1914
This article is about the year 1914. For the board game,
see 1914 (game). For the German drama lm, see
1914 (lm). For the sonnet by Wilfred Owen, see 1914
(poem).
1914 (MCMXIV) was a common year starting on Thurs- 1.2 February
day (dominical letter D) of the Gregorian calendar and a
common year starting on Wednesday (dominical letter E) Main article: February 1914
of the Julian calendar, the 1914th year of the Common
Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 914th
year of the 2nd millennium, the 14th year of the 20th
century, and the 5th year of the 1910s decade. As of the
start of 1914, the Gregorian calendar was 13 days ahead
of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use
until 1923. This year saw the beginning of what became
known as World War I and also saw the rst airline to
provide scheduled regular commercial passenger services
with heavier-than-air aircraft with the St. Petersburg
Tampa Airboat Line.
1 Events
1.1 January
Main article: January 1914
January 1 The St. PetersburgTampa Airboat Line
in the United States starts services between St. Pe-
tersburg and Tampa, Florida, becoming the rst air-
line to provide scheduled regular commercial pas-
senger services with heavier-than-air aircraft, with
Tony Jannus (the rst federally-licensed pilot) con-
veying passengers in a Benoist XIV ying boat.
Abram C. Pheil, mayor of St. Petersburg, is the rst
airline passenger and over 3,000 people witness the
rst departure.
January 5 Ford Motor Company announces an
eight-hour workday and a daily wage of $5.
January 8 A railway strike is declared in the
Transvaal and Orange Free State.
January 9 The Phi Beta Sigma fraternity is founded
by African American students at Howard University
in Washington, D.C.
January 11 The Sakurajima volcano in Japan be-
gins to erupt, becoming eusive after a very large
earthquake on January 13. The lava ows cause
the island which it forms to be linked to the sumi
Peninsula.
February 2 Charlie Chaplin makes his lm dbut
in the comedy short Making a Living.
February 7 Release of Charlie Chaplins second
lm, the Keystone comedy Kid Auto Races at Venice,
in which his character of The Tramp is introduced
to audiences (although rst lmed in Mabels Strange
Predicament, released two days later).[1][2][3]
February 8 The Luxembourg national football
team has its rst victory, beating France 54 in a
friendly match, for the rst and only time in football
history.
February 10 Release of the lm Hearts Adrift; the
name of Mary Pickford, the star, is displayed above
the title on movie marquees.
February 12 In Washington, D.C., the rst stone
of the Lincoln Memorial is put into place.
February 13 Copyright: In New York City the
American Society of Composers, Authors and Pub-
lishers is established to protect the copyrighted mu-
sical compositions of its members.
February 17 Karl Staa steps down as Prime Min-
ister of Sweden in the aftermath of the Courtyard
Crisis. He is replaced by the public ocial Hjalmar
Hammarskjld, father of Dag Hammarskjld.
February 26 The ocean liner that will become
HMHS Britannic, sister to the RMS Titanic, is
launched at the Harland and Wol shipyards in
Belfast.
February 28 Autonomous Republic of Northern
Epirus proclaimed by ethnic Greeks in Northern
Epirus.
1
2 1 EVENTS
1.3 March
Main article: March 1914
March 1 The Republic of China joins the
Universal Postal Union.
March 6 Founding of FK Vojvodina football club
in Novi Sad (Serbia).
March 7 Prince William of Wied arrives in
Albania to begin his reign.
March 8 First transfer of aircraft to Don Muang
Royal Thai Air Force Base.
March 10 Suragette Mary Richardson dam-
ages Velzquez' painting Rokeby Venus in Londons
National Gallery with a meat chopper.
March 16 Henriette Caillaux, wife of French min-
ister Joseph Caillaux, murders Gaston Calmette, ed-
itor of Le Figaro, fearing publication of letters show-
ing she and Caillaux were romantically involved dur-
ing his rst marriage. (She is acquitted on July 28).
March 17 (Saint Patricks Day) Green beer is in-
vented by Dr. Thomas H. Curtin and displayed at
the Schnorrer Club of Morrisania in the Bronx, New
York.[4]
March 27 Belgian surgeon Albert Hustin makes
the rst successful non-direct blood transfusion, us-
ing anticoagulants.
March 29 Katherine Routledge and her husband
arrive in Easter Island to make the rst true study of
it (they depart August 1915).
1.4 April
Main article: April 1914
April 4September 27 Komagata Maru inci-
dent: Voyage of the Komagata Maru from India to
Canada. Due to Canadian regulations designed to
exclude Asian immigrants the boat is not allowed to
dock in Vancouver and is forced to return to Calcutta
with all its passengers.
April 9 Tampico Aair, involving United States
Navy sailors in Mexico.
April 11
Canadian Margaret C. MacDonald is ap-
pointed Matron-in-Chief of the Canadian
Nursing service band and becomes the rst
woman in the British Empire to reach the rank
of major.
Alpha Rho Chi, a professional architecture
fraternity, is founded in the Hotel Sherman in
Chicago.
April 1418 First International Criminal Police
Congress held in Monaco. 24 countries are repre-
sented including some from Asia, Europe, and the
Americas; the Dean of the Paris Law School is pres-
ident.
April 20
Ludlow Massacre (Colorado Coaleld War):
The Colorado National Guard attacks a tent
colony of 1,200 striking coal miners in
Ludlow, Colorado in the United States, killing
24 people.
President Woodrow Wilson asks the United
States Congress to use military force in Mex-
ico in reaction to the Tampico Aair.
April 21 United States occupation of Veracruz:
2,300 U.S. Navy sailors and Marines from the South
Atlantic eet land in the port city of Veracruz, Mex-
ico, which they will occupy for over 6 months. The
Ypiranga incident occurs when they attempt to en-
force an arms embargo against Mexico by prevent-
ing the German cargo steamer SS Ypiranga from
unloading arms for the Mexican government in the
port.
April 22 Mexico ends diplomatic relations with the
United States for the time being.
April 23 The Afrikaans language receives ocial
recognition when Cornelis Jacobus Langenhoven
addresses the English caucus of the Cape Provincial
Council.
1.5 May
Main article: May 1914
May 1November 1 Exposition Internationale held
at Lyon (France).
May 5November 11 Jubilee Exhibition (Ju-
bilumsutstillingen) held at Kristiania (Norway) to
mark the centennial of the countrys Constitution.
May 9 J. T. Hearne becomes the rst bowler to
take 3,000 rst-class wickets.
May 14 Woodrow Wilson signs a Mothers Day
proclamation.
May 17 Protocol of Corfu provides for the
provinces of Kor and Gjirokastr, constituting
Northern Epirus, to be granted autonomy under the
nominal sovereignty of Albania.
1.7 July
May 25 The United Kingdoms House of Com-
mons passes Irish Home Rule.
May 29 The ocean liner RMS Empress of Ireland
sinks in the Gulf of St. Lawrence; 1,012 lives are
lost.
May 30 The ocean liner RMS Aquitania makes her
maiden voyage.
1.6 June
Main article: June 1914
June 1 Woodrow Wilson's envoy Edward Mandell
House meets with Kaiser Wilhelm II.
June 8 The Brazilian Football Confederation is
founded, with lvaro Zamith as its rst president.
The Brazilian Olympic Committee is founded on the
same day.
June 9 Pittsburgh Pirate Honus Wagner becomes
the rst baseball player in the 20th century with
3000 career hits.
June 12 Greek genocide: Ottoman Greeks
in Phocaea are massacred by Turkish irregular
troops.[5]
June 18 Mexican Revolution: The Constitutionals 1.7 July
take San Luis Potos; Venustiano Carranza demands
Victoriano Huerta's surrender. Main article: July 1914
June 23 After it had been closed so that it
could be deepened, the Kaiser-Wilhelm-Kanal is re-
opened by the Kaiser; the British Fleet under Sir
George Warrender visits; the Kaiser inspects the
Dreadnought HMS King George V.
June 24 In Manchester, New Hampshire, a down-
town re causes $400,000 damage and injures 19
remen.
June 28 Assassination of Archduke Franz Fer-
dinand of Austria: 19-year-old Serbian nationalist
Gavrilo Princip assassinates Archduke Franz Fer-
dinand of Austria and his wife, Duchess Sophie,
in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, triggering the
July Crisis and World War I.
June 29
Austria-Hungary: The Secretary of the Lega-
tion at Belgrade sends a dispatch to Vienna
suggesting Serbian complicity in the crime of
Sarajevo. Anti-Serb riots erupt in Sarajevo
and throughout Bosnia generally.
3
This picture is usually associated with the arrest of Gavrilo Prin-
cip, although some[6][7] believe it depicts Ferdinand Behr, a by-
stander.
Khioniya Guseva attempts and fails to assas-
sinate Grigori Rasputin at his home town in
Siberia.
International Exhibition opens at the White
City, Ashton Gate, Bristol (England). It
closes on August 15 and the site is used as a
military depot.[8]
June 30 Among those addressing the Parliament of
the United Kingdom on the murdered Archduke are
Lords Crewe and Lansdowne in the House of Lords
and Messrs Asquith and Law in the Commons.
July 1 The Royal Naval Air Service, a forerunner
of the Royal Air Force, is established.[9]
July 2 The German Kaiser announces that he will
not attend the Archdukes funeral.
July 4
The Archdukes funeral takes place at
Artstetten Castle (50 miles west of Vienna),
Austria-Hungary.
Lexington Avenue bombing: 4 people are
killed in New York City when an anarchist
bomb intended to kill John D. Rockefeller ex-
plodes prematurely in the plotters apartment.
July 5 A council is held at Potsdam, powerful lead-
ers within Austria-Hungary and Germany meet to
discuss possibilities of war with Serbia, Russia, and
France.
July 7 Austria-Hungary convenes a Council of
Ministers, including Ministers for Foreign Aairs
and War, the Chief of the General Sta and Naval
4 1 EVENTS

Commander-in-Chief; the Council lasts from 11.30
a.m. to 6.15 p.m.
July 9 The Emperor of Austria-Hungary receives
the report of Austro-Hungarian investigation into
the Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of
Austria at Sarajevo. The Times publishes an account
of the Austro-Hungarian press campaign against the
Serbians (who are described as pestilent rats).
July 25 Austria-Hungary severs diplomatic ties
with Serbia and begins to mobilize its own forces.
Radomir Putnik, Chief of the Serbian General Sta,
is arrested in Budapest but subsequently allowed to
return to Serbia.
July 26 Kings Own Scottish Borderers of the
British Army re on Dubliners on Bachelors Walk,
killing 3 and injuring 38.

