Mechanics Research Communications 38 (2011) 481485

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Mechanics Research Communications

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/mechrescom

Buckling analysis of a single-layer graphene sheet embedded in an elastic

medium based on nonlocal Mindlin plate theory
A.T. Samaei a, , S. Abbasion b , M.M. Mirsayar a
a
Center of Excellence in Experimental Solid Mechanics and Dynamics, School of Mechanical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran 16844, Iran
b
EMPA, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Material testing and Technology, Ueberlandstrasse 129, 8600 Dbendorf, Switzerland

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: The effect of length scale on buckling behavior of a single-layer graphene sheet embedded in a Pasternak
Received 26 November 2010 elastic medium is investigated using a nonlocal Mindlin plate theory. An explicit solution is extracted
Received in revised form 31 May 2011 for the buckling loads of graphene sheet and the inuence of the nonlocal parameter and aspect ratio
Available online 1 July 2011
on dimensionless buckling loads is presented. It is found that the nonlocal assumptions exhibit larger
buckling loads and stiffness of elastic medium in comparison to classical plate theory.
Keywords:
2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Graphene sheet
Nonlocal elasticity
Buckling

1. Introduction mechanics approach for the analysis of micro and nanostructures is

In recent years, carbon nanostructures have drawn substantial
interest from the researches community for the future application
of modern aerospace, superfast microelectronics, micro electro-
mechanical systems (MEMS), nano electro-mechanical systems
(NEMS), biomedical, bioelectrical, and nanocomposites (Drexler,
1992; Martel et al., 1998; Wong et al., 1998). The cause for
such an intense interest in carbon nanostructures lies in the
mechanical, physical, electrical, and thermal properties that can
be controlled, manipulated and used in the spread of innovative
devices (Poncharal et al., 1999; Dai et al., 1996). Ever since carbon
nanotubes discovery, much varieties of experimental, theoreti-
cal, and computer simulation approaches has been done on the
modeling and characterization of carbon nanostructures properties
(Iijima, 1991). In addition to experimental endeavors, many analyt-
ical and numerical analyses for carbon nanostructures mechanical
behavior have been reported in the literature such as molecular
dynamics (MD) simulations and continuum mechanics (Yakobson
et al., 1997; Govindjee and Sackman, 1999). Although several inves-
tigations have considered the discontinuous theory for explanation
of the mechanical behavior of micro/nanostructures in the litera-
ture (Chen et al., 2010; Wu et al., 2009), many theoretical researches
which is concerning the classical elasticity theory points out that
the continuum mechanics can employ for micro/nanostructures
in an acceptable accuracy (Lim and Yang, 2010; Al-Rub, 2007;
Hashemi and Samaei, 2011; Chen et al., 2004). Therefore continuum
Corresponding author. Tel.: +98 935 6315945; fax: +98 217 7240488.
E-mail addresses: arash samaei@mecheng.iust.ac.ir (A.T. Samaei),
mirmilad.mirsayar@gmail.com (M.M. Mirsayar).
less computationally expensive in comparison to other approaches.
However, there is a need to modify the classical continuum elastic-
ity which cannot predict the size-effects, to account for the small
scale effect. Nonlocal elasticity theory proposed by Eringen and
Edelen (1972), which could potentially play a useful role to show
size-effects in analysis of nanoscale structures. Nonlocal elasticity
theory assumes the stress at a point is a function of the strains at
all the other points in the body (Eringen, 1972). Since Peddieson
et al. (2003) suggested analysis of nanostructures by nonlocal elas-
ticity theory, many researchers (Sudak, 2003; Wang, 2005; Murmu
and Pradhan, 2009b) applied nonlocal theory to model carbon nan-
otubes and graphene sheets. Graphene sheets are a new kind of
two-dimensional carbon nano-plates. In the recent years, bending,
vibration, and buckling of graphene sheets (or micro/nano-plates)
are investigated using atomistic modeling and continuum mechan-
ics model (He et al., 2005; Kitipornchai et al., 2005; Behfar and
Naghdabadi, 2005). Especially Stability response of graphene sheets
as MEMS/NEMS component is one of the topics of primary inter-
est. The buckling of graphene sheets has been studied by atomistic
modeling in literature (Behfar et al., 2006). In addition to, a few
researchers have reported the bending, buckling, and vibration
analysis of micro and nano-plate or graphene sheets using non-
local elasticity theory (Sakhaee-Pour et al., 2008; Sakhaee Pour,
2009; Murmu and Pradhan, 2009a). Many researches are often
considered carbon nanotubes embedded in an elastic medium (Lu
et al., 2008; Wagner et al., 1998). Recently, Pradhan and Murmu
(2009) employed nonlocal plate theory and used DQM for buck-
ling analysis of single-layer graphene sheet embedded in elastic
medium. To the best knowledge of the authors, there is no ana-
lytical solution available in the literature for buckling analysis of
Mindlin micro/nano-plates such as graphene sheets with allowance

