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KOINQNlOAOriKH Eni0EQPHIH THE NEAI EAAAAAZ

rPA0OYN: .

PENOZ AnOZTOAI/SHE: EmoTqjjq Kojjou Nou

B. KAPAnOZTOAHE: Mop0q Triq KowwviKqq paoqq
N. MOYZEAHE: . EAArjviKq 0opjjaXioiJq
K. TZOYKAAAZ: H appjoq KpTOuq KOI Kowujviaq
M. AMAPANTOZ: AnoAoyia TOU AvopoAoyio^o
X. ANAFNZTOY: EnovoTOorj KOI AvTsnovoToorj
DANIL BELL: H vo T^q

A. KAPMOKOAIAZ: Gynnar Myrdal (1898-1987)

M. MEAETOnOYAOZ O EXXqviKq YnoooTio/Jq
MAPIA ETMEZIAOY-
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A N E K A O T H Z Y N E N T E Y E H T O Y n A N A F I Q T H K A N E A A O H O Y A O Y :
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A O I E P n M A Z T O N A H M O Z 0 E N H A A N I H A I A H

1
A P X . 350

l A N O Y A P I O Z - O E B P O Y A P I O Z - M A P T I O S 1988 E K A O Z E I S O A n A Z H Z H
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nov e^cjoav, jje Tq oeipa, o AA^ovSpoq flanavaoTaoiou Ka oi KOwwvioXyoj, Tiq 6o
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avamv^ei oiaqnoTE KoivwvioXoyiKq eniOswpqoq fjia a^ioXoyiK ovSTspq eniOTqfjq, os
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Kvpiwq noXiTiKq npoKOTXqipq.

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6a qTov, va yivEi avayvworqq TOV Ka6 OKEnT^EVoq av6pwnoq, nov Ev5ia0pETai yia TO
KOIVWVIK npl^Xqjja Tqq noTpiSaq ijoq. E^aXXov, svnpoEKTq Eivai Kde ovvepyaoia nov
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TOvq OTOxaoTq nov 6Eoav TO Kvpoq TOvq, Tiq ovjjfiovXq TOvq, Tq ovvpo^q TOvq KOI Tiq
OKEipEiq Tovq OTq yvsoq avTqq Tqq npwTO^ovXiaq KOI vnoxETOi va npoona6qoEi va (pavei
ovT^ia Tovq.
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TIK TOU Opi^OVTQ. Kd9e onouaoTri th SuvaTTHTO va napaKoAouGrioei an va nxpi koi Aa to
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TTIV napaYUY'KTTiTa ttiq cTaipeiag touq. laviKq ouvOiiKcq napaKoXoLi6r|otig
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tov GYXPOvo KOI pTio e^onAiojJ tou (pi3Aio9iiKn, epYaoTiipia KAn.).
YitniA cninco iaKTiKo npoouniKO
Ol Ka9TiYriTQ tou npoYpaMpaT0(; eivai iOKeKpiiava npona an tov Ako-
rinQiK, enioTTipoviK, tcxvoAoyik koi enixeipriijaTiK Tona, nou xpioipo- EAAHNOAMEPIKANIKO EKnAIAEYTIKO lAPYMA
noiov Tig mo eveeiYnveg koi oYXPOvec neGou? iaoKoAiag. EiSiKTSpa rpapparsia npoypaiJfjaTog Emppcpaarig EvqMKUv
OTQ pafiiiaTa nou xouv ecpapnoY? eniAyovTai KoGriYflTQ pe npoKTiKii nsipa Tax- dupic 65005
OTOV TOUa TOUQ. 154 10 n. WXIKO THA.: 6478.160

EAAHNOAMEPIKANIKO EKHAIAEYTIKO lAPYMA

EPrAHMPlO EAEYOEPN ZHOYAQN
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TPIMHNIAIA EnieEQPHSH TQN KOINQNIKQN EOIZTHMQN

A P X . 350
l A N O Y A P I O Z - O E B P O Y A P I O Z - M A P T I O Z 1988

E K A O T H I : B. nana^nonc; OEPIEXOMENA
A I E Y 0 Y N T H I : MeXrtic; H. MeXeTnouXoc;
KaXXiy 5, OiXoGn 152 37 AGtiva
An iri SiEUDVori 1
TnX.: 68.12.723-68.11.664
Pvoc;: EniOTiiijri Kopou vou 5
SuvvTEuJ;ri: navayiuTTiq KaveXXnouXot; 7
MeXTric; H. MEXETnouXoq: O EXXtivmc; unoacmanc; 13
EniZTHMONIKH EHITPOnH: NiKOc; Mou^Xric;: EXXhvikck; (j)opiJaXiaiJ(; 16
KauoTaviivoc; ToouKoXac;: r| pBpiori KpTOug kqi Koivwviac; 21
Kcbaxac; BepynouXoc; Mapia riETpE^Sou-ToouXouPti: Koivwvmii kqi noXmoTiKri
BaoiXnc; KapanooTXric; avanapayiDyii oiri vEOEXXtiviKri Koivojvia 25
A.-I.A. Mexa^ac; M. ApapavTou: AnoXovia tou AvopOoXoYiopoi) 28
NiKoq Mou^Xric; XpiioTou K. AvayviOTOu: Enovdaraori m\n 29
ASapvTioq fleneXaaric; Danil Bell: H va T^ri, ijia va vvoia 33
Kjvoxavxivoc; T o o u K a X a q AriMiiTpri F. KappoKXia: Gynnar Myrdal (1898-1987) 36
BaoiXn KapanooTXn: Mop^c; Tnq KOivioviKiiq Spaoriq 40
Ol nTEpeq ir\q EXXr|viKiiq KoivaivioXDyiaq: AnuooSvriq AaviriXiSpq 43
$ti)TOOTOiXEio6oia - eninXeia (I)WTOYpd(l)iori - AniJOOEvri AaviriXiSri: H KOivTriTa tou noXiTionou 50
N. MaupoppTFiq & Zia EDE, Mayep 11,104 38 ABiiva Bi|3XioKpiTiKri 55
Trik. 5225479, 5221479,5244555 ' Apriv 57

rPAOEIA: KAAATA 5, (DIAOGEH 152 37, A0HNA

O ttXoc; e i v a i e u y e v i K n n p o o ( ] ) o p a t o u k . I .
AnayopeETai n a v a S n u o o i e u o r i xriq Z T a i a a T n o u X o u , o o n o i o c ; e i x e eKcboei k o -
t TO n a p e X B v eniBecJbpriri k o i v o j v i k j v e-
Triq 5i8u6voea)(; niOTrili)v p e q u t v t o v T i T X o .

H Na KoivivioXoyia KunXo^opei KBe Tpeiq \ir\vec, om |3ipXiona)Xeia k q i oxa nepinigpa anocrreXXETai k q t ' oi-
Kov OTOuq ouvSpopHTq Tipii tsxouc;: 350 6px. Tipii ouvSpoptic;: 1.400 5px.: fppaia, Opyavtopoi 2.000.

H Na KoivcjvioXovia Sxsiai pQpa, enioToXc; K.Xn. O i ripooisupvEc; ani|)Ei(; EK^pail^ouv pvov louc; ouy-
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Gvxa^ri xou nspioSiKO kqi K(J)pa?^ouv xrjv yvcbpr) xouc; xEipypacJja 5v nixp(|)ovxai

NEA KOINQNIOAOriA 3
 P E N O Y H P A K A H & 2 T A N T H

A H O E T O A I A H

AM-eOAOFiA
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nXTjpe^ C o r p u s . Tjxot 7. LeXlSs?: 3 8 2 0 .

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AvsTnjpaa-nj dcTt ISsi;, pavartajio!;, x a l 7roXiTtx<; Oaeii; rj Trapaxa^eK;.

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8676053. Ta fiiPXia arXvovrai navra a/MacjQ fiera Tfjv eanga^rj axertxfji;
xaxvQOfuxTJc mxayfjs i] ni xaxvgofiixfj dvrixaxaPoXfj.