July 10 Nicholas Hartwig, Russian Minister to

Serbia, dies suddenly while visiting Austrian min-
ister Wladimir Giesl von Gieslingen at the Austrian
Legation in Belgrade.

July 11

Baseball legend Babe Ruth makes his major

league debut with the Boston Red Sox.
USS Nevada, the United States Navys rst
"super-dreadnought" battleship, is launched.
Over 5,000 attend a rally in Union Square,
Manhattan, called by the Anti-Militarist
League to commemorate the anarchists killed
in the July 4 Lexington Avenue bombing.[10] The central temple of the Iglesia ni Cristo

July 12 Supreme Court of the United States justice July 27 Brother Felix Ysagun Manalo registers
Horace H. Lurton succumbs to a heart attack at age the Iglesia ni Cristo (Church of Christ) with the
70. government of the Philippines.
July 13 Reports surface of a projected Ser- 0 500 KM

bian attack upon the Austro-Hungarian Legation at Baltic

Sea

Belgrade. UNITED KINGDOM

North Sea

RUSSIA

July 14 The Government of Ireland Bill completes ATLANTIC OCEAN

GERMAN EMPIRE

its passage through the House of Lords of the U.K. Czechs

Slovaks
Poles

Ukrainians

It allows Ulster counties to vote on whether or not FRANCE

Italians
AUSTRIA
HUNGARY
Slovenians

they wish to participate in Home Rule from Dublin.

Romanians
Croats
PORTUGAL Serbs ROMANIA
Black Sea
Da Sarajevo
lm
SPAIN
ati
a SERBIA Military alliances
MONTENEGRO BULGARIA in 1914

July 15 Mexican Revolution: Victoriano Huerta ITALY

ALBANIA

OTTOMAN EMPIRE
Triple Alliance

Triple Entente

resigns the presidency of Mexico and leaves for Spa

nish
M oroc
co
Mediterranean Sea GREECE

Slavic allies of Russia

minority groups in

Coatzacoalcos, Veracruz. Morocco (Fr) Algeria (Fr)

