooling QC + top and bottom product sensible heats HD + HW

Specific Heat of Feed at 448.15K: [Immerzeel, J and Gonfalone, O. (1994). A New

Concept of a Reactor System for Carrying Out Fast and Highly Exothermic Reactions, in
Respect to the Partial Oxidation of Ortho-xylene. Delft: Netherlands]

Gas T (K) A B C D E
PAN(liq) 448.15 145,400 252.4 0 0 0
MAN(liq) 448.15 93670 188.9 0 0 0
Water(liq) 448.15 276,370 -2,090.10 8.125 -0.01412 9.37E-06

Cp = A + BT + CT 2 + DT 3 + ET 4
CpPAN = 145,400 + (252.4)(448.15)
kJ
CpPAN = 1.7467
kg K

CpMAN = 93670 + (188.9)(448.15)

kJ
CpMAN = 1.8196
kg K

CpWater = 276,370 + (2,090.10)(448.15) + (8.125)(448.15)2

+ (0.01412)(448.15)3 + (9.37E 06)(422.15)4
kJ
CpWater = 4.3651
kg K

Cpfeed = (1.7024)(0.951) + (1.7695)(0.0431) + (4.2948)(0.0059)

kJ
Cpfeed = 1.7653
kg K

Specific Heat of Distillate at 369.70K: [Immerzeel, J and Gonfalone, O. (1994). A New

Concept of a Reactor System for Carrying Out Fast and Highly Exothermic Reactions, in
Respect to the Partial Oxidation of Ortho-xylene. Delft: Netherlands]

Gas T (K) A B C D E
PAN(liq) 369.70 145,400 252.4 0 0 0
MAN(liq) 369.70 93670 188.9 0 0 0
Water(liq) 369.70 276,370 -2,090.10 8.125 -0.01412 9.37E-06

Cp = A + BT + CT 2 + DT 3 + ET 4
CpPAN = 1.44x102 + (4.42x1001 )(369.70) + (3.46x1004 )(369.70)2
+ (1.00x17 )(369.70)3

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kJ
CpPAN = 1.6129
kg K

CpMAN = 93670 + (188.9)(369.70)

kJ
CpMAN = 1.6684
kg K

CpWater = 276,370 + (2,090.10)(369.70) + (8.125)(369.70)2

+ (0.01412)(369.70)3 + (9.37E 06)(369.70)4
kJ
CpWater = 4.2071
kg K
CpD = (1.6129)(0.02) + (1.6684)(0.85) + (4.2071)(0.130)
kJ
CpD = 1.9973
kg K

Specific Heat of Bottom at 479.15K: [Immerzeel, J and Gonfalone, O. (1994). A New

Concept of a Reactor System for Carrying Out Fast and Highly Exothermic Reactions, in
Respect to the Partial Oxidation of Ortho-xylene. Delft: Netherlands]

Gas T (K) A B C D E
PAN(liq) 479.15 145,400 252.4 0 0 0
MAN(liq) 479.15 93670 188.9 0 0 0
Water(liq) 479.15 276,370 -2,090.10 8.125 -0.01412 9.37E-06

Cp = A + BT + CT 2 + DT 3 + ET 4
CpPAN = 1.44x102 + (4.42x1001 )(479.15) + (3.46x1004 )(479.15)2
+ (1.00x17 )(479.15)3
kJ
CpPAN = 1.7996
kg K

CpMAN = 93670 + (188.9)(479.15)

kJ
CpMAN = 1.8794
kg K

CpB = (1.7996)(0.995) + (1.8794)(0.005)

kJ
CpB = 1.8000
kg K
Reflux Ratio
Liquid flow rate on the Top tray (Lo)
Lo
R=
D

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 Technological Institute of the Philippines

Lo = (R D )(D)
Lo = (2.0499)(600.73)
kg
Lo = 1231.44
day

Flow rate of vapor in the enriching section (Go):

GO = Lo + D
GO = 1231.44 + 600.73
kg
GO = 1832.17
day

Assume that boiling point varies linearly with the composition

Boiling point of feed:
558.25(12622.17) + 473.20(572.25)
BPFEED =
13194.42
BPFEED = 554.56K
At steady state:
input = output
HV = H D + HL + Q C
Hence
Q C = H V HD HL
Assume complete condensation.
Enthalpy of vapour
HV = latent + sensible heat
Normal Heat of vaporization
kJ
PAN = 335.00
kg
kJ
MAN = 249.76
kg
Assume that latent heat of vaporization of feed varies linearly with composition
335.00(12622.17) + 249.76(572.25)
=
13194.42
kJ
= 252.01
kg
Heat of Vaporization
kg kJ kJ
HV = 1832.17 [(252.01 ) + (554.56 319.15)K (1.9083 )]
day kg kg K
kJ
HV = 1,284,796.21
day
HV = 14.87 KW

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 Technological Institute of the Philippines

The enthalpy of the top product and reflux are zero, as they are both at the base
temperature. Both are liquid, and the reflux will be at the same temperature as the
product.
Hence,
HV = Q C
QC = 14.87 KW