BIBAIA KAI AAAA ENTYHA PENOY HPAKAH AHOSTOAIAH

A N 0 T A H . MuiaTpvitia. A p x 4 0 0 / 3 2 0 .
A S O N E S . 28 8iY)Yri(i.aTa. A p x 400/320.
A n o T O N K O S M O P A . 2 0 8i7)Y^[jLaTa. A p x 4 0 0 / 3 2 0 .
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I S T O P I E S A n o T I 2 N O T I E S A K T E S . 1 1 SiTjY^izaxa. A p x 4 0 0 / 3 2 0 .
K A I P E . 5 1 KzC.a. x a l TroiTjTixd. A p x . 400/320.
K A M M E N A O P E N A . AtYiY^fxaxa x a l (XXa. A p x 4 0 0 / 3 2 0 .
K A T H P O P D . Psvix^ xptTix^. A p x 600/450.
K A E I A I A . "E^Y) (jLovoYpacpie?: Kp(ji,peX, Kofffia? AItcoX?, Kacpxa, MTip-
vap SJ, '7t7Tevxai[xep, nacTTepvax. A p x 4 0 0 / 3 2 0 .
K P I T I K H T O T M E T A n O A E M O T . Pevix^ xpixix^. A p x 400/320.
O A g . NoujBXXa to 'EfitpuXtou naX[xou, (x TtpaYtiaxixa o t o i x s * . "^oij >t^"
xXou TT)? nupaniSa? 6 7 . A p x 3 0 0 / 2 4 0 .
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x t avTi[iu6LOTp)[i.a. A p x 4 0 0 / 3 2 0 .
0 1 E S A P r E A O I , 2 0 TO^A xa TroiTjTixd. 400/320.
0 1 E P I N T E S . 3 SiT)Yri(xaTa. A p x 300/240.
n Y P A M I A A 6 7 . npoawTrixY) (xapTupia to 'E[X(puXtou noXfiou ' 4 7 - ' 4 9 . ( ' H
(iovaSixY) avTtxeijAEvtxY) (xapTupia to ' E ( i 9 u X i o u A p x 5 0 0 / 4 0 0 .
S T H F E M I S H T O T ) E r r A P I O T . 23 Si7)Yi(i.aTa. A p x 4 0 0 / 3 2 0 .
T A N E A E A A H N I K A . Fsvixt) xpiTtx^. Apx- 2800/2000.
T E T P A M H N A , (tex) 1-18, CTeX.1284), ottou Pvo? ^zi S7)(ioaie(isi Xa
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7U0U,CTTOtTToXoCTXtSa Xal TTaVCTOCpa EXEVa TOU CTUy-
ypa[Xjj.aTa, y t a Txoia 7] avaXoya touc;!..
TXoCTTTavTCv, XoiTiv... EafviKd x a l t o pa^co
(j, TcXayia, y i a V vat, xo aTijjio, tcto pptoTix x a -
auT, xExoto TTtppyjfxa x w p a , \ic, cttoc TrpoCTWTrtxa
xovq dpnEXox(hpa<pa tctwv 5LSLXU(i,vwv jj.a<; <(tui-
CTXTjfxvwv T-^i; xotvwvLX'^i; TcppXE(j;y)(;)) v yvEt! ,
,a(pviKd, nou Xte, cxvaxaXuTTTOupiE (aTr CTUVTpiTrxt-
xa xaTay(j.axa Xwv [lac, xwv xoLvci)vi.xo7ioXi.Tixa)v
axEiaapjv, nou niippovv OKaxdaxEXOi Knavoi
TWV Tipayfxaxwv xaxaTcdcvw t w v dv^zkiv 7rpoSEaCT[i.wv
Ka (pavaxiKcbv -lapcbv paq Xcov), ndx; fj XEy-
[xevT] ctCTuvE i.Stjt'T))) (]: tcoXitixi^)), olxovo[xt.x-)g,
X01.VWVi.X-lQ)), TCOtaSigTTOTE cXXt) XeTE CXCTTELa K-tX'^
(xa^) n ap p p aa t] kXaxiGT a (av [xt] [X7)Sa[xtva)
E T T i g p E a ^ E l XrjV TTOpELa TWV7X:pay[i.aTWV,
S y ] X a S y ) t t j v Ta^a ' I ctto p i a , x i ti ctiXwc;,
avTi6ETa aTr' ,Tt 6a 6Xa[j.E (x' ettI /iXiexiec; sXafXE),
7} vopit^a[XE, 7^ ^axoXou6o[j. va Tii[i.vou[X va Tra-
paCTTatvou[j. xt vo[xi^ou[xe ( x a l CTUvacpw^)) apa ccva
7rpaxT0U[X)) x a l v' aTto7Ttpw[X6a), x a t t p a y jji a -
T a T t o p E u o v x a i pva x OVQ, loipiQ fxa^,
/wplc; TT) yvw(X7) y.aq t t ) CTTTouSaia)) x a l Ty]v tcto toc-
5(a tnaiovaa, x a T r p a y [ x a x a xtjc; a v 6 p w T c i -
V7]!;)) rdia ' ICTx o p i a <;)> e x o u v x l c ; a T r X u -
XE^ X i V ] X 7^ p i c; TOUC, S u V a (X i <; paa,
xouQ, Kai xinoxa (rj: axEv xinoxa) EV pnopovpz
vd KdvovpE dvxippond XOVQ, axa pdg ndvE, EV xd
ndpE novOEvd pEQ dn' nou OXovpE, KI dpa pdxaia
Eivai xd Xyia pag dXa (xd pExd ndaav KOIVCOVIK^V
niaxrjprjv) unpbc, avvxijprjarjn Stjev TJ unpbc, navd-
CTxaCTT]))..- Tcoia navdaxaarj; x a l noid avvxrjprjari; Tq
EiSaTE x a l xlc; Su, ttcto ctxv xaip (xai; Tuia Sei/xt)-
5
xav xoXkriTsq pis t7]v TtXaxYj i^eit; xou 'Stou 'laa-taa
xaXTTLXou vo[i.a[xaTOi;, cp' w x' sxoi peuaxoTioiovTai
paySaa xwpa x i aoL)(j,(jLaCsuxa Xa TOUQ x a x a / a rai)-
TOiKa xa6e[i,ia(; xi. avuTcpPaxa)), xt X' rj avata)(uvx7)
(xi aXXo TOO SiaaxeSaaxixT) aacpaXci;) avvovaia TOUC,
Tcapayst r a izib xpavxa/xa ^aaxGysXa xcjv votjjjlov-
OTspojvCT'Xo xov TtXavi^xT), x a i . . .
K a t . . - a^CTopapeufjiaCTTe,Xolttv, Xiyo ^apaTra-
vwCTTOVttto [xac;!
Kai. [xaXiCTxa: octoi SiexSixoupis va xavoufxe Trpa-
y[XaXl. 71 I.CTX Y) [X Y) !
Oxe v a oxe TraXaia xa)(^a Koi.va)vioXoyia.
KotvwvioXoyta, x a x a xo SovaTv, auAc,. M ttoXXy;
'TcpoCTox', ttoXXy) [xeXxY], [x xppio y t a xas stSouc;
yxacpet; ttoij TiapacpuXav ct xaOe pYJjxa xov ccpijUEVO u-
7ltCTTY)(X7]^ XOlVtVlX'^i;)) - TOV ipi/JEVO 8Y]XaSY) TnoxT]-
(XY)t;, Sc Tco x a Xfxe, TrepLicou [x y] S u v a t y] i; ( x i at;
Xet ,xt Xet ttoioc; xupLO(; Kvx 9} Kpioc, MdpE, y]
TTotoi; iXkoq ap-/t^sTcepaCT[xsvo;; xt apxtaTrXouCTTuxY)(;
OextxtCTXYjc;)) ^STTSpaCTfxvwv attvtv), dXXa tto Tia-
r p a ( t ) T 8 i T e u v S p o j j r i T q
E ^ a ^ a X i J ^ e x e n p o T 8 p a i T r | T a
i a v o i a r ]
paTaTa, Ttapaxaxa, a^tCet va rcpoCTTratxat, a^t^ei
va TTaXeY) xavetc; xaxt t o u /wpou xoiv Tpo(Xpciv Tipo-
pXYjfxaxwv Tqc, va 7rapaTY)piQCTY) TitCTxafxsvax; x a t va
[xeXexYjCTY]' [xeOoStxa, [XTra^ xat...
Mvo xCTt av TOTTOSTT^CTOUV Xat CT^eXtXa TO-
TToOexYjouv oi vot TY)^ utSo^Yjc; NaQ KoivwvioAo-
yiag, nou (xo J^i^TY)CTav xai. x Tipwxo ap6po icavxa
Sw, ej^ouv 'tocoi; xaTrotei; XTutSs^ xaxt va CTTpwCTOuv,
xaTTOto sSacpoc; va TrpoXetavouvCTTot;(ta)Sc(;cttovspfxo
ttto [HCC,, y t a x a r i o t a xaTroTs TitOavwt; xotvwvtxY] ni-
CTXT^fXY] {i], SCTxco,CTxi];Y)xaTa^oXtxY], y t a x a n o t a jaCTt-
xa TO /wpou totou).
Tot; x syofxat.
'Ax(xa x a t y t ' (XtcXy] TcpoCTWTrtxi^ xouc; avionkrjpo-
(ppriar], xaw^ IXeys TraTspac; [xou:
McAztjaa. ao pnopovaa, yia vd nXrjpofoprjaa)
nep} avTd)v TV cauz pov... "O/i, npQ 0EO, zzoia pE-
yalonidapaza. vd Kdvui K' niaztjpij zd/a yid ZOVQ dX-
Aovg, yid XOUQ!.. IJOA pEydAeg KovfivzEq, naii pou!
T r | v N a K o i v c o v i o X o v i a -
k q i x a x u T r i T a g t t i
 ZYNENTEYEH: nANAriTHZ
nOAlTIKHmKOmMAETH
H ouv8VT80^r| nou QKoXousi Eivai pia an i i q teXeu-
Taieq nou toe o navayiwTric; KaveXXnouXoc;, npiv t o
6avaT TOU. O i OKi|jeic; t o u , nou aKoXouBov, payvriTO-
(}))vriBriKav o t o ypa^eio t o u , o t t i v o5 AKoSriiiiac; 33,
TOV lavoupio t o u 1985. Tri ouvvTeu^n ntipE o MeXrric;
MEXETnouXoc;.
Z t o KsipEv nou okoXouBe o <I>iXoo<t)oc; k o i OoXiti-
Kc; avanTuooEi tic; ani))ic; t o u y ' o ttjv i5iaf[ouoa oxori
TJV KOIVWVIKWV 5optv 1J8 Tiq noXiTiKc; SiEpyaoiEc; orriv
EXXaSa t o u Eikooto Aiwva. A^iooripeiuiTn eivai ri an-
XuTTi anooraoionoiriori t o u riavaYiwTri KavEXXnouXo
an pia nepio6o ttic; eXXriviKnc; laropiaq, nou o iSioq -
NEA KOINQNIOAOriA
KANEAAOHOYAOZ
NEOJEPHEAAAM
nai^e npuTaYOJViOTiK pXo, k o i n eniOTripoviKii Siauyeia
T)V GOEtV TOU.
SripavTiK yia t t i v EXXriviKti noXiTiKii EniOTripn or|-
pEia Tnq ouvvTEu^riq Eivai auT nou o O. KaveXXnou-
Xoq EnionpaivEi rriv aSuvapia E^appoytiq t w v 5ie6vwv
KaiEpwpvwv pwv, nwq AE^iq, KevTpwoq Ka
ApioTEpq, ornv eXXnviKii npaypaTiKTriTa. Enioriq
noXuTipn eivai q KOTOTa^ri t w v noXiTiKwv napoT^ewv
pE Poon ouoiaoTiK KoivwvioXoyiKa Kpiriipia koi
XI TuniK, riXaSii Kpnripia nou va a(t)opouv Tn SiaKq-
puypvn iSEoXoyia k o i t o v noXiTiKoyEwypa^iK auro-
npoo5iopiop KBe x ^ p o u .
7
EP. r i o i a eivai t q loropiK xapaKTripiOTiK k q i n koi-
vcovioXoYiKri |3aari t w v napQT^ewv nou ovon^ouije
ornv EXXSa Ae^i, KvTpo, Apiorep;
n.K.: Aut t q npypaTO \i' xouv anaoxoXtioei, t q ' x w
noXXq (J)Op(; OK8<t)T6i. 'AXXo ijcc; ei vai va OKcpTeoai
KTI KI XXo eivai oe epojTnor) nou oou Grouv va Swoeic;
pia oXoKXnpcupvn anvTTior). Ae 0a enixeipnoi va 5t-
ot oXoKXripojpvri anovTrion aXX 9a ntu pepiKq OK-
\^E\q nou auTti Tq OTiYiiii pxovTOi npxeipa OTa x s ' ^ l
pou.
T a lOTopiK xapaKTTipioTiK TWV Tpiwv pepiSwv Tn<;
eXXnviKiiq OoXiTiKTic; ^wiiq eivai 5uo5iKpiTa. K i etvai
5uo5iaKpiTa, Kupiwq, t o xapaKTnpioriK peTO^ Tn<; Xe-
ypevnc; Ae^iq k o i t o u Xeypevou Kvrpou. Ka yioTi
eivai 5uo6iKpiTa; TiaTi av Sev npe o t o 19o aiwva, k o i
^eKiviiooupe an t o 1909, an Tqv enavoraon t o u Au-
yooTOu, Tqv Xeuoq t o u EXeuOepiou BeviJ^Xou ornv A-
iiva, 6a SianiTwooupe toto: ZTV] peyXn eKeivn e^p-
pnon TOU BeviJeXou k o i t o u KppoToq t w v OiXeXsuB-
pwv n o u yive an t o 1910 k o i npo, SokoXo eivai v a
Ppope TO xapaKTnpioTiK eire t o u KevTpou, eiTe Tqc;
Ae^iQ. Ae ppioKoupe |33aia, ttic; Apiorepc.
MniiKOv o t o Kppa t w v 0iXeXeu6pwv avayKaoTiK
yiOTi OKcpTnKav ti Sev uniipxe Tqv wpa eKeivn XXn y i '
auToq St^oSoq, k o i apiorepiJ^ovTeq noXixiKoi. Zuvepy-
TriKOv pe TOV EXeuSpio Bevi^Xo, (|)ep' eineiv o AX-
^avSpoc; flanavaoTaoiou k.. AXX t o Kpio xapaKTripi-
OTiK TOU KppoToc; TWV (J)iXeXeu9pwv xi pvo oxnv
npwrn nepioSo, nou npenei va Oewpnooupe ti KXeivei
TO 1915, yiOTi TTe apxi^ei o Aixappq, aXX Ka o r n Se-
Tepn, k o t ' E^oxnv o r n Serepn nepioSo, rj onoia apxiJ^ei
TO 1928, t o Kpio xapaxTHpioTiK Sev nTOv oTe n Ae-
^l, OTe TO KvTpo. O EXeuGpioq Bevi^Xoc; PaoioTrjKe
oe peyXo |3a6p k i Kove iowc; koX otouc; 'EX-
Xnvec; t o u e^wTepiKo k o i Kupiwc; Tr)q AiynTou, SnXaSri
oe peyXouq Ke^oXaioxouc;, yiari r q v wpa eKeivn npe-
ne va yivei n eSpaiwon t o u ootiko KaBecrrwTOc;- r\-
Spaiwon auTo t o u KoBecrrwToc; ananooe |3Paia Tri
oupPoXii TWV peyXwv auTwv koivotitwv t o u anoSiipou
EXXnviopo, KOi TOV Xw t o u anoSipou EXXnviopo
Sev evvow t o u anoSiipou EXXrjviopo t w v Hvwpvwv
rioXiTeiwv, yiQTi t t i v enoxn eKeivn nrav (})Twxoi, aXX r|-
t o v o EXXqviopc; Tqq AiynTOu kot Kpio Xyo n o
EXXnviopc; TOU AovSivou.
EP. AcrriKc;, SqXaSn Suvpeic;;
n . K . AoTiKc;, peyXeq aoTiKc; Suvpeic;. T i 9a nope;
O t i t o Kppa TWV 0iX6Xeu9pwv l i r a v KvTpo ti Ae^i;
Aev nTov OTe t o va, ore t o XXo. Sxn aKi|)n t o u
Bevi^Xou, vopi^w, ti Sev eixe ^eKaBapioei n SiKptcjn
auTii Koi Sev l i r a v avyKn va ^eKoBapioei, yiaTi n nepio-
Soc; eKeivn Tnc; eXXnviKTjc; Koivwviac; Sev t o anaiTooe. O
iSioc; KXive pXXov an oikovopikokoivwviki anoil>n
npoc; Tn Ae^i, crreXxn t o u pwc;, Sev evvow k o v t o v
AX^avSpo Oanavacrraoiou n o u KXive npoc; t ' apicrre-
p, aXX XXa crreXxn t o u , r)Tav nio npooSeuTiK. I.r\-
peiwGnKe, pXicna, t o e^nc;, TTe icnopiK napSo^o n
(jjuxoXcyiK napSo^o yeyovc;, ti eKeivoc; nou an t o
1902 eixe ui|)iboei Tn onpaia peyXwv koivwvikwv peTOp-
pu9pioewv KOI poXicna peTappu9pioewv nou yyi^av Ka
m NEA
TO oooiaXiop, O aSep(t>c; Tnc; pnTpac; pou, o Anpiirpioc;
Fovapnq, an t o 1909 TxBnKe evavTiov t o u EXeuGe-
piou Bevi?;Xou. a nope ti rjTav Se^iTepoc; an t o v
EXeuGpio Bevi!^Xo; Aev nTov.
An TO 1910, ' 11 KOI Kupiwc; an t o 1915 pxioav va
onpeiwvovToi TTOiec; cjuyxoeiq pera^ Tnc; koivwviko-
noXiTiKtic; ouveiSiioewc; n TonoBeTiioewc; opicjpvwv noXi-
TiKcbv Koi Tnc; eniKoipnc; Tre KoppaTiKiic; TonoGeTnoewc;
TOUQ, TToiec; ouyxoeic;, nou eivai SokoXo v a nope ti
TO Kppa TWV OiXeXeuGpwv lTav Kvrpo k o i Xoi oi o-
noioi TxGqKav evavriov r o u KppoToc; auro, r w v OiXe-
XeuGpwv, evavriov r o u EXeu9piou Bevi^Xou xei
onpaoia k o i aur, r o rovifjw, yiari n npoowniKrnra l i -
r a v r n v enoxn noX onpavriKrepo yeyovc; an r n v i -
SeoXoyia ri Xoi auroi n r a v Ae^ioi. Bpaia, oi na-
Xaioi noXiriKoi, oi onoioi t o '15 rav onpeiw9nKe r o
npiTO pnypa k i pxioe o peyXoq Sixaopc; ouvevw9n-
Kov pe TOV Anpiirpio Fovapn, pe rov ' I w v a Apayopn,
O onoioc; k o i aurq crrpa(t)nKe evavriov r o u EXeuGpiou
BeviC;Xou, pe r o NiKXao Z r p a r o , o onoioc; n r a v unoup-
yc; r o u k o i eorpacfin evavriov r o u , oi naXaioi, oi onoioi
auvevwGnKOv ]idQ lovq, auroi npnei va GewpnGov ri
lirav Ae^ioi un r q v vvoia piac; narponapSornc; Se^ic;
voorponiac;, Se^iq k o i cno Gepa r o yXwooiK aKpa,
aXX KOI oe Xa r ' XXa Gpara.
Zupnpaopa: H nepioSoc; eKeivn Sev pac; enirpenei va
Kvoupe aurii r n v avnSiaoroXn pera^ r o u Kpparoc;
r w v OiXeXeuGpwv koi neira r o u Kpparoc; r w v EGvi-
Kocppvwv r o u AnpnTpiou fovapn, t o u Aoko Kppa-
roc; nwc; t o perovpaoav r o 1920 eni r n Pon koivwvi-
KooiKovopiKwv Kpirnpiwv. AKpa k o i t o 1920 o Anprj-
rpioc; Fovapnc; enicn-pcpovrac; an r n v e^opia SieKiipu-
^8 apxc; aouyKptrwc; npooSeurmrepec; nou yyiJJav
pXiora Koi rre r o v oooiaXiop an tic; apxq ric; o-
noiec; nicrreue o EXeuGptoc; Bevi^Xoc; k i n avriSpaon r-
re r o u nio yKupou, pnopei v a nei KOveic;, opyvou r o u
EXeuG. BeviJJXou, r n c Ecrriac;, kot tic; opiXiec; nou -
Kove O Fovapnc; rav ^raoe crrnv Flarpa, eivai xapa-
KrnpioriKii. Eine ri Knpooei ooPiermc; iSec;. 'Eypaipe
ti, Akouoov, kouoov unpxouv aurc; oi Suo X^eic;
p ' va GaupaoTiK, Jjiirnae OKpn va SoGei ipncpoc; k o i
crriq yuvaiKec;. Ka enicjnc; eKiipu^e r n v Siavopii r w v
yaiwv KOI Kripooovrac; auriiv, ypaijje rre n Ecrria r o
1920 Ka peoa xi ppeoa, peoa eKoXeoe rouq ayprec;
va evSia^epGov k o i va enavacrrarrjoouv evavriov r w v
yaiOKrnpvwv. Eivai xapanrnpiOTiK aur r o yeyovc;
nou pxerai auTiiv r n crriypn cjrn pvfipn pou. 0 a Ppei
KOveic;, rroia yeyovra npa noXX k o i pnopei va nei
ri Sev Ga nrav Se^irepoq an r o v EXeuGpio Bevil^Xo,
ore TI O EXeuG. Bevi^Xoc; nrav Se^irepoc; an r o
AaK Kppa oXKXnpo.
Ficrri; Ficni, nap r o yeyovc; ri o Fovapnc; nrav r-
oo npooSeuTiKc;, r a nto noXX oreXxn t o u AaKO
Kpparoc; (yiari r 'GeXe roi n <J)Opa r w v npayprwv),
l i r a v avriSpacmKa. Kat o iSioc; cjrn ZuvXeuon r n v EGvt-
Kti TO ' 20 pe ' 22 ppGnKe pnpocrra oe avriSpaoei(; an
rouq iSiouc; rouc; (])iXou<; r o u . Aev pnpeoe v a nepoei o-
piopva vopoGeriipara npcxiSeuriK. Aur eivai r o ou-
pnpaopa r o onoio ouvyw an r q v nepioSo eKeivn.
FIoX npxetpa Kat noX PiacrriK.
KOINNIOAOriA
 ApyTEpa, peT t o '28, napoXeinw ttiv EvSiijeori
nepioo, exoupe noXi r n v avTiBeon peTa^ t o u KppoToq
tjv (l)iXeXeu6p)v pe apxnv t o v naXi eXvTa ornv
EXXaSa EXeu. BeviJ^Xo k o i t o Kppa t o Aqk, pe ap-
Xny TOV n a v a y n TooXSpn. TT6 O n . ToaXSpnc; 5ev
eixe Tnv npooSeuTiKTqTa ir\v onoia eixE o Fovapnc;.
' H t o v otevc; ouvepYornQ k o i (i>\Koq aXXa nrav nio ou-
VTnpnTiKq, noX nio ouvTnpnTiKc;. AXXa ev pnopw va
nw TI riTov ouvTnpnTiKTepoc; an t o v EXeu. Bevi^Xo
nou enpTeive o iioq t o liwvupo ornv nepioo EKeivn-
BXnoupe, Xomv, nwq eivai okoXo va Kvoupe auTn
r n v e<))appoYn t w v ieSvwq EniKpoTovTwv Kpnnpiwv,
|3aoei TWV onoiwv XpE, auTq Eivai Se^iq k o i EKeivoq
eivai KevTpcJjoq (e piXnoa yia apioTepoq OKpa) ev
pnopope va t o Kovoupe oTe yia Tqv nepioSo peT t o
1928.
ESw, OTapoTw XiyKi yia va nw pepiK Xyia k o i yia
Touq apiOTepoq. Apiorepoi n r a v nn an t o 19o aiwva
opiopvoi (e 6a kovw avaywyti ornv nepioo eKeivn yia
oeq oooiaXioriKq leq k o i o A n p . Fovapnq r o 1902
eixe e^ayyeiXei) aXX ronoSernpvoi neioriK pe r n 6-
Xnon va eni|3aXXouv Xiyo-Xiyo r i q oooiaXiOTiKq avriXn-
i|)eiq rouq, n r a v Xiyoi oriq npwreq So eKoerieq r o u ai-
wva paq. ' H ev eixav OKpa r n uvarrnra va opya-
vw6ov. B|3aia, pe r o v AXe^. Hanavaaraoiou npnei va
ovopaoTOv KI auToi ouveinr apiorepi^^ovTeq, xi api-
orepi^ovreq pe r n v vvoia ti cfiTavav pxpi r o u Kop-
pouviopo, KOe oXXo, ouvuaCjav onwoiinore r n v no-
XuKoppoTiKti AnpoKparia pe r o v ZooiaXiap ornv v-
voia rnq eupraTnq KoivwviKiiq OoXiTiKiiq, nwq r o k-
vouv onpepa r a Xeypeva oooiaXonpoKpariK Kppa-
f TO. A n ' r n v aXXp pepi pwq, eixav apxioei o r n erepn
SeKoeria t o u aiwva paq va axnpari^ovTai opaeq oooia-
Xiorwv nou per r o 1917 per r n v opioriKr) iaonaon
rnq Seurpaq Sievoq, n onoia ouoiaoriK eixe onpeiw-
6ei KOi oriq apxq r o u aiwva pe r n ionaon peTO^
MevoePiKwv k o i MnoXoePiKwv aXXa Kupiwq pe t o ' 17,
pe r n v ouoiaoriKti Sionaon nXov, r n v nXiipn rnq Seur-
paq 5ie6voq k o i r n v ipuon r n q rpirnq, OTpa(J)nKav
NEA KOINQNIOAOriA
noXXoi a n ' auroq, xi Xoi, npoq r o v Koppouviop. 'E-
va epyariK Kivnpa pe ia(t)opouq rnouq, nou reXiK oi
<})opeiq auroi r o u Kiviiparoq ovpaoav rouq eauroq TOuq
Koppouviorq.
Ew xoupe pia Ecj)appoyn rnq Ka9iEpwpvnq vvoiaq
KOI ornv EXXa. Aev pnopope va nope r o iio ore
yia rouq e^ioq ore yia rouq KevTpwouq. Orvoupe
OTO erepo FlayKopio FlXepo yiari oa per r o 1933
yivav ev xouv oxon pe KOivwviKonoXiTiK eXarnpia
aXX xouv oxon pe r o (J)avaTiop o onoioq eixe eni-
Z,r\ae\i nou (jjvpKe pvo npoq OTiypnv ri eixe Kon-
oei TO 1926 TQV yive n OiKoupeviKii KufBpvrion t o
(()avaTiop n o u eixe ttiv nnyn f o u o r o ixaop r o u 1915.
O SeTEpoq FlayKopioq FlXepoq ^eKoBpioe Knwq riq
Toeiq Koi KOTeuvoeiq r w v EXXiivwv. H Karoxn titov -
vo (JjoPep oxoXeio, peyXo oxoXeio aXX (J)o|3ep koi
rpayiK, nou KOve XXouq va Tpa(3ii^ouv apioreprepa
KOI XXouq, nou 9a eixav pwq r n 5i9eon va eivai npo-
oSeuriKoi, an avriSpaon npoq r o E A M , npoq t o KK,
rouq KOve va rpaPn^ouv Se^i. Ka nXi pwq, Sev
pnopope va nope xi Xoi auroi nou Se ouppepiorn-
Kov r o Ka9onYnpvo an r o KK, E A M k o i nou ev a-
naprif^rav nap pvo kot va pmp noooor an
Koppouviorq, ri Xoi auroi nou e ouppepiJovrav, ri
nrav e^ioi. Ynnpxav K9e Xoyiiq anoxpwoeiq Kevrpwwv
KOI e^iwv, OKpa, koi yia va npoupe va napeiypa,
orouq a^iwpariKOq nou aywviornKOv rre. <t>ep' emeiv,
oywviorq r w v BeviC^XiKwv Kivnpxwv pxpi k o i t o '35
XXoi ep^aviornKov apioreprepoi, XXoi e^irepoi. O
Bevrtpnq eivai e^iq, o iioq o Fovarq, o onoioq sixe
noXireurei nXov r o 1926 aXX qrav an rouq nYxeq rnq
enavaoroewq r o u 1922, nou rpPn^e Se^i. 'AXXoi e-
Tp3n?civ opiarepTepQ, nwq o Op4>avq, nwq o Fpn-
yopiSnq K.. BXnoupe Xomv, ri poa an rouq kX-
nouq Tnq iiaq oiKoyveiaq, k o i niipa rouq orpariwriKoq