Tunisia (Fr) AustriaHungary

July 18 Map of European alliances in 1914

The Signal Corps of the United States Army is July 28

formed, giving denite status to its air service
for the rst time.
British Fleet review at Spithead by George V.
Gandhi leaves South Africa for the last time,
sailing out of Cape Town for England on board
the SS Kinfauns Castle.
July 19 George V summons a conference to discuss
the Irish Home Rule problem. This meets from July
21 to 24 without reaching consensus.
July 23 July Ultimatum: Austria-Hungary presents
Serbia with an unconditional ultimatum.
World War I: Austria-Hungary declares war
on Serbia by telegram and its army bombards
Belgrade. Tsar Nicholas II of Russia orders a
partial mobilization against Austria-Hungary.
Henriette Caillaux, wife of French minister
Joseph Caillaux is acquitted of murder by rea-
son of crime passionnel.
July 28August 10 World War I: Pursuit of
Goeben and Breslau: British and French naval forces
fail to prevent the ships of the Imperial German
Navy Mediterranean Division from reaching the
Dardanelles.
1.8 August
July 29 In Massachusetts, the new Cape Cod Canal
opens; it shortens the trip between New York and
Boston by 66 miles, but also turns Cape Cod into an
island.
July 30 Austrian artillery bombards Belgrade, cap-
ital of Serbia.
July 31
Russia orders full mobilization.
French antimilitarist socialist leader Jean Jau-
rs is assassinated by a nationalist in Paris.
1.8 August
Main article: August 1914
Mobilization in Germany.
August 1
The German Empire declares war on the
Russian Empire, following Russias military
mobilization in support of Serbia; Germany
also begins mobilization.
France orders general mobilization.
New York Stock Exchange closed due to war
in Europe, where nearly all stock exchanges
are already closed.
Marcus Garvey founds the Universal Negro
Improvement Association in Jamaica.
August 2
German troops occupy Luxembourg in accor-
dance with the Schlieen Plan.
A secret treaty between the Ottoman Empire
and Germany secures Ottoman neutrality.
At 7:00 pm (local time) Germany issues a 12-
hour ultimatum to neutral Belgium to allow
German passage into France.
5
August 3
Germany declares war on Russias ally,
France.
At 7:00 am (local time) Belgium declines to
accept Germany's ultimatum of August 2.
August 4
German troops invade Belgium at 8:02 am (lo-
cal time). Declaration of war by the United
Kingdom on Germany for this violation of
Belgian neutrality. This eectively means a
declaration of war by the whole British Empire
against the German Empire, beginning World
War I from the British perspective. The United
States declares neutrality.
Imperial German Navy Rear-Admiral
Wilhelm Souchon bombards the French
Algerian ports of Bne and Philippeville
from battlecruiser Goeben and light cruiser
Breslau.[11]
Gandhi is in the English Channel (en route
from South Africa) when he learns that war
has been declared. Later this day he arrives
in London.
August 5
Germany declares war on Belgium.
The Kingdom of Montenegro declares war on
Austria-Hungary.
The guns of Point Nepean fort at Port Phillip
Heads in Victoria (Australia) re across the
bows of the Norddeutscher Lloyd steamer SS
Pfalz which is attempting to leave the Port of
Melbourne in ignorance of the declaration of
war and she is detained; this is said to be the
rst Allied shot of the war.[12]
SS Knigin Luise, taken over two days earlier
by the Imperial German Navy as a minelayer,
lays mines 40 miles (64 km) o the east coast
of England. She is intercepted and sunk by
the British Royal Navy light cruiser HMS Am-
phion, the rst German naval loss of the war.
The following day, Amphion strikes mines laid
by the Knigin Luise and is sunk with some loss
of life, the rst British casualties of the war.
German zeppelins drop bombs on Lige in
Belgium, killing 9 civilians.
First electric trac light is installed between
Euclid Avenue and East 105 Street, Cleveland,
Ohio.
August 516 Battle of Lige: The German Army
overruns and defeats the Belgians.
August 6 World War I:
6 1 EVENTS
Austria-Hungary declares war on Russia.
First engagement between ships (light cruis-
ers) of the British Royal Navy and the Imperial
German Navy when HMS Bristol pursues the
SMS Karlsruhe (which escapes) in the West
Indies.
August 7 World War I:
Battle of Mulhouse: France launches its rst
attack of the war in an ultimately unsuccessful
attempt to recover the province of Alsace from
Germany, beginning the Battle of the Fron-
tiers.
British colonial troops of the British Gold
Coast Regiment entering the German West
African colony of Togoland encounter the
German-led police force at a factory in Nuatja,
near Lom, and the police open re on the
patrol.[13] Alhaji Grunshi returns re,[14] the
rst soldier in British service to re a shot in
the war.[13]
August 8
German colonial forces execute Martin-Paul
Samba for high treason.
Sir Ernest Shackleton's Imperial Trans-
Antarctic Expedition sets sail on the
Endurance from England in an attempt
to cross Antarctica.
August 9 World War I: British Royal Navy light
cruiser HMS Birmingham rams and sinks German
submarine U-15 o Fair Isle, the rst U-boat lost in
action.[15]
August 12 World War I:
Battle of Haelen: Belgian troops repulse the
Germans.
Formal declaration of war by the United King-
dom on Austria-Hungary.
August 13 Treaties of Teoloyucan(Spanish) are
signed in the State of Mexico.
August 15
The Panama Canal is inaugurated with the pas-
sage of the SS Ancon.
Mexican Revolution: Venustiano Carranza's
troops under general lvaro Obregn enter
Mexico City.
A dismissed servant kills seven people at
American architect Frank Lloyd Wright's stu-
dio and home, Taliesin in Wisconsin (includ-
ing his mistress, Mamah Borthwick), and sets
it on re.
August 1524 World War I: Battle of Cer: Serbian
troops defeat the Austro-Hungarian army, marking
the rst Entente victory of the War.
August 16 World War I:
German warships SMS Goeben and Breslau
(both commissioned in 1912), which reached
Constantinople on August 10, are transferred
to the Ottoman Navy, Goeben becoming its
agship, Yavuz Sultan Selim.
Lake Nyasa is the scene of a brief naval battle
when Captain Edmund Rhoades, commander
of the British steamship SS Gwendolen, hears
that World War I has broken out, and he re-
ceives orders from the British high command
to sink, burn, or destroy the German Em-
pires only ship on the lake, the Hermann von
Wissmann, commanded by a Captain Berndt.
Rhoadess crew nd the Hermann von Wiss-
mann in a bay near Sphinxhaven, in Ger-
man East African territorial waters. Gwen-
dolen disables the German vessel with a single
cannon shot from a range of about 1,800 me-
tres (2,000 yd). This very brief engagement is
hailed by The Times in England as the British
Empires rst naval victory of World War I.
August 17September 2 World War I: The Battle
of Tannenberg begins between German and Russian
forces.
August 20 World War I: German forces occupy
Brussels.
August 22 World War I: Battle of Rossignol: Ger-
man forces decisively defeat the French.
August 23 World War I:
Battle of Mons: In its rst major action, the
British Expeditionary Force holds the German
forces but then begins a month-long ghting
Great Retreat to the Marne.
Japan declares war on Germany.
August 26
The German West African colony of Togoland
(now Togo from 1960) surrenders to Britain
and France.
Battle of Ro de Oro: British Royal Navy
protected cruiser HMS Highyer forces the
SS Kaiser Wilhelm der Grosse, sailing as an
auxiliary cruiser, to scuttle.
August 2627 Battle of Le Cateau: British, French
and Belgian forces make a successful tactical retreat
from the German advance.
August 2630 The Russian Second Army is sur-
rounded and defeated in the Battle of Tannenberg.
1.9 September
August 28 Battle of Heligoland Bight: British
cruisers under Admiral Beatty sink three German
cruisers.
August 2930 The Battle of St. Quentin: French
forces hold back the German advance.
1.9 September
Pope Benedict XV, the new pope
Main article: September 1914
September 1
Saint Petersburg in Russia changes its name to
Petrograd.
The last known passenger pigeon Martha
dies in the Cincinnati Zoo.
September 2 World War I: The French village of
Moronvilliers is occupied by the Germans.
September 3
Pope Benedict XV (Giacomo della Chiesa)
succeeds Pope Pius X as the 258th pope.
William, Prince of Albania leaves the country
after just six months due to opposition to his
rule.
7
September 5 World War I:
London Agreement: No member of the Triple
Entente (Britain, France, or Russia) may seek
a separate peace with the Central Powers.
First Battle of the Marne begins: North-
east of Paris, the French 6th Army un-
der General Maunoury attacks German forces
nearing Paris. Over two million ght (500,000
are killed/wounded) in the Allied victory. A
French and British counterattack at the Marne
ends the German advance on Paris.
British Royal Navy scout cruiser HMS
Pathnder is sunk by German submarine
U-21 in the Firth of Forth (Scotland), the rst
ship ever to be sunk by a locomotive torpedo
red from a submarine.
September 7 World War I: Turkey declares war on
Belgium.
September 8 World War I: Private Thomas High-
gate becomes the rst British soldier to be executed
for desertion during the War.
September 10 South Africa declares war on Ger-
many.
September 13 World War I:
Conclusion of Battle of Grand Couronn ends
the Battle of the Frontiers with the north-east
segment of the Western Front stabilizing.
South African troops open hostilities in
German South-West Africa (modern-day
Namibia) with an assault on the Ramansdrift
police station.
September 15
Maritz Rebellion of disaected Boers against
the government of the Union of South Africa
begins.
General Koos de la Rey, a Boer general during
the Boer War, is shot dead after his driver fails
to stop at a police roadblock.
September 17
World War I: Beginning of the Race to the Sea
by opposing forces on the Western Front.
Andrew Fisher becomes Prime Minister of
Australia for the third time.
September 21 World War I: British Imperial po-
lice forces capture Schuckmannsburg in the Caprivi
Strip of German South-West Africa.
September 22 World War I: Action of 22
September 1914: German submarine U-9 torpedoes
three British Royal Navy armoured cruisers, HMS
Aboukir, Cressy and Hogue, with the death of more
than 1,400 men, in the North Sea.
8 1 EVENTS
September 25 The Battle of Albert begins.
September 26 The United States Federal Trade
Commission (FTC) is established by the Federal
Trade Commission Act.
September 28 The First Battle of the Aisne ends
indecisively.
September 30 The Flying Squadron of America is
established to promote the temperance movement.
1.10 October
Main article: October 1914
October 3 World War I: 25,000 Canadian troops
depart for Europe.
October 4 (00:07)
1914 Burdur earthquake in Turkey.
The Manifesto of the Ninety-Three is signed
supporting the early German war eort.
October 9 World War I: Siege of Antwerp:
Antwerp (Belgium) falls to German troops.
October 14 World War I: The Canadian Expedi-
tionary Force arrives on 32 ocean liners in Plymouth
Sound.
October 1631 World War I: Battle of the Yser:
The Belgian army halts the German advance, but
with heavy losses.
October 19 World War I:
First Battle of Ypres begins.
Eective end of the Race to the Sea, with the
Western Front reaching the Belgian coast.
October 27
World War I: The British super-dreadnought
battleship HMS Audacious (23,400 tons), is
sunk o Tory Island, north-west of Ireland,
by a mineeld laid by the armed German
merchant-cruiser Berlin.
The Greek army occupies Northern Epirus
with the approval of the Allies.
October 28
World War I: Battle of Penang, Malaya: The
German cruiser Emden sinks a Russian cruiser
and French destroyer before escaping.
Sentencing of participants in the Assassination
of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria at
Sarajevo. Gavrilo Princip, being under 20 at
the date of the assassination, cannot be given
a death sentence and is given twenty years im-
prisonment.
October 29 World War I: Ottoman warships shell
Russian Black Sea ports; Russia, France, and Britain
declare war on November 1November 5.[16]
October 31 World War I: Battle of the Vistula
River concludes in Russian victory over German and
Austro-Hungarian forces around Warsaw.
1.11 November
Main article: November 1914
November 1 World War I: Battle of Coronel: A
Royal Navy squadron commanded by Rear-Admiral
Sir Christopher Cradock is met in the eastern Pacic
and defeated by superior German forces led by Vice-
Admiral Maximilian von Spee, in the rst British
naval defeat of the war, resulting in the loss of HMS
Good Hope and HMS Monmouth.
November 5
World War I
Britain and France declare war on
Turkey.[16] The United Kingdom annexes
Cyprus, which it controls until 1960.
The Battle of Tanga ends with the British
Indian Expeditionary Force B failing to
capture German East Africa defences.
Alpha Phi Delta is founded as a Greek social
fraternity at Syracuse University in the United
States.
November 7 Siege of Tsingtao: The Japanese and
British seize Jiaozhou Bay in China, the base of the
German East Asia Squadron.
November 9 World War I: Battle of Cocos: The
German cruiser Emden is sunk by the Australian
cruiser Sydney.
November 16 A year after being created by pas-
sage of the Federal Reserve Act of 1913, the Federal
Reserve Bank of the United States ocially opens
for business.
November 21 In New Haven, Connecticut the new
Yale Bowl ocially opens; Harvard defeats Yale 36-
0 in the rst football game held here.
November 23 U.S. troops withdraw from
Veracruz. Venustiano Carranza's troops take over
and Carranza makes the town his headquarters.
1.13 Date unknown 9

November 24 Benito Mussolini is expelled from 1.13 Date unknown

the Italian Socialist Party.
China declares its neutrality in World War I.
November 28 World War I: Following a war-
induced closure in July, the New York Stock Ex- The capital of the Guangxi Province of China is
change re-opens for bond trading. moved from Guilin to Nanning.
Oxymorphone, a powerful narcotic analgesic closely
1.12 December related to morphine is rst developed in Germany.
The rst everyday items made of stainless steel come
Main article: December 1914
into public circulation.
Blaise Diagne of Senegal becomes the rst black
December 2 Serbian Campaign (World War I): African representative in the French parliament.
Austro-Hungarian forces occupy Belgrade, Serbia.
The Port of Orange, Texas, is dredged for the fabri-
December 8 World War I: Battle of the Falkland cation of vessels for the United States Navy.
Islands: A superior British Royal Navy squadron un-
der Doveton Sturdee defeats ships of the Imperial The United States Power Squadrons is formed.
German Navy under Maximilian von Spee. Phi Sigma, a local undergraduate classical club, is
December 12 The New York Stock Exchange re- founded by a group of students in the Greek Depart-
opens, having been closed since August 1 except for ment at the University of Chicago.
bond trading.
Fashion and perfumes company Puig is founded in
December 15 A gas explosion at the Mitsubishi Barcelona.
Hojyo coal mine, Kysh, Japan, kills 687 (the worst
Woodmans of Essex, the famous family-owned
coal mine disaster in Japanese history).
clam shack on Bostons North Shore opened.
December 16 World War I: Raid on Scarborough,
Hartlepool and Whitby: Imperial German Navy bat-
tlecruisers attack English North Sea ports, resulting 2 Births
in 137 deaths.
December 17 President of the United States 2.1 January
Woodrow Wilson signs the Harrison Narcotics Tax
Act (initially introduced by Francis Burton Harri- January 2
son).
Kenny Clarke, American jazz musician (d.
December 18 Egypt becomes a British 1985)
protectorate.[17] Noor Inayat Khan, World War II heroine (d.
1944)
December 19
Vivian Stuart (aka Alex Stuart, Barbara Allen,
Serbian Campaign (World War I): The Battle Fiona Finlay, V.A. Stuart, William Stuart
of Kolubara ends, resulting in a decisive Long, Robyn Stuart), British writer (d. 1986)
Serbian victory over Austria-Hungary.
Mohandas Gandhi leaves England sailing for January 4
India on this date (accompanied by his wife Herman Franks, American baseball player (d.
Kasturba). He begins to learn the Bengali lan- 2009)
guage whilst on board.
Jean-Pierre Vernant, French historian and an-
December 24 World War I: thropologist (d. 2007)

Unocial temporary Christmas truce between
British and German soldiers on the Western
Front begins.
German air raid on Dover, England.
December 25 World War I: Cuxhaven Raid:
British aircraft launched from warships attack the
German port of Cuxhaven with submarine support,
although little damage is caused.
January 5 George Reeves, American actor (Super-
man) (d. 1959)
January 7 Edwin La Dell, British artist (d. 1970)
January 12 Albrecht von Goertz, German car de-
signer (d. 2006)
January 13 Ted Willis, British television dramatist
and author (d. 1992)
10 2 BIRTHS

January 14 Harold Russell, Canadian actor (d.