0093-6413/$ see front matter 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.mechrescom.2011.06.003
482 A.T. Samaei et al. / Mechanics Research Communications 38 (2011) 481485

Here E, G and  are the elastic modulus, shear modulus and poisons
ratio, respectively. The stress resultant-displacement relations can
be given as (Akhavan et al., 2009)
 h/2
Mij = ij zdz, i, j = 1, 2 (4.a)
h/2
Fig. 1. A continuum plate model of a single-layered graphene sheet embedded in
an elastic medium.  h/2
2
Qk = k k,z dz, k = 1, 2 (4.b)
for small scale effect and resting on Pasternak elastic foundation. h/2

The current paper presents an explicit formulation based on non- In which k2 is the transverse shear correction coefcient. The
local Mindlin plate theory considering the small scale effect in displacement eld according to the Mindlin plate theory may be
conjunction with the rst-order shear deformation effect including expressed as
plate-foundation interactions.
ux = u(x, y, z) + z x, (5.a)
2. Problem formulation uy = v(x, y, z) + z y, (5.b)

Nonlocal continuum theory states that the stress at a reference uz = w(x, y, z), (5.c)
point x in an elastic continuum depends not only on strain at x but
where x and y are the rotational displacement about the y and x
also on the strains at all other points x in the body (Eringen and
axes, respectively. z and t are transverse displacement and time,
Edelen, 1972). The basic equations for a linear homogenous elastic
respectively. The general strain relations are expressed as
body using nonlocal elasticity theory are
u x
ij,j + fi = u i (1.a) xx = +z , (6.a)
x x

v y
ij (x) = (|x x |, )Cijkl kl dv(x ) (1.b) yy = +z , (6.b)
v y y
uk,l + ul,k zz = 0, (6.c)
kl = (1.c)    
2
1 u v z x y
where  ij , , f and ui are the nonlocal elasticity stress tensor, mass xy = + + + , (6.d)
2 y x 2 y x
density, body forces, and the displacement vector at point x, respec-
 
tively. Cijkl is the local stress tensor at any point x in the body which
    =
1 w
+
is related to the strain tensor kl . (x x  , ), x x  and  = (e0 a/l)
xz x , (6.e)
2 x
are the nonlocal kernel function, Euclidean distance, and material  
constant that depends on the internal characteristic length a (such 1 w
xz = + y . (6.f)
as the CC bond length, lattice parameter) and external characteris- 2 y
tic length l (like graphene sheet length, wave length, crack length),
respectively. The parameter e0 is Eringens nonlocal elasticity con- By substituting Eqs. (3.a)(3.e) and (6.a)(6.f) into Eq. (4.a) and (4.b),
stant suitable to each material. The aforementioned integro-partial the nonlocal constitutive relations in terms of displacements are
differential equations based on nonlocal elasticity with that kernel obtained
   
function can be simplied to 2 Mxx 2 Mxx x y
Mxx (e0 a)2 2
+ =D + , (7.a)
[1 (e0 a)2 2 ]ij = Cijkl kl, (2) x y2 x y
   
where 2 is the Laplacian operator and is dened by 2 = 2 2 Myy 2 Myy y x
Myy (e0 a) + =D + , (7.b)
(2 /x2 + 2 /y2 ). x2 y2 y x
In this investigation a single-layer graphene sheet is modeled as
   
a rectangular plate with length l, width b and thickness h. Consider 2 Mxy 2 Mxy D x y
2
a coordinate system (x, y, z) at one corner of the graphene sheet, see Mxy (e0 a) + = (1 ) + ,
x2 y2 2 y x
Fig. 1, with the x, y and z axes along the length, width and thickness
(7.c)
of plate, respectively.
Using Eq. (2), the plane stress nonlocal constitutive relations can
be stated as
   
  2 Qx 2 Qx w
Qx (e0 a)2 + = k2 Gh + x , (7.d)
2 xx 2 xx E x2 y2 x
xx (e0 a)2 + = (xx + yy ), (3.a)
x2 y2 (1 2 )    
  2 2 Qy 2 Qy 2 w
Qy (e0 a) + = k Gh + y . (7.e)
2 yy 2 yy E x2 y2 y
yy (e0 a)2 + = (yy + xx ), (3.b)
x2 y2 (1 2 )
  In which D = Eh3 /12(1 2 ) is the bending rigidity of the
2 xy 2 xy graphene sheet. The governing equations based on Mindlin plate
xy (e0 a)2 + = 2Gxy , (3.c)
x2 y2 theory can be given by Hashemi et al. (2008)
  1
2 xz 2 xz Mxx,x + Mxy,y Qx = h3 x , (8.a)
xz (e0 a)2 2
+ = 2Gxz , (3.d) 12
x y2
1
  Myy,y + Mxy,x Qy = h3 y , (8.b)
2 yz 2 yz 12
yz (e0 a)2 + = 2Gyz . (3.e)
x2 y2 Qx,x + Qy,y p = h z . (8.c)
 A.T. Samaei et al. / Mechanics Research Communications 38 (2011) 481485 483

