TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page i

Approval Sheet ii

Acknowledgement iii

Abstract iv

Table of Content v

List of Tables vi

List of Figures vii

Introduction viii

Chapter 1: Introduction 1

1.1 Background of the Study 1

1.2 Objectives of the Study 4

1.2.1 General Objectives 4

1.2.2 Specific Objectives 4

1.3 Scopes and Delimitations of the Study 5

1.4 Significance of the Study 6

1.5 Conceptual Frameworks 7

1.6 Conceptual Definition of Terms 8

Chapter 2: Reviews of Related Literatures 10

2.1 Theoretical Background 10

2.2 Used Foundry Sand 10

Concrete Hollow Blocks Using Waste Steel Slags (WSS) and Used Foundry Sand (UFS) as Replacement to
Fine Aggregates
By: Bago, Juan Fernando C. Advisers:
Flores, Dharl Kristoffer D. Engr. Ma. Analin C. Pajaro
Laurel, Paul Arnold P. Engr. Edmund C.DelaCruz
Pabello, Joyce Angeline L.
Reyes, Alfie Angelo B.
 2.2.1 Origin of Foundry Sand 11

2.2.2 Properties of Used Foundry Sand 12

2.2.3 Recycling Used Foundry Sand 15

2.3 Waste Steel Slag 16

2.3.1 Steel Slag Processes 18

2.3.2 Steel Slag Aggregates 19

2.3.3 Properties of Steel Slag Aggregates 20

2.3.4 EPA Risk Assessment of Waste Steel Slag 21

2.4 Comparison of WSS and UFS Properties to Natural Sand 22

2.5 Cement 23

2.5.1 Types of Ordinary Portland Cement 24

2.5.2 Chemcal Composition of Ordinary Portland Cement 27

2.6 Concrete Hollow Blocks 28

2.6.1 Uses and Application of Concrete Hollow Blocks 30

2.6.2 Benefits of Concrete Hollow Blocks 32

2.7 Related Studies 32

2.7.1 Used Foundry Sand in Asphalt Concrete 32

2.7.2 Used Foundry Sand in Cement Concrete 33

2.7.3 Steel Slag as a Coarse Aggregate in Concrete 33

2.7.4 Steel Slag on Cement Concrete 35

Chapter 3: Methodology 36

Concrete Hollow Blocks Using Waste Steel Slags (WSS) and Used Foundry Sand (UFS) as Replacement to
Fine Aggregates
By: Bago, Juan Fernando C. Advisers:
Flores, Dharl Kristoffer D. Engr. Ma. Analin C. Pajaro
Laurel, Paul Arnold P. Engr. Edmund C.DelaCruz
Pabello, Joyce Angeline L.
Reyes, Alfie Angelo B.
 3.1 Preparation of Materials 36

3.1.1 Cement 36

3.1.2 Used Foundry Sand 36

3.1.3 Waste Steel Slag 37

3.1.4 Water 37

3.2 Production of Concrete Hollow Blocks 37

3.2.1 Proportioning 38

3.2.2 Preperation of Individual Materials 38

3.2.3 Mixing 38

3.2.4 Compacting (Vibration) 39

3.2.5 Curing 39

3.2.6 Drying 39

3.3 Determination of Physical Properties of Materials 40

3.3.1 Test method for Density, Specific Gravity and absorption of fine
aggregates (Used foundry Sand and Waste Steel Slags) (ASTM C128- 40
01)
3.3.2 Unit Weight of Fine Aggregates (Used Foundry Sand and Waste 41
Steel Slags) (ASTM C29-78)
3.4 Mix Proportions 42

3.5 Preparation of Concrete Hollow Blocks 42

3.5.1 Mixing Procedure 42

3.5.2 Casting 43

3.5.3 Curing 43

Concrete Hollow Blocks Using Waste Steel Slags (WSS) and Used Foundry Sand (UFS) as Replacement to
Fine Aggregates
By: Bago, Juan Fernando C. Advisers:
Flores, Dharl Kristoffer D. Engr. Ma. Analin C. Pajaro
Laurel, Paul Arnold P. Engr. Edmund C.DelaCruz
Pabello, Joyce Angeline L.
Reyes, Alfie Angelo B.
 3.5.4 Testing of Specimen 43