y i a r i eivai noX XTunnr napeiypa, XXoi rpPn^av
npoq r n pia k o i XXoi npoq r n v XXn Kareuvon. T o
'l,r\aa eyw npoowniK nap noX aur k q i o r o npwTO
roq r n q Karoxnq k q i o r n Mon AvaroXn nou n i i y a k o i
9
aoKrioa t q KaBiiKovia t o u Avunpopou k q i t o u Y-
noupyo EBviKTic; Avivric;. TTe, pnopope va nope ti
^EKaapifJei n vvoia tjv KevTpcijJv k o i n vvoia tjv
5e{;ijv. OTE o t o Siaornpa t o u epctJXiou noXpou t o u
1946-1949. AiTi an tte ouppEpiornKOv, xi apoujc; -
Xoi aXXa Xoi nou anapTif^av KppoTo, t o napaSooiaK
OTnv EXXa, KOI EKEivoi nou anapTiJav t o Aok Kppa
KI EKEivoi nou anpTioav t o Kppa tjv (tiXEXEuGpJv
TO un TOV ZoclJoXn, k i EKEivoi nou njc; o FEiijpYioq
rianavSpou, o SocjJOKXnc; o Bevif^Xoc; koi eydj eixapE
oxnpaTiaei Tnv EOE, t o ouvaoniop Tpidjv KoppTJv k o i
KaTEPnKopE oe nepioSeio t o '46, Xoi, XXoi vjpnepa
Koi XXoi apyTepa, ouppepiornKOv Tnv eu9vn Tnq a-
VTipETwnioEjq t o u kivvou o onoioq ttc napouoi-
OTnKe KOI o onoioq 5ev EixE avaXovia pe t o AeKep|3pia-
v, Y'ciTi o t o AeKepPpiav eixE ^EonKjGei oXKXnpo t o
E A M KOI avaYKaoTiiKGv va nve va t o avTipeTujnioouv.
Ka TO E A M titov va peyXo Tpiipa t o u EXXqviKO Xa-
o, eine KnoTe o MiKnq SeoSjpKnq, t o onoio t o '45
lirav t o 70%, k o i anvrnoa: Aev pnopei v ' t o v t o
70%, 6 ' t o v pjq, npypari, t o 35%, 40%, k o i va 25-
30% nou pvEi an^j k o i eivai av xi naOnrm, nvTjq
apToxo an anipewq ponq. Evd) t o '46-'49 lirav t o
KoppouviOTiK Kppa KI EKEivol 01 onoioi napaopOnKov
ti ouppEpioTnKov ev noei nepmTJoei t o v ayjva t o u
K.K.E. ' O X a t ' XXa Kppara, EKTq on pepiK r a o-
noia peivav apTOxa pmp Kppara ti npooojniKTn-
Teq nou iSpuoav opyTepa Kppara. ripoojniKTnTeq -
njq o SPiijXoq, o Fivvnq o ZocfitavnouXoq auTq ei-
xe iSpoei Kppa t o 1936 peivav aproxoi, aXX Xoi
Ol XXoi nou onpTi^av t o peyXa KppoTo avopeixn-
Kov QTOV oytljva eKeivo. 'AXXoi an epq pnopei v
' t o v KevTpdjoi, XXoi pnopei v ' t o v 5e^ioi, pepiKoi
pnopei v ' t o v npooSeuTiKTepoi an KevTpuJOuq xo-
VToq SnpOKpaTiKq-ooaiaXioTiKq avTiXtii|jeiq, aXX avri-
QETEq npoq Tiq avTiXiit()Eiq t o u K K nou onpXEne, {t)uoiK
njq TO 0Xei n lEoXoyia t o u , oxnv iSpuon piaq XoKiiq
AnpoKpariaq, t o u unapKTO EooiaXiopo, nwq ovop-
T,eia\, Xoi oi XXoi eixape avTiperwnioei r n v ko-
10
TOTOon eKeivn.
MeT TO '50 yiverai pia Knwq oa^oTepn SiKpion
pera^ Ae^iq k o i KvTpou. Ae piXpe m a yia r q v Api-
orep, yiari unpxei aa(t)oTaTn n on rqq ApiOTEpq,
EITE Tnq Kpaq ApiOTEpq, SnXaSii r o u K K , sire k q i eKei-
vwv TWV piKpwv Kopprwv l i op5wv nou lioav koGo-
pwq oooioXiOTiK. H oyxuoq untipxe k o i unpxei pera-
^ Kvrpou KOI Ae^iq. Ka pwTw:
' H r a v O Zuvayeppq, un r o v n a n a y o k o i orepa n
EPE un t o v KopapavXii, Ae^i; Kar va nooooT, vai.
npwTOV KOT va onpovriK noooor r w v onaSwv l i koi
TWV oreXexwv, yiari oreXxn kcc onaSoi eSw okoXou-
Gov ti oKoXouGooav (ev ppei yiveTOi otipepa r o iSio)
npoowniKrnreq nepioorepo nap iSeq, eKrq eKeivwv
01 onoioi eivai ronoGernpvoi ornv Apiorep ti eivai ro-
noGernpvoi ornv avriSpaon Xyw oup^epvrwv, nwq
eivai eKeivoi oi onoioi eivai (Jjopeiq peyXwv oup(t)ep-
vrwv. Ol pev koi oi Se, auroi eivai ronoGernpvoi oa(l)wq,
Koi SiaoraupwGnKav koi o r a oreXxn k o i orouq ona-
Soq, Kupiwq r o u Zuvoyeppo k o i neira orouq onaSoq
OKpa nepioorepo rnq EPE, roeiq Si(t)opeq, k o i roeiq
Se^iq Koi roeiq Kevrpweq, xi pvo yiari pntiKove k o i
OTOV Zuvayepp koi neira ornv EPE koi noX nptv ei-
xav ^eKivtioei on t o Kppa r w v OiXeXeuGpwv, yiari ei-
nape k o i o t o Kppa r w v OiXeXguGpwv Sev uniipxe n Si-
Kpion auTii oocpiiq, o xapaxTnpiopq Sev nrav oactjtiq,
aXX KOI oxera an aur, n noXiriKii nou OKoXoGnoe
o Zuvayeppq, ev npoupe Pgaia r o Gpa rnq or-
onq r o u anvavri rnq ApiorEpq, tirav Ppaia Sia(t)ope-
riKii an r n v noXiTiKti nou OKoXouGooe ev peve o
nXaortipaq, PPaia, aXX av e^aipooupe aur r o on-
peio, TO onoio lirav nepioorepo ipuxoXoyiK nap iSeo-
XoyiK, nepioorepo nG'x nap iSeoXoyiK, ov e^aip-
ooupe aur, kot r ' XXa SokoXo pnopope va K-
voupe avrinapGeon pe r o Kpiriipio t o SieGvwq KoGiepw-
pvo, Ae^i koi Kvrpo. BPaia, oreXxn t o u FlXaoriipa,
nwq O KaprXnq, eixav rpaPn^ei npoq apiorepifjouoeq
Toeiq: o KaprXnq eixe apiorepif^ouoa ron evw eixe
NEA KOINQNIOAOriA
 ^eKivtioei an noXu Sefji. Ka o t o pa OKpo r o KoGe-
OTJTiK an TO 1936 yivs pia oulinTnon paO t o u (JjiXiKn
aXXa vTovn' eixE eKnXtoei unp Tnq enioTpocfiriq t o u
BaoiXuq k o i sixe YPai|^' ppo eiq Tnv AnpnoXn Tre,
ppo evavTiov. TTe t o npypoTa naipvouv 6iact)opeq
pop(!)q nou ktw a n ' auTq, ei vai SokoXo va SioKpivei
Koveiq noia eivoi n iSeoXoyiKn |3an, n iSeoXoyiKn nnyn,
TO iSeoXoyiK KivnTpo. B|5aia, pwq, eixe noXX npoo-
SeuTiK oToixeia auyKevTpdioei o OXaoTiipaq OTnv E-
n E K , oXX Sev nrav Xa t o OTeXxn npooSeuTiK. <tu-
oiK uniipxav k o i Se^ioi, unnpxav k o i oaejxjjq aa<^k-
OTOTO Se^ioi KOi OTnv EPIEK k o i o t o Kppa t w v Oi-
XeXeupwv eni Zo(t)oXn k o i neiTo, per t o voto t o u
So<t>oXn, un Tnv nvEoic TOU So())OKXn t o u BevitjXou. O
r . OonavSpou OTnv nepioSo eKeivn t o u Zuvayeppo,
1952-'53, eixe pnei OTn BouXn yioTi eixe [Byei wq ave^p-
TnToq oTo ouvSuaop t o u Suvoyeppo ornv flTpa. Ka
Sev eixe pwq SeopeuOei KOi eixe t o SiKoiwpa vo eKSq-
Xwei nwq eKSnXwnKe peT t o v AnpiXio t o u 1953, wq
avTinoXiTeupevoq k o i vTova avTinoXneupevoq.' O i i-
Seq TOU nTov avap(t)io|3nTnTa npooSeuxiKTepeq an t o
viTO TOU- Se piXnoa wq Twpa yia Tn on Tnv iSeoXoyi-
Kii TOU r . OanavSpou yiari Twpa apxif^ei n nepioSoq
Tnq peyXnq t o u SpaornpiTnTaq. ' H t o v SpooTiipioq koi
an TO '20 k o i an t o '23 k o i t o '40 k o i t o '44 k o i -
Tov tipe OTnv Mon AvoToXn KOI oxnpTioe Ku^pvnon,
oXX TTe lTav t o yeyovra t o u '44-'46 rToia nou Sev
enTpei|jav otov iSiov, nwq Sev enTpeijjav koi oe pvo,
va eKSnXwooupe Tiq KoivwviKonoXiTiKq paq avTiXni|jeiq.
An TO '52-'53 koi Swe pxioe va eKSnXwvei, enavepx-
pevoq, avaXapPvovToq pXXov t o Pnpa t w v naXaiwv
tou iSewv, pxioe va eKSnXwvei Toeiq oi onoieq lirav
Koap KevTpweq. Ka Toi pnopope va nope ti o F.
FlanavSpou eivai xi o npwToq noXiTiKq n o u 'xei Ke-
vrpweq Toeiq, Sev pnopope va nope aur, aXX o
npwToq nou yive apyTepa apxnyq peyXou Kpparoq
nou KOI auTq k o i t o Kppo eixav Kevrpweq roeiq. K o i
pXnoupe rre v ' apxifjet va ^eKoapifJei ourii n SiKpion
pera^ Ae^iq k o i Kvrpou. Bpaio, r o ^eKopiopo au-
T Sev nrav rroio wore va pnopope va nope ri n
EPE nrav Ae^i. Yniipxav oroixeia Se^i k o i uniipxav
OToixeia npooSeuriKrepa nou a pnopooav va ovopa-
oov KEVTpwa on onijjewq oiKovopiKOKOivwviKtiq
Tonoeriiaewq.
O iSioq O KapapavXnq, vopiijw, (eixa r n v euKoipia vo
ouvepyoow xpvia \ia'Q t o u k o i ouvSopai paf^i r o u no-
X) eixe npooSeuTiKq roeiq k o i xei. AXX P^aia,
npooSeuriKq poa o r o nXaioia r a napaSooiOK. Mno-
pope vo nope ri an r o 1961 koi Swe, rav pxioe o
avvSoroq aywvoq, koi pxioe o avvSoroq aywvaq per
r n v vwon r w v rre Xeypevwv Kevrpwwv Suvpewv,
nou yive npiv Xiyo npiv r i q eKXoyq r o u ' 6 1 k o i eniKe-
(])aXnq TonoeriinKe o F. OanavSpou xovraq nXi r o u
f pwq oav oiovei oTJvapxny r o Zo(|)OKXn t o Bevif^Xo. O
F. FlanavSpou avap(|)ioPnTnra nrav Kevrpwoq pe npo-
oSeuriKq oe opiopvo onpeia apiorepijouoeq roeiq, o
Zo(t)OKXnq O BevitjXoq Sev nrav. ' H r a v oriq avriXniJjEiq
rou yiq r o u narpa r o u , SnXaSii, a pnopoae k o i t o v
EXeu. Bevi?;Xo va ovopooupe Se^i koi t o Zo(t)OKXti
BevifJXo va r o v ovopooupe Se^i. AnXaSn, n ouveiSn-
oii rouq nrav Se^i. BXnoupe, Xomv, ri k o i t o Kvrpo
NEA KOINQNIOAOriA
nwq SnpioupynnKe rre, n 'Evwon Kvrpou (koi ovo-
pornKe Evwon Kvrpou yiari ouvaoniornKov Sicjiopeq
opSeq) eixe Si^opeq nrpuyeq. O i opSeq aurq yivav
nrpuyeq Si(})opeq r o u iSiou opyoviopo. A n ' r n v XXn
pepi ornv EPE unnpxav enionq XXoi npooSeuriKTepoi
nou a pnopooav va ovopoaov xi onXwq Kevrpwoi
oXX nio npooSeuTiKoi koi on rouq Kevrpwouq, koi X-
Xoi Se^ioi Koi noXXoi ouvrnpnTiKoi. FiotI npnei v
'xoupe unipn paq ri Kppora r a onoia ^enepvov opi-
opvo apiGp onaSwv k o i oreXexwv Sev pnopei vo ' v a i
Kppora pvov, eivai napar^eiq. Ka oriq napar^eiq
unpxouv nrpuyeq noXXq.
Aev pnopei va Kppo nou 'xei t o 40% t o u EXXnvi-
Ko Xao n t o 45% l i t o 50% oe opiopveq nepmTwoeiq,
va ' v o i povoKppoTo, va eivoi evioio iSeoXoyiK, eivai
aSvoTOv. Fia va Swow va npoowpiv reppa ornv
n p w r n epwrnon, Xw ri aurii r n onypti xoupe Suo pe-
yXeq nopar^eiq. Ae piXw yia r o KoppouvioriK Kp-
pa, eivai oxeriK peyXn napra^n xai aurii aXX |3aoi-
K, So eivai, y i o r i eKeivo eivai onwoSrinore eviaio, ot-
(I)ia, ouyKeKpipvo oe Ke r o u Pnpa k o i oe Ke r o u i -
So. Z r ' XXa So Kpparo pnopope va nope ri Xoi
nou r a ijjiicjjioav k o i Xoi nou anoprijouv r a oreXxn t o u
eivai o r n pia nepinrwon, t o u FIAZOK, oooiaXiorq k o i
ornv XXn nepinrwon, rnq Naq AnpoKpariaq, Se^ioi;
Aev pnopope va r o nope. Flwq a nope ri r o 48%
nou ntipe r o ' 8 1 o AvSpaq OanavSpou, ri eivai oo-
oiaXiorq; To 1974, oriq eKXoyq niipe 13%, t o 1977 ntipe
24-25%, rooepo xpvio apyrepo naipvei 48%. ' E t o i ,
oXXiiJouv Tiq nenoitioeiq rouq oi Xaoi; ' O x i , |3Paia.
'AXXoi Xyoi i]>uxoXoyiKoi, Touq onoiouq Sev eivai av-
yKn vo ava(})pw, enSpaoav wore vo Snpioupynei aurii
n peyXn napra^n. n onoia SnpioupynnKe xi eiq P-
poq rnq napar^ewq nou anoreXooe XXore n EPE l i
anoreXei Twpa n Na AnpoKparia, aXX eiq Ppoq r o u
Kvrpou. ' A p a yia va Snpioupynei eiq Ppoq r o u K-
vrpou onpaivEi ri otfiopoiwoe, xi a(!)opoiwoe iSeoXoyi-
K, aXX nepiXaPe orouq KXnouq r o u k o i rpPn^e -
vav noX peyXo apip Kevrpwwv oi onoioi Sev l i r a v
oooioXiorq. A n ' r n v XXn pepi PPaia, vav Knoio
apip Kevrpwwv rppn^e k o i n Na AnpoKporia, iSiwq
av ouyKpivoupe r o noouq niipe r o ' 8 1 pe r o noouq n i i -
pe oriq EupweKXoyq rou nepaopvou louviou nou k o i
r o O A Z O K neoe k o i n Na AnpoKparia Knwq avPn-
Ke. (Oepioorepo neoe r o O A Z O K koi Xiyrepo avPn-
Ke n Na AnpoKparia). BPaia, nwq eivai otipepa n Si-
ro^n TWV Suvpewv orn BouXti oe oxon pe r o O A Z O K
(oxera av orouq KXnouq t o u ei vai KevTpwot pnopei va
'vat KOI ouvrnpnTiKoi), eivai n Na AnpoKparia Se^i,
oe oxon pe t o O A Z O K Stort n ovrieon eivoi peyXn
nXov, Sev eivai nwq eivai n avTieon pera^ Evwoewq
Kvrpou Kat EPE ti Evwoewq Kvrpou k o i Naq Anpo-
Kpariaq pxpt r w v eKXoywv r o u 1977. H avrieon r w p o
eivai noX peyaXTepn k o i (])uoiKa ec])' oov Sev napep-
PXXerai k o i kti evSipeoo, (tJoiverai OKpn peyaXre-
pn. Kat oxera an r n voorponia ti r i q iSeoXoyieq r w v
peXwv, r w v onaStitv, rwv i|jn<|)0(])pwv Kat r w v oreXexciJv
eivai n SiTO^n t w v Suvpewv rroia nou pnopope va
nope TI eSw xoupe va oooiaXioriK Kppa k o i eKei
xoupe pia Ae^t, aXX Ae^t ev oxoet npoq r o Zoota-
XioriK Kppa, XI Ae^i k o i ev oxoet pe r o avnapKTo
11
nXov OTf) BouXr) KvTpo. Ze oxori pe t n v 'Evcuori K-
v i p o u r| Na AripcKpaxia Sev xei enouoiwSeiq 5ia(t)opc;,
li pnopei va loxupifjovtai pepmoi ti eixe ti Kot ti xet,
KOt pnopei va 'xouv SiKto eKeivot nou t o toxupiZ^ovTOt
oxeTtK pe TOV eauT TOuq, aXX Sev pnopouv va t o t-
oxuptOTotjv oxeTiK pe touc; onaSoijc; touc; Kat pe t o ku-
ptTepa oTeXxn t(jju TTe KevTpotcov KoppTCjjv citoTe Kot
otipepa n StKpton eivat euKoXrepn. Mnopei va XPIO'-
ponoitiooupe t o KpiTiipia t o onoia eivai KaSiepwpva
Stevjq aXX pe TOuq neptoptopoijc; xouc; onoiouc; eino
nptv. M ' aXXa Xyia, yiveTOt KOTxpnon ornv EXXaSa,
TouXaxtcjTOv Ae^tc; Kat Kvrpou. M t a KOTxpnon n o-
noio Se pXanret, P^aia, nor touc; Kevrpwouq rav u-
npxouv Kat oot unpxouv, pXnret pwq noXXoq nou
Kararooovrat o r n Ae^t xwP'Q va eivat. f t o r i xt pvo
oro Tno paq aXX Kupiwq o t o Tno paq t o ouvGiipoTa
naipvouv peyaXtJrepn a^ia o n ' rtq tSeq, o n ' rtq
tSeoXoyteq.
EP. Ftari n Ae^i nappeive noXtj nto oupnaytiq oav
nopro^n cin r o noXuStaonwpevo rre k o i otipepa e^a-
(povtopvo Kvrpo;
n . K . Eivat SijoKoXo, Ppata, va So9ei pto npxetpn ep-
pnveia auTotJ r o u (Jjoivopvou r o onoio npypart onpei-
)0nKe. BXnoupe o n ' r n pta pepi r o AaK Kppo va
perarpnerat orw koi av SiaXBnKe, oe KoppariKOijq
oxnpciTiopotjq 01 onoioi eivat peyXoi k o i aupnayeiq, -
nwq O Zuvayeppq, EPE, Na AnpoKparia, k o i pXnoupe
a n ' r n v XXq pepi r o Kppa r w v l^iXeXeuSpwv va 'xei
Siaonaorei noXXq (popkq (koi t o Aok eixe StacTnaorei
TO 1936 t o u KaeoTwriKo aXX nXi enovaouvevwBn-
Ke). BXnoupe, Xomv, va xet Siaonaorei noXij nepioo-
repeq (jjopq. "lowq aur octjeiXerat o r o yeyovq rt t o
Kvrpo tirav peraPartK, vaq peraPariKq xwpoq. 'E-
vaq peraPariKq x ^ p o q r o Kvrpo, wq rnoq, ytoTi eina-
pe orqv ouoia unpxouv KevrpcJjoi o r n ouveiSnon k o i
oro AaK Kppa. Yntipxov k o i o t o Zuvayepp koi oxnv
EPE KOt OKpa nepiooxepo crrn Na AnpoKparia, oXX
wq rnoq t o Kppara r a onoia npotiX9av on r o naXoi
AaK Kppa KOI on rptipa r o u Kpparoq r w v (f tXeXeu-
9pwv, yiari npnet va Tovif^oupe aur, petve oupnayq.
O Kopoq auTq eivat oupnaytiq, orw k o i pe Siocfiopert-
Kq perovopooieq. (Ka npnet va nw ti aurq ot pexo-
vopooieq 0a npene va oxapaxtioouv Knoxe. Aev xouv
vnpa). Evw r o Kvxpo eivat kti t o pexoPaxtK. ISiwq
Se, entipav npa noX pexaPartK xapoKTtipa r n ortypri
KOT r n v onoia per r o 1974 o AvSpaq rianavSpou,
epxpevoq a n ' ^w iSpuoe r o FIAZOK, SnXaSti Swoe -
va rvo reXeiwq 5ta(l)opErtK orov Kopo, rov onoio ou-
yKvrpwoe ypw r o u , Xtyrepo Kopo t o ' 7 4 , nepioo-
repo r o '77 KOt OKpo nepioorepo r o ' 8 1 , vav reXeiwq
6ia(t)opeTiK xvo an eKeivov o onoioq eixe 5o0i oxnv
'Evwon Kvrpou an rov narpa rou r o F. FlanavSp-
ou. Aut Sev npOKXeoe apowq xn peyXn peiwon xou
Kvrpou KOi Knwq Kpaxii9nK xo Kvrpo cniq eKXoyq
xou 1974, aXX oxiq eKXoyq xou '77 xov ou^tiOnKe n
Svapri r o u O A Z O K , ouppiKvcGnKe npa noX r o K-
VTpo. Ynpxouv npoowniKrrireq ot onoieq eivat a^iXo-
yeq, nou npoonGnoav ti npocmaGov OKpa va eKnpo-
owntioouv aurv r o v Kopo o onoioq tirav Kevrptboq,
aXX rouXxtorov oro npooKtivio, o r n BouXti, ytari n
BouXti eivat t o npooKtivto, xet e^acpavtorei. Aev unpxet
12
avriKpuopa. Be^aiwq, unpxouv npoowniKTnreq k o i u-
npxet o r n Pon, Yia va xPnoiponottiow ourti r n X^n
rnq pSoq nou Sev p ' opoet noX, Kevrpwa ipuxoXoyio
Kot Kevrpwa voorponia, nou an ani|jewq apt0po Sev
pnopei va eKTtpn0ei pe prpo r o rt ntipe oriq eKXoyq
r o u 1977 n "Evwon Kvrpou ti oriq eKXoyq r o u 1981 ti
oriq eKXoyq rqq EupwnaKtiq BouXtiq. Eivai noX nepio-
orepot aX,X Sev pnopw va rouq perptiow, oro Xo, o r n
pon nwq Xve otipepa k o i noX Xiyrepot eKeivot oi o-
noioi napouotfjovrat oriq eKXoyq k o i i|jn(t)t^ouv eire
ornv ' Evwon Kvrpou un r o v Fedipyto Mapo r o ' 77,
eire r n v ' Evwon Kvrpou un rov F. Mapo nXt r o ' 81
ti oriq EupweKXoyq r n v 'Evwori Kvrpou un r o v Zi-
ySn. To iSio pnop) va nw k o i yta r o K O A H Z O eire un
rnv nyeoia r o u FiyKou neoparfjyXou eire un r n Sie-
0uvon Twpa r o u Mnpnn t o u Flpwronan, k o i t o u AKn
KoupoKXn- A u r o i eivat Xiyot nwq epcjjavif^ovroi oriq e-
KXoyq aXX o r o Xa npnet va unoXoyiooupe rt unp-
xei nvro pto voorponia, pta ipuxoXoyia Kevrptbo, oe va
rptipa r o u Xao pio rroia voorponia, pta rroia
4)uxoXoyia.
EP. K a r ' eoq yiaxi Sev evoapKwvexai, SnXaSti, auxti
n ijJUXoXoyia o ' va oxnpaxtop toxup, auxti xq oxtypii;
n . K . 'lowq yiaxi xei SiaSoBei n axpo^aipa xqq nXw-
onq. Oxi iowq, ao(()aX)q, aXX Xw iowq, ytaxi Sev ^-
pw XI 9a yivei oriq enpeveq eKXoyq. MiXope eni r n P-
oei TWV SeSopvwv rou ' 8 1 k o i t o u '84. Ynpxei, Xoi-
nv, aurti n Ton n onoia avoyKtjei noXXoq va pnv n-
ve eKei nou o X"Jpoq eivat oxevq ornv enKt)veia k o i n-
ve eKei nou o x ^ p o q ornv eni(t)aveia eivat eupq. Kat e-
ni(J)avEia einape eivat n BouXti. Mnopei, pwq, aur va
Sope v ' aXX^ei oxiq epxpeveq eKXoyq. Aev xo npo-
PXnw pe 0exiKTnTa, K0e XXo. A u r i i v r n onypti npo-
PXnw vraon (tJavoTictpo, pa vraon rnq noXwoewq
KOt evSexopvwq nXi k o i iowq oe peyaXrepo Pa0p
r n v avayKaoxiKii npooxwpnon eScb ti eKei, xwv nepiooo-
xpwv ouxwv nou oviiKouv o ' auxti xn voorponia, r n v
KEvrpwa. H nppXei})n aurti Sev eivat 0eTiKti k o i nvrwq
Sev avronoKpiverai CTTiq npooSoKieq pou k o i oriq eXni-
Seq pou. KaX 0a tirav o r n x ^ p a paq va pnv ouvextorei
aurti n nXwon k o i va unpxei SuvarTnra pioq Knoioq
nto loopponnpvnq xt pvov oriq ijjuxq xou Xao k o i
oxn ouveiSqon r o u Xao, aXX k o i oxnv eni(t)veia xnq
noXixiKiiq f^wtiq. Fiaxi n eni(})veia Sev ovxanoKpivexoi
ornv ouveiSnon Xwv xwv EXXiivwv. H eni^veia pwq
eivat eKeivn n onoia oou napouoifjei pta xpiKupio (t)oPe-
pti KOI pnopei oxa POq, va ppoq xou EXXnviKo Xao
vo pnv avxexai auTti r n v rpiKupio ti pXXov va pnv r n
0Xei oXX r n v avxerot. Tnv avxeroi ytari Sev pnopei
va Kvei aXXidiq. ' H Sev ^pei rt npnet va Kvet aX-
Xoiotq. ' H Sev xet aKOoei r n (l)wvti eKeivn n onoio 0a
xov KOve va neioOei xt npnet va rpaPti^ei XXo
Sppo.
EP. Ze noio Pa0p eniPtwvet o E9viKq Sixaopq OTiq
onpepivq noXiriKq Siapxeq;
n . K . Aruxwq enipiwvet. EniPicbvei k o i 0a ' x a v k o i otipe-
pa oSvaxo va ptXtioei Koveiq poa oxnv BouXti pe avxi-
KeipeviKxnxa yta xa yeyovxa xou 1915 ti xou 1920-'22
Xwpiq va eivat ennpeaopvoq.
NEA KOINQNIOAOriA