QB is determined by this balance

Q B + HF = Q C + HD + HB
kg kJ
HF = (13272.53 ) [(1.7653 ) (448.15 319.15)K]
day kg K
kJ
HF = 3,022,469.64
day

kg kJ
HB = (12670.47 ) [(1.8000 ) (479.15 319.15)K]
day kg K
kJ
HB = 3,649,095.36
day

Q B = Q C + HF + HD HB
kJ kJ kJ
QB = 3,328,778.883 + 3,022,469.64 + 0 3,649,095.36
day day day
kJ
QB = 6,345,617.203
day
QB = 73.44 KW
QB is supplied by condensing steam.
Mass of steam required:
kJ
QB 6,345,617.203
day
msteam = =
(Latent heat Steam ) kJ
(2630.8045)
kg
kg
msteam = 2412.04438
day
QC is removed by cooling water with a temperature rise of 30C
kJ
QC 1,284,796.21
day
WaterFlow = =
(cpbot )(Temp risesteam ) kJ
(1.8 ) (30 + 273.15)K
kg K
kg
WaterFlow = 2,354.53
day

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 Technological Institute of the Philippines

9. Scrubber
Stack Gases
Vent Gases
Component Weight (kg) %
Component Weight (kg) % CO2 6,788.3687 6.75
CO2 6,789.0224 6.34 C8H4O3 1.7983 0.001
C8H4O3 2.8850 0.003 C4H2O3 0.9098 0.010
C4H2O3 132.7862 0.124 N2 86,069.3043 85.60
N2 86,077.8873 80.33 O2 7,691.7393 7.65
O2 7,692.5085 7.18 Total 100,552.1205 100
H2O 6,459.1185 6.03 Temperature 89oC
Total 107.154.2078 100 Pressure 101 kPa
Temperature 136oC
Pressure 101 kPa

Water
Component Weight (kg) %
H2O 53,577.1331 100
Temperature 25oC
Pressure 101 kPa
Scrubbed Water
Component Weight (kg) %
Line Loss
C8H4O3 1.0870 0.0018
16.073 kg C4H2O3 131.8896 0.2192
H2O 60,042.264 99.779
Total 60,175.2407 100
Temperature 89oC
Pressure 101 kPa

Specific heat capacity, or carbon dioxide, water (g), nitrogen (g) and oxygen (g):
Cp C4
= C1 + C2 T + C3 T 2 + 2
R T
8.314J
R=
mol. K

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 Technological Institute of the Philippines

For PAN and Water

= + + + +
For MAN
2 2
C3 C5
Cp = C1 + C2 ( T ) + C4 ( T )
C3
sinh( T) C6
cosh( T)

136+273.15
6788.37
mCO2 CpCO2 dT = ( )8.314 (5.4570 + 1.045x103 T
44 T
1.157x105
) dT
T
mH2 O CpH2 O dT
136+273.15
6458.48
=( )8.314 (3.47 + 1.045x103 T
18 373.15
1.21x104
) dT
T
136+273.15
7691.74
mO2 CpO2 dT = ( )8.314 (3.39 + 0.5060x103 T
32 T
0.227x105
) dT
T
136+273.15
86069.31
mN2 CpN2 dT = ( )8.314 (3.28 + 0.593x103 T
28 T
0.004x105
) dT
T

mPAN CpPAN dT
136+273.15
2.885
=( )8.314 (144 + 0.442T + 0.000346 T 2
148 T
+ 0.0000001T 3 )dT

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 Technological Institute of the Philippines

mMAN CpMAN dT
136+273.15
132.78
=( )8.314 (165140
98(1000) T

2
1459.6
+ 68030 ( T ) + 6.73E
sinh( 1459.6T)
2
8.4765
07 ( T ) ) dT
cosh( 8.4765T)

mH2 O(liq) CpH2O(liq) dT

100+273.15
2.885
=( )8.314 (276,370 + 2,090.10T
18 T
+ 8.125 T 2 0.014116T 3 + 9.37x106 T 4 )dT

Qsensible = QMAN + QPAN + Q H2 O(g) + QH2 O(liq) + QCO2 + Q N2 + Q O2

Heat of Condensation of Water = Hc(Water) = 2800(6458.481027)
= 16,792,050.67 kJ

13.6J
1KJ
kmol (1,000J)
Heat of Condensation of MAN = Hc(MAN) = (0.90983)
kg
98
kmol
( )
= 126.26 kJ

Hcon(PAN) = 135.1266855(1.7983) = 242.999 kJ

QLatent = 16,792,419.93 kJ

Qtotal(from sc) = QLatent + Qsensible

From cooling tower temp 25oC:

QCooling = mH2 O CpH2 O dT

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 Technological Institute of the Philippines

mH2 O(liq) CpH2 O(liq) dT

T
80357.66517
=( )8.314 (276,370 + 2,090.10T
18 25+273.15
+ 8.125 T 2 0.014116T 3 + 9.37x106 T 4 )dT Qtotal(from sc)
= Qcooling water

Energy balance:
Qtotal(from sc) = QCooling
Tout = 362.28K = 89o C = Operating Temperature

192