3.6 Testing Methods 43

3.6.1 Compressive Strenght 43

3.6.2 Water Absorption 44

3.6.3 Unit Weight of Concrete Hollow Blocks 45

3.6.4 Moisture Content of Concrete Hollow Blocks 46

Chapter 4: Analysis, Discussion, and Interpretation of Data 47

4.1 Physical Properties of Fine Aggregates Used in Concrete Hollow Blocks 47

4.2 Compressive Strength of Concrete Hollow Blocks 47

4.3 Dry Unit Weight of Concrete Hollow Blocks 51

4.4 Water Absorption of Concrete Hollow Blocks 52

4.5 Moisture Content of Concrete Hollow Blocks 53

Chapter 5: Conclusions and Recommendations 55

5.1 Conclusions 55

5.2 Recommendations 56

Appendix A: Test Result of Physical Properties of Waste Steel Slag and Used 58
Foundry Sand
Appendix B: Mix Proportions 60

Appendix C: Test Result of Mechanical Properties of Concrete Hollow Blocks 63

Appendix D: Captured Images and Documentation 78

Appendix E: References 90

Concrete Hollow Blocks Using Waste Steel Slags (WSS) and Used Foundry Sand (UFS) as Replacement to
Fine Aggregates
By: Bago, Juan Fernando C. Advisers:
Flores, Dharl Kristoffer D. Engr. Ma. Analin C. Pajaro
Laurel, Paul Arnold P. Engr. Edmund C.DelaCruz
Pabello, Joyce Angeline L.
Reyes, Alfie Angelo B.
Concrete Hollow Blocks Using Waste Steel Slags (WSS) and Used Foundry Sand (UFS) as Replacement to
Fine Aggregates
By: Bago, Juan Fernando C. Advisers:
Flores, Dharl Kristoffer D. Engr. Ma. Analin C. Pajaro
Laurel, Paul Arnold P. Engr. Edmund C.DelaCruz
Pabello, Joyce Angeline L.
Reyes, Alfie Angelo B.
 List of Tables

Table Title Page

Table 2.1 Typical Physical Properties of Used Foundry Sand 14
Table 2.2 List of Chemical Composition of a Typical Sample of Used Foundry 15
Sand as Determined by X-ray Fluorescence.
Table 2.3 Physical Properties of Waste Steel Slag 20
Table 2.4 Typical Chemical Properties of Waste Steel Slag 21
Table 2.5 Physical Properties of Waste Steel Slag, Used Foundry Sand and 22
Natural Sand
Table 2.6 Chemical Properties of Waste Steel Slag, Used Foundry Sand and 23
Natural Sand
Table 2.7 Chemical Compositions of Ordinary Portland Cement 26
Table 2.8 Technical Data of a Typical Concrete Hollow Block 29
Table 2.9 Existing standards for Concrete Hollow Blocks and Concrete Hollow 30
Block wall construction in the Philippines
Table 2.10 ASTM C 90-03 Load Bearing Masonry Units Specifications and 31
Standards
Table 2.11 ASTM C 129-03 Non Load Bearing Masonry Units Specifications and 31
Standards
Table 3.1 Mix Proportions 42
Table 4.1 Physical Properties of Used Foundry Sand and Waste Steel Slag 47
Table A.1 Physical Property Testing Of Raw Materials Conducted In Integrated 59
Research and Training Center (IRTC).
Table B.1 Mix proportions for 1:6 cement-aggregate ratio and 45% water-cement 61
ratio.
Table B.2 Mix proportions for 1:6 cement-aggregate ratio and 50% water-cement 61
ratio.