OEmmomopnmoi
EneiSii oiriv EXXa n Koivujvia Ka r| oiKovopia 5ev
npaoav an t i g (t)oeic; rnq AuTmoeupwnaKiiq loropi-
Knq E^Xi^nq (OEOuSapxia, EK|3ioiJnxvion, AoTiopq)
KOI Sev pnpEoav va Siavaouv eniTUxiJq t o aviioToixa
OTSia, Se SnpioupYnnKE noT Aonopq, pe r n SuTiKti
vvoia TOU pou^
' Onic; opi^^eTOi an Xouq Touq peyXouq KOivwvioX-
youq, an t o v MARX koi t o v WEBER tuq rov ouyxpovo
SCHUMPETER, Aoiiopq Sev eivai pvov o KannaXi-
OTiKq Tpnoq napaywynq k o i t o oiKovopiK k o i koivw-
viK t o u ouvenoKXouBa. Aoxiopq eivai enionq koi va
nvepa, nou nponynOnKe ev noXXoiq a n ' auTv^. Fto t o v
WEBER, TOV AoTiop yvvnoe n npoTeoTavTiKti ni^n^-
To yeviK nvepa pwq t o u AoTiopo, touXxioto o n q
apxq TOU, eivai n SnpioupyiKTnTo, t o piijJOKivSuvo, n
enevSuTiKii k o i enavenEvSuTiKti Ton, pa koi n anoTo-
pEuon, n a^ioKpoTio, n epnEpiOTaTwpvn texvikti KOTp-
Tion K.Xn. AoTiopq Eivai enionq k o i pia napSoon, nou
SiapKei nSn OTn AuTiKii Eupwnn koi oxnv ApepiKTi, So
KQI nXov aiwveq. O i Sopq t o u xouv anoKpuoToXXwGEi
e^eXioopeveq. 'Exei anoKpuoToXXwGei nopXXnXa pio
vooTponio, vaq Tpnoq t o u OKnTEoGai, vaq Koivq
KwSiKoq aupnepict)opq, Koivoi noXmoriKoi napovopa-
orq KOI tSeoXoyiK OTOixeia.
STnv EXXSa, 01 KoivwviKq Korriyopieq k o i oi v-
voieq auTq ppioKOVToi oe pia nayiwpvn epPpuaKii kot-
OToon. O l noXXonXq npoonGeieq e^aoTiopo nou yi-
vav an TO X. TpiKonn wq t o v A. FlanavSpou, pe
KupiTepn auTiiv Tnq ep(|)Teuanq oXKXnpnq aoTiKiiq t-
^nq n TOuXXIOTOV OOTIKO KOlVWVlKO-OlKOVOpiKO ou-
YKpOTiipaToq an Tnv eXXriviKti opoyveio OTnv eXXaSiKti
eniKpTeia nou yive on t o v E. BEviii^Xo, Sev oSnynoav
nouGev, nap pvo oe koivwvik eni(I)aivpeva, x^jpiq
SipKeia.
E^XXou 01 KoniTaXiOTiKq SuvapiKq OTnv EXXSa -
Xouv xapoKTHpa KopiTn: SnpioupyovTai oe npo(t)Opeq
oiKovopiK enoxq, Siavouv pia XPuoii nepioSo unep-
KepSwv KOI oTepa napoKpi^ouv, xpewKonov n yivo-
VTOi npoPXnpoTiKq, Xyw eXXeiilJewq TexvoXoyiKO eK-
ouyxpoviopo, uil^nXwv npo5iaypa(l)wv n x a i yeviKiiq a-
viKOvTnTaq TWV SiaSxiv, aKpi|3wq Xyw avunap^ioq
a^iOKpoTiaq'', ootiko nvepoToq koi aoTiKtiq noiSeiaq.
FlpaypoTiK peyoXoi KaniToXioTq OTnv EXXSa lTav
eXxioToi. T^n pwq oXKXnpn, nou va pnopope va
Tnq anoSwooupe xapaKTnpo ootikti Sev uniipxe noT.
T^n 'vai xi opSa avGpwnwv evwpvq npoowpiv o-
n nepioTooiOK oupcJjpovTa (out Ga anoTeXooe pX-
Xov va eiSoq opSaq nioewq), aXX ovaTrjpa avGpwni-
vnq ^wtiq, nXaiaio avGpwnivnq SpooTnpiTnTaq, poa
OTO onoio KivovToi, Spouv, napyouv oiKovopiK k o i
noXiTiK vGpwnoi evwpvoi opyaviK, pe KOivti koivw-
viKti iSeoXoyio k o i oup(3oXiopoq, koivt) naiSeio, Koivq
NEA KOINNIOAOriA
EAAHNIKH KOINQNIA
TO MeAsTrj H MsXETnoXo
OKOnoGeoieq, KOivoq KwSiKeq koi koivt) oupnepi(})Opa.
' E t o i , oTnv EXXSo, napouoioTriKav Sicjjopeq t u -
Xaieq opSeq, pe p(t)UTn SiaXuTiKii Ton, nou nXoTioov
Xyw piaq KannaXiormriq paoTijpirnraq, xwp'q pwq
va Snpioupynoouv aoTiKii ra^rj. Aut t o cfiaivpevo ovo-
pi^eToi vnoaoTiaiJq.
' Etoi n eXXnvmn Koivwvia KupiapxeiToi onypiaia an
KaniToXioTiK pop(])wpaTa, nou yevvwvTai, GvnoKouv koi
ovayevvwvTOi Sio KpanKwv Soveiwv n pow eKTKTwv
nepinTwoewv, nwq ep(})Xioq nXepoq, e^wTepiKii Poti-
Geia KXn. AnoTXeopo eivai ti pxovToi kot Koipoq
OTnv eni(l)aveia 6i(t)opeq opSeq nou xouv avTiGeTiKii
yewypoctJiKii, noXinoTiKn k q i koivwviki npoXeuon. F i '
OUT n eKOTOTe pXOUOa OlKOVOpiKli KQI KOlVWVlKti T-
^n xei avTi(t)aTiKn iSioouoTooio, acpo anoTeXeirai an
TToiou eiSouq npoowpivnq ouoToewq opSeq' KGe pia
an' auTq eni^XXei yia t o SioTnpa nopapovtiq Tqq
OTOV xwpo auT Tnq Ke^aXaioKpaxiKtiq napaywytiq
Touq Kovveq Tnq k o i Tn yXwooa Tnq koi eyKOToXeinei t o
Xcijpo OUT, aclitivovTaq niow xqq t o unoXeipoTa t o u oi-
KovopiKo Tnq TuxoSiwKTiopo. AnoTXeopo eivai o a-
OTiKq xwpoq, OTnv eXXnviKii Koivwvia k o i oiKovopia, va
PpiGei on TTOio unoXeippoTo, t w v onoiwv o ouvtovi-
opq KOI n ouGeon eivai oSvoTq. E^ ou koi n npoPXn-
poTiKTnTa Tqq oiKOvopiKtiq k o i SnpooiovopiKiiq noXiTi-
Kiiq KGe Kuppvnoqq.
' AXXo onoTXeopa eivai n npoPXnpoTiKTnTO Tnq Sia-
ovSeonq t w v evvoiwv noXiTiKiiq nVEoiaq k o i oiKOvopi-
Kwv Suvpewv. H npopXnpoTiKTnTo auTT) eKcJipJ^eTOi
OTnv opTnpiooKXqpwTiKq nayiwoq evq oretpa avano-
paypevou KOTeornpvou.
XopoKTqpiOTiK yvwpiopoTa t o u eXXnviKO unooori-
opo eivai t o OKXouGa:
H oqpooio TOU Sqpoiou Topa. Z r q AuTiKq Eu-
pwnn, o ' Xn Tn SipKeia Tnq KaniToXiOTiKriq ovnTu^nq
TO KpToq nepiopioTqKe o t o pXo t o u vuxTO(l)XaKa
KOT Tiq KpoTooeq TTe oiKovopiKq Gewpieq^. Erqv EX-
XSa, TO avTiGeTO OKpiPwq ouvPn: o KoniTaXiopq yev-
vqGqKe ev noXXoiq pe KaoopiKii Topn on t o v peTonpo-
Tiop, pe KpoTiKn enpPaoq. Ka o npwTonpoq t o u e-
^aoTiopo, TpiKonnq koi Kupiwq o Bevi^Xoq xpnoipo-
noinoov, O npwToq peooia oiKovopiK OTpwpaTO, o Se-
Tepoq avwTepa: k o i t o pev k o i t o Se pwq eixav peTO-
npoTiK xapaxTtipa q touXxiotov npocjiorn peTonpa-
TiKii npoXeuon- AuTq n KpOTiKn enpPaon Snpiopynoe
pia nopSoon aXXnXe^pTnonq KpTouq-Ke^aXaiou,
nou npooXaPe SpapoTiKrepo xapoKTiipa peT Tqv ne-
TpeXa'Kn Kpion t o u 1973.
Eivai Xomv owTnpioKo xapaKTiipa o Xeypevoq
KpaTiKq napepPoTiopq, e^ ou k o i eivai pvipo otoi-
Xeio Tnq Snpoiaq oiKovopiKiiq noXiTiKtiq ove^apTqTwq
13
napaT^ecv. Eivai 5opiK (t)aivp8vo \i\aq avEKnXiipu)-
Triq EKpioprixvioric;, evw orri Aori o ZooiaXiopq pe
TOV napepPoTiap rip9e oav wpipoc; Kopnq piac; no-
peiaq eKaetiwv e^Xi^nc;, avanTu^nq, oXonXiipworiq k o i
epneipiaq.
O Sripoioc; auTc; Topaq, OTr|v EXXSa, xei Xomv
aaact)r) pio pe t o v i6iu)tik, avaXapPvei o iSioq oiko-
vopiKc; 6paoTripiTr|T6c; k o t ' e^oxnv iSituTiKiiq (t)oeu)c;
KOI ouvTripei pia npo^XripaTiKf) orpoTi avTinapOYtY'-
Kcjv unaXXiiXwv, ave^XeYKTWv (t)uaiK an Tnv noXiTiKn
e^ouoia.
'AXXo xapoKTnpioTiK TOU YnoooTiopo eivai, -
nwc; npoava(t)pape, n avunap^ia aariKO noXmopo.
ZTn Aori, O aoTiKc; Kopoc; SnpiopYnoe veq iSeoXo-
yiKc; KOI noXiTicrriKc; o^ieq, va oXnXnpo nveupariK
ocrrnpa, ^oveq nvuj otouc; onoiouq KiviiBnKe n ^ w i
Ttv ooTJv, cjTiq pn uXiKq TOuq SpaoTnpiTnreq. O o-
OTiopq eKei SiOTiipnoe n a p ' Xa out k o i KoXXipynoe
Tnv n6oYPa(t)ia k o i t o v napaSooiOK noXmop, oe|3-
cnnKe Tn XaKn napSoon, Tnv apxiTeKTOviKn KGe t-
nou, oTC KOi KpoTcijVTaq pvo Tiq e^wTepmq rnq pop-
(t)q. O l nXeiq OTn A. Eupwnn Sev xooav r n v napaSo-
oioKii TOuq TouTTnTo: uneppovTpva emxeipnoiOK K-
vTpa orey^ovToi oe avoYewnoiOK KTipia.
O eXXnviKq unoaoTiopq xi pvo Se SiaefiXa^e Tn
ouvoXiKii eviKn TouTrnTo, oXX Se SiocfiXa^e ore Tnv
iSiaiTepn noXiTicniKii TauTTnra Tnq KOivwviKtiq t o u npo-
Xeuonq' Se Siarripnoe kov Tn XoKii nopSoon wq
(])oXkXp.
EKTq auTo, o eXXnviKq unoaoTiopq Sev pnpeoe
va ap9pd)oei va Sik t o u koivwvik Xyo, va t o v kgX-
XiepYnoei KOI va t o v eni|3XXei ornv eXXnviKii Koivwvia.
Aev pnpeoe nor oe Kopi (})on t o u va Snpioup-
ynei iSieq a^ieq, opPoXa, KwSiKeq oupnepi({)opq' koi
eniKoivwviaq. AnoTXeopo eivoi va pipeirai ^va koivw-
vik npTuno xwpiq eniTuxia- t o iSio ouv|3n k o i oTn
XoyoTexvia^.
XapOKTnpiOTiK TOU eXXnviKo unoaoTiopo eivai
enionq o veonXomiojjq. O veonXouTiopq eivai pia ou-
pnepi(t)op KoGop avTienevSuTmn, pa avTiaoriKn. Ei-
vai eniSeiKTiKq k o i npOKoXei t o v koivwvik (t)9vo k o i
TO To^iK piooq, evw oi SuriKoi aoroi npoonBnoav va
nXnoiaoouv i|)uxoXoYiKa tic; aoSEvoTepgc; T^eic; pg Tr|
(t)iXav6pa)nia, tic; ({)a|3iavc; lec;^ k q i t o v xpioriaviKiic; e-
pnvEOEWc; oooiaXiop pgyaXiv acrrwv hoXitikiv, nwq
O L E O N B L U M ti o R A M S A Y M C D O N A L D . 'AXXo xa-
paKTnpioTiK TOU vEonXouTiopoi) Eivai n onaopcuSiKii
onaTXn xP^PCiToq nou o(})EiXETai orriv XXEii|jn yvibonq
Koi napSoonc; oov a(}>opa r n v opBii t o u XPn^n- ^Pn-
oiponoiEirai t o xPnpa pE Tpnouc; npoaariKOq, nwq 6a
t o ^Sue SnXaii Evaq oyprnq on Knoio yovo Pou-
v, n o u npE OTnv A6nva k o i PpnKE OTO 5ppo va
nooyyi pe XecIjt: evtj OTiq aoriKq KOivoivigq t o XPnMCi
XPncponoisiToi napoyaiyiKa pE OKonoq EKnaiEUTiKoq
Koi avanapaywyiKOq, pe SioKpiTiKn pop^n. AvTirwq,
ornv EXXSa n TuxpnacKn auTti onoTXn XPnpaToq u-
no5nXd)vei iKovonoinon xpoviwv anwOnpvojv, nou pe r n
oeip Touq ct)avep(jjvouv npo^arn koi anropn oikovo-
piKii vo5o, aXX nopXXnXa k o i <^^O nappoiaq an-
Topnq oiKOvopiKtiq koSou.
SnpavTiKWTOTO xapQKTripiOTiK TOU eXXnviKO u-
noaoTiopo Eivai n XXei4)n Koiv)viKt)q ovveiSrjoqq k o i
ouvoiononq Tnq KOiv(jDviKi)q anooroXqq rnq ouyKeKpip-
vnq T^nq- EcIjoov n oiKovopiKt npoSoq enepXiin an
TO SuTiK ooTiop ijq Kupiopxn iSeoXoyiKti a^ia oro o-
OTnpa rnq KOivwviKnq ^wnq, <})uaiK nrav n aoriKn r^n
VQ anoreXei r o npruno; va npruno eivoi (Jjuoik va
oupnEpict)pETai wq Troio, Sivovraq r o napSeiypa o ' -
Xa r a pXn r n q Koivwviaq, piaq k o i n aoriKii i5eoXoyia
yiverai n Kupiapxn e6viKn iSeoXoyia. Mipnriopq koi ve-
onXouriopq pwq eivai ooupPiPaora pe oiaStinorE v-
voia npornou.
Aur pPaio r o cJjoivpEvo avayerai oro yeviKrepo
nppXnpa Tnq avunap^aq oa(t)Oq ra^iKiiq ouveiSnonq'"
o r n v EXXSa nou ocfJEiXerai, pe r n oeip rnq ornv koi-
vwviKri aKoraoTaoia ti koi avapxia nou Kupiapxei eSw
per r n v AneXeupwon' aur r o reXeuroio (l)atvpevo
Sev npnet va napopoi^erai pe r n v vvoia rnq Kotvwvi-
Kiiq KivnTiKrnTaq^^: aurti n reXEuraia onpoivei ti cmq
pn apTnpiooKXnpwriKq Koivwvieq ot ^ioi pnopov va
npooSeouv, x ^ p i q va epnoSifjovrai an a^enpaora r a -
^iK pia. Anevovriaq ornv EXXSa n koivwvikooikovo-
piKti voSoq o(()eiXeTai oe avwpoXeq eGvrnq nepioroeiq,
nwq O paupayopiriopq, nXepoi nou euvoov r o Xa-
pepnpio, n euvoioKparia k q i o venoriopq, Kowq k o i
r a Sveia, nou eivat navreXwq ave^prnra on oiaStino-
Te vvoia a^ioKpariaq.
Ze yeviKq ypoppq, pnopope v a nope rt o aort-
Kq xwpoq OTnv EXXSa, o x ^ p o q SnXaSti r n q Kecjjo-
NEA KOINQNIOAOriA
XaiOKpariKiiq napaywytiq Sev pnopei va ^e(])yei on r o
peranpariK xapa^Tiipa n o u eixe ovKOev n eXXnviKii
oiKovopio. rioX nepioorepo aurti n unoacniKti Suvapi-
Kti enc()epe eva nXiioq SuoXeiroupytwv: k q t ' e^oxtiv
napaSeiypoTO, o napaoiriopq^^ koi n napooiKovopia^^.
Kat r o So eivat (Jiaivpevo ovenpKeiaq koi SuoXei-
Toupyiaq r o u oiKovopiKo KUKXwparoq. T o airia eivai
poei KOt piOk: avyovrai ornv KOtvwviKii icrropio rnq
verepnq EXXSaq^*. T a ouvenoKXoua pwq ocfiopov
oXKXnpo r o noXiriK oornpo, r o noXtrioriK enoiKoS-
pnpa KOI r n v HveupaTiKti Koivwvia, e^ioou Se k o i r n v e-
viKii paq rourrnra- Xa aur r a oroixeia rqq iSioou-
oraoiaq r o u vou eXXnviopo eivat npoPXnpariK, noX-
Xq Se (})opq Xeinouv navreXiljq. Me pta X^n Sev unp-
Xet vnavamv^q. Ynpxei avchpaXr) avamv^ri, nou oSti-
ynoe r n oyxpovn eXXnviKii Koivwvia oe KoivwviKq te-
paroyoviEq, oe pta pvipn oiKOvopiKii Suonpayia koi oe
pta eniKi'vSuvri KOivwviKti avioopponia.
VnOIHMEiniEIZ
1. Ol nepmoTEpoi 'EAXriveq KoivwvioAyoi (AmiriXiSriq,
KavsAAnouAoq, KapaliiSaq KQI mo npaipaTo 0iAiaq, TOKW-
vaq, KaOwq KOI OI aYXPovoi Mou(Ariq, Bepijqq KOI KiTpofjri-
AiSqq) napaSxovToi avv) rrjv apxn, oov a(popa TIJV sAArjviKrj
KOWwviKi) e^Ai^rj.
2. FeviKa decopsirai TI OI omovopiKq oxoeiq avTovaKXdi-
xnai arriv nvEupaTiKi) s^Ai^q.
3. ETO nEpi<pripo pyo rov KamraXiopq KOI npOTearavriKij
HlKlj.
4. H AAeiipn a^ioKpariaq ocpsiAerai o' aur ro xopoKjqpi-
OTIK TOU owpaviKoi) ovoTqpaToq SioKvPepvrioeioq, nou o
MAX WEBER ovpaoe oovAraviop.
5. Kara TOV Pvo AnocnoAiSrj unoaoTiK sivai auT noo an-
Tuxs va yivEi aorm KQI peive o' auri) rrjv EvSiapsori KOT-
OTaarj, nov ovopa^ETai unoaarmi).
6. JOHNSTEWARTMILLS, DAVIDRICARDO K.Xn.
7. ATTITUDE arriv raXXiKq-AyyXiKf) KoivwvioXoyia.
8. H npwTri nai SEUTEpri AdrivaKi) SxoXi) /3aai(ovTat arriv
Ijipqari rou yaXXiKo Po/javTiopov Ka riapvaooiapo. O BEVI-
^eXiKq Kopoq pipeirai orriv KOIVWVIKI TOV ovpnepKpopa ay-
yXayaAXiK nprvna- nio npocpara oi psranoXEpiKq aori^ov-
OEq opaeq, Kvpicuq apepiKavma nprvna.
9. H 0a^iavii Eraipia iSpvdnKE TO 1883 an pia opaa l3pE-
ravwv Siavooupvwv KOI ovvnpalJE orriv iSpuaq rou EpyariKou
Kpparoq rqq AyyXiaq.
10. flappoia npo/SXiipara nwq avra rwv ipuxoXoyiKwv
napaXeiToupymv rwv KOIVWVIKWV T^EWV SSV XOUV PEXETTIOEI
OE Evpsia SKraari an rnv EXATIVIKIJ KOWWVIKI) Eniarnpr).
11. O KaOiEpwpvoq poq ara yaXXiK sivai "MOBILITE".
12. O napaoiTiapq pnopei va opiaOsi wq ro ouvoXo TWV OI-
KovopiKwv SpaarripiOTiJTwv nov Sev xouv Kapia opyaviKi) aq-
paaia yia TO omovopiK avarqpa KOI nov xovv KaTaoKEuaarEi
TExvriT yia va KoraKparovv va ppoq rwv KepSwv OE enineSa
PEOa^vrwv KOI aXXwv evSiapeawv napayvrwv.
13. H napaoiKovopia anoreXei va napaXXqXo oiKovopiK
KVKXwpa nov ^epevysi rou KpariKo eXyxov KOI npoypappari-
opou KOI KOE (popoXoyiKijq axaqq ps ro Kparoq.
14. KXaoiK napapvEi navrorE yia ro 6pa aur ro pyo
rov A. AaviriXiSn NeoeXArivmi) Koivwvia KOI OiKovopia
(1934), TO onoio Kave ExoXri ps riq jiaamq rov unoOaeiq, riq
onoieq SxrjKav Karniv oi nepioarspoi KoivwvioXyoi, an
rqv Kpa apiarepa pxpi rqv Kpa Se^ia.
15
EAAHNIKH KOINQNIA
EMHMKOI 0OPmiEMOI: nOMTlKEEKAl
noMmmmEYPEi mi YnAmnmHi*
1. n a p a S s i Y p a T a E^XnviKo (t)opnaXiano
' E v a an xa XTunnra xapaKxnpiaTiKa jr\c, noXiTiKiiq
KOI noXiTiOTiKnc; npaKTiKqc; otov eXXnviK kowwvik
oxni-ictTiap eivai o |3a6p<; otov onoio oi ouyKpouoEiq
KOI 01 oufJnTiioeiq naipvouv (t)op|jaXioTiK-vo|jiKiaTiK
XapOKTiipa ngTaTovTOc; rnv npoooxn t w v po^wv an
TO ouoiwn npoPXiinaTa (n.x- npo|3XnpaTa nou xouv
oxon pe TOuq |3aoiKoq to^ikouc; avTaycvioiJoc; koi Tn
oyKpouon TWV i5ewv) o t o enouoiwSn.
A. ZxETiK |JE Tic; noXiTiKc; npoKTiKc; Eivai xapoKTn-
pioTiK TI n Tunmn noXniKti ouZ^nTnon OTn Xwpc paq Ei-
TE naipvEi Tn popctin neTa(t)uoiK)v SiEv^ewv navw ae
yEViKq vvoieq nwq n eXeuSepia, n SnuoKpaTia, o oo-
oiaXiO|jq K.Xn vvoieq nou xPno'PonoiouvTai pe re-
Xeiwq acjjnpnpvo Tpno ki eivai roi onoKoppveq an
To peoa npoPXnpaTa koi xnv KoBnpepivn epneipia t o u
noXirn eire naipvei rnv OKpi^wq avxiGexn popct)n: xou
avxoywviopo oe Koop npoowniK enineSo. Ouom,
to 5uo aux enine5a, xo npoowniK k o i xo 0oppaXioxi-
K, ouvSovxai pexa^ xouq koi aXXnXooupnXnpwvovToi.
Ka noX ouxv niow a n ' auxoq xouq 5i(l)Opouq 5ia^i-
ct)iopoq pe Tiq a(l)npnpveq vvoieq koi Tiq uipnXq nmq
apxq PpioKoupe va KpPovrai KoBap iSioTeXii oupiji-
povTo KOI npoowniKq c!)iXo5o^iEq npypa koBXou
EKnXnKTiK (BPaio, av npoupE unt|jn r n v iSEoXoyiKii
Koi opyavwTiKii pEUOTrnro xwv eXXnviKwv Koppxwv,
xnv euKoXio pe xnv onoia oi noXixiKoi paq pexann6ov
on xo va Kppa oxo XXo k o i yevmxepa t o ocnnpa
Tnq eKXoyiKiiq neXoreiaq pe Tiq avrioToixeq i6eoXoyiKq
eninrwoeiq t o u ' .
Aev eivoi SokoXo va SianioTtooupe ti auTq o
ouvSuoopq (3eppnaXiopo k o i npoownoKpoTiKO npo-
oavoToXiopo Tnq noXiTiKnq ^wnq anoreXei va noX a-
noTEXEopariK pnxaviop ouvriipnonq r o u status quo.
ZuvreXei nEpiooTEpo on kBe nyepoviKn iSeoXoyio o r o
vo onoKXeiovrai ouornpariK an xov noXixiK oxi(3o
npopXiipara nou ava(})povxai oe PooiKq xa^iKq Sia-
(t)opq Koi npopXnpoTa ouoiaoriKnq aXXayiiq. <t>uoiK -
Xoi auroi oi pnxcviopoi perBeonq Sev onoreXov o-
noKXeioriK eXXnviK (})aivpevo. Ynpxouv oe Xa r a
noXiriK ouortipara, oe Xeq r i q ro^mq eniKOivwvieq
(KaniroXiOTiKq k o i pn) koi iSioirepa o n q unavnruKreq.
AXX vopi^w nwq o ct)oppaXiopq oav poo Siortipnonq
rou status quo xei npei o r n X^pa paq rroieq Siaor-
oeiq nou pnopope va rov Bewpnooupe oav pia iSiopop-
4>ia rnq veo-eXXnvmiiq KOivwviaq. Aev xoupE nap va
KoiT^oupe r n Sopii k o i r n v E^Xi^n Tnq noXiriKiiq oro
16
TOU NiKOu Mov^Xri
pEoonXepo yia va nEioBopE. Booik rnq xapaxrnpi-
OTiK nrav O yvwoTq Sixaopq, n Sioipeon avpeoa oe
peviJJeXiKOq k o i avriPevifJeXiKoq^ oro Bpo rnq povap-
Xiaq. ' E r o i Xomv, orriv nepioSo nou o ' Xeq riq |3aX-
KOviKq xwpeq unipxav loxup ayporiK Kivnpara k o i
Kppara, r a onoia npoonaBooov pe nepioorepn l i Xi-
yTEpn eniTUxia va npowBiioouv r a oup(t)povTa r w v a-
YpOTwv, r o nppXnpa r o u Bpvou KorpBwoe va ano-
npooavaroXioet rouq 'EXXnveq aypreq koi va rouq na-
paopei oe pi evSoacmKii Siapxn nou Xiyn oxon eixe
pe r a npayporiK rouq oup^povra. Koi npaypariK, n-
oo oxern ornv ouoia tirav aurii n Siapxn pe r a oupcfi-
povTO xwv aypoxwv pnopope va xo Sianioxtbooupe an
xo yeyovq ri n BXio KoroTaoii rouq noX Xiyo XXa-
^e o r n SeKOEria nou SipKeoe n aPooiXeurn AripoKpa-
Tia, per rnv Karpynon rnq povopxiaq r o 1923^.
Avnru^o o r o kecJ). 5 rouq iSiairepouq Xyouq yia
rouq onoiouq n eXXnviKti ayporiKii r^n anruxe va op-
yavwGsi noXiriK. Z r o Ke(t)Xaio aur Ba liBeXa va ora-
Gtlj o ' va ni yeviK np|3Xnpa: oro np(3npa nou ova-
(t)peTai o ' va rno noXiriKo (|)oppaXiopo o onoioq -
XI pvo xapoKrnpi^ei rriv noXiriKii Kororaon rnq aypo-
TiKiiq r^nC OTOV peoonXepo oXX Siarpxei Xn r n
oyxpovn eXXnviKii lOTOpia. Fio nopSeiypa, nappoieq
SiaSiKooieq Snpioupyiaq oyxuonq k o i anpooavaroXi-
opo TWV paf^jv enovaXapPvovrai Xiyo apyrepo per
rnv KarocrrpoctJiKti KorXn^n ^nq eXXnviKtiq eKorpareiaq
orn MiKp Aoio r o 1923. Zrnv eKorpareia aurti n eXXn-
viKii aoTiKii r^n npoonBnoe va npayparonoitioEi r o -
veipo rnq MEyXnq EXXSoq EnEKTEivovraq r a pia r o u
EXXnviKO Kprouq npa an r o Aiyaio FlXayoq pE r n
Snpioupyia EXXnviKtiq enapxiaq o r n MiKp Aoio, nou
yta noXXoq aicitvEq eunpepooav peiovrnreq eXXnvmibv
napoiKiwv. H oXoKXnpcjDTiKrj o n o r u x i a r n q e^tonpay-
p a t i K i i q auxriq crrpariojTiKriq nepinTEiaq eixe oav ano
teXeopo r o v epxop koi r n v eyKaroraon o r n v EXXSa
navw an va eKaropppio npoo(t)ywv. Z r n v eKpnKriKti
Karoraori nou SnpioupytiBnKe an r o paii^iK epxop
rwv ^epi^wpvwv k o i evSecbv ornv KuptoXe^ta npoo(!)-
ywv, o Sixaopq, oav pnxaviopq ouvriipnonq, KOve
KOt nXi r o Bapa r o u . 'OXoq aurq o Kopoq avri va
orpiljei rr| SiKOtoXoynpvn opyii r o u evvrio koi o t o
So ooriK Kppora, PaoiK ouvuneBuva yta r n v eBvt-
* An TO NsoeXArjviKij Koivwvia 'Oipeiq unavanTu^qq, E^a-
vraq, 1978, 2q KSoaq.
NEA KOIM2NIOAOIIA
Kti oupcjjopd, napaapGr|KE Kat XstTOijpYrioe noXtitK p-
oa o r a nXaiota t o u Stxaopo. 'EcJjTaoav Tot va ntor-
i|)Ouv Tt TO AaK Kppa, nou PptOKTOv ornv e^ouoia
TOV Kotp Tnq psyaXnq tlTToq, tirav t o pvo uneijuvo
yta Tn peyaXn oup(t)opa Kat va npoo^pouv r n pa^tKti
TOuq unooTtipt^n otov BEVtfJXo, o onoioq ornv npaypa-
TtKTnTO tirav O opxtrKTOvaq auTtiq rnq ipneptaXiortKtiq
rpXaq*. H Koraorpocljti o r n MiKpa Aoio eixe Kot pta aX-
Xn onpavTtKti eniSpoon ornv t5eoXoytKti Sopti r o u eXXn-
vtKO KotvwviKo oxnMCtTtopoiJ: otipave r o rXoq rnq
MeyXnq I6aq, r o u peyaXenii|3oXou opparoq nou oijre
Xiyo oiJre noXij nepteixe r n v enayyeXia Tnq ovaoijoraonq
rnq xapvnq Pufjavrtvtiq auroKparopioq KOt r n v anoKor-
o r a o n Tnq KivorovrtvotjnoXnq oav r o peyXo nveupo-
TtK Kvrpo r o u eXXnvtopoij. O at4)vi5toq Gvaroq aurotj
r o u oveipou act)noe va peyXo Kev ornv tSeoXoytKti
navonXia rnq Kupiapxnq oortKtiq r^nq- 'Erot o 5txa-
opq KOt yeviKrepo ot npoowntKq (JjoppaXtortKeq
5tapxeq ouvxtf^av va naifjouv onpavrtK pXo oav pn-
Xavtopoi StOTtipnonq rou status quo*.
Ot pnxcvtopoi auroi Sev nailjav va Xetroupyoijv
ornv nepioSo r o u peoonoXpou: nap t o yeyovq rt ot
Seopoi avpeoa ornv ra^tKti Sopti Kot r n v noXtrtKti o r n
peranoXeptKti EXXSa yivav ni peoot, n Ton r o u no-
XiriKOtJ ouoTiipoToq va peraGrei r a ouoiaoriK npo-
pXiipara oe (})oppaXioriKq Siapxeq napapvei OKpa i-
oxupti. BXnoupe rouq pnxavtopoq aurouq perGeonq
va XeiTOupyotJv xt pvo o r o piKpo-noXiriK enineSo aX-
X enionq koi orouq ni nepiopiopvouq ropeiq rnq koi-
vJviKiiq fjojiiq. To (})Oitt|tik Kivnpa k o i oi peraSiKToro-
piKq eKnaiSeuriKq peroppuGpioeiq anoreXov noX
XTunnr napoSeiypora. Me r o v npwiK pXo nou nat-
^av 01 (J)Oirnrq o r n SiKraropia, r o peraSiKraropiK (|)oi-
rnriK Kivnpa eixe r o Kupoq k o i Tn StJvapn va eni(t)pei
pi^Kq aXXoyq o r o anapxaicDpvo eXXnviK eKnoiSeuTi-
K oornpo. ' Opwq, Xo aur r o reporio SuvapiK ko-
raonoraXtiGriKe ornv ouoia eire oe aywveq yta onoxou-
vronoinon r w v naveniornpiJV (oytveq yta r n v onop-
Kpuvon r o u SiSoKTiKo npoojniKo nou ouvepyornKe
pe Tn xovTO KOt ot onoioi nap r n v avayKotrnr rouq,
nai^av k i auroi anonpooavaroXiariK pXo), eire oe pt
unepenavooraTiKii pnropeio, noX onopaKpuopvri on
r a peoa k o i kout eKnaiSeuTiK npopXiipara. Anor-
Xeopa: r o pvo nou KOTopGwGnKe tirav pepiKq aXXoyq
o r o SiSoKTiK npoowniK, evw ot Geopoi, ot PaoiKq So-
pq r o u Kopnrou Kat KaranieoriKo eKnaiSeuriKO ou-
OTiipoToq, nappeivov ovnacljeq^.
B. O <l)OppaXiopq o t o noXirtoriK enineSo eivat ni
([lavepq y i ' aur Se xpeijerat va entpeivw noX. Ha-
poGrw pvo peptK nopaSeiypoTO nou vopiJ^w nwq ap-
Kov yta va Sei^ouv r o (t)atvpevo.
O xwpiopq r n q oyxpovnq eXXr|viKtiq yXwoooq oe
SnporiKii (rn f^wvTOVii yXwooo r o u Xao) k o i koGo-
peouoa (rnv KoGopii apxoKii yXwooiKii KoraoKeuii)
KOt ot arXetwreq Stapxeq yta r o yXwootK, anoreXov
ao(t)aXwq povaStK cfiatvpevo OKpa Kot oe oyKpton pe
Xwpeq nou xouv noX onpavrtKti apxaia Xoyorexvia. H
Stonoon aurti rnq eXXnvtKtiq yXwoooq eixe oav anor-
Xeopa r a eXXnvnoiSa va unoxpewvovrai pxpt npo(l)a-
r a vo paGaivouv o r o oxoXeio KOt r n SnportKti Kot r n v
KoGopeouoa Kat (jjuoik r n v apxoia eXXnvtKti. H
Siaft)op avpeoa ortq So nopoXXayq rnq veoeXXnvi-
Ktiq yXwooaq Sev npnet va raurijerat pe r n Sta^op a-