where Mxx and Myy are the resultant moments, Mxy is the twisting 1.2
moment, and Qx and Qy are the transverse shear forces. All the above
moments and forces are per unit length.
1
The present study performs to predict the critical buckling loads
of a single-layered graphene sheet embedded in elastic medium
such as polymer composites by employing a nano-plate on an elas- 0.8

Buckling Load ratio

tic foundation. The single-layered graphene sheet is simulated as
a rectangular nano-plate and the elastic medium is modeled using e 0a=0.0nm
an elastic foundation, both Winkler-type and Pasternak-type elas- 0.6 e 0a=0.5nm
tic foundation. Normal transverse load per unit area can be written e 0a=1.0nm
as
0.4 e 0a=1.5nm
p = N z,xx kw z + ks ( z.xx + z.yy ) e 0a=2.0nm
(9)
ks = Ks l2 /D, kw = Kw l4 /D
0.2
where N is the in-plane loading per unit length, ks and kw are
shear and Winkler foundation dimensionless coefcients, respec-
tively. For the simply supported graphene sheet we have following
0
boundary conditions 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
length (nm)
w = 0, y = 0, Mxx = 0, x = 0, l (10.a)
Fig. 2. Effect of length on the nondimensional buckling load of a simply supported
w = 0, x = 0, Myy = 0, y = 0, b (10.b) SLGS for different nonlocal parameter.

To solve the buckling problem, we assume the solution of gov-

erning equations with satisfaction of aforementioned boundary ratio is obtained from dividing nonlocal buckling load to classical
condition as buckling load. For this study, Winkler and shear modulus parameter
is kw = 3000 and ks = 0, respectively, and the wave mode numbers
x = x cos(x) sin(y), (11.a)
is assumed as m = 3 and n = 1. It is observed that nonlocal solution
y = y sin(x) cos(y), (11.b) for buckling load is smaller than the local solutions. This is charged
to the effect of small length scale. In addition, increasing the nonlo-
w = sin(x) sin(y). (11.c) cal parameter decreases the buckling load ratio. This intimates that
In which and are dened as = m /l and = n /b, respec- increasing the nonlocal parameter leads to a decline in stiffness
tively. m and n are the half wave numbers. By substituting Eqs. of single-layered graphene sheet because with increase of length,
(11.a)(11.c) into Eqs. (7.a)(7.e) we have the effect of nonlocal parameter reduces. Moreover, with further
   increase of length l 50 nm the curves converge to the classical
c11 c12 c13 x 0 buckling (e0 a = 0). It is because the nonlocal effect declines with
c21 c22 c23 y = 0 (12) increase of the graphene sheet length and disappears after a certain
c31 c32 c33 0 length.
where coefcients c11 through c33 are given in appendix. By setting To show the effect of the high wave modes and nonlocal effect
the determinant of the coefcient matrix in Eq. (12) equal to zero on the buckling load of single-layered graphene sheet embedded
and solving the characteristic equation, we obtain the dimension- in an elastic medium, buckling load ratio versus the variation of
less buckling load length at different buckling modes (m = 1, 2, 3) are plotted in Fig. 3.
It can be observed that for all the buckling modes when the length
Nl2 of single-layered graphene sheet increases the buckling load ratio
=
N (13)
D increases. It is because when the length of nanoplate increases, the
nonlocal effect declines.
3. Results and discussion

1
To study the effects of small length scale, rst-order shear defor-
mation and a surrounding elastic medium on the buckling analysis 0.9
of single-layered graphene sheet embedded in an elastic medium,
stability response is analyzed for different (i) lengths, (ii) nonlocal 0.8
m=1
parameter, (iii) Winkler modulus parameters and (iv) shear mod- 0.7 m=2
Buckling Load ratio

ulus parameters.
m=3
For the present study, a thick rectangular nanoplate under 0.6
in-plane load and resting on elastic foundation with following
0.5
properties is considered (Behfar and Naghdabadi, 2005). Consider
the graphene sheet with Youngs modulus, E = 1 GPa, the Pois- 0.4
sons ratio,  = 0.3, the mass density,  = 2300 kg/m3 , and thickness
0.3
of nanoplate, h = 0.34 nm. The length l of the graphene sheet is
assumed as between 5 and 50 nm and the width is b = 40 nm. The 0.2
maximum length of graphene sheet often is taken as about 45 nm
(Sakhaee Pour, 2009). For the choice of scale coefcient we take, 0.1

e0 a = 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 nm. The calculated buckling loads are 0

explained in nondimensional buckling load ratio. 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
local ) versus
nonlocal /N length (nm)
Fig. 2 shows the buckling loads ratio (N
the variation of length the variation of length for a rectangular Fig. 3. Effect of length on the nondimensional buckling load of a simply supported
nanoplate at different nonlocal parameters (e0 a). Buckling load SLGS for different buckling modes.
484 A.T. Samaei et al. / Mechanics Research Communications 38 (2011) 481485