2002)
January 15 Hugh Trevor-Roper, English historian
(d. 2003)
January 17
Anacleto Angelini, Italian-born businessman
(d. 2007)
William Staord, American poet and pacist
(d. 1993)
January 18 Arno Schmidt, German author (d.
1979)
January 20 Roy Plomley, English radio broad-
caster, producer, playwright and novelist (d. 1985)
January 22 Syd Hartley, English professional
association football player (d. 1987)
January 26 Princess Hadice Hayriye Ayshe Dr-
rhsehvar (d. 2006)
January 27 Smokey Hogg, American Texas blues
and country blues musician (d. 1960) Mary Carlisle
January 30
John Ireland, Canadian-born actor (d. 1992)
David Wayne, American actor (d. 1995)
January 31
Carey Loftin, American actor and stuntman
(d. 1997)
Daya Mata, President of Self-Realization Fel-
lowship (d. 2010)
Jersey Joe Walcott, American boxer (d. 1994)

2.2 February
February 3
George Nissen, American gymnast and inven-
tor of the trampoline (d. 2010)
Mary Carlisle, American actress, singer and
dancer (or 1912)
February 4 Alfred Andersch, German writer (d.
1980)
February 5
William S. Burroughs, American author (d. Alan Lloyd Hodgkin
1997)
Alan Lloyd Hodgkin, British scientist, re- February 6 Thurl Ravenscroft, American voice ac-
cipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or tor (d. 2005)
Medicine (d. 1998)
Silvius Magnago, Italian politician (d. 2010) February 9
2.3 March 11

February 12 Tex Beneke, American bandleader (d.

2000)

February 15 Kevin McCarthy, American actor (d.

2010)

February 16 Jimmy Wakely, American country-

western singer and actor (d. 1982)

February 17 Arthur Kennedy, American actor (d.

1990)

February 19 Jacques Dulho, French comedian

and actor (d. 2005)

February 20 Peter Rogers, British lm producer

(d. 2009)

February 21

Zachary Scott, American actor (d. 1965)

Park Su-geun, Korean painter (d. 1965)

February 22
Renato Dulbecco
Renato Dulbecco, Italian-born virologist, re-
cipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or
Medicine (d. 2012)
Karl Otto Gtz, German painter

February 23 Theoel Middelkamp, Dutch cyclist

(d. 2005)

February 25 John Arlott, British journalist, author

and cricket commentator (d. 1991)

February 26 Robert Alda, American-born actor

(d. 1986)

2.3 March
March 1

Harry Caray, baseball broadcaster (d. 1998)

Ralph Ellison, American writer (d. 1994)

March 2

Mayo Kaan, bodybuilder (d. 2002)

Robert Alda
Bill Justice, American Disney animator (d.
2011)
Ernest Tubb, American singer (d. 1984)
February 10 Larry Adler, American musician (d.
2001)
February 11 Matt Dennis, American singer and
songwriter (d. 2002)
Hansi Knoteck, Austrian actress (d. 2014)
Martin Ritt, American director (d. 1990)
March 3
Julio Franco Arango, Colombian Roman
Catholic bishop (d. 1980)
Asger Jorn, Danish painter (d. 1973)
March 4
Ward Kimball, American cartoonist (d. 2002)
12 2 BIRTHS

Robert R. Wilson, American physicist, sculp-

tor and architect (d. 2000)
March 6 Kiril Kondrashin, Russian conductor (d.
1981)
March 8 Yakov Borisovich Zel'dovich, Russian
physicist (d. 1987)
March 10 Leland McPhie, American centenarian
track and eld athlete (d. 2015)
March 12 Frank Soo, English footballer and man-
ager (d. 1991)
March 13
Saroj Dutta, Indian communist leader (d.
1971)
Edward Butch O'Hare, American pilot (d.
1943)
Olaf Pooley, English actor and screenwriter (d.
2015)
Sir Alec Guinness
March 14
Abdias do Nascimento, Brazilian actor, artist
2.4 April
and politician (d. 2011)
Bill Owen, English actor (Last of the Summer April 2
Wine's 'Compo') (d. 1999)
Alec Guinness, English actor (d. 2000)
Hubert Zemke, American ghter ace (d.
1994) Hans Wegner, Danish furniture designer (d.
2007)
March 17 Sammy Baugh, American football
player (d. 2008) April 3 Sam Manekshaw, Field Marshal of Indian
Army (d. 2008)
March 19
April 4
Jay Berwanger, American football player (d.
2002) Richard Coogan, American actor (d. 2014)
Jiang Qing, Chinese politician (d. 1991) Marguerite Duras, French author and director
March 20 Richard Carlyle, American actor (d. (d. 1996)
2009)
April 7 Heinz Billing, German physicist and com-
March 25 Norman Borlaug, American agricul- puter scientist (d. 2017)
tural scientist, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d.
2009) April 8 Mara Flix, Mexican actress (d. 2002)

March 26 William Westmoreland, American Viet- April 11 Robert Staneld, Premier of Nova Scotia
nam War general (d. 2005) (d. 2003)

March 27 Budd Schulberg, American screenwriter April 12

(d. 2009)
March 28 Edmund Muskie, American politician
(d. 1996)
March 30 Sonny Boy Williamson I, American mu-
sician (d. 1948)
March 31 Octavio Paz, Mexican diplomat and
writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1998)
Armen Alchian, American author and
economist (d. 2013)
Adriaan Blaauw, Dutch astronomer (d. 2010)
Jan van Cauwelaert, Belgian bishop (d. 2016)
April 13 Orhan Veli, Turkish poet (d. 1950)
April 18 Claire Martin, Canadian author (d. 2014)
2.5 May 13

April 21 James Henry Quello, American Federal

Communications Commissioner (d. 2010)
April 22
Baldev Raj Chopra, Indian lm director (d.
2008)
Jos Quiones Gonzales, Peruvian aviator (d.
1941)
Jan de Hartog, Dutch writer (d. 2002)
Michael Wittmann, German tank commander
(d. 1944)
April 25 Ross Lockridge, Jr., American novelist
(d. 1948)
April 26
Bernard Malamud, American author (d.
1986)
Lilian Rolfe, French-born World War II hero-
ine (d. 1945)
April 28 Michel Mohrt, French author and histo-
rian (d. 2011)
Joe Louis
April 30 Dorival Caymmi, Brazilian songwriter (d.
2008)
May 5 Tyrone Power, American actor (d. 1958)
May 8 Romain Gary, Russian-born writer and
2.5 May diplomat (d. 1980)
May 9 Hank Snow, Canadian country musician (d.
1999)
May 12
Bertus Aafjes, Dutch poet (d. 1993)
Howard K. Smith, American journalist (d.
2002)
May 13
Phil Drabble, British author and television per-
sonality (d. 2007)
Joe Louis, American boxer (d. 1981)
May 14
Corneliu Coposu, Romanian politician (d.
1995)
Hideko Maehata, Japanese swimmer (d.
1995)
Mir Gul Khan Nasir, Baloch politician and
poet from Pakistan (d. 1983)
May 16 Edward T. Hall, American anthropologist
Tyrone Power (d. 2009)
May 18
May 3 Martn de Riquer, Spanish writer and Ro-
mantic scholar (d. 2013) Alla Bayanova, Russian singer (d. 2011)
14 2 BIRTHS

Boris Christo, Bulgarian opera singer (d.

1993)
Pierre Balmain, French fashion designer (d.
1982)
Maxine Grimm, American religious gure (d.
2017)
May 19
Max Perutz, Austrian-born molecular biolo-
gist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry
(d. 2002)
Alex Shibicky, Canadian hockey player (d.
2005)
May 20 Avraham Shapira, head of the Rabbinical
court of Jerusalem and the Supreme Rabbinic Court;
rosh yeshiva of Mercaz HaRav (d. 2007) Yuri Andropov

May 22
Howard Lawson, English cricketer (d. 2006)
Vance Packard, American social critic and au-
thor (d. 1996)
Sun Ra, American musician (d. 1993)
Edward Arthur Thompson, British historian
(d. 1994)
May 24
Arthur A. Link, American politician (d. 2010)
Lilli Palmer, German actress (d. 1986)
George Tabori, Hungarian writer and director
(d. 2007)
May 26 Frankie Manning, American choreogra-
pher and dancer (d. 2009)
May 28 W. G. G. Duncan Smith, British World
War II pilot (d. 1996)
May 29
Charles Mozley, British artist (d. 1991)
Tenzing Norgay, Nepalese/Tibetan moun- E.G. Marshall
taineer (d. 1986)
May 31 Akira Ifukube, Japanese classical mu- Yuri Andropov, Soviet leader (d. 1984)
sic/lm composer (d. 2006) Louis Edwards, Manchester United chairman
1965-1980 (d. 1980)
Lena Kennedy, English author (d. 1986)
2.6 June
Saul Steinberg, Romanian-born cartoonist (d.
June 6 Zhang Jingfu, Chinese politician (d. 2015) 1999)

June 10 Trammell Crow, American developer (d. June 18 E. G. Marshall, American actor (d. 1998)
2009)
June 19 Alan Cranston, U.S. Senator (d. 2000)
June 12 Go Seigen, Japanese Go player (d. 2014)
June 21 William Vickrey, Canadian economist,
June 15 Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1996)
2.7 July 15