vpeoo ornv KoGoptXoupvn k o i r n yXwooa r w v ypopp-
r w v nou ouvovrpe o ' Xeq rtq Kotvwvieq pe uilJtiX eni-
neSo eyypapparoovnq. Ore n 5tac|)op aurti eK^pilJet
anX ra^tKq ti rontKq nopoXXayq. AnportKti Kot ko-
Gopeouoo xouv oe peyXo PaGp StacjjoperiK Xe^tX-
yto KOt 5ta(j)opertKoq Kovveq ypappartKtiq. H KoGa-
peouoa avrtnpoowneet pto npoonGeto rexvnrtiq av-
nXaonq yXwootKwv pop(l)wv r o u napeXGvroq koi 6nt|3o-
Xtiq rouq oro yponr KOt npO(t)optK Xyo. Anwrepoq
OKonq rou Ktvtiporoq rnq KoGopeouoaq eivat va avrt-
KOTOortioet orov avwraro Suvar |3a6p r n xuSaia
E^wvravti yXwooa pe pto XXn, nou va potJJei oo yive-
rat pe r n yXwooa rwv opxoiwv npwv npoyvwv. Ae
Xpetfjerat va nope nwq ot poGnrq, ovayKaopevot vo
paGaivouv KOt SnportKti Kat KoGapeouoa, reXiK Se pa-
Gaivouv OWOT Kopt an rtq So. EkoXo yiverat (()ave-
pti n ouvrnpnrtKti Xetroupyia rnq yXwootKtiq Sionaonq.
Anptoupyei xt pvo peyXo noXtrtortK xopa avpeoa
orouq Xiyouq nou Korxouv r n v KoGapeouoa (koi enop-
vwq pnopov vo KoroXaPaivouv KoXrepa r n yXwooa
rnq StoiKnonq, r w v entornpovtKwv ouyypopprwv, K.Xn.)
KOt orov unXotno nXnGuop. O rexvnrq KOt opxaKq
xapOKrtipaq rnq KoGopeouooq onovKpwoe r n v noiSeia
KOt anorXeoe r q |3aotXtKti oS yta r n (t)oppaXtortKti oK-
iljn p ' XXa Xyia r n pn oKilJn'-
'AXXo oxeriK nopSeiypa noXirioriKO (jjoppaXi-
opo napouoiiijerat orov rpno nou SiSoKovrai r a ap-
Xoio EXXnviK o r n pon eKnaiSeuon- Troio eivat r o P-
poq nou Si verat o r n PooiKii pop(t)ti, wore eXxiorn npo-
ooxn aOispojvetai o r o nepiexpevo xwv apxaiwv Ksipe-
vuiv nou avoXovxai. Mexo an ^i xpvia EvxaxiKriq ek-
pGnonq xjv apxaijv eXXnviKwv, o pooq 'EXXnvac;
paGnxriq xou yupvooiou pnopEi va yviopifjei (3(3aia a n '
E^o) xa aviJpaXa piipoxa koi xouc; noXnXoKouc; Kovveq
xnc; YpappaxiKtiq k q i xou ouvxoktikoij, aXXa oxeSv Sev
xei iSa yia xn ct)iXooo(t)ia k o i xn SiSaoKoXia xtv pey-
X)v KXooiKtJjv auyYpa(J)cv. K o i enopvwc; Sev anoxeXei
KnXn^n TO yeyovc; xi o 'EXXnvaq on^onoq xou yu-
pvooiou, napXo n o u onou5a?]E\a xpvio,
(J)aivexai evxeXwc; oviSecx; oe ouyKpion p ' auxo.q nou k-
vouv KXooiKc; onouSq oxn AuxiKii EupcJjnn.
Ki va xeXeuToio nopSeiypa; xo yeyovq xi oxa eX-
XnviK navenioxiipia ouvriGujq enixuxio oxiq e^exoeiq a-
Kpa onpaivei onopvnpveuon xojv Pi^Xiojv n t w v on-
peicjoewv xou KoGnynTn anoxeXei dXXri pia o a ^ n vSei^n
TOU aKpoiou c()oppaXiopo nou xapaKTnpifJei oXKXnpo
TO eXXnviK eKnaiSeuTiK ooTnpa^.
2. Anneipa epjitiveiaq
T o napaSeiypoTO nou Swoo nopanavw anXwq eni-
onpaivouv, Sev e^nyov, t o PoGp noXniKo k o i noXm-
OTiKo (fioppaXiopou KOI t o ouvTnpnxiK pXo nou noifjei
OTOV Tno paq. KaGwq o vTovoq cpoppaXiopq xapC"
KTnpi^ei Xn Tn ouyxpovn eXXnviKn lOTopio, TO np|3Xn-
pa Tnq ouoxripaxiKiiq e^nynonq xou <l)aivopvou eivoi e-
^aipexiK noXnXoKO k o i xepaoxio koi anoixei xnv av-
Xuon xnq yveonq k o i avnxu^nq xwv onpovxiKxepwv
eXXnviKtv Geopdjv poa o t o nXoioia xnq To^iKiiq naXnq.
Eva TToio eyxeipnpa pwq ^enepvei t o nXaioia outo
TOU SoKipiou. a emxeipnow TOi xi |3|3aia va Swow
oXoKXnpwpveq anovTnoeiq o t o np|3Xnpa oXX va Sio-
Tunwow pepmq unoGoeiq nou Seixvouv Tnv KOTeGuvon
KOI TO neSia nou auTq oi anavxnoeiq Ga npnei va a-
vaf^nxnGov. EXnif^w ti oi unoGoeiq auxq 9a PonGn-
oouv enionq va ^eKoGapioxei OKpa KoXxepa n vvoia
xnq unovdnxu^nq nou ovXuoa oxo Sexepo Kec|)aXaio.
A. a neXo va opxiow onoppinxovxaq ouvonxiK
xiq ouvnGiopvEq ilJuxoXoyiKq Gewpieq nou npoona9ov
va eppnveoouv xo ct)oppaXiaxiK yevma koi xiq noiKiXeq
eKSnXwoeiq xou oxo noXixiK k o i eKnaiSeuTiK ooTnpa
KaTa(l)eYOVTaq otov e9viK xapoKTtipa (n KOKoSaipo-
via xnq (}>uXnq paq) n oxo nGix noiv k o i xo xapciKxnpa
TWV noXixiKwv KOI xwv SaoKXwv. K i oKpa eKeiveq xiq
KoivwviKO-ilJUxoXoyiKq 9ewpieq nou pixvouv Xo t o P-
poq o t o v Tpno nou SianaiSaywyovToi t o naiSi oxo
oxoXeio ti xnv oiKoyveia (kokti koi Xa9epvn koivwvi-
Konoinon'). Txoieq Gewpieq eivai ovenapKeiq oxo va ep-
pnveoouv xo (t)aivpevo av xi yia Kovvo XXo Xyo,
nap eneiSii oxn ouvxeia Ga npene va e^nvioouv yioxi
xo eXXnviK oxoXeio k o i r| oiKoyveia KOivwviKonoiov
xa naiSi p ' aux xov xpno l i yioxi oi 'EXXnveq noXixi-
Koi eivoi xoo SiE(})Gappvoi. T a nXaioia pwq ava(})o-
pq xouq Sev Ennpnouv TTOiEq Eppnveieq. Z t h v npoy-
paxiKxnxa, av OTnv EXXSa, kot noX m o vTovo Tp-
no a n ' ,xi oxn Aon, niow an xiq (|)oppaX\c3TiKq noXi-
xmq Siopxsq KpPovxai npoownmq Siocfiopq, out Se
oripoivei nwq oi 'EXXnveq noXixiKoi oav xopa eivoi mo
eywKevxpiKoi kqi unokpnq on xouq Eupwnaiouq ouvo-
5X({)ouq xouq. AnXooxaxa oi xeXeuxoioi Spouv poa o '
va GeopiK nXoioio nou xouq emxpnei va npaypaxo-
18
noiov xiq (t)iXoSo^ieq xouq (eywnevxpiKq koi pri) k o i vo
XPnoiponoiov Tiq mavxnTq Touq KOTaniovpevoi pe
npoPXiipaxa nou xouv nio ouXXoyiK k o i ouoiootik
xapoKTiipa. An xnv XXn pepi, oxnv EXXSa xo Sopi-
K noXixiK nXoioio eivoi xxoio, nou avan(!)UKTa n
npowGnon ti n eKnXtipwon KGe (jJiXoSo^iaq (eywKevTpi.
Ktiq ti aXxpoui'oTiKtiq) eivat SuvoTti pvo tov OKoXouGei
KOveiq r n XoyiKti Tnq noTpwveiaq -pouo^eToXoyiaq k o i ,
o ' va XXo enineSo, Touq (t)oppaXioTiKoq KOVveq t o u
noXiTiKO natxvtSio. Ft' ouToq Touq Xyouq, nioTew
nwq pto nto iKovonoinnKti e^tiynon Tnq Tonq t o u veo-
eXXnva va peTOTpnei Tnv ouoia oe (})ppa, npnet vo -
Xei pXXov vav nto lOTOpiK k o i KoivwvtoXoyiK
XapoKTtipa.
B. ApxiK, pnopope va Swooupe pto Knwq yeviKti
e^tiynon OTO (j)aivpevo t o u noXiTiKo Kot noXiTtoTiKo
(t)oppaXiopo. Z ' Xeq Tiq KOivwvieq nou ot 9eopoi Sev
ovanTooovTai pe evSoyevti xpno aXX, pof^i pe xnv a-
vanxuypvn xexvoXoyia, etoyovxat an xn Aon n PaX-
Xov enipaXXovxai an xo Suxik ipnepiaXiop, Siantoxw-
veTQt n XXeii|jn opyoviKtiq oxonq k o i Seoptbv avpEoa
oxouq VTniouq k o i ^vouq Geopoq. O i ^voi Geopoi ene
naitjouv KoGop SioKoopnTiK pXo (nwq t o koivoPo-
Xto oe pepmq x^peq Tnq A^pmtiq) ti tov piJ;)vouv Po-
9\ OTn xwpa nou Touq onoSxeTot, Se ouyxwveovTOt
anoxeXeopaxiK pe xiq naXixEpEq 0EoptKq Sopq. Zu-
vunpxouv pe xxoto xpno woxe Kovvaq Se XeiToupyei
owox. ' E v a on xa onoxeXopoxa auxtiq xnq Sifjeu^nc;
eivat ouvtiGwq o (})oppaXiapq k o i oxo enineSo xwv Ge-
opwv k o i oxo enineSo xnq Sponq^".
Ev5ia(!)pov nopouoif^et eSdj n avxioTotxia pe Tiq e-
^eXi^Eiq oxnv unoSopti. 'Exw ava^pei nto nvw nwq n
XTunriTii 5ia<)opa n o u unpxei o t o v tpno jie xov o-
n o i o O KanixaXicmKq xpnoq napcrywYnq XeiTOupyei
OTiq nnTponoXiTiKsq k d i crriq npi(])EpiaKq xwpe<; a-
noTEXei xnv o u o i a iric; unavnTu^riq. AKptPwq nwq
CJTO oiKovoptK enineSo o KaniTaXiopq ouvapGpwveTot
apvnTiK pe Ttq nponpxouoeq Suvpeiq k o i oxoeiq
napaywytiq, roi k o i ctto enoiKoSpnpa ot noXiTtKoi Kot
noXiTioTiKoi Geopoi nou eioyovToi ouvSovTai apvnri-
K pe TOuq VTniouq 9eapoq. A v o KoniTaXiopq naip-
vei pop^ti 9XaKa cno enineSo Tnq oiKOvopiaq, ot no-
XiTiKoi KOI iSeoXoyiKoi Geopoi nou eioyovTai KOToXapP-
vouv avXoyn Gon o t o noXniK enoiKoSpnpa: ote
KaTaoTp(])ouv oTe evowpoTwvouv GeTiK xiq npo-Koni-
ToXioTiKq pop(l)q xou enomoSoptipaxoq. Ot noXixiKoi
Kat noXixtoxiKoi Geopoi nou eioyovTot XeiTOupyov pe
Tpno a) evTeXcijq 5ia(j)opeTiK an t o v Tpno nou Xet-
Toupyov OTO pnxponoXixiK Kvxpa (avxiE^EXiKxiKii 9-
on) KOI P) Xiyxepo anoxeXeopaxiK k o i iKovonoinxiK
an xnv noipn xwv oupejjepvxwv xnq nXetoil)n<t)iaq xou
Xao (9on xnq Suoavnxu^nq'^)- A v oxo enineSo xnq oi-
Kovopiaq n XXen|;n auxti anoxeXeopaxiKxnxaq k o i n a-
noStopyvwon xet oav anoxXeopa Tn onoTXn ti xnv
avTiXaiKti xPloiponoinon xwv otKOvopiKwv npwv (o-
vepyio, avxinapoywyiKti XP^on t o u nXeovopoToq, pe-
Tatjjopa nXoTOu cjto e^wTepiK), o t o enineSo t o u enoi-
KoSoptipaxoq naipvet xn pop(|)ti noXixiKwv k o i noXixicrri-
Kwv SieuGextioewv nou Siaa<l)aXif;ouv xn Siatwvton xwv
aSie^Swv k o i xwv avxicpoewv xnq unoSoptiq. K i auxti
aKpiPtq eivoi n iSioiTepn ouppoXti xou (t)oppaXiopo oxn
NEA KOINQNIOAOriA
 5iaTripr|ori xou status quo. Me aXXo Xyia, av oiKovopi-
KT] unavnxu^n oripoivei iaiKOoieqc; peow xwv onoiwv
n 5ieia5uon xou Suxikou KanixaXiono oxouq koivwvi-
Koq oxnyaTiopouq xou xpixou Kopou Kivnxonoiei koi -
neixa Kaxav|jei xouq eyxwpiouq oiKovopiKoq npouq \IE
xpno nou va eivoi enw(I)eXnq yia xa pn^ponoXixiK k-
vxpa KOI yia pio piKpii xoniKti oXiyopxia oe (iapoq xou
vxniou nXn9uo|jo, noXixiKii k o i noXixioxiKii unavnxu-
?n onpoivei xiq SiaSiKOoieq eneiveq pow xwv onoiwv n
eioaywyti noXixiKwv koi noXixioxiKwv Geopwv on xq A-
on xei oav anoxXeopa xnv Kivnxonoinon iSeoXoyiKwv
npwv (noXixiKii unooxfipi^n. vopiponoinon) yia xn Siaxii-
pnon t o u status quo, SnXan yia xqv ovanxu^n Tqq oi-
KOvopiKiiq unavonTu^nq.
Av npoonaBiiooupe va e^eTooupe xiq SioSiKooieq a-
n xa^iKti OKonia, pnopope vo nope nwq o' va una-
vnxuKxo noXixiK ooxnpa oi Kupiapxeq x^eiq ovxipe-
xwnifjouv xr|v Kivnxonoinon xnq oypoxiKnq k o i epyaxiKiiq
xd^nq (Kivnxonoinon nou eivai ovayKoio enoKXouGo xnq
Kupiapxiaq xou KonixaXioxiKo xpnou napaywynq o ' -
va KOIVWVIK oxnpaTiop) pe Tpnouq nou epnoSifJouv
Tnv eiooS Touq OTnv noXniKii oav avTvopEq noXiTiKq
Suvdpeiq. fioTi n auTvopn noXiTiKii opyvwon Tnq o-
ypoTidq n TOU npoXeTopiTou eivoi aoup|3i3aoTn pe t o v
Tno ouoowpeuonq nou xapaxTnpifJei Tnv KaniTaXioTiKT)
unovdnTu^n, pe Tnv vvoia ti pia epyoTiKii T^n noXm-
Kd auTvopn 5e 0a pnopoae vo anoSexTei Tiq TepdoTieq
avioTnTeq koi Tiq povopepeiq Guoieq nou onoxeXov
nponGeon yio xn SuvopiKii ovdnTu^n Tnq oiKovopioq
(PX. Keet). 7, ppoq 2)'^. MnpooT o ' auTiiv Tnv KOTdoTo-
on undpxouv pvo So eupxepeq noXixmq evaXXoKxi-
Kq Xoeiq nou poKponpGeopo oup(j)wvov pe xov xno
xnq ouoowpeuonc nou yivexai kxw an xnv nyepovio
xou ^vou Ke^aXaiouKoi o onoioq oiipepa anoxeXei xa-
poKxnpioxiK yvwpiopo xwv unavdnxuKxwv koivwvikwv
oxnpciTiopwv.
o) H pia evoXXaKTiKii noXiTiKii Xon eivoi n XPnoipo-
noinon TWV aoTiKwv KoivoPouXeuTiKwv Geopwv nou -
Xouv eioaxGei pe xxoio xpno, woxe oi pdfjeq eixe Kpo-
Tovxai ^w an xnv ocjiaipa xrjq evepyoq noXixiKiiq, eixe
ouppeTxouv pev oxnv noXixiKn SiaSiKOoia aXXa pe e-
^opxnpvo KOI aocfiaXn xpno. Opiv on xnv enmpd-
xnon xou KonixoXioxiKo xpnou napaywynq, KoGwq n
noXixiKti Kivnxonoinon xwv pat^wv PpioKexai oe xapn^
enineSo, eivoi oxexmd eKoXo yio xnv napaSooioKn oXi-.
y'apxia, OKpo k o i xov xo SiKoiwpo i))n(l)ou eivai koGo-
XiK, va eXyxei xiq ijititfouq pe xo ooxripa xnq noXixiKnq
neXaxeiaq, xoi nou o epya^pevoq nXnGuopq vo pvei
oxn Gon xou (PX. Kecj). 6). AXXd pe xqv eniKpdxnori
xou KanixaXiopo k o i xnv ouvoKXouGn epc|)dvior| xnq
pa^Kriq noXixmnq, xo nppXnpa xnq ouyKpTnonq t w v
pot^wv, SnXaSn TO nppXnpo TOU nwq va evowpoxwGov
* 01 epyoJJpeveq pd?]eq oxo noXixiK oornpo pe e^oprnp-
vo rpno, yiverai OKpa nio SokoXo k o i ap(|)iPoXo.
Mop(t)n e^aprnpvnq evowpxwonq onoxXeoe k i o rp- Sopti PiOk 5iac|)opeTtKti an r n Sopti Tnq Aonq. H EX-
noq pe xov onoio oi aypxeq k o i oi npo(l)uyeq evowpa-
xwGnKOV oxa ooxik Kppoxa oxnv nepioSo xou peoono-
Xpou (PX. nopanavw KecJ). 5). M i d XXn pop(l)n ouva-
vxope oxiq xwpeq rnq AoriviKriq ApepiKiiq nou XaKoi
XapicpariKoi nyreq Kivnronoiov riq pdfjeq, evw rau-
rxpova eXyxouv orevd on r o ndvw k o i t o ouvSikoXi-
NEA KOINQNIOAOriA
OTiK Kivnpa k o i xiq noXixiKq opyavwoeiq, pe naxepva-
XioxiKq n npi-ouvxexviOKq KpaxiKq puGpioeiq (n.x. Oe-
pv oxnv ApyevTivn). Mi Tpirq pop(l)n e^apTnpvqq ev-
owpdrwonq o u v i o r a r o i o r o va nepiopifjerai n koivoPou-
XeuriKii eXeuGepia pvo o r a aoriKd Kpparo k o i vo e-
cftappfjovrai Sid(t)opeq vpipeq, nP'vpipeq koi nopdvo-
peq rexviKq yia va anoKXeiovrai oi apiorepq Suvdpeiq
an r n v noXixiKti SiaSiKooio (xxoio Koxdoxaon eniKpo-
Tooe oxnv EXXdSo oxiq So peranoXepiKq SeKoerieq
pX. Keel). 7).
P) H dXXri noXiTiKn evaXXaKriKn Xon, iSiairepa tov
onoTxouv Ol Sia(j)opoi rpnoi e^opxqpvnq evowpxw-
onq, eivai (fiuoiK n oKwx\n xwv KOivoPouXeu-
TiKwv Geopwv KQI n npoonGeia va avxioxpa^ei rj SioSi-
Kooio xqq ouppexoxnq xwv pafjwv oxnv noXixiKii pe 5i-
KToropiKOq xpnouq: pe XXo Xyia peGoSeexai n a-
noXixiKonoinon xwv pofjwv k o i o anoKXeiopq xouq an
xnv evepy noXixiKii. AXX eneiSn k o i n Sexepn auxii e-
vaXXoKxiKri Xon, nwq eiSope oxnv nepinxwon xnq 5i-
Kxoxopiaq xou 1967, Sev eivai avoyKOOxiK nio oxaGepii
o n ' ,xi 01 nponyopeveq, Sionioxwvoupe pia evaXXoyii
SiKxoxopiKwv KOI nP'"KoivoPouXeuxiKwv Xaewv, KoGwq
Ol Kupiapxeq x^eiq npoonoGov va avxipexwnioouv xo
npoPXtipoxa xnq Kivnronoinonq r w v paJwv koi Tqq Xa-
Kiiq Suo(])opiaq nou Snpioupyovrai an r n v KoniToXi-
oxiKTi unovnru^n-
ripoKnrei Xomv r o oupnpoopo ri n PooiKii Sia-
({lop avpeoa o r o noXiriK oornpa r w v avonruypvwv
KOI r w v unavnruKTWv KaniraXioriKwv koivwvikwv oxn^
pariopwv eivai ri orouq npwrouq o KoniraXiopq Sev
ei vai aoupPiPaoroq pe r n v nap^n oxeriK ourvopwv
ouvSiKaXioriKwv koi noXiriKwv opyovwoewv r w v epya^^
pevwv r^ewv, evw orouq Sexepouq eivai'^. ' H , OKpiP-
oxepa, Ol napoywyiKq Suvpeiq k o i oxoeiq oxov ava-
nxuypvo KonixaXiop Snpioupyov xa nXaioio nou ko-
Gioxov Suvoxii (ov koi (t)uoiK XI oiyoupn) xqv aux-
vopn opyvwon TWV epyafjpevwv r^ewv. Evw, an r n v
XXn pepi, n unoSopn nou unpxei o n q unavnruKeq
KaniraXioTiKq x^peq Sev acfinvei k o i noXX nepiGwpia
yio rroia auTvopn noXiriKn Xon. Enopvwq, ornv re-
Xeuraia aurn nepinTwon, t o nppXnpa xnq eioSou t w v
pajwv ornv noXiriKii avriperwniJ^eroi eire pe SiKraropi-
Kq anneipeq yia r o v anoKXeiop koi xnv anoXixiKonoi-
noti xouq n pe npiKoivoPouXeuxiKq npoonGeieq yia e-
^apxnpvn evowpxwori xouq. Eivai eKoXo xwpa vo ko-
xaXPoupe yiaxi oi eioaypevoi noXixiKoi Geopoi Xei-
roupyov k o i Sia(|)opexiK k o i pe Xiyxepo iKOVonoinxiK
xpno (an r n v noipn Tnq nXeioi|jn(t)iaq r o u nXnGuopo)
onq unavnruKTeq x^peq.
r . An r n ooraon rriq oav aurvopo koi ave^pTn-
r o KpToq o n q apxq rou 19ou oiwva, n EXXSa, nwq
KI XXeq noXXq KaGuorepnpveq xwpeq, SxrnKe poJJi-
Kq Soeiq Surmnq KOuXropaq. TerpoKoio xpvia o-
GwpaviKiiq Karoxnq Swoav orouq Geopoq rnq xwpoq
XSa Se yvwpioe rtq peyXeq KOtvwviKo-noXiriKq aXXo-
yq Ol onoieq per rrjv Kpion xnq (t)eouSapxiaq xov 14o
KOt 15o aiwvo pexoppcfiwoav evxeXiJq r n v i})n r n q Au-
riKiiq Eupwnnq t o u 16ou aiwvo k o i So oiwveq apyrepo
oStiynoov ornv ovnru^n xou PiopnxaviKO KoniraXi-
opo pe rouq ouvoKXouGouq aoriKOq noXiTiKOq k o i
19
noXiTioTiKoq Geopoc; (noXixiKc; ^iXeXeuGspiaiJc;, 6ia-
([itTioiJc; K.Xn.). Tov 16o aicjjva, tov n SuTiKti oikovo-
pia k o i o epnopiKc; KaniiaXiopc; KOTCiclJepvav oopap
nXtiviJaTa o t o (t)EOu5apxiK ouoTripa nou ppioKiav oe
anoovGeon, n EXXaSa l i i a v oKpa pia anaGXiwpvn e-
nopxia piaq Tepaotiaq auTOKpatopiaq. ApyTepa, n av-
nTu^n TOU (3iopnxaviKOU KannaXiopo k o i Tnq SieGvoq
KaniTaXiOTiKiiq ayopaq evoujpaTwoe Tnv OGwpaviKii Au-
TOKpOTopia nou (BpiOKTOV oe napoKpr) k o i Tiq eXXqvi-
Kq Tnq enopxieq oav anXa oypoTiK e^apTiipoTa t w v
UVapiKOJV SUTIKWV KVTptV.
' E t o i , n uioGTnon Sutikwv Geopwv k o i Tnq SuTiKiiq
KouXTOupaq kot Tn 5idpKeia Tnq enovaoToonq t o u 1821
KOI peT, avan^euKTO lpGe oe oyKpouon pe t o Geopi-
K nXaioio nou npomipxe koi nou t o xapat^Tiiptf^e n
Kupiapxia npoKaniTaXiOTiKwv Tpnwv napaywynq ornv
oiKovopia, n oouXtoviko Tnou onoXuTapxia k o i au-
Gaipeoia OTiq PaoiKq noXniKq Sopq k o i n okotoSioti-
Kti avTiSuTiKn iSeoXoyio Tnq XpioTiaviKiiq Op95o^nq
EKKXnoiaq'".
0UOIK, n oyKpouon avpeoa orouq SuTiKOq koi
VTniouq Geopoq k o i n ouvoKXouGn npioupyio ano-
SiapGpwTiKwv oxoewv peTo^ rouq (ki e5w ouyKoraX-
yeToi KOI O cJioppaXiopq) Sev anoreXov onoKXeioriK
eXXnviK paivpeva. Ta ouvovrpe yia nopSeiypo o n q
nio noXXq on r i q npwnv anoiKioKq x^peq r n q A(|)pi-
Kiiq KOI Tnq Aoiaq'*. 'Opwq, yia va e^erooupe r n v i-
Sioirepn pop(t>n n o u n oyKpouon aurn nnpe ornv EXX-
Sa npnei a) vo r n v ronoGeriiooupe o r o nXoioio r w v r a -
^iKwv oywvwv nou yivav vwpirepo OTnv nepioSo nou
oxnpQTiornKe t o oyxpovo eXXqviK Kproq k o i P) v a
ppope XXo SiOKpiriK yvwpiopora r o u eXXnviKO koi-
vwviKo oxnpciTiopo nou vo pnopov va e^nvioouv r i q
eKnXnKTiKq Siooroeiq nou niipe o r n x ^ p o paq o noXi-
riKq KOI noXirioriKq (t)OppaXiopq.
1. <t>voiKa TO aoTripa Triq noAiriKriq neAareiaq rirav nepioo-
repo ep0avq arriv npoKaniraXioTiKii nepioo rriq EAXaSaq- e-
^aKoXoOrioe pwq va unapxei pe ia^opeTiKi) popcpq OKpa KI
rav, per rqv enmpTqoq TO KaniAioriKov rpnou napayw-
yijq, q eXXqvmq noXiriKi) nqpe nto apeaa ra^m xopaKrqpa:
BX. Ke0aXaio 1, ppq 3 KOI 4 KOI Ke(paXaio 3, ppoq 2r. ZXETIK
pe TO xopaKTqpa aur Tqq eXXqviKijq noXmKqq, fiX. K.P.Legg,
Poiitics in Modern Greece, Stanford University Press, Stanford,
Cal., 1969 KOI Z. Mevw, Oi PloXniKq Auvapeiq arqv EXXaSa,
Aqva 1966.
2. Fla pia noXirmq laropia rqq peoonoXepiKqq nepiou, j3X.
Aa<pvq, H EXXaq Mera^u Auo HoXpwv, 1923-1940,^ rp., AOq-
va 1955, pX. eniaqq nopanavw, Ke0aXaio 6.
3. BX. A. EiSpq. H yewpyiKq noXirmq rqq EXXaoq KOT
rqv Xq^aoav lOOeriav 1833-1933, jiX. eniaqq nopanavw, Keipa-
Xaio 5.
4. MXo nov o Bevii^Xoq ev avapi'xOqKe arq orpanwriKq
TOKTiKq nov vioOerqOqKe arqv reXevraia 0aoq rqq eKorpareiaq,
SiKrj TOV qrav fiaoiKa q la KOI q an<paoq v' anoKTqaei q
EXXa sKrerapveq nepioxq arq MiKpa Aaia, oKpa Kat pe a-
VTXXaypa va xaaei riq qq anoKrqpveq nepioxq arq Bpeio
EXXa (jSX. A. Pallis, Greece's Anatolian Adventures and After,
AovSivo 1937, a. 15 K.e.). To apKsra nepiepyo sivai nwq o p-
voq aarq noXirmq nov eKripqoe owara rq vvapq TOV avepx-
pevou roupKiKov eOviKiapo KOI nwq qrav avvaro va iarqpq-
6ei yia peyaXo Siaorqpa pia unepnvria eXXqviKq enapxia, q-
rav o peXXovTiKq qpKpaaioraq iKTropaq rqq EXXaaq, o Iw-
20
avvqq Mera^aq. BX. M. LIewellyn-Smith, The lonian Vision,
Aovivo 1975, enioqq N. VvpovKq, H MiKpaaiariKq Karaarpo-
<j>q, ABqva 1964.
5. EKTq an ro ixaap, va aXXo oroixeia nov ovpnXqpw
ae TO iSeoXoyiK Kev per rq piKpaaiariKq Koraarpoipq qrav
avoSoq rqq avriKoppovviariKijq lsoXoyiaq (^X. F. KaTq0p
H vopoeoia rwv jSapjiapwv, OepXio, Aqva, 1975, fiX. eniaq
A. EXecpavrq, H EnayyeXia rqq Avvarqq Enavaaraaqq: KKE
KOI Aariapq aro MeaonXepo, AOqva 1976, Keep. 6, /3X. eni
napanavw, KecpaXaio 1, ppoq 5.
6. Me rqv XXeiipq anoreXeaparmqq nieoqq an ro 4>oirqri
Kivqpa, Ol nepiaarepeq an riq axerma pi^oanaariKq npor
aeiq nov iarvnwdqKav an riq uo peramraropiKq enirpon
nou ipiae q Kvjipvqaq yia rq perapvOpioq rqq avwrarqq eK-
naievaqq peivav venp ypappa.
7. Ynapxei pia repaoria /3i0Xioypa(pia yia ro yXwoaiK np
jiXqpa arqv EXXa. Fia pia npa^arq Xapnpq eioaywyq aro
pa fSX. E. Moaxova, (aioaywyq) orov Mnpovoo rov A. FlaX
Xq, AOqva 1976. H npwrq peraiKraropiKq KvPpvqaq Kapa-
pavXq (1974) ipqipioe vopo nov Kadipwvs rqv vnoxpewriKq i
aoKoXia rqq qporiKqq yXwoaaq arq qporiKq Ka poq eK-
naievaq. Anopvei rwpa va ovpe noia da eivai ra ovyneKpip
va anoreAapara rov vpou avro KOI oe noio jiadp oi peXXo
vriKq Ku/3epvqaeiq 9a anoexrovv rq OepeXiwq avrq aXXa
aro yXwaaiK.
8. Fia pia epnepiararwpvq PijiXioypacpia axeriK pe rqv e
XqviKt) naieia, (iX. E. Vlachos, Modern Greek Society: Contin-
uity and Change, Colorado State University, 1969, mimeo.
9. BX. n.x- Xp. Fiavvapa, To KvKXwpa, Bqpa, 22 Noep.
1975
10. BX. n.x. F. W.Riggs, Administration in Developing Co-
untries: The Theory of Prismatic Society, Houghton and Mifflin,
Boarwvq 1964.
11. BX. KeipaXaio 2.
12. To ri v(piararai avri^aaq avpeoa arqv avrvopq no-
XiTiKq opyavwoq rwv epya(pevwv ra^ewv KOI arq avvexq Ka
nXqwpioriK eXeyxpevq KaniraXiariKq avanrv^q, 0aiverai a
n ro yeyovq nwq ev unapxei oure pia Xfiipo rqq AariviKqq
ApepiKijq arq peranoXepiKi) nepioo q onoia va Kara0epe va
KOranoXeprioei pe enirvxia rov nXqOwpiap Ka va enirvxe
araOepq KaniraXioriKq avanru^q paa as noXirma nXaiaia Xei-
roupyiaq noXXwv Kopparwv. Ta Xiyo nervxnfiva npoypfi-
fiara araOsponoiqaqi; snmvxOnKav an avrapxiK na-
OsartTa rtj^ Ss^iaq - jiX. Thomas Skidmore. "The Politics of E-
conomic Stabilization in Postwar Latin America", aro J. Malloy
(ed.), Authoritarianism and Capitalism in Latin America, Univer-
sity of Pittsburgh Press, Pittsburgh 1977. Ae xpeia^srai va nov-
ps TI avTS^ Ol nsTvxnpivsq anneipe^ iytvav ae ppoq
Tcuv epya^pevcuv ra^etov. Fia va npoupe ro nio yvwar na
paeiypa, ro Xeypsvo Oavpa rqq Bpa^iXiaq, ro onoio enireu
XqKe an ro OTpariwriK KaBsarwq nov avXajie rqv e^ou
ara 1964, ev w<pXqae (pvaiK KOI noXu rovq epyareq: Se n
pioo OKTw xpvwv, an ro Maprio rou 1966 wq rov AnpiXio
TOV 1974 (nou TO npaypariK KOT KsepaXq aKaOapiaro EBVI
npov av^qqKS oqpavriK), q npayparmq a^ia rou Karwraro
piaOov 0Tavs Kara paa po pvo ro 68,2% rqq paqq npay-
pariKijq rou a^iaq arqv nepioo lovXioq 1954 AeKpjipioq
1962. K.S. Mericle, "Corporatist Control of the Working Class:
Authoritarian Brazil since 1964", oro J.M. Malloy (ed.), o.n., a.
306 pX. eniaqq J. Quartin, Dictatorship and Armed Struggle in
Brazil, New Left Books, AovSivo 1971.
13. BX. KS(paXaio 1, ppoq 1.
14. Fia pia siaaywyq arqv eXXqvmq KOivwvia rov 18ov aiw-
va, np/3. To ovXXoyiK pyo, laropia rov EXXqvmov 'EOvou
Top. XI, EKOTIKIJ Aqvwv, A9qva 1975.
15. 'Eva KXOOIK pyo axeriK p' aur ro nppXqpa eiva
TOV D. Apter, Ghana in Transition, Na YpKq 1963.
NEA KOINQNIOAOriA