Fig. 5. For this case, the elastic medium is modeled as a Paster-

nak type foundation model with kw = 3000. The shear modulus
parameter is taken as ks = 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25. These value of shear
1
modulus parameter were also applied (Liew et al., 2006). At the
same nonlocal parameter it can be observed that the increase in
shear modulus parameter of elastic medium decreases the buckling
Buckling Load ratio

0.8
load ratio of single-layered graphene sheet embedded in an elas-
kw=50
tic medium. This is inferred that the buckling load ratio reduces
0.6 with increase shear modulus parameter in Pasternak type model
kw=100
foundation. Further, the dimensionless buckling load obtained from
kw=200
Pasternak type model is relatively larger than that obtained from
0.4 kw=300
Winkler type foundation model.
kw=400
kw=500
0.2 4. Conclusions

In this paper, effects of the nonlocal parameter and the sur-

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 rounding elastic medium and rst order shear deformation on
length (nm) the buckling analysis of single-layer graphene sheet embedded
in an elastic medium under in plane loading based on the non-
Fig. 4. Effect of nonlocal parameter on the nondimensional buckling load of a simply
supported SLGS for different Winkler modulus parameter.
local Mindlin plate theory are obtained. It was found that the
effect of small length scale and surrounding elastic medium is
signicant to the mechanical behavior of nanoplates or single-
Now we examine the effects of the surrounding elastic medium layer graphene sheet and cannot be ignored. The single-layered
on the buckling load of single-layered graphene sheet in an elastic graphene sheet embedded in an elastic medium is modeled a
medium subjected to various foundation parameters. Fig. 4 shows Pasternak model with adding a shear layer to the Winkler model.
the variation of buckling load ratio versus nonlocal parameter for The governing equations and boundary conditions are derived
different Winkler modulus parameters kw . The elastic medium for the above problem. The governing equations are analytically
is modeled as a Winkler-type foundation model (ks = 0). For the solved to obtain closed form solution for buckling load of simply
present case the Winkler modulus parameter is taken as kw = 50, supported single-layered graphene sheet embedded in an elastic
100, 200, 300, 400, 500. The nonlocal parameter e0 a is varied from medium. Dimensionless Buckling load ratio increases with increase
0 to 25 nm for this case. This can be obviously observed from in the length of nanoplate for all the buckling modes. Furthermore,
Fig. 4 that the effect of Winkler modulus parameter is higher for the buckling load ratio reduces with increase Winkler modulus
larger nonlocal parameters. This phenomenon is due to the effect parameter and shear modulus parameter in Pasternak-type model
of small scale length at larger nonlocal parameter for the range foundation. In comparison with classical plate theory, the nonlo-
of soft to very hard elastic medium. Further, at the same nonlocal cal solutions represent larger buckling loads and stiffness of elastic
parameter it is found that increasing the Winkler modulus param- medium.
eter decreases the buckling load ratio. This is because increasing
the Winkler modulus parameter increases in the stiffness of Appendix A.
structure.
Lastly we consider the effect of shear modulus parameter on Coefcients c11 through c33 : 

1 +  
the buckling load ratio versus nonlocal parameter of single-layer 2k2 Gh
graphene sheet embedded in an elastic medium. Dimensionless c11 = 2 + 2 + 2 + ,
1 D (1 )
nonlocal /N
buckling load ratio (N local ) versus nonlocal parameter, e0 a,  

1 +  2k2 Gh
for different shear modulus parameters, ks have been plotted in
c12 = , c13 = ,
1 D (1 )

1 + 
c21 = ,
1
1

1 +   
2k2 Gh
c22 = 2 + 2 + 2 + ,
1 D (1 )
 
0.8
2k2 Gh
c23 = c31 = , c32 = ,
Buckling Load Ratio

,
D (1 )



0.6 ks=0 c33 = 2 + 2 + N2 + kw
+ 2ks (2 + 2 ) +
k2 Gh k Gh
2
ks=5 (e0 a) 2 2 + 4 ) + k (2 + 2 ) + k (4
[N( w s + 4 + 22 2 )].
ks=10 k2 Gh
0.4 ks=15
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