Peano Curve

A number of fractal curves are associated with Peano.

The Peano curve is the fractal curve illustrated above which can be written as
a Lindenmayer system.

The th iteration of the Peano curve illustrated above curve will be implemented
in a future version of the Wolfram Language as PeanoCurve[n].
Box Fractal

The box fractal is a fractal also called the anticross-stitch curve which can be
constructed using string rewriting beginning with a cell [1] and iterating the rules

(1
)

An outline of the box fractal can encoded as a Lindenmayer system with initial
string "F-F-F-F", string rewriting rule "F" -> "F-F+F+F-F", and angle (J. Updike,
pers. comm., Oct. 26, 2004).

Let be the number of black boxes, the length of a side of a white box, and
the fractional area of black boxes after the th iteration.

(2
)
(3
)
(4
)
(5
)

The sequence is then 1, 5, 25, 125, 625, 3125, 15625, ... (OEIS A000351).
The capacity dimension is therefore

(6)
(7)
(8)
Special Properties of Box Fractal
Suppose the original square B(0) has sides of length 1. Each square in B(k) has
side length (1/3)k and thus perimeter 4(1/3)k. Since there are 5k squares in
B(k), the total perimeter of B(k) is 4(5/3)k. In addition, each square in B(k) has
area (1/3)2k and thus the total area of B(k) is (5/9)k. Thus in the limit as k goes
to infinity, the perimeter of B(k) goes to infinity while the area of B(k) goes to 0.
In this sense, the box fractal has infinity perimeter but no area.
The box fractal is one example of a fractal antenna that is used in cell phones to
maximize reception in a minimum amount of space.

Variations

At each iteration remove the 4 corner squares rather than the four squares along
the middle of each side. This will yield the box fractal rotated by 45 degrees.
Tetrahedron
The regular tetrahedron, often simply called "the" tetrahedron, is the Platonic
solid with four polyhedron vertices, six polyhedron edges, and four
equivalent equilateral triangular faces, . It is also uniform polyhedron and
Wenninger model . It is described by the Schlfli symbol and the Wythoff
symbol is . It is an isohedron, and a special case of the
general tetrahedron and the isosceles tetrahedron. The tetrahedron has 7 axes of
symmetry: (axes connecting vertices with the centers of the opposite faces)
and (the axes connecting the midpoints of opposite sides).There are no other
convex polyhedra other than the tetrahedron having four faces.

The surface area of the tetrahedron is simply four times the area of a
single equilateral triangle face

(1
)

so

(2
)

The height of the regular tetrahedron is

(3
)

and the inradius and circumradius are

(4
)
(5
)

where as it must.

Since a tetrahedron is a pyramid with a triangular base, , giving

(6
)
The tetrahedron is its own dual polyhedron, and therefore the centers of the
faces of a tetrahedron form another tetrahedron (Steinhaus 1999, p. 201). The
tetrahedron is the only simple polyhedron with no polyhedron diagonals, and it
cannot be stellated. If a regular tetrahedron is cut by six planes, each passing
through an edge and bisecting the opposite edge, it is sliced into 24 pieces
(Gardner 1984, pp. 190 and 192; Langman 1951).

Octahedron
An octahedron is a polyhedron having eight faces. Examples include
the augmented triangular prism (Johnson solid
), boat, gyrobifastigium (Johnson solid ), heptagonal pyramid, hexagonal prism,
(regular) octahedron, square dipyramid, triangular cupola (Johnson solid
), tridiminished icosahedron (Johnson solid ), and truncated tetrahedron.

There are 257 convex octahedra, corresponding to the duals of the octahedral
graphs. The convex octahedra consisting of regular polygonal faces of equal
edge lengths are summarized in the following table. They all have , as
required by the polyhedral formula.

polyhedron degree sequence

truncated tetrahedron 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3 12 18
heptagonal pyramid 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 7 8 14
triangular cupola 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4 9 15
tridiminished icosahedron 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4 9 15
gyrobifastigium 3, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 4 8 14
augmented triangular prism 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4 7 13
octahedron 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4 6 12

The regular octahedron is the Platonic solid with six polyhedron vertices,
12 polyhedron edges, and eight equivalent equilateral triangular faces,
denoted . It is also uniform polyhedron and Wenninger model . It is
given by the Schlfli symbol and Wythoff symbol . The octahedron of
unit side length is the antiprism of sides with height . The
octahedron is also a square dipyramid with equal edge lengths.
There are 11 distinct nets for the octahedron, the same as for the cube
(Buekenhout and Parker 1998). Questions of polyhedron coloring of the
octahedron can be addressed using the Plya enumeration theorem.

Let an octahedron be length on a side. The height of the top polyhedron

vertex from the square plane is also the circumradius

(2
)

where

(3
)

is the diagonal length, so

(4
)

Now compute the inradius.

(5
)
 (6
)
(7
)

so

(8
)

Use similar triangles to obtain

(9)
(1
0)
(1
1)

so the inradius is

(1
2)

and twice the inradius gives the height of the octahedron viewed as a 3-
sided antiprism. The midradius of the octahedron is

(1
3)

The area of one face is the area of an equilateral triangle

(1
4)

The volume is two times the volume of a square-base pyramid,