HAPePQEHKPATOYIKAIKOmMAE*
H oTioia5r)noTe npocjnaBeia npoosYYionq t o u oy-
Xpovou KpTouq nponoBTei pio npoKOTapKTiKii eniXo-
YH OsipHTiKov avTiKEiijvo, pia EniXoYH nou, n o p ' -
Xsq tic; anpoopTpriTec; npoeKToeic; Tqq, napopevEi ou-
Xvo aSioTntTTi l i , OKpri, k o i oouveiSriTri; nepiooTEpo,
iojq, an oXXo koivojvik (t)aivpeva, t o KpToq pnopei
va evvoionoinOei an nepiooTepeq an pia OKOniq, nou
poXovTi Sev ei vai k o t ' avyKn v aoup|3aTeq peTO^
Touq, xouv Tnv ron va Xeiroupyov ujq anoKXeioTiKq.
E t o i , on Tn pia pepi, t o KpToq ep^avi^eToi t j q n K-
(t)paon, n evopKLuon KQI TO opyavo Tnq opyavujpvnq
OE noXiTeia Koivtuvioq, eire toto BeojpeiToi ojq uXonoin-
on evq ouXXoyiKo ti yeviKo oupcppovToq, eire ovTipe-
TjnifJeTai ujq oupnKvcuon evq epneSojpvou ouoTtipo-
Toq eKpeTaXXeuTiKjv oxoewv. An Tnv XXn pepi, t o
iSio OUT KpToq eK(})pf;eTai wq uXiKq pnxaviopq,
OTouq KXnouq t o u onoiou eKKoXnTovToi, opYavobvo-
vToi KOI (tJwXit^ouv TO ouyKeKpipvo OTOpiK tSlWTlKa
oupcjjpovTO, nwq k o i oi OToeiq, |3Xi|jetq k o i npooSo-
Kieq eKeivwv nou t o v oreXexwvouv. H Xeypevn Snpoio
o{t>aipa voeiTOi, Xotnv, e^ opiopo k o i ouyxpvwq wq
pto ovTTnTo KoBoXiKii KQI a^npnpvn KOI wq va SIktuo
nenepaopvwv k o i ouyKeKpipvwv koivwvikwv pnxavt-
opwv, wq vaq eiSiKq KOivwviKq x^poq, cna nXoioio
TOU onoiou ouvcmTovToi k o i KpuoTaXXibvovToi eiSmq a-
TopiKq axoeiq.
To yeyovq out eivat, x ^ p i q apOiPoXio, pta an Ttq
oiTieq oiyoupo xt n povaSiKii nou ouvTeXov jcne
TO KpoTiK (Jiaivpevo va ep(})avi(^eTai wq ovTioTeKpevo
OE K6e avaXuTiKti npooyyion, nou xet cnxo t o ouvo-
XiK koivwvik t o u pXo. Kat nou oSnyov oTnv na-
pXXnXn nop^n noXXanXcbv ewpnTiKwv npooeyyioe-
wv, ot onoieq SioKpivovToi xt pvov an Tn pBoSo nou
uioSeTeiTOi aXX k o i an t o v KaBopiop t o u iSiou t o u a-
VTiKeipvou Tnq avXuonq. An noXXq nXeupq, n opio-
BTnon peTo^ iSiwTiKO KOt Snpoiou Topa, Kotvwviaq
TWV noXiTwv KOI noXiTiKtiq Kotvwviaq, napapvei Xotnv
e^atpeTiK SokoXo va ouyKeKpipevonoinBei. OpypaTi,
ot So ocfiaipeq Siocn-aupwvovTat k o i ouyxovTOi e^ opi-
opo. K o i n oyxuon auTti anoxeXei, iowq, vav an
Touq lOxupTepouq nopyovTeq, nou koBiotov Suoxepn
Tnv OVyVWOn TOU OCfWipiKO pXoU TOU KpTOuq: OKpn
KOt TOV SiayiyvwoKeToi npaypoToXoyiK, n SiiiBnon t o u
Snpoiou KOt t o u iStwTiKo avTipeTwnitjeToi, kot kov-
va, oav v a avTioTpaTeeTOt t o Kupiapxo KoBop k o i e-
WTepiKEupvo npTuno, k o i enopvwq xet Tnv Ton vo
ewpEiToi wq <|)aivpevo nopeKKXivov, eKTpwpoTiK k o i
NEA KOINQNIOAOriA
EAAHNIKH KOINQNIA
TOU KcvoTavTi'vou ToouKoXa
noBoyevq. Kat pwq, n SttiBnon auTii eivat oTnv npay-
poTiKTnTo nepinou ovanSpaoTn.
Kat vat pev Sev eivat ek t w v npoTpwv oSiavnToq o
e^oPeXiopq t w v iSiwtikwv oupclJepvTwv an t o v kpo-
tik pnxaviop. Z r n v npcijTn pXiOTO k o i tSeoTii t o u
pop(]jri, untip^ov nepmTwoeiq nou t o ocniK KpToq op-
yavcbBnKe GeopiK pe Tpnouq nou (t)aivovTav vo e^o-
0(J)aXif;ouv, av xt t o v anoKXeiop, touXxiotov t o v au-
OTnp nepiopiop t w v iSiwtikjv oup^epvTwv o t o
nXoioia t w v SiaSiKaoiwv nou ovopJ^ovTOv Snpoieq'
npypa nou avTonoKpiveToi aa(l)iJjq oe pto noXiTiKii |3o-
Xnon, n onoio emSiwKe v a uXonottioei ouyKEKpipvo t o v
oXoKXnpcjTiK Siaxwpiop Tnq Snpoioq k o i Tqq iSiwTi-
Ktiq o(l)aipaq, Staxwpiop OTn (3aan t o u onoiou EpsXiw-
VE Tn vopiponoinoii TOU KOt Tn ratio essendi t o u . Flpy-
poTi, auT OKpiPjq ouvPoive orov (3a8p nou o Snp-
oioq Topoq, wq uXiKq pnxaviopq, KOTpBwve v a ou-
yKporeiTOi wq eiSiKq KoivwviKq xwpoq, o t o nXoioio
TOU onoiou Ol npo(})avwq ovoyKoieq, ouyKeKpipveq, av-
Bpwniveq SpaoTnpiTnreq k o i unqpeoieq tirav Suvotv
va npoypoTonoiovrai pe r n pop(|)ti oreXxwonq Ti/jriri-
Kwv Ka ajjiadiv XeiToupynprwv. T a (jjuoik npow-
na nou ookooov t o XeiToupytipoTa out tirav, un
rouq pouq auroq, oe Bon vo avrXov k q i npaypa-
riK avrXooov r o uXik poa r n q eni|3iwonq rouq,
OTO peyaXrepo ppoq, oXXo, SnXoSii on r n v npo-
owniKti rouq nepiouoia ti ornv iStwriKti ayop. Yn rtq
ouvBiiKeq aurq, n ouotaoriKti oyxuon avpeoa o n q
So i|)eiq r o u Kpcrrouq pnopooe va neptoptcnei ctto eX-
XiOTo: rav oi KpOTiKoi Xeiroupyoi' (touXxiotov oi ovib-
repoi) OTparoXoyovrai anoKXeiariK avpeoa o n q koi-
vwviKq Kornyopieq, nou xouv XXouq iSiwriKoq oi-
KovoptKoq npouq, n StKpion avpeoa o t o v iSiwtik
Kat o t o v Snpoio xwpo epcjjavitjerai wq ovoyKoia onp-
poto r n q ([Jonq r w v npayprwv koi onparoSoreirai wq
ouTovnra ent|3aXXpevn. To yeyovq aur, pXioro,
rovit^Ei OKpn nepiooTepo r n v opeornro t o u tq^iko
xapoKTiipa r w v Kparwv aurcbv: n ovyKn npooraoioq
rnq iSiOKTHoiaq k o i Sianipnonq r n q r^nq ortq ovroXXa-
KTiKq oxoeiq, nou ouvanrovrai avpeoa cnouq noXireq-
iStOKTiireq, BepeXiiIjvet r n vopiponoinon piaq noXiriKiiq
Kotvwviaq^, nou n e^ouoio ooKeirai on rouq iStouq
rouq iSiOKTtireq-acn-oq, pe r n oupnXnpwpariKii rouq tSi-
* 0770 TO KpToq, Koivwvia KOI Epyaaia
OTq MsTanoXepiKq EXXaSa, Aqva
OepXio, 1986
21
 rrixa wq noXirwv. AuTiiv aKpi|3wq rri SeovroXovia e^unq-
prrios r| |3a6piaia Spnori TOU XOYIKOU ypocljeioKpaTi-
Ko ouoTiipaToq KOI r| nXiipriq KOTapyriari Tqq e^wvrionq
TWV npoiwv XEiToupyripaTwv, nou 6wpn6nKav npo-
nooeiq yio Tnv opoTnon TOU Snpoiou x ^ p o u wq
Xwpou npooywynq anpownwv ouoTnpiKwv OTXJV^.
ZTO nXaioio TOU voepo OUTO Kopou, eivoi SUVOTV OI
KpoTiKoi Xenoupyoi va epcjjovi^ovTai KOI va ovnpeTwni-
^ovToi wq iSaoToi KOI xPnoTOi KOtvwviKoi (Jiopeiq, nou a-
OKov Tiq Snpoieq Xsnoupyieq TOuq KOI TO KaOnKOVT
TOuq, xwpiq va eivai OTE SUVOT OTE EnnpEnT vo p-
(})iXoxwpov onoiEoSiinoTE npoownmq pXilieiq, oup^-
povTO n npooSoKieq. OpypaTi oav TOV SKTopa TJJ-
KuX, O aSKOOToq SiKOOTriq l i o aSi^Gopoq KpoTiKq
XEiToupyq pnopEi v a sivai TOUTxpova KOI aveuSoiaoTo
OTuyvq EKpEToXXEUTiiq KOI TOKoyX(})oq n aSioTOKToq E-
nixEipnpoTiaq. flEpiooTEpo on onoiaSqnoTE oOTiKti
unoKpioio, n SuvoTTHTO ouTii annxei Tqv KoGoXiKii e-
owTEpiKEuon Tnq avTiXni|)nq Tnq Snpoiaq 0(|)aipaq wq o-
nXuTO oSiPpoxnq OE oxon pe oropiK oupcjJpovTa.
Z r n v iSeoTii TOU popcjjii, TO KpToq poi^ei TOi v a pno-
pei KOI vo npnei va OTeXexwveTOi an euouveiSnTouq
KOI oviSiOTeXeiq XeiToupyoq, unnpreq piaq TO^iKiiq oX-
X auoTnp anpownnq SeovToXoyiaq. 'AoxeTo on Tiq
oiovei oxi^o<l)peviKq npoeKToeiq evq iSeoXoyiKo ou-
OTiipoToq, nou nopyei pio ilJuxovayKaoTiKii SixoTpnon
TWV KUpiopxwv nGiKwv KOI KOvovioTiKwv npoTnwv oe
So avTi(t)aTiKa KOI oye^pwTO unoouonipaTa npoKTi-
Kwv, TOV Kopo Tnq auoTnpTOTnq aviSiOTXeioq TOU no-
XiTn, eivai yeyovq TI, OKpn KOI pxP' oiipepo, eniPiw-
vouv, pe Si(I)opeq pop(])q, oi avTiGereq KOI oXXnXoano-
KXeipeveq eowTepiKonoitioeiq TOU Snpoiou KOI TOU iSi-
WTiKo. AKpn KOI OTO eopiK enineSo, n KpoTiKii Xei-
Toupyia Geonif^eToi KOI onpaToSoTeiToi pe pia oeip an
iSiaiTBpeq pu6pioeiq Tqq Snpoiaq enoyyeXpoTiKiiq ou-
pnepicfiopq'', nou epeXiwvovToi OTqv iSeaTti iSionep-
TnTO TOU Snpoiou XWpOU.
QoToo, eivai oocfjq TI, an jr\v XXn pEpi, oi KOI-
vwviKoi (|)opeiq, oi onoioi XeiToupyov OTOV Snpoio Top-
o npoo(t)povTaq onoiaSnnoTe unnpeoia nou npono9-
Tei epyaoia n avXwon evpyeioq, f^nTov KOI naipvouv
an TO KpToq Knoia avTinapoxn- H oxon Touq pe TO
Anpoio naipvei Tn pop(j)n opPaoriq*, POOIK OToixeio
Tnq onoioq eivoi KOI n XPnpoTiKii avTiKOToPoXn, nou o-
(t)eiXeTai OTOV epyo^pEVO l i onooxoXopEvo Snpoio u-
nXXnXo l i XeiTOupy. H Tpxouoa pop^ii rnq xPnpoTi-
Ktiq auTiiq avTinopoxnq OTOuq KOivwviKoq oxnpoTi-
opoq, nou Kupiapxei n e^apTnpvn piowTii epyaoia,
eivai npo(t)avwq n popcfiii pioOcf', poXovTi, (])uoiKa, OK-
pn KOI oiipepo ouvavTpe KOI nomiXeq XXeq ovopooTi-
Kq nopoXXayq. ('E^oSa napaoroewq, oSomopm, a-
VTinapoxq, onoJnpiwoEiq, opoiPq, unepwpieq, xopnyieq
KXn.). Me auTv TOV Tpno o Snpoioq xwpoq, o onoioq
KOToiKeiTOi on va noXnXoKo ooTnpo OTopiKwv oup-
(|)epvTwv, XeiToupyei ornv npoypoTiKrnTO nax; OKpi-
jidjq KOI O iSiojTiKq, a(J>o oi unnpeoieq nou npoo(})-
povTOi an TO Topo Sev nopxovToi pe Tnv iSiTnT
TOuq wq noXiTwv, aXX avTaXXaaaovrai pe Tqv iSiTnT
xouq wq iSiwTwv. Ave^prnTO, Xomv, an TOV ocJiaipiK
KOIVWVIK pXo nou KoXeiToi va nai^ei, TO KpToq Teivei
avan(t)euKTa oxeSv va Xenoupyei KOI wq au9napKToq
22
OTi|3oq n p o o y w y n q K O I u X o n o i n o n q I S I W T I K W V
aup(t)epvTwv.
KaBioTOTai, Xomv, oacjjq, pe Tnv onTiKti auTti, TI n
ppwon TOU Snpoiou xwpou KOI Tnq unXomnq KOIVW-
vioq naipvei avan<})euKTa pop(t)n noXnXoKn KQI OVTI-
([jaTiKii. To KpToq eivot ouyxpvwq o xwpoq OToGepo-
noinonq, npooTOoioq KOI eyynonq TWV oxoewv KOI TWV
ISIWTIKWV oup(t)epvTwv, nou Siapop^wvovToi ^w on
OUT, KOI O xwpoq poa OTOV noiov Kuo(I)opovTai TO
eiSiK oup(t)povTa, nou Siapop(l)wvovTai OTouq iSiouq
Touq KXnouq TOU.
nvw o ' auTti Tn |3on, TO nppXnpo Tqq apOpwonq
Kparovq KQI Koiviuviaq Qa npnei va Oewpnei wq onap-
Tif;pevo on So eni ppouq epwTiipoTo, nou ouvSo-
vToi ppnKTo peTo^ Touq: An TO va ppoq, n ouvoXi-
Kii ap6pwaq peTo^ KpTouq KOI Koivwviaq (nou 6a
pnopooe va ovopaoTei e^WTepiKq), q onoia nponoB-
Tei KOI onoiTei vav auoTnp, XoyiK KOI eopiK Sioxw-
piop peTo^ TWV So ocpaipwv, OTqpi^eTai SnXoSq oro
a^iwpo Tnq E^WTspiKTrjTaq TOU KpTOuq wq npoq Tnv
Koivwvia'. Moa o n ' ouTii Tqv onTiKii, OVOXETOI O p-
Xoq TOU KpTOuq wq EyyunTii, oupnuKvwTii, Siaxeipioni,
npoypappoTioTii q SianqTq TWV Kupiapxwv KOIVWVIKWV
oxoewv, nou PpioKOVToi e^ opiopo ^w o n ' OUT.
An TO XXO ppoq, pnopope vo evToniooupe piov
eowTepiKii p6pwoq KpTOuq KOI Koivwviaq wq eopi-
K, TexvqT l i ovopaoTiK Sioxwpiopvwv KOIVWVIKWV
Xwpwv npooywynq ISIWTIKWV oup(})epvTwv, pio ppw-
on nou ava(])peTai oTn 5iact)oponoinpvn napaywyii, a-
vanapaywyii KOI opioTnon TWV KOIVWVIKWV oxoewv
OTiq So avTioTOixeq oc|)aipeq. Z T O nXaioio OUT, TiOerai
TO ^qTnpa Tnq SiKpionq avpeoa OTiq pop(|)q KOivwvi-
Kiiq evowpTWoqq, nou KUO(()opovTai euwq OTOuq
KXnouq TWV pqxaviopwv TOU KpTOuq, KOI eKeivwv nou
PpioKovTOi ^w o n ' OUT, Tnq SiKpionq SnXoSii avpe-
oa OTiq KpoTiKq KOI OTiq pn KpOTmq pop<l)q Snpioup-
yiaq OUptJjepVTWV, ElOoSnPTWV KOI OlKOVOpiKWV SlKOl-
wpTWv. npO(t)avwq auTq o SsTepoq Tnoq ppwonq
eivai SiaOopeTiKiiq T^ewq on TOV npwTO. An TO iSio
TO yeyovq Tnq Siavopiiq powv, ayowv, apoi(3wv KOI
npwv on TO Kproq oe iSiwriKOq Ropeiq, eni r n Poei
opxwv nou ep(t)avif;ovrai wq rauronpeq l i opXoyeq p '
eKeiveq nou loxouv ornv iSiwriKti ayop, npoKnrei ri,
an r n v nXeup r o u arpou-SiKoioxou, oi popcjjq KOI-
vwviKiiq evowprwonq eivai SUVOTV VO avriperwnif^o-
v r o i wq onXuTO ouyKpioipeq. Z r o prpo, pXioro, nou q
Epyaoia o r o Snpoio ropa apEiPEroi pE r n popefiii pi-
oo, riETOi ourpora KOI TO epwrnpo r o u KOT noov
q Snpoia epyoSooia anoreXei ppoq rnq yeviKiiq (iSiw-
riKtiq) ayopq epyooioq, n onoia npoKirrei on r n v KO-
oXiKonoinon r n q e^aprnpvnq piowrqq epyooioq, nou
ouvoSeei r q v KUpiopxio r o u KoniraXiOTiKo rpnou na-
paywynq. Arr rqv anoipq amq, KQI pvd, q Sqpoia a-
nooxXnon eivoi Xomv eK npwrqq ijjewq, looSvopq
KOI opXoyq pe r q v iSiwriKii. Ze ,Ti a(l)op rouq KOIVW-
viKOq pqxoviopoq Siavopqq npwv oe ouyKeKpipvouq
KoivwviKoq <!)opeiq, nou ovaXioKouv evpyeio, oi So
pop(l)q e^aprnpvnq KOivwvmqq KOI epyooioKiiq evowp-
rwonq ep^ovifjovrai wq evpyeia q Suvpei evaXXoKTi-
Kq. To a^qpqpvo Kproq Xeiroupyei roi nwq KOI O-
noiooSiinore iSiwrnq l i wq anX fiscus. Aurti, e^XXou,
NEA KOINQNIOAOriA
Ga pnopooe va eivai pio an TIC; SuvoTc; eppnveiec; Tnc;
nopoTiipnonc; TOU Hegel TI n noAiTiKii eivai ouyxpvcc;
poa OTnv Koiviuvio KOI nvc o n ' auTiiv.
Me Tnv vvoia ouTii, n SinXii ppwon KpTouc; KOI
Koivcjjvioc; 5ev eivai evSexpevo aXX avayKaio OToixeio
Tnc; uXiKnc; TOU Spnonc; Lc; KOIVJVIKO pnxaviopo. To
KaniToXiOTiK Kproq, KOI pXiora onoioSqnoTe Koniro-
XioriK Kproq, evw an r n pra pepi eyyurai, puBpiC^ei
KOI npoypopparifjei rnv KooXiKii ovanopaywyn r w v
Kupiopxwv KOIVWVIKWV oxoewv KOI r w v KUpiapxwv
pop(())v ononoonq KOI Siavopnq r o u nXeovoporoq,
nou uXonoiovrai o r n o(t)aipa r q q ayopq, on r n v XXn
pepi, KOI OKpiPwq o r o nXoioio rnq Xeiroupyioq r o u au-
Ttiq, onoon KOI enipepifjei euGwq vo ppoq on TO
nXevaopa aur, enivpovrq r o oe ouyKeKpipvouq
KOivwviKoq (Ropeiq, nou Xeiroupyov peoa l i ppeoa
un r n v oiyiSo r o u l i un r n v npooraoia r o u .
H SmXii aurii lirnra TOU Kprouq npooSiopifJei KOI
rn SixoTpnon r w v avoXuriKwv avriperwnioewv r o u
KpoTiKO (l)aivopvou: oe peyXo |3a9p n n p w r n i|jn
rou Kprouq avoXerrai on r q v noXiriKti 9ewpia l i r q
Gewpio nepi Kprouq, evw n Serepn ouyKevrpiijvei r n v
npoooxn rnq Bewpiaq rnq opyvwonq, rnq ypatlJeiOKpa-
rioq KQI rnq Snpoioq SioiKqonq. Ka, nopXo nou, (])u-
oiK, Ol So aurq npooeyyioeiq ore eivoi Suvar va
Xwpiorov pera^ rouq, ore KOI VOOVTOI wq aurvo-
peq, napapvei yeyovq TI n pei^wv e^wrepmii npo-
oyyion onvia epnXKeroi pe r n v e X o o o v a
eowrepiKq.
ZTO onpeio aKpi|3jq aur, ovOKnrei KOI TO ^nrnpa
rou rpnou pe rov onoio pnopei vo re6ei r o pa rnq
p9pwonq Kprouq-Koivwvioq. npypari, on r q v no-
ijjn r w v eniSiwKpevwv orxwv, o x^piopq r o u Snp-
oiou KOI r o u iSiwriKo oroixeioGereiroi envw o r n Pon
rnq SiKpionq avpeoa o r n ocjtaipa rnq npow9noqq r w v
oropiKcijv oupctJepvrwv KOI o r q o(J)aipa rqq npooywynq
rou ouXXoyiKo, yeviKO l i ouornpiKo oupct)povToq.
Me r n v vvoia o u n i , r o iSio TO nppXnpa Tqq ppwonq
Kprouq-Koivwvioq a npnei v o Siarunwei pe pouq,
nou va opif;ouv r n v Koivwvia pe rpno cboTe va ou-
pnepiXopPvovrai o ' auriiv Xeq oi /jopcpc; nopaycoyrjc;,
avanapayojyqq q KpuoraXAwariq ISIOJTIKWV aupcpep-
VTwv, eire aur uXonoiovroi ornv runiK iSiwriKq
ocljoipo (orqv ayop), eire npowovrai o r o nXaioio r w v
Snpoiwv (KpariKwv) pqxaviopwv. Ev wq iSiwriK
ewpqei r o onoioSiinore KOIVWVIK (jjoivpevo, nou ou-
pnuKvcJJvei iSiwriK oupcppovra KOI iSiwriKq oiKovopi-
Kq npOKTiKq, rre oi npoKriKq aurq 5ia(()oponoio-
v r o i oav rToieq on r o yeviK Snpoio oupcfipov, OK- Koi pot napaywytiq TWV evvoitbv KOI r w v X^ewv epnX-
pq KOI av TuniK uXonoiovTOi orouq KXnouq TOU Snp-
oiou ropa. Me r n v vvoia o u n i , n SiKpion/ppwon
KpTOuq-Koivwviaq Sev eivoi Suvar vo e^avrXnei OTr)
Oeopmt) SiKpioq Sqpoiou KOI ISIWTIKO Topo.
'roi, ecjjoov oi iSiwriKq Koivwvmq npoKTiKq, nou
opoerovroi o r o nXaioio TWV Kupiapxwv KOIVWVIKWV
oxoewv napaywytiq, VOOVTOI wq ra^iKq, orqv avXu-
oq r w v npOKTiKcijv ourwv a npnet vo nepiXncjJov KOI
ot EiSiKq eKeiveq pop(j)q, oi onoieq Sopovroi KOI runo-
noiovroi un r n v oiyiSo r o u Kprouq. K o i SeSopvou -
r i un r o Kproq r o u KaniraXicniKO rpnou napaywytiq
n KpuoTXXwon r w v KOIVWVIKWV oxoewv nepv poa
NEA KOINHNIOAOriA
an r q piowrii epyaoia KOI r n poptjjti pioOq, eivat oo-
(j)q TI n popctJti KpoTiKq pioOq 9a npnet va 9ewpq9ei
wq pto eiSiKTepq pop(})ti oqporoSrqoqq ro^iKwv ox-
oewv, nou evrooerai o r o OUVOXIK ocnqpa r w v KOI-
VWVIKWV oxoewv napaywytiq.
Z r o prpo, Xotnv, nou o KporiKq pqxoviopq KOI ot
KporiKq pop(t)q Siavopiiq rou nXeovoporoq poa on
rnv KpoTiKti epyoSooia ouvreivouv o r n Snpioupyia ti
o r n v noyiwon ptaq Kcrrqyopiaq, piaq KoivwviKtiq Korq-
yopioq l i r^qq ti TOUXXIOTOV evq oqpovriKO ppouq
rqq, ourq q Korqyopio q r^n aurparo onoTeXei avo-
nonacTTo ppoq r q q Kotvwviaq KOI evowpaTjverai aur-
vopo o r o oorqpa r w v ra^iKwv oxoewv nou xapOKrq-
pifjet aurti f q v Koivwvio. Kot ouvenjq, pvo oe ava(()op
pe ourti r q ocjjatpiKii ouvoXiKii Koivwvia, nou nepiKXeiet
Kat r t q r^eiq KOI KoivwviKq Kornyopieq ot onoieq Sq-
pioupyovroi cnrouq KXnouq r o u Kprouq, pnopei Koveiq
vo epeuvtioei TO OUVOXIK pXo r o u Kprouq KOI rnq no-
XiriKiiq e^ouoiaq.
O Siounororoq xapoKriipoq r o u Kprouq eivai, Xoi-
nv, npO({)aviiq. QOTOO, n napaSooiOKti eppovii o r q
Sqpoia e^wrepiKii r o u unoraoq, nou ouvSerai pe r n
Spqon rnq oupPoXiKiiq rourrnraq r o u OUVOXIKO KOI-
vwviKo xjpou, o r o nXoioio ptaq yevmeupvnq KOIVWVI-
Ktiq ovyKnq npra^nq Tqq iSeoXoyioq r o u yeviKO oup-
(jjpovroq, eivat xapaKTnpioriKii rnq rpxouoaq 9ewpnTi-
Ktiq npOKTiKiiq. Ot Xyoi eivat noXXonXoi KOI ouvSeovroi
avpeoa o r a XXa pe r o eyyevq Ppoq rnq KporiKtiq
oupPoXiKtiq. Opo9eT)VTaq r n v eviKti Koivwvia, r o Kp-
roq Se ouyKporei pvo pto SeSopvn KOivwvtKonoXiriKii
KOt oiKovopiKti evrnra. Tourxpovo, r q v KpucrraXXiijvei
KOt oupPoXiK, oiKoSopwvraq pia cnoepii KOI ano-
KXetoriKii tSeoXoyiKii ovrrnra, oe ava(t)op npoq r n v
onoio Sopovrat Kat npoPXXovroi oi evapycnepeq KOI
novraxo napooeq cpavraoiaKq pop(J)q rnq oropiKiiq
rarionq pe va euprepo KOIVWVIK OVOXO. Oepioo-
repo, Xomv, KOI on rouq XXouq Geopoq, r o Kproq,
evj ouyKporeirot oupPoXiK pe a([)ernpia TOV ep(()avt^-
pevo KooXiK Xyo nop^tiq rou, ornv npaypariKrnra
Xeiroupyei KOIVWVIK ^w, KOI wq va Pap ove^prnTO
a n ' aurv'.
O Xyoq nou voqpcaifjet rouq eopoq onvia pnopei
vo KaXi|)t pe pto X^q oXKXqpo r o epoq r w v onpo-
oitbv, nou npooSiSovroi crrnv uXiKii npaypariKrqr
rouq, ore KOI pnopei va anooraoionoiqGei an r q v KU-
piapxq iSeoXoyiKti oqporoSrqoq rqq KoivwviKiiq rouq
napouoioq. K o i , oo KoGoXiKrepq eivat q GeopiKti
npaypariKrqra nou vonporii^erai, roo KOI ot KOIVWVI-
Kovrai oe noXXanX enineSa npooyyionq, oSqywvraq
rqv iSia r q X^q oe avancjjeuKTa apcftioqpeq xptioetq. H
voqpariKii axX' rqq X^qq Kproq, nou napapvei a-
vri(!)ariKti, apop^onoinrn, oouveiSnrn KOI Kpuppvq, ei-
vat roi xapoKrqpicTTtK eupeio: SeSopvou rt r o Kp-
roq eivat q K O T ' e^oxtiv KCJjpaoq r q q puGiKtiq Koi unep-
XoyiKtiq KoGoXiKrnraq r o u KOIVWVIKO oiijparoq, ot
ouyKeKpipveq pop<l)q pe rtq onoieq eowrepiKonoieirai n
cjjon r o u unKeivroi oe ovanefieuKreq eKXoyiKeuTiKq
napapop(|)woeiq. ' O n w q onpeiwGnKe ecnoxa, on r n
onypti nou r o Kproq eYKoraoTGnKe oro ouXXoyiK
(tJOvraotOK, pnopei nto r a nvra'^
23
 AvE^apTriTQ iijc; a n ' OUT, eivai avap(})i|3oXo TI TO
KpToq (KQI O iJnxaviopq TOU) EVOI ouvexojq nopv
OTnv i5ia Tn ouyKpTTion TWV KOIVWVIKWV OXOEWV KOI
XI pvo ornv ovanopoYWYn Touq'^. H eTiKTqra TOU
KpTOuq, nou unoYpappii^Tav on TOV HouXavTfJa OTO
TEXeuToio TOU pyo, pnopEi vo GEPEXIWVETOI, PPOIO, En-
vw OE noX EUpTEpEC; QVOXUOEIC; TOU OIKOVOpiKO KOI
noXiTiKo pXou TOU KoniToXioTiKo KpTouq. QOTOO,
ouTii KOI pvo n nop^n TWV pEyXwv KOI noXuSioTO-
Twv KpOTiKwv pnxciviopwv, nou oe noXXc; x^pec; sXy-
xouv, xeipi^ovToi KOI enivpouv vo peyXo ppoq TOU e-
BviKo nXoTou, SnpioupywvToq TOI oup(t)povTa peoa
ouvaprnpvo pe Tnv enipepiOTiKn auTti XeiTOupyio, 6ei-
Xvei TI onoioStinoTe npoonGeio avoywync; TOU KOIVW-
VIKO pXou TOU Kprouq o n q e^wrepiKq oup^oXiKq
li nopepPoTiKq XeiToupyieq TOU, OTO nXoioio pioq on-
Xurnq SiKpionq Koivwvioq KOI Kprouq wq xwpiorwv e-
nmSwv, KivSuveei vo eivai PaBrora ononpooovoro-
XioriKti. A v unpxei vaq KevrpiKq KQI novraxo napwv
pnxaviopq, nou v a oiKeionoieiroi KOI runiK r o KOTO-
papvo pepi5io^^ (ro oiKOvopiK 6nXa5n pepiSio nou
ep^avifjeroi oav vo nepiooeei KOI y i a r o onoio ivo-
v r a i 01 KOivwviKoi oywveq KOI nou enmXov, iowq, rouq
KOior KQI avan({)euKrouq), o pnxaviopq aurq eivoi
r o Kproq'".
Aev eivoi, Ppoio, SUVOTV VO pnope ornv ouoia
r w v reporiwv ewpnriKwv npoPXnprwv, nou riGevrai
ypw on r o f^iirnpa aur. Eivoi pwq, vopi?Jw, oocjjq ri
xwpiq r n v npopei^n xnq ovXuonq r n q GeriKrnroq
rou KporiKO pXou, nou paq ^epoKpoivei on r i q KO-
0apq KOI KpuorXXiveq nopoSooiOKq ovoXoeiq, no-
popvoupe KoBnXwpvoi oe eoctiaXpva KOI napwxnpva
ewpnriK oxnparo. H onXurn XoyiKii KOI opyoviKii 5i-
Kpion avpeoa o r o Kproq KOI ornv KOivwvia 6a npnei,
Xomv, va ovTiperwniorei nepioorepo oav vo iSeoX-
ynpo pe reporieq KoivwviKq npoeKToeiq nap oav pio
a priori npoypariKii KOI uXiKii 5ia(l)oponoinon avpeoa
oe ovriETEq (KOI oXXnXoanoKXEipEVEq) Koivwvmq Xei-
roupyieq. A v oi ouyKeKpipveq popcfiq Spnonq r w v KO-
niroXioriKwv KporiKwv pnxaviopwv Karornoov 6uva-
rq, e^nynnKOV KQI SiKaiwGnKov o r o nXoioio r n q 5ia-
([jaivpevnq ovayKoirnrq rouq yia r n oroeponoinon
KOI avonapoywyii r w v KaniroXioriKwv KOIVWVIKWV ox-
oewv, n e^eXiKTiKii rouq nopeio uniipxe, on va onpeio
KOI npo, oxeriK anoXXoypvn on rouq peoouq
npooSiopiopoq r o u yeviKO oup(t)povToq. K o i ov oi
oywveq ypw an r n v KTOon KQI r o nepiexpevo r w v
Geopwv ourwv yivovrav operXXaKra o r o vopa io^o-
periKwv ovTiXiiijjewv yia r o npaypariK KOI oupgoXm
vnpa r o u ouXXoyiKO Sovroq, r o npayporiK KQI
aurvopo UXIK Ppoq r w v KporiKwv IKTWV uniipxe,
ouxv, onocpaoioriKq, av KOI ouviiGwq KoXuppvoq, no-
pyovroq 5iapp(])wonq r n q KOivwviKiiq 5uvapiKiiq. ' I -
owq, Xomv, v a pnv eivoi ruxoio r o ri, avpeoa o r o o-
voXo r w v nruxwv r n q KoivwviKiiq npaypariKrnroq, r o
Kproq e^OKoXouGei v a eivoi n Xiyrepo ene^epyoop-
vn GewpnriKii nepioxn'*, xi pvo o r q pop^ioriKii oXX
KOi ornv aoriKii Gewpia.
24
1. E6d) OKpiPwq nriYl^ei rj avTiAnipn TOV KpariKov a^idipcrro
wq AeiTOvpYnpcToq, nov sxi nq pi(eq Triq arriv arivaiKi) Sqpo-
Kparia. Flappoieq avriXriipeiq npvravevav eniariq KQI orovq vs-
Tspovq xpvovq, nwq n.x. ora avwrepa KApKia rqq KpariKfiq
lEpapxiaq arriv npoPmrwpiavfi KOI jimrwpiavri AYYAIO, nov a-
Kpri KOI av apsiPovrav, oi Snpaioi AeirovpYoi Oswpovvrav e-
paairxveq. (npj3A. Wolfram Fischer and Peter Lundgreen, "The
Recruitment and Training of Administrative and Technical Per-
sonnel" aro Charles Tilly (ed.). "The Formation of National Sta-
tes in Western Europe", Princeton U.P., Princeton 1975, a.
486-490).
2. Fla Tiq ipiAoao<piKq nponoOasiq rov noXnmov 0IXEX
Ospiopov EpEXiwSriq eivai n peXrri rov C.B. MacPherson, "Th
Political Theory of Possessive Individualism", Oxford U.P., 1962.
Flavw arriv iSia avrij Paoq vopiponoifiOriKs KOI O nepiopiapq
TWV EVEPYWV noXniKwv Smaiwparwv (rov SiKaiwparoq rou E-
KXsYEiv-EKXYEodai) arovq iSiOKTrirEq-aaroq, oi onoioi ps
Sirrira rovq avri) pnopovaav va Oswpovvrai wq aviSiorsXsiq
Ka vnEuOvvoi noXirsq.
3. FlpjiX. Bert F. Hoselitz, "Levels of Economie Performance
and Bureaucratie Structures" aro J. La Palombara (ed), "Bure-
aucracy and Political Development", Princeton U.P., Princeton
1967, a. 192-193
4. Ol noXvapiOpsq pvOpiasiq TOV FIOIVIKOV KWIKO Y'O 6W-
poSoKi'a, aniaria KXn. sivai TO npoacpoprspo napaSsiYpa. Fla-
ppoia sivai KOI ro aupjSoXiK nspiExpsvo TWV TEXETOUPYIKW
opKwpoaiwv, nwq KOI TO noXu aripavTiKTspo ovvSpopo rijq
SvoKoXiaq ps TTIV onoia avaYvwpiarriKav arovq Sripaiovq u-
naXXfiXouq ra SiKaiwpara rov ovvsTaipi(sa6ai ij TOV anspYsiv.
Anpq KOI aijpepa, opiapsvsq KarriYopisq XsnoupYWV, nwq oi
arpaTiwTiKoi, oi aorvvopiKoi i) oi SmaariKoi, vnKSivrai os siSi-
K spYOOiaK Kadsardira.
5. Fia ro KOT noov oi avpjiaasiq spYaoiaq aro Aqpaio
anoTsXovv popipsq avYKpioipsq ps riq avpj3aaeiq epYOoiaq, nov
ouvanrovrai orriv iSiwriKi) OYopa spYaoiaq, jiX. napaKrw.
6. 'Onwq, paXiora, unoYPappios o Max Weber, o araOspq
pioOq sivai avaYxaio xapaKTqpioriK Triq Ypa<psiOKpaTiKijq o
Yvworiq: Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft, Ks<p. 6 nap. 2.
7. F\a rriv svvoia avri) pX. N. Poulantzas, " L ' tat, Ie Pouv-
oir, Ie Socialisme", Paris, P.U.F. 1978, o. 143 KS
8. Fla rriv, an aXXri anoipq, OspsXiaKij 5ia0opa avpeoa
orri Sripoia KOI orriv iSiwriKij spYoSoaia pX. napoKTw.
9. Jacques Chevalier, "Rflexions sur I' Idologie de I' Intrt
Gnral", SKoan TOV Centre Unicersitaire de Recherches Ad-
ministratives et Politiques de Picardie, "Variations autour de I' i-
dologie de I' intrt gnral" voL I, Paris 1978, a. 37-38.
10. M. Foucault, "Les mots et les choses". Paris 1966,
passim.
11. Ren Lourau, "L'tat inconscient" Paris, Minuit, 1978, a.
21. Mnopsi OKpri KOI va unoKaraorfiosi, iawq, rrj @sia BoXri-
an, a0o TO Kparoq-FIpvoia avanspnsi avpPoXma orri &sia
Flpvoia.
12. N. Poulantzas, "Repres" Paris 1980, a. 166- I3X. sniariq
rov iSiov, "L'tat, Ie Pouvoir, Ie Socialisme", .n.
13. Georges Bataille, "La part maudite". Paris 1967.
14 npPX. H. Lefebvre, "De l'tat", vol. III, o. 138. Eivai ns-
pirr va roviOTsi n raxvrarri av^nco Triq ovppsTOxnq rou Kp-
rouq oro sdviK siaSripa oe Xsq riq xt^PfC Asmopspij oroi-
xeia ppioKoupe oe Xeq nq Sripooisuasiq rwv SOVIKWV Xayapia-
apwv. BX. sniariq lan Gough, "State Expenditure in Advanced
Capitalism", New Left Review, rsvx. 92 (1975), a. 53 KS. KOI TOU
iSiou, "The Political Economy of the Welfare State", London
1979
15. FIpPX. n.x. Perry Anderson, "Western Marxism" London
1976.
NEA KOINQNIOAOriA