June 25 Mavis Pugh, English actress (d. 2006)
June 26
Kathryn Johnston, police elderly Atlanta,
Georgia (d. 2006)
Princess Sophie of Greece and Denmark (d.
2001)
Laurie Lee, English author (d. 1997)
Doc Williams, American musician (d. 2011)
June 27
Helena Benitez, Filipina academic and admin-
istrator (d. 2016)
Rose Cabat, American studio ceramicist (d.
2015)
June 29
Franz Joseph, American artist and writer (d.
1994)
John Feenan, Irish and Northern Irish foot-
baller
Christl Cranz, German alpine skier (d. 2004)
July 2
Dale DeArmond, American printmaker, and
book illustrator (d. 2006)
Frederick Fennell, American conductor (d.
2004)
Ethelreda Leopold, American lm actress (d.
1998)
Bob Allen, American Major League Baseball
pitcher (d. 2005)
Erich Topp, German commander (d. 2005)
July 5
Yitzhak Rafael, Israeli politician (d. 1999)
Gerda Gilboe, Danish actress (d. 2009)

Rafael Kubelk, Czech-born conductor (d. July 6

1996)
Ernest Kirkendall, American chemist and
June 30 metallurgist (d. 2005)
Agns Valois, French religious Vincent J. McMahon, professional wrestling
promoter (d. 1984)
Bill Monti, Australian rugby union player (d.
1977) July 7 Harvey B. Scribner, American educator and
administrator (d. 2002)

2.7 July July 8

Jyoti Basu, Indian politician (d. 2010)

Sarah P. Harkness, American architect (d.
2013)

July 9

Mac Wilson, Australian rules footballer

Willi Stoph, Prime Minister (1964-1973,
1976-1989) and Chairman of the Council of
State (1973-1976) of the GDR (d. 1999)

July 10

Charles Donnelly, Irish poet (d. 1937)

Joe Shuster, Canadian-born comic book au-
thor (d. 1992)
Rempo Urip, Indonesian director

July 11 Anbal Troilo, Argentine tango musician

(d. 1975)

Willi Stoph July 12 Francesco and Luisa Pace, Italian super-

centenarians

July 1 July 14

Thomas Pearson, British Army ocer Fred Fox, French musician

16 2 BIRTHS

Batrix Beck, French writer of Belgian origin

(d. 2008)
George Putnam, American reporter and talk
show host (d. 2008)
July 15
Akhtar Hameed Khan, pioneer of microcredit
in developing countries (d. 1999)
Gavin Maxwell, Scottish naturalist and author
(d. 1969)
Howard Vernon, Swiss actor (d. 1996)
July 16 Franco Ponzinibio, Argentine professional
football player
July 18 Oscar Heisserer, French footballer (d.
2004)
July 19
Csar Povolny, German-French association
footballer Louis de Funs
Camille Teissonnier, French footballer
John Kenneth Macalister, Canadian World 2.8 August
War II hero (d. 1944)
Marius Russo, American baseball player (d. August 2 Beatrice Straight, American actress (d.
2005) 2001)

July 20
Dobri Dobrev, Bulgarian philanthropist
Charilaos Florakis, Greek Communist leader
(d. 2005)
Masa Niemi, Finnish actor (d. 1960)
Ersilio Cardinal Tonini, Italian Roman
Catholic prelate (d. 2013)
July 23 Virgil Finlay, American artist (d. 1971)
July 24
Frances Oldham Kelsey, American Food and
Drug Administration reviewer (d. 2015)
Ed Mirvish, Canadian businessman and phi-
lanthropist (d. 2007)
July 25 Lionel Van Deerlin, American politician
(d. 2008)
July 27 Gusti Huber, Austrian actress (d. 1993)
August 5
Parley Baer, American actor (d. 2002)
David Brian, American actor (d. 1993)
August 9
Gordon Cullen, British architect (d. 1994)
Ferenc Fricsay, Hungarian conductor (d.
1963)
Tove Jansson, Finnish author (d. 2001)
August 10
Ken Annakin, British lm director (d. 2009)
Je Corey, American actor and drama teacher
(d. 2002)
August 11 Hugh Martin, American composer (d.
2011)

July 29 August 15 Paul Rand, American graphic designer

(d. 1996)
Irwin Corey, American actor and comedian (d.
2017) August 17
Abram Games, British graphic designer (d.
1996) Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Jr., American
lawyer and politician (d. 1988)
July 30 Michael Morris, 3rd Baron Killanin, Irish
president of the International Olympic Committee Gabrielle Weidner, Belgian World War II
(d. 1999) heroine (d. 1945)

August 26 Julio Cortzar, Argentine writer (d.

July 31 Louis de Funs, French actor (d. 1983) 1984)
2.9 September 17

August 27 Heidi Kabel, German actress (d. 2010)

August 30 Julie Bishop, American actress (d.

2001)

August 31 Joan Barclay, American actress (d.

2002)

2.9 September

Desmond Llewelyn

September 13 Ralph Rapson, American architect

(d. 2008)
September 14 Clayton Moore, American actor
(The Lone Ranger) (d. 1999)
September 15

James van Allen

Creighton Abrams, U.S. Vietnam War general
(d. 1974)
Adolfo Bioy Casares, Argentine writer (d.
September 2 Lord George-Brown, British politi- 1999)
cian (d. 1985)
Jens Otto Krag, Danish politician, Prime Min-
September 5 ister of Denmark (d. 1978)
Robert McCloskey, American childrens au-
Sor Isolina Ferr, Puerto Rican Catholic nun
thor/illustrator (d. 2003)
(d. 2000)
Nicanor Parra, Chilean poet September 16 Allen Funt, American television
show host (Candid Camera) (d. 1999)
September 7 James Van Allen, American physicist
(d. 2006) September 17 Thomas J. Bata, Czech-born busi-
nessman (d. 2008)
September 10 Robert Wise, American lm direc-
tor and producer (d. 2005) September 18

September 11 Serbian Patriarch Pavle, leader of Jack Cardi, British cinematographer, direc-
the Serbian Orthodox Church (d. 2009) tor, and photographer (d. 2009)
Harry Townes, American actor (d. 2001)
September 12
September 20
Desmond Llewelyn, Welsh actor (d. 1999)
Janusz urakowski, Polish-born pilot (d. Ken Hechler, American politician (d. 2016)
2004) Kenneth More, English actor (d. 1982)
18
Anna Karen Morrow, American actress (d.
2009)
September 21 Bob Lido, American singer and mu-
sician (d. 2000)
September 22 Siegfried Lowitz, German television
actor (d. 1999)
September 23
Bethsabe de Rothschild, English philan-
thropist and patron of dance (d. 1999)
Omar Ali Saifuddien III, Sultan of Brunei (d.
1986)
September 24 Andrzej Panufnik, Polish-born
British musician and composer (d. 1991)
September 25 Elena Lucena, Argentine lm ac-
tress (d. 2015)
September 26 Jack LaLanne, American tness,
exercise and nutritional expert (d. 2011)
September 27 Sophie Soor, Estonian actress and
singer (d. 1996)
2.10 October
Thor Heyerdahl
October 1
2 BIRTHS
Dan Eley, British chemist (d. 2015)
Daniel J. Boorstin, American historian, writer,
and Librarian of Congress (d. 2004)
October 2 Jack Parsons, American rocket engineer
and occultist (d. 1952)
October 4 Jim Cairns, Australian politician (d.
2003)
October 6 Thor Heyerdahl, Norwegian explorer
(d. 2002)
October 7 Begum Akhtar, Indian singer (d. 1974)
October 8 Henry C. Pearson, American abstract
and modernist painter (d. 2006)
October 10
Tommy Fine, American baseball player (d.
2005)
Agostino Straulino, Italian sailor and sailboat
racer (d. 2004)
October 14 Raymond Davis Jr., American physi-
cist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2006)
October 15 Mohammed Zahir Shah, King of
Afghanistan (d. 2007)
October 17 Jerry Siegel, American comic book
author (d. 1996)
October 19 Juanita Moore, American actress (d.
2014)
October 21 Martin Gardner, American writer (d.
2010)
October 23 Dick Durrance, American skier (d.
2004)
October 25
John Berryman, American poet (d. 1972)
Maudie Prickett, American actress (d. 1976)
October 26 Jackie Coogan, American actor (d.
1984)
October 27 Dylan Thomas, Welsh poet and author
(d. 1953)
October 28
Glenn Robert Davis, American congressman
(d. 1988)
Jonas Salk, American medical scientist (d.
1995)
Richard Laurence Millington Synge, English
chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1994)
October 29 Ben Gage, American actor, singer, and
radio announcer (d. 1978)
October 30 Anna Wing, English actress, better
known for her role in EastEnders (d. 2013)
2.12 December 19

2.11 November November 2

Johnny Vander Meer, baseball player (d.

1997)
Ray Walston, American actor (d. 2001)

November 5 Alton Tobey, American artist (d.

2005)

November 6

Jonathan Harris, American actor (Lost in

Space) (d. 2002)
Leonard Miall, British broadcaster and televi-
sion personality (d. 2005)

November 8

George Dantzig, American mathematician (d.

2005)
Norman Lloyd, American actor, producer, di-
rector and husband of Peggy Lloyd

November 9 Hedy Lamarr, Austrian actress (d.

2000)

November 10 Tod Andrews, American actor (d.

1972)

November 11 Howard Fast, American novelist and

Hedy Lamarr television writer (d. 2003)

November 13

Alberto Lattuada, Italian lm director (d.