Table B.3 Mix proportions for 1:6 cement-aggregate ratio and 55% water-cement 62
ratio.
Table C.1 Mechanical Property Testing of Concrete Hollow Blocks using Waste 64
Steel Slag (WSS) and Used Foundry Sand (UFS) as Fine Aggregates
Conducted In Integrated Research and Training Center (IRTC).
Table C.2 Mechanical Property Testing of Concrete Hollow Blocks using Waste 65
Steel Slag (WSS) and Used Foundry Sand (UFS) as Fine Aggregates
Conducted In Integrated Research and Training Center (IRTC).
Table C.3 Mechanical Property Testing of Concrete Hollow Blocks using Waste 65
Steel Slag (WSS) and Used Foundry Sand (UFS) as Fine Aggregates
Conducted In Integrated Research and Training Center (IRTC).
Table C.4 Mechanical Property Testing of Concrete Hollow Blocks using Waste 66
Steel Slag (WSS) and Used Foundry Sand (UFS) as Fine Aggregates

Concrete Hollow Blocks Using Waste Steel Slags (WSS) and Used Foundry Sand (UFS) as Replacement to
Fine Aggregates
By: Bago, Juan Fernando C. Advisers:
Flores, Dharl Kristoffer D. Engr. Ma. Analin C. Pajaro
Laurel, Paul Arnold P. Engr. Edmund C.DelaCruz
Pabello, Joyce Angeline L.
Reyes, Alfie Angelo B.
 Conducted In Integrated Research and Training Center (IRTC).
Table C.5 Mechanical Property Testing of Concrete Hollow Blocks using Waste 67
Steel Slag (WSS) and Used Foundry Sand (UFS) as Fine Aggregates
Conducted In Integrated Research and Training Center (IRTC).
Table C.6 Mechanical Property Testing of Concrete Hollow Blocks using Waste 68
Steel Slag (WSS) and Used Foundry Sand (UFS) as Fine Aggregates
Conducted In Integrated Research and Training Center (IRTC).
Table C.7 Mechanical Property Testing of Concrete Hollow Blocks using Waste 68
Steel Slag (WSS) and Used Foundry Sand (UFS) as Fine Aggregates
Conducted In Integrated Research and Training Center (IRTC).
Table C.8 Mechanical Property Testing of Concrete Hollow Blocks using Waste 69
Steel Slag (WSS) and Used Foundry Sand (UFS) as Fine Aggregates
Conducted In Integrated Research and Training Center (IRTC).
Table C.9 Mechanical Property Testing of Concrete Hollow Blocks using Waste 70
Steel Slag (WSS) and Used Foundry Sand (UFS) as Fine Aggregates
Conducted In Integrated Research and Training Center (IRTC).
Table C.10 Physical Property Testing of Concrete Hollow Blocks using Waste 71
Steel Slag (WSS) and Used Foundry Sand (UFS) as Fine Aggregates
Conducted In Integrated Research and Training Center (IRTC)
Table C.11 Physical Property Testing of Concrete Hollow Blocks using Waste 71
Steel Slag (WSS) and Used Foundry Sand (UFS) as Fine Aggregates
Conducted In Integrated Research and Training Center (IRTC)
Table C.12 Physical Property Testing of Concrete Hollow Blocks using Waste 72
Steel Slag (WSS) and Used Foundry Sand (UFS) as Fine Aggregates
Conducted In Integrated Research and Training Center (IRTC)
Table C.13 Physical Property Testing of Concrete Hollow Blocks using Waste 73
Steel Slag (WSS) and Used Foundry Sand (UFS) as Fine Aggregates
Conducted In Integrated Research and Training Center (IRTC)
Table C.14 Physical Property Testing of Concrete Hollow Blocks using Waste 73
Steel Slag (WSS) and Used Foundry Sand (UFS) as Fine Aggregates
Conducted In Integrated Research and Training Center (IRTC)
Table C.15 Physical Property Testing of Concrete Hollow Blocks using Waste 74
Steel Slag (WSS) and Used Foundry Sand (UFS) as Fine Aggregates
Conducted In Integrated Research and Training Center (IRTC)
Table C.16 Physical l Property Testing of Concrete Hollow Blocks using Waste 75
Steel Slag (WSS) and Used Foundry Sand (UFS) as Fine Aggregates
Conducted In Integrated Research and Training Center (IRTC)
Table C.17 Physical Property Testing of Concrete Hollow Blocks using Waste 76
Steel Slag (WSS) and Used Foundry Sand (UFS) as Fine Aggregates
Conducted In Integrated Research and Training Center (IRTC)
Table C.18 Physical Property Testing of Concrete Hollow Blocks using Waste 76
Steel Slag (WSS) and Used Foundry Sand (UFS) as Fine Aggregates