m i m m m w i m i m m m m m *
mNmEMHMKHKomm
Ol ou?;r|Tr)0ic; nou Sia^YOVTOi oxo x ^ p o tr\q KOIVCJ-
vioXoyioc; xnq eKnaiSeuonq eniKevxpwvovxoi oxnv ou^np-
vn onpaoio nou anoKx xo oxoXeio, oxiq npou)9npveq
KonixaXioxiKq Koivwvieq, oov pnxaviopq Enipepiopo
XJV oxpojv oxiq 5ia(|)opq 9o8iq xnq KOiVJViKriq 5opnq
KOI vopiponoinonq xnq lepapxiKtiq opyavojonq XJV ox-
oewv epyooiaq. To evcnoiSeuxiK ooxnpa enixeXei xiq
Xeixoupyieq ouxq oxo nXoioio pioq oxexiKO ouxvopnq
a^ioKparmriq AoyiKr/q, Ka9(i)q n Koivjvia poa an xo
nXypo XJV oxoewv Kupiopxioq nopxei oxo eKnaiSeu-
xiK ooxnpa xn Suvoxxnxo vo pexoxpnei xiq Koivwvi-
Kq Koi noXixioxiKq ovioxnxeq oe eyyeveiq Siocijopq o-
vopeoo oxo xopo wq npoq xiq iKOvxqxq xouq. O Ke-
vxpiKq pXoq xou oxoXeiou oxnv KoivwviKti ovanopa-
ywyn, oxiq nopanavw KOivwvieq, e^exJ^exoi Kupiwq oe
oxon pe xn Sioppcfiwon xnq voq peooioq xa^nq (TO
5ieupuvpeva oxpwpoxa xwv enioxnpvwv, xexviKwv,
ioiKnxiKwv KOI 5ieu9uvxiKjv oxeXexwv) n onoia xeivei
npooSeuxiK vo oxnpi^exoi oe vav xpno pexa|3iPaonq
xwv xo^iKwv xnq npovopiwv oxouq yvouq xnq nou 5ia-
peooXa|3eixai an xo eKnai5euxiK ooxnpa. Moa on
ouxn xnv npoonxiKii oi Bernstein, Bourdieu, Passeron KOI
XXoi enixeipov vo eppnveoouv xiq aXXoyq nou no-
poxnpovxoi oxiq noiSaywyiKq npOKXiKq KQI xiq oxpo-
xnyiKq noXixioxiKiiq pexoPiPoonq oxo nXoioio xnq OIKO-
yveioq KOI XOU oxoXeiou oe noXXq Suxmq KOivwvieq.
Ol oXXayq ouxq npo^dXXouv pio xdon xaXdpwonq xwv
opiwv, oxnv noiSoywyiKn npOKxiKti, ovdpeoo oxn 6on
xou noiSoywyo KOI xn 6on xou oxpou nou u(t)ioxaTai
xov Xeyxo, Ka9jq enionq KOI pio xdon unoxwpnonq TWV
oxeyovjv ovdpeoo oxiq 5id(l)opeq yvwoxiKq nepioxq
oxo nXoioio xnq eKnoiSeuonq. Kox xouq nopondvw
auyypa(t)eiq, oi xdoeiq ouxq, oov act)opd xo vo peooia
oxpwpoxa, oxoxeouv oxnv aneXeupwon xnq npoow-
niKxnxaq xou axpou, SqXaSn oxnv aneXeu9pwon KOI
KoXxepn Suvoxn eKpexdXXeuon xwv yXwooiKwv, yvw-
oxiKwv KOI noXixioxiKwv iKOVoxnxwv xou axpou nou e-
^ao(l)aXi2;ouv xn oxoXiKti enixuxio KOI xnv KOIVWVIKI ov-
Xi^n- A v KOI Ol ani|)eiq xwv nopondvw ouyypocjjwv ou-
pninxouv oov a(t)opd xnv iSioixepn onpaoio xou oxo-
Xeiou, oxnv ovanopaywyn xwv KOIVWVIKWV oviooxtixwv
oxiq ovenxuypveq KonixaXioxiKq Koivwvieq, oov pnxa-
viopo xopnynonc Siamoxeuxnpiwv, opiopva dXXo fy\T:r\-
poTO onoxeXov onpeio Siopxn"? Txoio J^nTiipoTo eivoi:
o) O iSioixepoq pXoq xou oiKoyeveiOKo nepiPdXXovxoq
oxnv ovdnxu^n yXwooiKwv iKOvoxnxwv KOI xnv eowxepi-
Keuon noXixioxiKjv ecjJoSiwv l i , Kdxi nou eivoi xo iio
npdypo, O Pa9pq oxov onoio xo oxoXeio pnopei vo e-
navoKoGopioei xiq iKovxnxeq xou axpou oe oxon pe
NEA KOINQNIOAOriA
EAAHNIKH KOINQNIA
rrjc; Mapiaq nETjjE^iou-ToouAouPri
xiq oxoXiKq onoixiioeiq K O I ove^dpxnxo on xo omoye-
veioK nepiPdXXov yio xo noiSid nou nepvov pe enixu-
Xio xo 5idcI)opa oxd5ia eniXoynq. P) To eiSoq xwv xapa-
KxnpioxiKJV KOI iKovoxnxwv nou eniPpoPeei xo oxoXeio
(npoovxa yeviKiiq KouXxopoq ti xexviKq KXioeiq KOI
Kivnxpo enixuxiaq, ovaXoya pe xo npxuno KotvwviKiiq
ovXi^nq nou Kuptopxov). T o enipoxo ouxd f^nTtipoTo
avactjpovTOt oe vo (t)dopa nopoXXaywv oxouq pnxavt-
opoq KOivwviKtiq ovonopoywyiiq, nou ouvSovxoi dpe-
oo pe xiq i5iaixepeq loxopiKq ouvGiiKeq noyiwonq xwv
xo^iKwv oxoewv KOI XWV nXoxid napoSeKxwv Kpixnpiwv
oxpoxoXynonq xwv oxpwv oxiq Kotvwvmq 9oeiq xnq
elite oe pto Koivwvio.
' O n w q 9a Sope nopoKdxw, oxqv eXXnviKii KOivwvia
o pXoq xwv pop([)wxiKwv KOI noXixtoxiKwv npoovxwv
oxnv KOlVWVlKti ovXi^n Kat ovanopaywyti Sev ouvioxd
pto nopoXXayti xou pXou nou nepiypdi|jape yta xiq ove-
nxuypveq KonixaXioxiKq KOivwvieq, oXXd Sia<l)oponoiei-
xoi oe peydXo PoBp, KoBwq xo pop(|)wxiKa KOI noXixi-
oxiKd SionioTeuxiipia xouv on pvo xouq nepioptopvn
onpaoio oxiq StoSiKooieq KoivwviKiiq ovonapaywyiiq. ' H
pdXXov 6a Xyope xi xo Sionioxeuxiipia nou xopnyei xo
oxoXeio onoKxov o^ia yta xo dxopo nou xo Koxxet xt
xoo oxo nXaioio ptaq oxexiK ouxvopnq o^ioKpoxt-
Ktiq XoyiKtiq, aXXd oe dpeon ouvdpxnon pe xn Sidoxaon
eKeivn Tnq KOivwviKtiq npoypoxiKxnxoq nou noiJ^ei KO-
6opioxtK pXo oxnv nayiwon xnq xo^iKiiq Siocftoponoin-
onq oxnv eXXnviKti Koivwvio. Auxti eivoi n Staoroon xnq
noXtxiKtiq e^ouoioq, KOI XO evSta(])pov poq eoxidfjexoi
oxo Pa6p Koxd xov onoio n onoxeXeopaxiKxnxo xwv
pop(t)wxtK)v KOt noXiTioTiKwv SionioTeuTnpiwv oov p-
owv KOivwviKtiq ovXi^nq e^opTToi on Tn Suvoxxnxo
npoPoonq oxov KpoxiK pnxaviop KOI XO Kvxpo noXi-
xiKiiq Svopnq nou Kd6e KOivwviKii opdSo pnopei vo
e^ao(|)aXioei.
O iSiahepoq pXoq TOU noAiTiKOv oroixsiou
[...] Ka6opioxiK xapOKxnpioxiK yio xnv nopeio ov-
nxu^nq Tnq veoeXXnvmtiq Kotvwviaq ouvioxov oi iStoixe-
peq loxopiKq ouv9tiKeq, KXW an xiq onoieq Siapop(|Jj-
9nKe O KpoxiKq pnxaviopq, nou ennpaoov xn Xet-
xoupyio xou Ka9toxJvxaq xov KevxpiK x ^ p o KOivwviKiiq
Sta(j)oponoinonq. O KpoxiKq pnxaviopq oxn oyxpovn
EXXSa anoxeXei va xwpo ypw on xov onoio ouonei-
* To Keipevo aur anoreAei anonaoija an eianyncn pe TI'TAO
"Social and cultural reproduction in modern Greece" nou na-
pouaiaaOriKe rr/v avoi^rj 1983 aro Errjaio EuvSpio rriq Bpsra-
viKijq 'Evwarjq KoivcuvioAyojv (FlaWpio rou Cardiff).
25
 ptvovrai TQ KoiviviKo-oiKovo|jiKa ouiJcppovTa TU)V
OTpioijaTwv EKeivwv nou mx] Paan piaq npovopiaKnq ox-
ar\q pe TOUC; pnxavtopoc; noXiriKiic; e^ouoiac; eiva\e G-
on vo i5ionoin6ouv, oe Pcipoc; Kcinoiiv oXXcuv OTpjp-
Tcjv, va pEyXo ppoq TWV npwv nou KOTOvpovTai pE
Tnv noppPaon TOU KpTOuq. ' H , KTI nou Eivai OKpn
nio onpovTiK, 6a pnopoos va nEi KovEiq TI n SUVOT-
TnTO npoPoonq orov KpoTiK pnxaviop KOI TO KVTPO
noXiTiKiiq Svapnq onoTEXei poo napoywYnq eioo6npa-
Toq yia opiopveq KoivwviKq opeq: n SuvaTTnTO no-
pKopilJnq TOU vpou (5i(!)opeq pop(t)q auoipEoiaq, -
nwq ouoipeTn 5pnon, KOTonTnon Snpoioq ynq KXn.),
n (popoSiacpuyn, oi napoxwpiioeiq KQI TO povonwXiOK
npovpio nou TO iSio TO KpToq xopnyei, onoTeXouv Tp-
nouq napaywynq eiooSiipoToq OTO nXoioio pioq npovo-
piOKiiq oxonq pe TO Snpoio Topo. ' O X a OUT ouvi-
OTOv nXoTi nopaSeKTq OTnv Koivwvio oiKOVopiKq
npoKTiKq KOI Siayp(t)ouv Tn XoyiKti TWV Kupiapxwv
KOivwviKo-oiKOvopiKwv Sopcijv. AuTti (jjaiveToi va 5ia(t>-
pei on Tnv KoniToXicniKii XoyiKti, OTO nXoioia Tnq o-
noioq n napaywyii i^o' KOTOvopii TOU eiooSiipoToq oTnpi-
f^eToi KQT Kpio Xyo OTOuq pnxavtopoq Tnq ayopq.
' E T O I , ot KotvwviKoi KOI oiKovopiKoi ovToywviopoi cnnv
eXXnviKti KOivwvia avanTooovToi yijpw on So SIOOT-
OEiq ouyKpooEwv, KOibq ot KOivwvmq ouyKpooEiq
nou onoppouv an TOV KaniToXioTiK pETOOxnpaTiop
Tnq KOivwvioq ouvap6pwvovTai pe Tiq KoivwviKq ou-
yKpooEiq ypw on TO oxnpoTiop vpipwv SianioTEu-
Tnpiwv nou E^ao(t)aXi?]ouv npooPoEiq OTOV KPOTIK
pnxaviop. 6 a npnEi va roviooupe PPaio n unp-
xouv vToveq ovioTnTeq, oov acpopa TO Pa6p noXm-
Ktiq Svapnq, avpeoa OTiq KoivwviKq opSeq nou pe
TOV vo l i XXo Tpno ouvSovToi pe TO neXoTeiOK KU-
KXcjpoTo, KOI onwoStinoTe n ooTiKti T^n xei noXXq KOI
peoeq npooneXoeiq OTOV KPOTIK pnxaviop oe oxon
pe Xa TO XXo OTpipcrro. QOTOO, pwq, n SuvoTTnTo
npoonopiopo eiooSiipoToq o r n Pon piKponoXiTiKtv
xeipiopcbv onoTeXei OTOixeio e^ioou onpavTiK KOI yta
Tnv KoivwviKo-otKOvopiKii Stac|)oponoinan TWV peooiwv
OTpwpTWv; yia nopSetypo, n Snpioupyia ptaq unepPo-
XiK au^n^fvnq f;tiTnonq ynq oe opiopveq ooTiKq ne-
pioxq pe Tnv npooTooia TOU KpTOuq (oov onoTXeopo
26
oXXoywv OTOvq ouvTeXecnq Spnonq KTW on nioeiq
OTpwv KOt opSwv Tnq peooioq T^nQ) oupPXXei OTnv
iSionoinon npwv on Si^opa peoaio OTpwpoTO. E^ET-
fjovraq r n v unavnTU^n poo on ouTti Tnv npoonTiKti,
pXnoupe TI n SiaTtipnon oe eupeio KXipoKo Tnq anXtiq
epnopeupoTiKiiq napaywytiq, KOI n OTOEpTnTO Tnq a-
voXoyioq ovpEOO OTOuq ouToanooxoXopEVOuq KOI
Touq piowTOq, OKpn KOI KOT Tn peTonoXepiKii nepio-
So, KOT Tnv noia nopaTnpovTOi Toeiq oiKovopiKtiq
pey6uvonq, Sev anoTeXov ouvneio Knoiwv XeiToup-
yiKwv npoanaiTOpevwv TOU nepi^epetoKo KaniToXt-
opo. AvTiETo, ouvioT Tnv XXn nXEup TOU iStpop-
(})ou pXou Tnq nappPaonq TOU noXiTiKO CTTOIXEIOU
OTnv oiKovopio vo nopyEi etoSnpa, ouvOtiKn n o u e-
pnoSi^et Tn Siepuvon Tnq KaniTaXtOTiKiiq SuvopiKtiq.
Ka9tl)q o vpoq (SnXaSti nXoTi nopoSeKTq crrnv Koi-
vwvio) Tpnoq ovnru^nq oiKOVopiKiiq KOI enayyeXpaTi-
Ktiq SpooTnpiTnToq Sev euvoei npoKTiKq KQI xeipiopoq
PeXTiwonq Tnq enayyeXpoTiKtiq onq TOU OTpou cnn P-
on r n q XoyiKtiq Tnq ayopq SnXaSti poo on Tn PeX-
riwon Tnq avToywvioTiKTnTaq, Txyj onKTnon KOTXXn-
Xwv npoovTwv KXn. ot SioSiKOoieq EKeiveq nou 6a
wooov ^w an Tnv ayop Tiq avanOTeXeopariKq KOI
nopaoiTiKq enixeiptioeiq (ti napooiTiK enayyXpara) ei-
vat pXXov oSvopeq KOI Sev pnopov vo ovTevepyii-
oouv OTiq nopanavw ouv6tiKeq.
XopaKTrjpiGTiK rriq SiaiKOoiaq
voiJinonoirjoriq
[...] r i a p ' Xo nou oi SuvoTrnTeq Evepyonoinonq
noXiTiKwv xeipiopcv yto r n v e^aocfiXion eiooSiipoToq
eivot vioo KOTOvepnpveq avpeoa oTiq 5i(t)opeq Koi-
vwviKq opSeq, n oiKOVopiKii ouTti XoyiKti Teivei vo Sio-
nEpv Tnv KOivwvia oro ovoX rnq ouvicrrwvTaq vpi-
pn iSeoXoyia: TOt Ke oiKovopiKq (J)opaq oo ne-
piopiopveq euKoipieq npoPoonq OTOV KPOTIK pnxavi-
op K O I av xei Sev noei v o npoopXnei cnnv e^a-
ocjjaXion eiooStipoToq poa an piKponoXiTiKoq x^'P'-
opoq, nap npoonowvToq vo PeXTtutoet Tqv nopoyw-
yiKrnTO Kat anoreXeopoTtKrnT TOU ornv ayop (o-
notaStinore ayop; ayowv, unnpeoicbu, eKnoiSeuTiKtbv
npoovTwv KOt oewv KXn.). Aurti n oiKOvopiKti npo-
NEA KOINQNIOAOriA
KTiKti ouvenayETai va Tno KoivcaviKtic; 5paoriq nou xei
npoownoKpOTiK xapa'<Tnpa KOI KOIOT aoo^eic; iiq
TQ^iKq ouyKpooeic; OTnv ovTiXnijJn t w v aTpwv. Moa
an Tn iKpion avpeoa OTO npay/jaTiK pio TWV po-
wv TWV npovopiwv an Tn pia pepi, KOI r n Y^'^'x^wvr)
iSaoXayio OTqv Koivwvio nou e^oTopiKeuei TO 6pa Tnq
npopaonq OTOV KPOTIK pnxaviop KOI, OTnv avTiXni|)n
TOU K9e evepyo ^opa 5ponq, TO peraTpnei oe 9pa
5ianpoowniKwv ouyKpooewv, yiverai (t)avep TO eiSoq
Tnq a5iact)veiaq (opacity) nou napyei n eXXnviKii KOi-
vwvia. Ka9wq TO noXiTiK OToixeio nopeppoivei oe K9e
oiKOvopiKii SpaoTnpiTnra yio v a npoo5iopioei Tn poti
TWV npwv, Ol KOivwviKq oxoetq reivouv v a onoKTOv
pto opeoTriTo nou ouXXapPverai OTO nXoioio 6ia-
npoowniKwv Siapoxwv, KTI nou onooTepei r n v Koivwvi-
Kti 5pon an pto ouXXoyiKti 3on.
AuTii n pop(t)ti KOivwviKO-oiKovopiKtiq opyvwonq, -
nou n KQTOxii SionioTeuTnpiwv noXiTiKiiq Suvopnq ano-
reXei KoGoptoriK Kpirtipio yto r o v npoonopiop eioo5ii-
poroq on r n v i5ta rnq r n (l)on, orepeirai evq oxeriK
ouTvopou pnxaviopo vopiponoinonq r w v KOIVWVIKWV
aviooriirwv. KaGwq u(J)iaTaTai n uvaTrnra e^ao(J)Xi-
onq npwv KOt uilJnXtbv eioo6nprwv on opiopveq Koi-
vwviKq opSeq, oe |3poq Knoiwv XXwv, ^w on TO
nXoioio r n q XoyiKtiq r n q ayopq, o r n (3on noXtriKWV
Kpirripiwv npoPoonq orov KporiK pnxaviop, TO oij-
ornpo KOIVWVIKWV aviooriirwv nou npoKunrei xet Xiyo-
noXu ouGoipero xapoKriipa (nou n vvoia auGoipe-
To onpaivei OKpi^wq r n v anouoio pioq XoyiKtiq OIKOVO-
piKwv ouvaXXoywv KOI Kpirnpiwv avraywviopou nou v a
vopiponoinGouv peoa, o r o oiKovopiK enineSo, r n v KO-
ravopii r w v npwv). Ot ouvGiiKeq aurq npoo(l)povrai
yto Tnv ovnru^n iSeoXoyi)v nou vopiponotoijv rriv KO-
recjrnpvn r^n anoSiSovroq KOGOXIK KQI onXuro xa-
poKTiipo o r o KOIVWVIK (potvpevo, npopXXovraq ou-
vrnpnTiKq o^ieq, K O I evioxovraq TO (|)oppaXiop KOI r n
pnropeia orov KOIVWVIK KQI noXiriK Xyo. H Koivwvi-
Kti OKivnoio, n onouoia loropiKtiq pvtipnq KOI n ava(t)op
o n q otwvteq o^ieq onoreXouv OUOTOTIK oroixeia r w v i-
SeoXoyiKwv pop^wporwv nou avanTooovroi.
tKTiijqosiq TJV euKaipiibv ovoSiKqq
KivijTiKTrjTaq
[...] E^er^ovroq rnv ovriXnil^n TWV Suvaronirwv a-
voSiKtiq KivnTiKrnraq nou oxnpariiijouv r a Si(|)opa KOI-
VWVIK OTpwparo poa on epneipiK SeSopvo nou ou-
yKevrpwoope, noparnpope r n v nepiopiopvn onpaoio
piaq o^ioKpariKiiq XoyiKiiq yto r n v eKripnon r w v euKoi-
piwv KOivwviKtiq npowGnonq on TO ropo. ' E v a rrop-
TO nepinou r w v onoKpivopvwv Gewpov rt n ppejiwon
ouvTeXei ornv avoSiKii KtvnTiKrnra, woroo n onoreXe-
opartKrnro r w v pop(j)WTiKwv npoovrwv Kpiveroi oxe-
Sv on Xouq oe peon ouvprnon pe napyovreq -
nwq TO npoowniK xapaKrnptoriK r o u arpou, ot Koi-
vwviKq SioouvSoeiq KOI ot euvo'iKq ouyKupieq. Enionq
n KQTXXnXn enayyeXpariKii Karprion ti n onoreXeopo-
TiKrnro ornv oKnon evq enayyXporoq oov napyo-
vreq KOivwviKiiq ovXi^nq, onvia rovif^ovroi oriq eKTipti-
oetq r w v euKoiptwv KOivwviKtiq npowGnonq nou Kovov
ot onoKpivpevoi. OapXXnXa, eXxiorn a^io anoSiSerai
oe PooiKq iKovrnreq (yXwooiKq, yvworiKq), rpnouq
oupnepKjjopq KOI noXiriariK e(t)5ia nou r o ropo o-
NEA KOINQNIOAOriA
noKT npwTopxiK orov oiKoyeveiQK nepiyupo. H ne-
piopiopvn onpaoio Xwv ourwv r w v napoyvTwv ^o-
vepwvei rov iSioirepo xapoKriipa vopiponoinonq r n q
KOivwviKiiq KivnriKrnraq, SnXoSii r o xapOKTiipo r w v
nXoTt onoSeKTwv o^iwv nou SiKaioXoyov Tiq vi-
oeq euKOipieq y i a KoivwviKti npow9non avpeoa oe ro-
po KOI KOivwviKq opSeq. Oaparnpope o n q onovrti-
oeiq pto Stxurn ovriXnipn TOU OKaGpiorou r w v ouvGn-
Kwv nou ouvreXov ornv KotvwviKii ovXi^n- Tia r a
OTpwparo nou eivai onopoKpuopva an rouq nXouq
KoivwviKiiq/noXiTiKiiq e^ouoiaq (piKpoaoTiK o r p w p a r a
KOI epyoriKti r^n). n aKaGopiorio ourti eK(t)paf;eTai pe-
oa o n q anavrtioeiq rouq pe r o v ep(!)aTiK roviop ono-
KXeioriK KOt pvo ouyKupiOKWv napayvrwv (rxn Ye-
viK, onpooSKnrn onKrnon nepiouoiaq KXn.). H eiK-
vo ouTii ov KOt eK(])p?;ei wq vo PoGp r n v npaypariK-
r n r a , KoGwq Seixvei rt poo nwq r o pop(I)WTiK eeji-
Sio KOt n enoyyeXpariKti Korprton on pvo rouq xouv
Xiyn a^io yto r n v npotBnon r o u arpou, reivei vo ano-
Kppei r n v KoivwviKii Pon TWV aviooriirwv KOI avro-
ywviopwv ouvSovrq rouq pe ouyKupiOKOq napyo-
vreq. An r n v XXn pepi, yio r a KOIVWVIK o r p w p a r a
nou xouv peyoXurepn npoPoon orouq nXouq e^ou-
oiaq n eKripnon r w v euKoipiwv avoSiKiiq KwnriKTnraq
naipvei r n pop(t)ii pioq nepiopiopvnq eniyvwonq r w v
orparnyiKwv peGSeuonq r n q KoivwviKtiq entruxioq KOI
TWV Suvaronirwv oupperoxtiq o r a neXoreioK KUKXWPQ-
r o nou e^ao(j)aXi^ouv r n v KOIVWVIKT) ovXi^n- Opwq, o-
Kpn KQI Ol anovriioeiq nou Swoov oi anoKpivpevoi
auroi eXxiora Giyouv peoa r n Sioroon r n q noXiriKiiq
Svapnq orouq pnxaviopoq ovoSiKiiq KivnTiKrnraq (oi
euKQipieq KoivwviKiiq ovXi^nq nepiypc^ovrai ouvtiGwq
poo on eKct)poeiq nwq: yto v a ovPei Koveiq KOIVW-
VIK Go npnet v a xet rtq KorXXnXeq KOivwviKq Sio-
ouvSoeiq l i n KoivwviKii npowGnon e^aprrai on r q v
entruxnpvn xPloiponoinon r w v eKnoiSeuriKwv KOI X-
Xwv npoovrwv nou onKrnoe r o ropo).
H ao(t)eia nou xapoKrnpi^ei TOV rpono pe r o v onoio
pta oeip on napyovreq nwq r o enyyeXpa, n pp-
(t)won ti 01 iKovrnreq rou arpou oupPXXouv ornv KOI-
vwviKii ovXi^n. KaGwq n onoreXeopariKrnra r o u KoGe-
vq on rouq napyovreq auroq ouvSufJerai pe r u -
Xoieq ouvGtiKeq, ortq eiKveq r w v onoKpivopvwv, uno-
SnXwvei r n v anouoia nXari nopaSeKrwv ornv Koivwvio
a v r i o r o i x i w v avpeoa oe pop(t)WTiK/enayyeXpariK
StanioTeurtipia KOI Goeiq ornv KoivwviKti/enoyyeXporiKti
Sopti. Me XXo Xyto, unoSnXwvei r n v nepioptopvn no-
ppPaon Tnq tSeoXoyioq r n q a^ioKporioq orouq pnxavt-
opoq enipepiopo r w v orpwv o n q Si(t)opeq Goeiq r n q
KOivwviKiiq Sopiiq. H KoivwviKii entruxio (ti onoruxia)
napouoii^erai o r n Xo'iKti iSeoXoyia oov ouvprnon o-
XreXa onpooSipiorwv napayvrwv KOI ouvGnKwv. To
Kev nou Snpioupyeirai roi o r n vopiponoinon r w v KOI-
VWVIKWV avtoornrwv KaXnreroi an pio ron e^aropi-
Keuonq r w v KOIVWVIKIUV ouyKpooewv KOI r w v pnxavi-
opwv KOivwviKtiq ovXi^nq: Ol ouvGtiKeq nou ouvreXov
ornv KOlVWVlKti eniruxio/anoruxia onoxwpi^ovrat on
pto KOlVWVlKti, ouXXoyiKti pon KQI perorpnovrot oe
ouvoprtioeiq SionpoowntKwv ovraywviopwv on r n
pta pept, KOI acn-Gpnrwv ouv9nKa)v nou ennpe^ouv
rn oupnept(t)op TOU arpou an r n v XXn.
27
 AIEQNH PEYMA TA
momk
H nicrrri crrr|v EYeXiavri SiaXsKTiKii loxupiaTri
OTr|v oripgpivri enioTiipri pac; unoxpeibvEi v a E^ET-
ooupE TO (l)aivpEvo TOD AvopBoXoyiopo oav oYXPOvri
Tori Triq EnioTTipoXovioc;, uyiti ovTiSpaori o r o noyK-
opio pEupo TOU OpGoXoyiopo: 5riXa5ri, OTTIV Kupiopxn-
oooo TOuq TEXEUToiouq oitVEc; orj, npo|3aXXEi oripEpo,
oov avTOeori o AvopGoXoyiopq. H E^Xi^ri auTii 9a o-
Sriynoei y i a oouq niOTEouv OTTIV AiaXEKTiKri, oov
KivriTiipia Svopn Triq loTOpioq OTTI SUVGEOTI, 5riXa5ri
crrriv KOTaoKEun pioq eniOTripoXoyiaq nou 9a npopxEToi
KOI an TO 5uo aur pEupoTo, on Tn ouyxwveuon Touq
OE va vo oojpo, OTnv EniOTiipn KOI OTOV Tpno TOU
OKnTEoGoi.
Miaq ptq K O I oiipEpa PpiOKpooTE OTO OTIO Tnq
avTi9Eonq, SnXaSti Tnq npo|3oXnq TOU AvopGoXoyiopo
jq Novum Organum, (KQT' avTiSiooToXii npoq TOV Kap-
roio), npnEi v ' aoxoXn9op p ' o u n i v SnXaSii, pe TOV
Avop6oXoy\op, nou KOTOKT ouvExwq 5a(i)oq O (Spoq
TOU OpBoXoyiopo, nou apxi^Ei v o onoTEXEi TO nopEX-
Gv, OKpn KOI OTiq 9EnKq EmoTiipEq nwq TOUXXI-
OTOV SEIXVOUV OI npwTEq EvSEi^Eiq.
Ol unEpocjmoTq, Xomv, TOU OpBoXoyiopo, oo
KaXmoToi K I ov EVOI, npoPXXouv r o E^iiq KEVTPIK E-
nixEipnpa: n XoyiKii Sinei r n f^wii paq, po nwq 9a EK-
Siw^oupE Tn XoyiKii on r q v EmoTiipn; ' E T O I 6a KOToXii-
^oupE OTO napciXoyo. T o X9oq Tnq yKsnoi aKpi(3wq
OTO TI ouyxouv TOV Avop9oXoyiop pe TOV napoXoyi-
op, nou uniip^ pev ron Tnq noyKopioq rxvnq (oou-
pEoXiopq), oXX nor rnq Enioriipnq.
O Avop9oXoyiopq, Xomv, K O T ' opxnv SE 9XnoE
nor vo (l)pEi OTnv EniOTiipn TO nopXoyo. XnoE p-
vo v o EvowpoTioei o ' auTtiv to s^wAoyiK nou vnqpxe
rjSq KOI nou n EmoTiipn Sev TO napaSexrav. Ynpxouv,
orn ^wri paq KOI o r n OKijjn paq, oXX KOI o r n Spon
paq, OTOixeia n o u aviiKOuv oe XXsq o(i)aipeq o n ' ouTiiv
rnq KopTeoioviiq XoyiKiiq: eivoi TO Zuvaio9npa, n ^ c i -
VTooio, n 'Epnveuon, n Eni9upia, o MuoriKiopq KQI
noXX XXo. AUT e^oPeXiornKov KoXcIjq TTe, nou n
emoTtipn npene va yevvn6ei pe KOioopiKti Topn, poa
o r n eoKporia TOU Meooiwva. KoTXn^e pwq o Op6o-
Xoyiopq ouTq OTn SiOTnwon crreyvwv, ^npwv, onoX-
Twv OTeyovonoinpvwv 6eo(t)Twv, nou rinoTe TO av-
6pwnivo Sev xouv poa TOuq.
O Avop9oXoyiopq, SnXoSii, 6Xei va oup<|)iXiwoei
Tnv emoTiipn pe Tn t;wn, r n oKijin pe Tnv rxvn, TO ep-
yooTiipia pe Tnv i|juxn, nou TOO onXuTo xwpioe o Op-
9oXoyiopq, KTW an TO oucnnp ovTiKeipevm TOU
npiopa. Eivoi pwq noT SUVOTV O emornpoviKq nopo-
TnpnTtiq v a anooTaoionoin9ei nXiipwq an TO ovriKeipe-
28
TOYmpeoAomoY
TOU M. AjLipavTou
vo Tnq nopOTiipnoiiq TOU; Eivai SUVOTV va eXy^ei i
unoouveiSnr TOU, TO onoio 6a TOV w6noei v o x P l o i p i
noiiioei Tiq enioTnpoviKq eKeivEq pe6Souq nou 6a TG
oSnyiioouv OTO onoTXeopo npoq TO onoio aouvaio6nT
KaTeu6veTai; Miinwq Xomv 6a nTov m o OKmpo v o
(fieov eXeu9epeq oi eowTepiKq Suvpeiq TOU av9pjnc
vo eK(t)pao9ov au9evTiK;
O Op9oXoyiopq, u n ' ouTtiv Tnv vvoia, onoTeXei
noKpiaia, Sin loxupi^erai TI pnopouv v a 5iaTunw9oi:
pe r n XoyiKii XoyiK emxeipiipoTO KOI avTonan
SiTi vopiJJei TI pnopei v o eXyxei, e^a^ovii^jovTq rei
Tiq e^w-XoyiKq Xenoupyieq TOU av9pwmvou vou.
AXX aq OTa9ope Xiyo OTOV iSio TOV Op9oXoyiotJ
KQI OTn PaoiKii oirio nou oiipepo KOTappinreToi: TO pi
TOU.