2005)
Amelia Bence, Argentine actress (d. 2016)

November 18 William Phillips, New Zealand

economist (d. 1974)

November 23

Roger Avon, English actor (d. 1998)

George Dunn, American actor (d. 1982)

November 25 Joe DiMaggio, American baseball

player (d. 1999)

November 29 Coleridge Goode, Jamaican-born

British jazz bassist (d. 2015)

2.12 December
December 2 Bill Erwin, American actor (d. 2010)

Joe DiMaggio December 6 Ruchoma Shain, American-born

teacher and author (d. 2013)

November 1 Moshe Teitelbaum, Hassidic rabbi (d. December 7 Alberto Castillo, Argentine tango
2006) singer and actor (d. 2002)
20 3 DEATHS

December 15 Anatole Abragam, French physicist

(d. 2011)
December 19 Dietrich Hrabak, German World
War II ying ace (d. 1995)
December 20 Harry F. Byrd, Jr., American politi-
cian (d. 2013)
December 21 Frank Fenner, Australian virologist
and microbiologist (d. 2010)
December 23 David Alexander, American televi-
sion director (d. 1983)
December 24
Herbert Reinecker, German writer (d. 2007)
Zoya Bulgakova, Russian Soviet stage actress
(d. 2017)
December 25 Abelardo Raidi, Venezuelan
sportswriter and radio broadcaster (d. 2002)
December 26 Richard Widmark, American actor
(d. 2008)
December 28 Bidia Dandaron, Buddhist author
and teacher in the USSR (d. 1974)
Dorothy Lamour
December 29 Billy Tipton, American musician (d.
1989)
December 30 Bert Parks, American singer and ac-
tor (Miss America Pageant) (d. 1992)

2.13 Date unknown

Sudha Roy, Indian radical leader (d. 1987)
Clint C. Wilson, Sr., African American editorial
cartoonist (d. 2005)

Karl Carstens 3 Deaths

December 9 Frances Reid, American actress (d. 3.1 January

2010)
January 8 Simon Bolivar Buckner, American
December 10 Dorothy Lamour, American actress soldier and politician and Confederate soldier (b.
and singer (d. 1996) 1823)
December 12 Patrick O'Brian, British novelist (d. January 11 Carl Jacobsen, Danish brewer and pa-
2000) tron of the arts (b. 1842)

December 13 Larry Parks, American actor (d.
1975)
December 14
Karl Carstens, German president (d. 1992)
Rosalyn Tureck, American pianist and harpsi-
chordist (d. 2003)
January 13 Valentin Zubiaurre, Spanish composer
and professor of the Madrid Royal Conservatory (b.
1837)
January 16 Ito Sukeyuki, Japanese admiral (b.
1843)
January 18 Georges Picquart, French general and
politician (b. 1854)
3.2 February 21

Eduard Suess

George Westinghouse

Bertha von Suttner

3.2 February
Christian Morgenstern
February 20 Federico Degetau, Puerto Rican
politician (b. 1862)
22 3 DEATHS

February 24 Joshua Chamberlain, American Civil 3.6 June

War general (b. 1828)
February 25 John Tenniel, English illustrator (b.
1820)
3.3 March
March 1 Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 4th
Earl of Minto (b. 1845)
March 6 George Washington Vanderbilt II, Amer-
ican businessman (b. 1862)
March 12 George Westinghouse, American en-
trepreneur (b. 1846)
March 16 Charles Albert Gobat, Swiss politician,
recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1843)
March 19 Giuseppe Mercalli, Italian volcanologist
(b. 1850)
March 25 Frdric Mistral, French writer, Nobel
Prize laureate (b. 1830)
March 31 Christian Morgenstern, German poet
and writer (b. 1871)
May 26 Jacob Riis, Danish-American social re-
former (b. 1849)
June 11 Adolf Friedrich V, Grand Duke of
Mecklenburg-Strelitz (b. 1848)
June 14 Adlai E. Stevenson I, 23rd Vice President
of the United States (b. 1835)
June 15 John Robert Sitlington Sterrett, American
classical scholar and archeologist (b. 1851)
June 19 Brandon Thomas, British actor and play-
wright (Charleys Aunt) (b. 1848)
June 21 Bertha von Suttner, Austrian writer and
pacist, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b.
1843)
June 28
Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria (assas-
sinated) (b. 1863)
Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg, wife of
Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria (assas-
sinated) (b. 1868)

3.4 April 3.7 July

April 1 Rube Waddell, American baseball player July 2 Joseph Chamberlain, British politician (b.
and MLB Hall of Famer (b. 1876) 1836)

April 2 Paul von Heyse, German writer, Nobel July 17 Luis Uribe, Chilean naval hero (b. 1847)
Prize laureate (b. 1830)
July 31 Jean Jaurs, French pacist (assassinated)
April 7 Mohammad Ayyub Khan, former Emir of (b. 1859)
Afghanistan (b. 1855)
April 19 3.8 August
Charles Sanders Peirce, American philosopher
August 4 Hubertine Auclert, French feminist (b.
(b. 1839)
1848)
Empress Shken, empress-consort of the
Meiji Emperor (b. 1849) August 6 Ellen Axson Wilson, First Lady of the
United States (b. 1860)
April 26 Eduard Suess, Austrian geologist (b.
1831) August 8

Martin-Paul Samba, Cameroonian rebel leader

3.5 May (executed)
Rudolf Duala Manga Bell, Cameroonian resis-
May 2 John Campbell, 9th Duke of Argyll, hus- tance leader (executed)
band of Princess Louise of the United Kingdom (b.
1845) August 9 Roque Senz Pea, President of Ar-
gentina (b. 1851)
May 8 Seth Edulji Dinshaw, Pakistani philan-
thropist August 12 John Philip Holland, Irish developer of
the submarine (b. 1840)
May 23 Gustav Hamel, pioneer aviator, carried
rst airmail (b. 1889) August 20 Pope Pius X (b. 1835)
3.10 October 23

Pope Pius X

August Macke
August 26 Achille Pierre Deontaines, French
general (died of wounds received in action) (b.
1858) September 28 Richard Warren Sears, American
founder of Sears, Roebuck and Company (b. 1863)
August 27 Eugen Bhm von Bawerk, Austrian
economist (b. 1851)

August 30 Aleksander Samsonov, Russian general 3.10 October

(suicide) (b. 1859)
October 1 Kitty Lange Kielland, Norwegian
painter (b. 1843)
3.9 September
October 10 King Carol I of Romania (b. 1839)
September 3 Albric Magnard, French composer
October 19 Julio Argentino Roca, Argentine gen-
(b. 1865)
eral and statesman, former President of the Republic
September 8 Hans Leybold, German nihilist poet (b. 1843)
(b. 1892)
October 23 Jos Evaristo Uriburu, Argentine
September 11 Ismail Gasprinski, Crimean Tatar politician, former President of the Republic (b.
intellectual (b. 1851) 1831)
September 15 Koos de la Rey, Boer general (b. October 25 Charles W. H. Douglas, British Army
1847) general (b. 1850)
September 16 C. X. Larrabee, American business-
man (b. 1843)
3.11 November
September 22 Alain-Fournier, French writer
(killed in action) (b. 1886) November 1

September 26 August Macke, German painter Christopher Cradock, British admiral (killed
(killed in action) (b. 1887) in action) (b. 1862)
24 5 REFERENCES

3.12 December
December 1 Alfred Thayer Mahan, United States
Navy admiral and American geostrategist and his-
torian (b. 1840)

December 8 Maximilian von Spee, German admi-

ral (killed in action) (b. 1861)

December 24 John Muir, American naturalist (b.

1838)

4 Nobel Prizes

August Weismann

Adna Chaee, American Lieutenant General

(b. 1842)

November 2 Heinrich Burkhardt, German mathe-

matician (b. 1861)

November 3 Georg Trakl, Austrian poet (suicide)

(b. 1887)
Physics Max von Laue
November 5
Chemistry- Theodore William Richards
Robert Kekewich, British general (suicide) (b. Medicine Rbert Brny
1854)
Literature not awarded
August Weismann, German evolutionary biol-
ogist (b. 1834) Peace not awarded

November 11 A. E. J. Collins, British cricketer and

soldier (killed in action) (b. 1885)
November 12 Augusto dos Anjos, Brazilian poet
(b. 1884)
November 14 Frederick Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts,
British eld marshal (b. 1832)[18]
November 19 Robert Jones Burdette, American
minister and sentimental humorist (b. 1844)
November 21 Thaddeus C. Pound, American busi-
nessman and politician (b. 1833)
5 References
[1] Blanke, David (2002). The 1910s. American popular
culture through history (Illustrated ed.). Westport, CT:
Greenwood Publishing. p. 226. ISBN 978-0-313-31251-
9.
[2] Robinson, David (1986) [First published 1985]. Chaplin:
His Life and Art. London: Paladin. p. 113. ISBN 0-586-
08544-0.
[3] Chaplin, Charles (2003) [First published 1964]. My Au-
tobiography. London: Penguin Classics. p. 145. ISBN
0-141-01147-5.
 25

[4] Adams, Charles Henry (1914-03-26). New York Day By

Day. The Evening Independent. St. Petersburg, Florida.
p. 7. Retrieved 2014-07-14.

[5] The Atlanta Constitution 1914-06-17 p. 1.

[6] Finestone, Jerey; Massie, Robert K. (1981). The Last

Courts of Europe. Dent. p. 247.

[7] Smith, David James (2010). One Morning In Sarajevo.

Hachette UK. He was photographed on the way to the
station and the photograph has been reproduced many
times in books and articles, claiming to depict the arrest
of Gavrilo Princip. But there is no photograph of Gavros
arrest - this photograph shows the arrest of Behr.

[8] International exhibition became known as a city. Bristol

Post. 2013-07-09. Retrieved 2014-01-28.