Concrete Hollow Blocks Using Waste Steel Slags (WSS) and Used Foundry Sand (UFS) as Replacement to
Fine Aggregates
By: Bago, Juan Fernando C. Advisers:
Flores, Dharl Kristoffer D. Engr. Ma. Analin C. Pajaro
Laurel, Paul Arnold P. Engr. Edmund C.DelaCruz
Pabello, Joyce Angeline L.
Reyes, Alfie Angelo B.
 Conducted In Integrated Research and Training Center (IRTC)

List of Figures

Figure Title Page

Figure 2.1 Used Foundry Sand Sample 11
Figure 2.2 Steel Slag 17
Figure 2.3 Cement 24
Figure 2.4 Concrete Hollow Blocks (CHB) 30
Figure 4.1 Compressive Strength Versus UFS and WSS at 7 days 48
Figure 4.2 Compressive Strength Versus UFS and WSS at 14 days 49
Figure 4.3 Compressive Strength Versus UFS and WSS at 28 days 50
Figure 4.4 Dry Unit Weight Versus UFS and WSS 51
Figure 4.5 Water Absorption of Concrete Hollow Blocks 52
Figure 4.6 Moisture Content of Concrete Hollow Blocks 53
Figure 4.7 Gathering of Waste Steel Slag (WSS) at Steel Asia- Phoenix 79
Petroterminal and Industrial Park, Calaca Batangas.
Figure 4.8 Gathering of Used Foundry Sand (UFS) at Goldstar Foundry Inc, 79
Caloocan City.
Figure 4.9 Crushing of Raw Materials (WSS and UFS). 80
Figure 4.10 Sieving of Raw Materials (WSS and UFS). 80
Figure 4.11 Weighing of Raw Materials (WSS and UFS). 80
Figure 4.12 Unit Weight testing for Used Foundry Sand. 81
Figure 4.13 Specific Gravity testing for Used Foundry Sand. 81
Figure 4.14 Preparation of Raw Materials for Production 81

Concrete Hollow Blocks Using Waste Steel Slags (WSS) and Used Foundry Sand (UFS) as Replacement to
Fine Aggregates
By: Bago, Juan Fernando C. Advisers:
Flores, Dharl Kristoffer D. Engr. Ma. Analin C. Pajaro
Laurel, Paul Arnold P. Engr. Edmund C.DelaCruz
Pabello, Joyce Angeline L.
Reyes, Alfie Angelo B.
Figure 4.15 Weighing of water for the mix proportions. 82
Figure 4.16 Mixing of raw materials for production of specimen. 82

Figure 4.17 Preparation of the mixture for production of concrete hollow block 83
Figure 4.18 Production of concrete hollow block 83

Figure 4.19 Concrete hollow block 83

Figure 4.20 Fresh Concrete Hollow Block 84
Figure 4.21 Curing of Concrete Hollow Block (Sprinkling) 84
Figure 4.22 Weighing of Concrete Hollow Block for Testing 85
Figure 4.23 Measuring of the Dimension of Concrete Hollow Block 85
Figure 4.24 Preparation of Concrete Hollow Block for Compressive Testing 85
Figure 4.25 Compressive Testing of Concrete Hollow Block 86
Figure 4.26 Concrete Hollow Block Failure. 86
Figure 4.27 Commercially Produced Concrete Hollow Block 87
Figure 4.28 Concrete Hollow Block after Compressive Testing 87
Figure 4.29 Preparation of Specimen for Water Related Tests 88
Figure 4.30 Soaking of Concrete Hollow Block for 24 Hours. 88
Figure 4.31 Concrete Hollow Block after soaking. 89
Figure 4.32 Concrete Hollow Block at SSD Condition 89
Figure 4.33 Weighing of Concrete Hollow Block at SSD Condition 89

Concrete Hollow Blocks Using Waste Steel Slags (WSS) and Used Foundry Sand (UFS) as Replacement to
Fine Aggregates
By: Bago, Juan Fernando C. Advisers:
Flores, Dharl Kristoffer D. Engr. Ma. Analin C. Pajaro
Laurel, Paul Arnold P. Engr. Edmund C.DelaCruz
Pabello, Joyce Angeline L.
Reyes, Alfie Angelo B.