[9] Admiralty Circular CW.13963/14, 1 July 1914: Royal

Naval Air Service Organisation

[10] Plan Big Meeting For Dead Bomb Men: Demonstration

in Union Square by Anti-Militarist League Announced for
Tomorrow (pdf). The New York Times. Adolph Ochs.
1914-07-10. p. 1. Retrieved 2008-07-13.

[11] August 1914. WarChron. 2007. Retrieved 2014-07-16.

[12] The First Shot of World War I. Coastal Defences of

Colonial Victoria. 1997. Retrieved 2012-10-21.

[13] The Gold Coast Mobilized, A Proud Record: The case of

Sergeant Grunshi. The Times (48572). London. 1940-
03-25. p. 7.

[14] Thompson, J. Lee (2007). Forgotten Patriot: a life of Al-

fred, Viscount Milner of St. Jamess and Cape Town, 1854-
1925. Madison, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press.
p. 311. ISBN 0-8386-4121-0.

[15] Penguin Pocket On This Day. Penguin Reference Library.

2006. ISBN 0-14-102715-0.

[16] Selcuk Aksin Somel, The A to Z of the Ottoman Empire,

Rowman & Littleeld, 2010 (ISBN 9780810875791), p.
324 (online)

[17] Egypt: a constitution. Time. 1923-04-28. Retrieved

2012-08-24.

[18] Rugby Union Footballers are Doing their Duty. Over

90% Have Enlisted. British Athletes! Will You Follow
this Glorious Example?". World Digital Library. 1915.
Retrieved 2013-10-27.

6 External links
European newspapers from 1914
1914 Coin Pictures
26 7 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

7 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

7.1 Text
1914 Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1914?oldid=769455979 Contributors: 0, Marj Tiefert, Derek Ross, Mav, Bryan Derksen,
Jeronimo, Gareth Owen, Eclecticology, Danny, Tsja, Deb, Ortolan88, Qbmessiah, SimonP, Wkn, Zoe, Arno, KF, Chuq, Jim McK-
eeth, AntonioMartin, Rbrwr, Jazz77, Zocky, Llywrch, Dan Koehl, Ixfd64, Skysmith, Minesweeper, Looxix~enwiki, Ahoerstemeier, Docu,
Snoyes, Angela, Rlandmann, , LittleDan, Amcaja, Big iron, Hectorthebat, John K, Hashar, RodC, RickK, Jay, Graculus,
Ed g2s, Philopp, Echidna, Traroth, Lord Emsworth, Warofdreams, Chrisjj, Jerzy, Jusjih, Camerong, RadicalBender, Jni, Medline, Di-
madick, MK~enwiki, Chuunen Baka, Donarreiskoer, Bearcat, Robbot, NightCrawler, RedWolf, Altenmann, Lowellian, Rholton, He-
manshu, Ktotam, Anthony, Jor, HaeB, Seth Ilys, Ike~enwiki, ScudLee, Nichalp, Zigger, Capitalistroadster, Gamaliel, Broux, Itpastorn,
DO'Neil, Kpalion, JillandJack, Bobblewik, Edcolins, MusiCitizen, R. end, Jonel, Antandrus, Bgbot, MistToys, Icairns, Sam Hoce-
var, Boojum, Soman, Trevor MacInnis, Grunt, Lacrimosus, Millisits, Grstain, Mike Rosoft, Quill, Ta bu shi da yu, EugeneZelenko,
Rich Farmbrough, Guanabot, Andicat, YUL89YYZ, Guanabot2, SpookyMulder, Bender235, Swid, Helldjinn~enwiki, Brian0918, RJHall,
Shanes, Brisis~enwiki, Art LaPella, EurekaLott, Krin, Dralwik, Martey, Zarateman, Forteanajones, Darwinek, Slambo, Brainy J, SPUI,
Jumbuck, PMLF, Ben davison, Arthena, Slof, Pedro Aguiar, Ksnow, Cburnett, Cmapm, Ianblair23, Netkinetic, Fdewaele, Megan1967,
Woohookitty, PatGallacher, TomTheHand, Madchester, Lincher, JeremyA, Ardfern, Tabletop, Canadian Paul, Schuyler s., Graham87,
Yuriybrisk, BD2412, JIP, Zoz, History21, Tim!, Koavf, Gryndor, TBHecht, FlaBot, Jeman52001, RobertG, Xcia0069, Codex Sinaiti-
cus, Grubbybest, Conchis, Scimitar, Chobot, Korg, ColdRedRain, Noble Skuld the Legend Killer, EamonnPKeane, Phantomsteve, Russ-
Bot, Flsxx, GreatGreg, DBD, Stephenb, Sandpiper, CambridgeBayWeather, ENeville, Coeemaker, LiniShu, ExRat, Howcheng, God-
lydesires, Anetode, InvaderJim42, Rayc, TimK MSI, Engineer Bob, DWC LR, Crisco 1492, KevG, Pawyilee, Lt-wiki-bot, Silver-
horse, Spawn Man, Arthur Rubin, Assyria 90, Rms125a@hotmail.com, David Justin, GraemeL, Curpsbot-unicodify, Tybaltstone, Jun-
glecat, GrinBot~enwiki, Attilios, KnightRider~enwiki, Burnwelk, SmackBot, Gcollinsii, Reedy, Pgk, KocjoBot~enwiki, Clpo13, Dpwkbw,
Maarten1963, Gilliam, Hmains, Will in world, Jero77, Master Jay, vitrigaila, MalafayaBot, Akanemoto, Darius Dhlomo, Colonies Chris,
GoodDay, Op.mijn.werk~enwiki, Skoglund, Borkencode, SundarBot, Philipwhiuk, DanielAtticus, Blake-, Vina-iwbot~enwiki, Ugur Basak
Bot~enwiki, Caldernet, Rory096, Siva1979, Ssweeting, J 1982, Acumen76, Ludahai, Jkaharper, Peteboro, Violncello, Jetman, Kaarel,
JoeBot, Raxmus, KenWalker, MarylandArtLover, ChrisCork, Jcsrauch, Cydebot, Ntsimp, Devilitself, Gogo Dodo, Rrsmac, Dark-hooded
smoker, Ellachor, Doug Weller, Lothar1976, NorthernThunder, JamesAM, Thijs!bot, Wikid77, Islescape, 2Pac, Einbierbitte, Missvain,
Ronald W Wise, CYRIC, Jonny-mt, AgentPeppermint, Ludde23, Dawnseeker2000, Escarbot, Christopher~enwiki, Iceefrost429, Histry-
dude, KrakatoaKatie, Rees11, Scarlet7, Luna Santin, Manushand, JAnDbot, Nthep, Jazzfan, Sophie means wisdom, Geniac, VoABot
II, Nickpheas, QuizzicalBee, Nyttend, Tvosselm, Tommieboi, Talon Artaine, Cedricbear, Yowiki, Quaker24, Sknab, CalendarWatcher,
CommonsDelinker, Koplimek, J.delanoy, Numbo3, Azndufus, Shawn in Montreal, Zosma, Slippered sleep, Juliancolton, DorganBot,
Paul2985, Idioma-bot, Funandtrvl, Mastrchf91, Seattle Skier, AlnoktaBOT, Kyle the bot, Philip Trueman, TXiKiBoT, Cosmic Latte,
Leonidaa, A4bot, Miguel Chong, IronMaidenRocks, Luuva, Jujuplo, Metalame, Truthanado, AlleborgoBot, 4EverGone, Movedgood,
IndulgentReader, Enkyo2, Italianlover07, SieBot, Ttonyb1, BotMultichill, Dawn Bard, Barliner, Purbo T, Ferret, Prestonmag, Twh66,
Manway, Pediainsight, Correogsk, StaticGull, Calle Widmann, K8tmoon, Denisarona, Brand35, Elassint, ClueBot, Belagaile, PipepBot,
Clegacyl, Joao Xavier, Boing! said Zebedee, Niceguyedc, Dxmillenium, Excirial, Alexbot, Takabeg, HyrumSteyr, EncyclopediaUpdati-
cus, Wurble123, DumZiBoT, Darkicebot, Camboxer, Fastily, Rror, PseudoBot, Horsefanatic12, Mahmudss, Dubmill, Tar-ba-gan, Trav-
elinSista, Addbot, CarsracBot, Favonian, Vyom25, Mdnavman, GC8124~enwiki, Tassedethe, Numbo3-bot, Lightbot, Romanskolduns,
Zorrobot, CountryBot, DK4, Luckas-bot, Yobot, JJARichardson, The Earwig, KamikazeBot, Peters01, JFH78, Jim1138, JackieBot, Ul-
ric1313, Alexikoua, Eumolpo, ArthurBot, MauritsBot, Xqbot, Timir2, Ytfc23, Maestroso simplo, Ubcule, Pizzamaniac09, GeoWorld2,
GrouchoBot, Andres arg, GhalyBot, Miyagawa, Learner001, Kuvaly, FrescoBot, Vinceouca, Andre Kritzinger, Twinsdude, Smarajitmitra,
Soangry, A Werewolf, Best name, Nonexyst, Diwas, VanitasStation, Pinethicket, Elockid, Gobookhotels, Tussin92, LittleWink, CHawc,
TobeBot, Egemont, Mewd, Antique Military Ries, Palmeira, TjBot, Wkp123, Ripchip Bot, DARTHGALE, Esoglou, EmausBot, John of
Reading, -- -- --, Yggdrasilius, WikitanvirBot, Primefac, GoingBatty, TuHan-Bot, Werieth, HiW-Bot, Josve05a, Neun-x, Warmaster920,
Empty Buer, Ahann, Wayne Slam, Harima49, RocketF, Anonimski, ChuispastonBot, , Mariadupont, ClueBot NG, ATX-NL,
Uludinkprece, NobodyNoewn, Frietjes, Calabe1992, Krin5292, Zhenluh, DonnaHalper, BG19bot, Wasee Ahmed, Hak guis, Northamer-
ica1000, MusikAnimal, Argento Surfer, Hamish59, Miszatomic, 23 editor, ReagentX, Ustrina, FoCuSandLeArN, Jonny Nixon, Mogism,
GyaroMaguus, Makecat-bot, Ignatius1981, Ryanbrz, GabeIglesia, Hillbillyholiday, Lemnaminor, Eyesnore, Danskgottheit, Alekol, Ugog
Nizdast, , Glenmeister, RobDuch, Mevagiss, Aceupyoursleeve, Acagastya, Freeman1856, FalconJackson, PraiseTheAlmighty-
HelixFossil, GeoreyT2000, Dumbasshat, Mivarsh Faz, Angela Isaac Austin, Michael0986, Commonwealthlight, Radosaw Winiewski,
Molindater, Marintosalla, Muztre, Ferdul, Keruy, Strimpinola, LarinoBabis, Teatedvenus, Yet Another User 2, Sorabino, Bender the
Bot and Anonymous: 455

7.2 Images
File:1939_Playball_Joe_Dimaggio_(minus_halftone).jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/
1939_Playball_Joe_Dimaggio_%28minus_halftone%29.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Original version from Heritage
Auctions via File:1939 Playball Joe Dimaggio.jpg upload; This le was derived from 1939 Playball Joe Dimaggio.jpg: <a
href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1939_Playball_Joe_Dimaggio.jpg' class='image'><img alt='1939 Playball Joe Dimag-
gio.jpg' src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/1939_Playball_Joe_Dimaggio.jpg/100px-1939_Playball_
Joe_Dimaggio.jpg' width='100' height='127' srcset='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/1939_Playball_Joe_
Dimaggio.jpg/150px-1939_Playball_Joe_Dimaggio.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/1939_
Playball_Joe_Dimaggio.jpg/200px-1939_Playball_Joe_Dimaggio.jpg 2x' data-le-width='1182' data-le-height='1507' /></a>
Original artist: Play Ball cards, published by Bowman Gum
File:Alan_Lloyd_Hodgkin_nobel.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/07/Alan_Lloyd_Hodgkin_nobel.
jpg License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1963/ Original artist: Un-
known<a href='https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4233718' title='wikidata:Q4233718'><img alt='wikidata:Q4233718' src='https://upload.
wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/20px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png' width='20' height='11' srcset='https://
upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/30px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.
org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/40px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x' data-le-width='1050' data-le-height='590'
/></a>
7.2 Images 27

File:August_Macke_042.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b2/August_Macke_042.jpg License: Public

domain Contributors: The Yorck Project: 10.000 Meisterwerke der Malerei. DVD-ROM, 2002. ISBN 3936122202. Distributed by
DIRECTMEDIA Publishing GmbH. Original artist: August Macke
File:August_Weismann.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/15/August_Weismann.jpg License:
Public domain Contributors: Edwin G. Conklin, August Weismann Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, Vol.
54, No. 220. (Oct. - Dec., 1915), pp. iii-xii. Original artist: Unknown<a href='https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4233718'
title='wikidata:Q4233718'><img alt='wikidata:Q4233718' src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/
Wikidata-logo.svg/20px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png' width='20' height='11' srcset='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/
thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/30px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/
Wikidata-logo.svg/40px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x' data-le-width='1050' data-le-height='590' /></a>
File:Benedictus_XV.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/Benedictus_XV.jpg License: Public domain
Contributors: This image is available from the United States Library of Congress's Prints and Photographs division under the digital ID
cph.3b03428.
This tag does not indicate the copyright status of the attached work. A normal copyright tag is still required. See Commons:Licensing for more information.
Original artist: Unknown<a href='https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4233718' title='wikidata:Q4233718'><img alt='wikidata:Q4233718'
src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/20px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png' width='20'
height='11' srcset='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/30px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x,
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/40px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x' data-le-width='1050'
data-le-height='590' /></a>
File:Bertha_von_Suttner_nobel.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/Bertha_von_Suttner_nobel.jpg Li-
cense: Public domain Contributors: http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1905/suttner.html Original artist: Un-
known<a href='https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4233718' title='wikidata:Q4233718'><img alt='wikidata:Q4233718' src='https://upload.
wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/20px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png' width='20' height='11' srcset='https://
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org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/40px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x' data-le-width='1050' data-le-height='590'
/></a>
File:Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F054633-0020,_Ludwigshafen,_CDU-Bundesparteitag,_Carstens.jpg Source: https://upload.
wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F054633-0020%2C_Ludwigshafen%2C_CDU-Bundesparteitag%
2C_Carstens.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 de Contributors: This image was provided to Wikimedia Commons by the German Federal
Archive (Deutsches Bundesarchiv) as part of a cooperation project. The German Federal Archive guarantees an authentic representation
only using the originals (negative and/or positive), resp. the digitalization of the originals as provided by the Digital Image Archive.
Original artist: Engelbert Reineke
File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1994-022-19A,_Mobilmachung,_Truppentransport_mit_der_Bahn.jpg Source: https://upload.
wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3f/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1994-022-19A%2C_Mobilmachung%2C_Truppentransport_mit_
der_Bahn.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: This image was provided to Wikimedia Commons by the German Federal Archive
(Deutsches Bundesarchiv) as part of a cooperation project. The German Federal Archive guarantees an authentic representation only using
the originals (negative and/or positive), resp. the digitalization of the originals as provided by the Digital Image Archive. Original artist:
Oscar Tellgmann
File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-N1227-404,_Neujahrsansprache_Stoph.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/
commons/f/f8/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-N1227-404%2C_Neujahrsansprache_Stoph.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 de Contributors: This
image was provided to Wikimedia Commons by the German Federal Archive (Deutsches Bundesarchiv) as part of a cooperation
project. The German Federal Archive guarantees an authentic representation only using the originals (negative and/or positive), resp. the
digitalization of the originals as provided by the Digital Image Archive. Original artist: Link, Hubert
File:Central_temple.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/04/Central_temple.JPG License: Public domain
Contributors: Ipso-Facto (talk) Original artist: Ipso-Facto (talk)
File:Commons-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Origi-
nal artist: ?
File:Desmond_Llewelyn_01.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Desmond_Llewelyn_01.jpg License:
CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Towpilot
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photograph.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Original publication: 1930s studio portrait
Immediate source: http://www.listal.com/dorothy-lamour/pictures Original artist: Unknown<a href='https://www.wikidata.org/
wiki/Q4233718' title='wikidata:Q4233718'><img alt='wikidata:Q4233718' src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/
thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/20px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png' width='20' height='11' srcset='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/
commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/30px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/
ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/40px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x' data-le-width='1050' data-le-height='590' /></a>
File:E_G_Marshall_The_Bold_Ones_1970.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/E_G_Marshall_The_
Bold_Ones_1970.JPG License: Public domain Contributors: eBay item Original artist: Universal Television
File:Eduard_Suess_1869.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/Eduard_Suess_1869.jpg License: Public
domain Contributors: File:Eduard Sue.jpg (cropped) Original artist: Josef Kriehuber
File:Gavrilo_Princip_captured_in_Sarajevo_1914.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8a/Gavrilo_
Princip_captured_in_Sarajevo_1914.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: http://moderncontemporarybham.wordpress.com/
2013/03/page/2/, originally from Serbian archives Original artist: Unknown<a href='https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4233718'
title='wikidata:Q4233718'><img alt='wikidata:Q4233718' src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/
Wikidata-logo.svg/20px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png' width='20' height='11' srcset='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/
thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/30px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/
Wikidata-logo.svg/40px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x' data-le-width='1050' data-le-height='590' /></a>
28 7 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

File:George_Westinghouse.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/George_Westinghouse.jpg License:

Public domain Contributors: Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division [1], call number BIOG FILE - Westinghouse, George,
1846-1914 <item> [P&P]" Original artist: Joseph G. Gessford
File:Hedy_Lamarr_in_a_1940_MGM_publicity_still.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/Hedy_
Lamarr_in_a_1940_MGM_publicity_still.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Ebay (archive) Original artist: Employee(s) of MGM
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main Contributors: http://www.nasa.gov/vision/universe/features/james_van_allen.html Click on View Photo Gallery and then go to
the tenth image Original artist: NASA
File:Joe_Louis_by_van_Vechten.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/Joe_Louis_by_van_Vechten.jpg
License: Public domain Contributors: Van Vechten Collection at Library of Congress Original artist: Carl Van Vechten
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funes_1978_ws_1-zoom-frameless.png License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: modied photo taken by Rolf Gebhardt Image:Louis de
funes 1978 ws 1.jpg Original artist: Rolf Gebhardt
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1914-en.svg License: CC BY-SA 2.5-2.0-1.0 Contributors: Translated in English from French SVG Map_Europe_alliances_1914-fr.svg
Original artist: historicair (French original)
File:Mary_Carlisle.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/3/3a/Mary_Carlisle.jpg License: Fair use Contributors:
http://ljplus.ru/img4/h/o/horhe5/Mary_Carlisle_01.jpg Copyright held by the publisher or the artist. Original artist: ?
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main Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
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Photographer: David Monniaux (2005, 2006, 2007)
Original artist:
Design of the medal: The Nobel Foundation. Sculptor and engraver: Erik Lindberg (1902).
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St._Pius_X_%28Colored%29.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: File:Papst Pius-X..jpg Original artist: Einige Priester der
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cense: Public domain Contributors: This le was derived from Renato Dulbecco.jpg: <a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:
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07/Renato_Dulbecco.jpg/50px-Renato_Dulbecco.jpg' width='50' height='40' srcset='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/
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