H peyXn SiocjjOp TWV KOIVWVIKIUV an Tiq 9eTiK
emcmipeq, SiSa^e o Max Weber, eivoi n OTiq Serepe
pnopeiq v a SioTunwoeiq v/jouq KQI VO Kveiq p ' auTOi
npoliXipeiq. A v a^iioeiq va piiXo, 6a noei. OnwoStinc
Te. AiTi unpxei o Npoq Tnq Baprnroq. O Avop6oXc
yiopq, Xomv, Sev eixe roi Kopi 6on o n q eriKq E
moTiipeq. Qq Sioio6non, wq evioio oXXnijJn TWV KOIVU
viK(i)v (})aivopvwv eK TWV vSov (W. Dilthey), wq er
OTnpoviKii l i KoivwviKii oOpnon (K. KocrropiSnc
PptiKe r n v npojTn 6on TOU OTiq KoivwviKq Emcmipeq-
TOi nwq opio9nKe on TOV KOTOOTaTiK xpTn TOU OK
nTeo9ai r n q paxnTiKiiq emoTiipnq, nou ouvTO^e n ^XoX
Tnq <t>pavK(t)opTnq.
ripdiToq O A'ivoTiv, 6eoe TO np|3Xnpa TOU Avop9c
Xoyiopo KOI oTiq 9eTiKq emoTiipeq, cnw KQI pe ppec^
rpno: n 6ewpia Tnq oxeTiKTnToq eivoi npov Ka9ap-
avop9oXoyiOTiKiiq oKijjnq, l i av 9XeTe, OKi|jnq eupTS
pnq, OKil^nq aneXeu9epwpvnq an r a Seop r n q nenc
Tnpvnq XoyiKiiq ovciXuonq KOI SiaSiKooiaq. A v o Av.
OTiv eixe npoonaBiioei v o OKE(p6ei KOI VO ouXXajiei r
9ewpia TOU aKoXou6wvTaq pio npooeTiKii ypoppiK
oKijjn, Se 6a eixe c])6aei noT crrn 66wpia Tnq oxeriKC
TnToq. Be|3aiwq KOI Tnv anSei^e crrepa pa9npaTiKC
npjTo pwq r n ouvXoge pe rpno oxeSv l i Ka9api
KoXXirexviK, l i noiqTiK, pe r n v euprepn, pe rr
opxoioeXXnviKii vvoio r o u pou: r n v vvoia r n q Sr
pioupyioq nou o(t)eiXeTai ornv epnveuon.
An r o v Avoriv wq oiipepo, oi rexvoXoyiKq e^eX-
^eiq xouv oSnyiioei r n v Av6pwnrnTO OE SpopariK i :
nap^iOK EpwriipoTO. H TExviKii niiyE TOV 'AvGpwm
oro (!)Eyypi: pwq, piinwq aur SEV Eivoi roo noX re
XvoXoyiK nppXnpo, oo (l)iXooo(j)iK; Miinwq, pXXo-
eivoi r o onpeio nou ouvovribvroi n ^uoiKii pe r n Mera
(t)uoiKii; Miinwq eivai r o onpeio n o u o Op9oXoyiopq c
NEA KOINQNIOAOriA
5riYE' avayKaoTiKa orov AuopoXoviop;
' ETOI an TOV AVOTIV nnyapE OTO ())eyyapi KOI an
TO (l)EYyapi ^ToapE OTIC; TEXEUTOIEC; BEwpiEc; xnc Ouoi-
Kiiq, nou o(l)eiXovToi aKpi|3djq OTr\v npJTyvwpn Ena(|)n
TOU avQpcnou pE VEEq KOopiKc; SIOOTOEK;, pe VEC; V-
voiEc;, nou KVOUV oXKXnpn Tn onpEpivn EniOTnpn v o
<I)aiveTai unepKepoopvn: pia a n ' OUTC; TIC; ecpiec; eivai
ri Ewpio TOU Xaouq, nou ovTOvoKXaoeic; TnC pvo -
(pGooav npoclJOTO cnnv EXXSa.
H PaoiKii 9on ounic; Tnq Oetpiaq eivoi TI OO n
KXipaKo (n uXiKii, K Q T ' apxnv) ovePoivei, oo ([leyoupe
on TOV nXavriTn KOI peTacjjeppaoTe OTO enineSo TOU
HXiOKou ZuoTtipaToq KI oTepa o ' OUT TOU FaXo^ia,
TeivovToq oXovo npoq TO Xoq, TOO OI (})uoiKoi vpoi
(ouToi OTOuq onoiouq OTiipi^e o OpBoXoyiopq Tnv an-
XuTn Kupiopxio TOu) SiooncVTai, noouv v o loxouv KQI
TO xeipTepo: Sev unoKOioTOVTai on XXouq, peyaX-
Tepouq, eupTepouq vpouq. Ooouv v a loxouv wq v-
Ijoi, noei v a loxei o vpoq oav VVOIO. STO Spnav
Kupiopxei TO Xoq. AvTioToixeq OKiljeiq Sev 9a ene-
KTa9ope pnopov v o yivouv KQI y i o Tnv nupnviKti
evpyeio.
EneiSri Xomv o Kopoq paq SieupvEToi TExvoXoyi-
K, eneiSti oe Xiyo 9a TO^iSeoupe Ka9npepiva oe X-
Xouq nXavnxeq, n Op9oXoyiKn EnicTTtipn TOU oiipepo no-
ei vo eK(t)p?;ei TOV Kopo TOU otipepa. Flaei v o eK(})p-
l,e\v Kopo nou avripeTtonifJei TeXeiwq vo unap^ioK
npoPXtipoTO e^onioq Tnq TexvoXoyiKiiq e^Xi^nC- Avon-
Spaorn Xomv npoPXXei n avyKn yio pio va Enicnn-
poXoyia, nou 9a XPei uniljq Tnq Tiq veq ouTq vvoiEq.
Mia va EnioTnpoXoyio, nou 9a EK^pf^ei TO Ziipepo
KOI TO Apio, npnei v o eivoi avoyKacniKa peTonoinp-
vn, OKpo KOI XeKTiK. AuTiiv Tnv ovyKn KoXeiToi vo
npooyyei o Avop9oXoyiopq, oupPXXovTaq cnn Sn-
pioupyia ouTiiq Tnq Naq Enioriipnq, Kpanjjvraq an TOV
npoKrox r o u Op9oXoYiopo opiopvo onpeia nou e-
^aKoXou9ov v a loxouv, Karappinrovraq evreXdiq XXo
KOI peTanoiJvraq opiopva r p i r o .
O Op9oXoyiopq, (1)IXOOO<1)IK, eK(l)p?;ei uXiKq ox-
oeiq nou Sinovroi on pio oiSnp avayKoirnra rouX-
E n A m m m m E m m m
MEPOE A'*:H
H SiaXeKTiKti Ktvei Ttq tSeq on r n v e^yepon npoq
rnv enavoraon. TeXiKq OKonq rnq e^eypoewq eivot n
enovcrraon. AvriOrwq n Koivwvia r n q a({)0oviaq ouvrn-
pei iowq r n v apcpioPiirnon K O I r n v e^yepon, oXX Sev
(})9avei nor ornv enavoraon. Ka n KpiriKii r n q Koivw-
viaq r n q a(!)9oviaq, r n v onoio enexeipqoe n cJXoXti r q q
OpoyKctJOprnq, npoona9ei v o oupPiPoet r o KOIVWVIK
SeSopva Poet r n q ovoXoewq r o u K. Marx pe r o i|juxi-
K SeSopva r n q iJ)UxavaXoewq r o u S. Freud. (p. H .
Marcuse, 'Eptaq K O I noXixicrjiQ, 1955). Aev ene^epy-
f^erai r n v enavoraon, oXX r n v aneXeuOpwon on rtq
Koranioeiq r o u yevernoiou evoxiKTOu K O I ouyxpvwq
NEA KOINQNIOAOriA
XiOTO ornv wq xBeq epneipio r w v 9eTiK)v eniornpwv
xwpiq vo XapPvovroi uni|jn, xovrpiK, oi peronoXepi-
Kr efeXifeiq.
AvorpxovToq o r o nopeXBv, Sioniortijvoupe n n
BiopnxaviKti Enavoraon KOI O KoniroXiopq xouv wq
a n o p o i r n r n SiavonriKii npon9eon r o v Op9oXoyiop,
pe r n v nio eupeio noXiriKti rou onpaoio. Xpeifjovroi xi-
XiSeq oeXiSeq y i o v ' ovonr^ei KOveiq o u n i v r n v 9on
K I xouv ypact)Tei XXwore x'XiSeq oeXiSeq. Srov o-
vrinoSo r n q XoyoKpariaq r o u KoniraXiopo, avanTx9n-
Kov Si$opa KiviipoTO, rono9eropeva Xa o r o iSio iSe-
oXoyiK yeveooXoyiK Svrpo, ^eKivwvroq on TOV FO-
urier KOV Tqv ouroniOTiKii r o u JTIoXireia, nepvwvroq on
r o v MopKofJe nou ovrro^e orov rioAmofj r o v '-
paiTO , rouq xinnuq KQI r o v Mio TOU '68 (H Oavro-
oio ornv E^ouoio) KOI (])TavovTaq ornv OiKoXoyio r o u
nopvroq.
OXKXnpn ourti n iSeoXoyiKii ypappti opveiroi wq
oreipo KOI nepiopioriK r w v ovBpwnivwv Spoornpiorii-
Twv KOt r n q EXEuGepioq rouq r o v Op9oXoyiop. Aev ei-
voi ruxoio XXwore nou Xoi ot ((jtXooo^iKoi KOI noXiri-
Koi eKnpownoi aurtiq r n q roewq ovrXov (})IXOOO(})IK
UXIK an r n v avop9oXoyioriKti ' A n w AvoroXii KOI Ku-
piwq rtq IvSieq, nou o AvopGoXoyiopq anorXeoe ou-
Xv KOt noXiTiKii np^n (nopSetypo n pn Pia r o u Ma-
Xrpo FKavri).
O AvopGoXoyiopq Se 0a npnei vo nape^nvnBei wq
ron npoq r o nopXoyo KOI r n v au0aipeoia. o npnei
vo eKXn(|)0ei wq n avoyKoio npon0eon yto r n v eKpe-
TXXeuon r o u reportou IJJUXIKO KOI nveuporiKo nXo-
rou r o u ovOpdinou, nou o Op9oXoyiopq euvoxioe pe
rtq e^avrXnriKq r o u SioSiKooieq KOI r n v pvnon o-
noiooSiinoTE 9oewq nou Sev pnopei vo anoSeix0ei pe r n
orevti api9pnriKti anSei^n- Aurti n peronoinon r n q Eni-
oriipnq KOt r o u rpnou r o u OKnTeo9at Ka9iorarai ovo-
yKoio, o r n peronoinon TOU onpepivo Kopou. Ev n E-
niortipn Sev aKoXou9tioei r o v aupiov Kopo, KivSuveei
vo nepi9wpionotn0ei, va avrtKoraoraOei, ornv noXiriKii
rnq Kupiopxio, an XXeq pop(})q OKijjewq.
EHANAZTAZH
TOV XprjGTO K. AvayvajOTOv
rnv aneXeu0pwon on r i q uXiKq Koronioeiq r n q aori-
Kiiq KOivwvioq. H enavoraon xet nepinoei o r n Xti0n.
H oxoXti r n q <tpayK(t)oprnq ((ipovei n n enavoraon -
Xn^e. 'Eyive no^ ev ovpari r o u npoXerapirou KOI
o n q xwpeq r q q AvaroXmtiq Eupwnnq eneKprnoe KOI -
<)epe o r o npypara rnv apiorep. AXX n apiorep au-
r t i , nap r o rt StoOrei KOI o r n Aon toxup epeioparo,
rouXxtorov ornv nepioxii r n q iSeoXoyiaq, Sev aio0ve-
r o i ao(t)aXtiq, ytari (t)oPeirat r n v ovrenavcrraon r n q o-
*To MEPOE B (H ANTEnANAETAEH) 9a SnpooisuOsi aro e-
nfjevo Tsxoq.
29
OTiKtic; T^Etc;. H avTenavaoraori yia Tr|v apiarepa 6a l i -
Tav ua Kivriija, iSeoXoviK, nveupaTiK r) C|)IXOOO<})IK,
n.X- O unap^iapc;, TO onoio 9a napei r n v nvepovia on
To xpia Tnq apiOTepq. 0 a Tnq npei n q npwTo|3ouXieq,
TO oKiinTpa KOI Tqv nv^oia KOI 0a Tpa(3n?ei TOV Kopo
\ia,\U npoq TO pXXov. ' O o o KQI OV ^oiveTOi ooreio,
OUT n opioTepo 5ev TO ovopdtjei enavoraon, oXX o-
vrenovaoraon, n onoia 0a r n q act)aip6oei r q v Enavora-
on poo on r o xpia rnq.
H eiKvo r q q enavaoroewq, r q v onoio KoXXiepyei q
apiorep, eivoi pouoeioKq. AXX poToionovei. FIoo 0a
Kparqoei pio ^e0u)piaopvq eiKva rqq enavaoroewq, q
onoia ouvrqpeirai pe Xa r o yiOTpoo^ia r o u peooiwvi-
Ko oxoXaoriKiopou; H enovorooq Sev y've ore Xq-
^e. Fiverai SiopKwq KOI npKeiroi vo yivei oro pXXov. H
E^yEpon npoeroipjei r q v enavoraon- Aev r q v evro-
(jJiJei oure rqq iliXXei r a pvqpouva. Mnopei o Kopoq
vo Tp(;)erai pe KXXUPO; Aev eivai Suvar, OKpq KOI OV
qrav ourq q npayporiKq enovorooq. AXX Sev ei vai -
Toi. ' O n w q 0a ovonruxOei KOTwrpw, q apiorep pXnei
r a npypara ovnoSa. Ovop^ei enavoraoq aur, r o
onoio eivai avrenavoroon, KQI (t)o|3eirai r n v ovrenav-
orooq, n onoia pwq npKeiroi vo XOei wq enavoraon-
T o o(l)aXpa r n q opiorepq eivoi n nepipvei r n v Enav-
o r a o q xi on r q v Siovnoq, oXX an rouq epyreq,
poXovri o eionynTiiq ouTiiq r n q Gewpiaq Sev n r a v epy-
rnq, oXX Siovoopevoq- AXX oi ouv0r|Keq XXa^ov, -
nwq nopaTqpei KOI O H . Marcuse, ( C o u n t e r - r e v o l u t i o n
a n d Revolt, 1974): H eniKprnoq pioq pq enavooron-
Kqq n pXXov avTenavaoTariKiiq ouveiSqoewq orqv
nXeioi|>q(t)ia rqq epyoriKriq roewq eivai oXocpvepq. Au-
r onpaivei n oi epyreq Sev eivai nor enavaorTEq
iowq Sev eivoi OTE ovrenovacn-req. ApKovrai o n q
Koivwvmeq nopoxq K O I onepnoXov n q oropiKq KOI
noXiTiKcq eXeuBepieq. Touq Swoav xPqpoTa v o ayop-
oouv auTOKivqro. O epyrnq KUKXocjJopei enoxopevoq....
Tl XXo 0Xei; N o KOiproi o r a nonouXo..., r i XXo 0-
Xei O epyrqq; AXXa rre Sev xei Kavvo Xyo v a Kpei
enavoraon. O i aouppiPooroi KVOUV r q v enavoraon-
Koi auroi Sev eivai epyreq, oXX Siovoopevoi. T i XXo
9Xei O epyrqq; Ayon KOI r n pp(!)waq; Aev anoKXeie-
r o i , oXX orqv nXeio(|jn4)ia r n q q epyariKti r^n ovnp-
Xeroi r n pp(})won. T i vo r q v Kpei; Eivai movq vo pop-
(pwQei; A v ^qriioei vo pop(l)w0ei, 0a npei vo unoKor-
o r a r o noiSeioq, n.x- iSeoXoyio. O i KOivwviKq nopoxq
nivouv TOO orouq epyreq. K o i oi Ke^aXoiOKpario
rouq Swoe xPnpoTO vo oyopooouv ,TI eni0upov. O i
peTapop(J)woeiq rqq Ke^aXoiOKporiaq eivoi novnpq. To
oupcjjpov Tnq enipXXei va SiSei x p q p a r a orouq epyo^-
pevouq, yio vo KaravoXwvouv nepioorepo ayaO KOI
va enou^vouv r n v napoywyq. A v r i vo Kparei r q v epyo-
riKii r^n e^oOXiwpvq, XPnpoToSorei r n v KpomXq K O I
n q ovoeiq rqq. Ayop^Jouv oi epyo^pevoi ouroKivqro;
T o x p q p o r a (()eyouv on r o xp'o rouq KOI eniorpctiouv
orouq Ke(t)aXaioxouq, oi onoioi eivai oi iSioKTiireq r w v
powv r q q napoywyqq. ' 0 , T I SiSei q KeclJoXaioKporia
o r o v epyrq pe r o opicrrep xpi, r o u r o naipvei pe r o
Se^i rqq. K o i o epyrqq naipvei r o ouroKivqro, enoxei-
r o i KOI Kpei PXreq! KaX nepv. AKpq KOI OV Sev
pnopei vo Kivq0ei, TOUXXIOTOV Se ppxeroi, AXX Sev
pnopov v o enavaorarqoouv oi epyreq. A v r i r n q epyo-
30
riKriq roewq enavaororei q r^q r w v Siovooupvwv. 0 a
e^6yep9ei KOI Go eno voor orq oei Knoioq XXoq, o onoioq
Sev iKOvonoieirai pe n q nopoxq, n.x- o noiqrqq q o
Siovoopevoq.
H Intelligentia Sev eivoi KOBXOU OTO nepiGwpio. Ena-
vaororei, Siri O epyrqq, o onoioq aypooe ouroKiunro
KOI KPei (3Xreq, Sev aoxoXeiroi Xyou xop'v Ka0Xou
pe r q v noinon. Ae Siagf^ei nor. H Siavqoq enavaoro-
rei KOI 0a r o u onoei r o KecjjXi, nwq o ' H ^ o i o r o q -
cjnaoe r o KecjjXi r o u Aiq, yia v a yevvn0ei q ABqv, q
9ea r o u nveparoq. Mio yeXoioypacljia SEIXVE r o v Op-
eSpo r n q XiXiiq Z. AXXivTE vo EKOcJiEvSovi^Ei r o K(t)a-
Xaio r o u K. Marx OTO KE(f)Xi r o u xP'onavoSnpoKprn
avnnXou TOU <t>pi, o onoioq apuvpevoq r o u nerooe
TO 'AnavTQ r o u veo9wpiorii {t)iXoo(t)ou J . Maritain. O
0wpiopq eivoi q <t)iXooo<l)ia r o u wp TOU AKivrq, o
onoioq qrav o Kupirepoq eKnpownoq r n q oxoXaoTiKiiq
(t)iXooo(|)iaq r o u peoaiwvoq. O i xP'oriavoi r n q Aoewq
ripov r n v nopSoon Tnq oxoXooriKiiq (l)iXooo(()iaq, ornv
onoio orqpit;Erai KOI O VO0wpiopq. AXX oxoXaoriKq
EVOI KOI O pap^iopq KOI pXiora pEoaiwviKo rnou. O
oXoKXnpwnopq r o u poq EnovoOpei o r o peooiwvo. Ka
onwoSqnore Sev oSeei npoq r n v enovorooq, oXX
npoq r q v ovrenovoraoq. Ao(j)aXwq q Siavqoq Kare-
|3aivei KTW o r o Xo, oXX q yepq Siavqoq, xi auroi oi
eniSeppiKoi 6npooioypa(J)oi KOI oi Xoyorxveq, oi onoioi
orpareovrai o n q iSeoXoyieq eni OKonw Siopiopo KOI
KoroXiiiljewq pioq 0oewq, vovn nivoKiou (})aKiiq! O i nio
KoBapoi an r n v r^n TWV Siovooupvwv eivoi oi (})Oirq-
rq. A u r o i Sev nepipvouv Sooiporo KOI SOKOXO oupgi-
PJ^ovToi. AnoreXov r n v epnpoo0o(})uXaKii r n q enava-
oroewq. H T^q rouq Sieupverai ouvexwq, yiveToi pa-
^Kii K O I paxqriKq. T a Kprq gePaiwq KaroXoPaivouu
r o v KivSuvo KOI nepiopi^ouv r o v opiBp r w v eioayop-
vwv o r a KpariK novenioriipia. loxei, nwq eivai yvw-
OT, o KXeiorq opiGpq (numer us clausus), yia vo e-
Xyxovroi oi evrq KQI oi eKrq r w v reixwv. 0 a npene
va KoropynBov oi (t)paypoi KOI vo onouSfjei noioq 0-
Xei. TTe r a KporiK naveniorqpio Ba pererpnovro oe
eXeBepa. T w p a r o Kproq eioyei eXeyxpevo opiBp
cj)oiTqTwv Ka rouq unoxeroi per r o npoq TWV onou-
Swv SooipoTo, opyopioBieq KOI nivKia (J)aKqq. Touq
orXvei o r a OponXaio K O I ornv flXareia KXauBpwvoq
vo (})wv^ouv pe r o x ^ v i n BXouv SouXei KOI rouq
KoroppoKtijvei. 'AXXo pwq eivoi n noiSeio KOI OXXO q
SouXei, repov eKrepov. A v oXX^ouv r o n o v e n i o r i i -
pia, 0a noXXonXaoiaoGei o apiBpq r w v (jjoiTqrwv. M i a
peyXn pepiSo r q q Koivwvioq, nepinou TO ev r p i r o v r w v
peXwv rnq, n nepioorepo (t>WTiopvn KQI n nepioorepo
npooSeuriKii KOI KOT reKpiipio ove^prnrq. Ba anoreXei
Tqv r^n r w v Siovooupvwv pe epnpooBo^uXoKii rouq
(jjoirnrq. Auroi xi pvo Ba apcjjioPqnioouv r o Koreorq-
pvo, oXX Bo e^eyEpOov, 0a enavaorartioouv KOI Ba
ro avarpi|Jouv.
H ap(t)ioPiirnon yevv r n v e^yepon. K o i q E^yEpoq
npoETOipJJei r q v Enavoraon. O i Siovoopevoi eivoi q
nXov euaioBqrq r^n- Aurq |3Xnei r n v Koranieon KOI
rnv oXXorpiwoq. 'Exei rqv oppq vo epeuv KOI ua Siog-
i^Ei, va ijjxvei KOI VO nXnp0(t)0peirai, vo paBoivei, vo ou-
^inrei KOI VO SiaSiSei n q iSsq. MeyXq q onoaroXq rqq.
An n q iSeq nqy?;Ei q enavoracTq, yiori aurq peroSi-
NEA KOINQNIOAOriA
Sovxai eiq Xouq. ' Onwc; XEYE O ApioroTXric; (MET TQ
(tJuaiK, apxn), novTEq avGpwnoi TOU EISEVGI opyovToi
(t)oEi. H EnavoToori 5EV EIVGI nXov noXiTiKii, GXXO
pop0a)TiK!i KGi noXiTioTiKii. floXiTiKti EIVOI f] ovTenova-
aToor). H noXmariKr) nporiyEiToi xriq noXiTiKnc; EnovGOTo-
OEWc; KGi 5ioTr|peiTai wc; SiopKiic; EnavciOTGori, OKpri KOI
pET Trjv onoTuxia ti Trju cnoXiBwori pioc; noXiTrnrjc; Ena-
vGOTooEwq. T o 5uo pEyXa nopaSEiypoTG eivai TO Kivn-
pa TJV oo<t)ioTcJjv crrnv opxaia Anva KQI O SiacpojTiopc;,
0 onoioc; npOEToipaoe Tnv foXXiKn Enavoraon. SUVE-
ncijq npJTO EnavooTOTov oi ISC;. ISEEC; eivoi oi yvwpEc;,
01 ani|jic; KOI OI GEOEIC;. H EnavaoTaon yivETai poo
ornv Koivjvio, n onoio Eivoi pero^ rnc; (J)o8jq KOI TOU
nvEupoTOc; n paXXov envu) on r n v (t)on KOI KTJ on
TO nvEpa. A E V paq Ev6ia(t)pouv oi i6q KOG' eauTq, oi
onoiEq KoXXiEpyovrai crrnv nEpioxn TOU nvepoToq, oX-
X n EniSpaon TWV iSedjv o r n v E^Xi^n xnq Koivwviaq. O i
iSsq ouxq eivoi an4iEiq, yvwpEq KOI GoEiq, oi onoiEq
yoviponoiov r q v aXXoyn r n q KOivwvioq.
H aXXoyn sivoi o OTxoq r q q snavaoToewq. T w p a
TO poxoipi (t)GaoE OTO KKQXO. H EnovoTOon 5EV Eivoi
pETOppGpion, aXX Koopoyovio oXXaynq. ' O X o n T-
noTE, ouTq eivoi o Xyoq r n q EnovooTOEwq, o onoioq
loxEi onovToxo rnq ynq- EXeuGepia l i Gvaxoq, einav
oi EXXqveq Tn peyXn eKeivn o n y p n r n q enavooxoewq
Tqq ave^opxnoioq, n onoio Sev ({)EpE pvo xnv EXsuGepio
xnq EXXSoq, oXX XXo^e pSnv Xq r n v noXniKii ye-
wypa(})ia rnq BoXKovmiiq. O Kopoq npnei va oXX^ei,
Sixi O 0eq xei neGvei. H niorn OTO 6 e Snpioupyei
OTouq ovGpibnouq Koprepio KOI oioioSo^io. A v o eq
enonreei TOV Kopo, nepirreei q enovoTOoq rqq oX-
Xoyqq. Ev Toroiq, nwq eine o Fr. Nietzsche, o eq
eivol veKpq!. Tre npnei vo neGvei KOI O PooiXeq, o
onoioq eivoi o eKnpownoq TOU eo eni Tnq ynq- H Pa-
oiXoKTOvio oKoXouGei r n GeoKTOvio. O i AGnvoioi oxn-
OGV oyoXpoxo oxouq TupovvoKTvouq AppSio KOI Api-
OToyeiTOVG. T a r p i a xapoKTqpiOTiK Tqq enovocjxoewq
eivol n Pn^n pe xo napeXGv, n npocJjqTeio TOU pXXo-
VToq KOI q oyKpouoq oro nopv.
H pq^q pe TO napeXGv GepeXiwvei TO oirqpo r q q oX-
Xoyqq. H oioioSo^io rqq niorewq Sev rop^ei TO PooiXeio
TOU eo. Ev pwq o eq eivoi veKpq, r n v aioioSo^io
SioSxeTGi n anoioioSo^io, q onoia anoreXei r o GeppoKii-
nio r o u pnSeviopo. O pnSeviopq r w v a^icJjv anoreXei
rqv onapxn Tqq pq^ewq pe r o napeXGv, q onoio ouvexi-
Jerai orqv e^yepoq KOI oXoKXqpwveroi orqv enovoTO-
on- H enavoraon Sio^pei an r n v e^yepoq KOT r o
n o u n i opxi^ei an r n v iSo, evw n e^yepon ovePoivei
on r n v epneipio npoq r n v iSo. H eXeuGepio KOI n lo-
rnq eivol ornv opxn Xwv r w v enovooroewv. H SIKOIO-
ovn eniPXXei r n ovGeon, n onoia Sev eivoi ovooroXq,
oXX perpiaopq rqq eXeuGepiaq KOI rqq lorqroq. Tiq i -
Seq r o u J . J . Rousseau ( D u c o n t r a t s o c i a l , 1762) eniKa-
XeiTOi O AouSoPiKoq de Saint Juste yio r q v Gavrwoq
rou PaoiXwq AouSoPiKou E T ' , r o v onoio oSqynoav
OTO iKpiwpa. H PooiXeio r w p o Gewpeirai yKXqpa. Ka o
PooiXeq npnei vo oSnynei o r n Xoipnrpo. O pooiXeq
pwq nrav o eKnpownoq r o u eo eni rqq yqq. Ooiq
eq; AnGove o eq. T o Ynproro O v eivai o voq
eq rnq GpnoKeioq r n q Xoymnq, TWV (JJIXOO^WV KOI
TWV SiKqypwv rqq foXXiKqq enavaoroewq. H r p i r q r-
NEA KOINQNIOAOriA
^q, q Xeypevq Tiers tat, q onoia nepieXpPove rouq a-
oroq, epnpouq, enoyyeXporieq KOI eXeGepouq enoy-
yeXporieq (SiKqypouq, larpoq KOI ouyypa(|)eiq), oXX
KOI rouq KaXXiepyqrq rqq yqq, enaveorrqoe evavriov
rqq eXw eo anXurqq povopxioq r o u AoSoPiKOu I Z T '
ev ovpori r w v opxwv rqq eXeuGepioq, rqq lorqroq KOI
rqq oSeXcJjoovqq. K o i Korqpyqoe r o npovpia r w v So
XXwv npovopioxwv r^ewv, r w v euyevibv KOI TOU KXT]-
pou. T o oiKovopiK rnq foXXiaq eixav (jjGoei rre o r o
pn nepairpw. O i peroppuGpioeiq TWV unoupytv Turgot
KOI Necker npooKpouoov ornv avriSpaon rnq ouXiiq
KOI r w v euyevwv. O PooiXeq oneiXopevoq on xpsw-
Konia ouveKXeoe n q fevmq T^eiq (Etats Gnraux),
SnXaSti rouq avnnpoownouq KOI TWV rpitv r^ewv, yto
v a eyKpivouu vEq ([topoXoyiEq. Ot feviKq T^eiq ou-
vtiXGov o n q BepoaXXieq Kexwptopvwq, oXX o PooiXeq
Sei^e 4)UXpTnra npoq rouq avrmpootbnouq rnq rpirnq
roewq, oi onoioi r n v enopvq eKXeoav rouq ovrinpo-
otbnouq r w v euyevwv KQI r o u KXqpou v a oupnp^ouv
orqv iSio oiGouoo. AUT eoqpaive Karpyqoq rqq Sio-
Kpioewq r w v Tpitijv r^ewv. K o i eneiSq q nXeio4in<l>ia r w v
euyevwv qpvqGq, oi avrmpownoi rnq rpirqq roewq o r o
vopa r o u FaXXiKO 'EGvouq eKqpu^ov eauroq wq E-
GvoouvXeuoq. H r p i r q r^q qrav q nXeioi|)q(l)ia vovn
rwv So XXwv r^ewv. O PooiXeq Sev aveyviijpiae rqv
eGvoouvXEuoq KOI KXeioe r q v oiGouoo r w v ouveSpi-
oewv. AXX Ol avrmpownoi r o u 'EGvouq KorXoPav
pio oiGouoa r w v ovoKrpwv, n onoio expnoipeue wq
0(l)aipiOTqpio r w v OUXIKWV KOI Swoav r o v nepi(j)npo
' OpKo r o u Z<l)aipiornpiou. O ovoPpoopq r o u Xao e^-
onaoe r n v 14 louXiou 1789. To pioqr (t)popio r q q Ba-
cn-iXXqq, o r o onoio qrav (|)uXaKiopvoi oi noXiriKoi KOT-
SiKoi, neoe KOI KoreSa^ioGn. OXKXnpo r o noXoi KO-
Georiljq Korppeuoe. H EGvoouvXeuon ouvro^e o-
VToypo, crro onoio KOT r o npruno r q q ApepiKqq npo-
ra^e r n v AiaKr|pu^r| xtov AiKaiu>paT(jjv TO A v 9 p d ) -
noi) K O I Tou rToXixri.
H FoXXiKii enavoraoq enePePoiwoe r q pq^q pe r o
napeXGv. O i a o r o i ^qrooav eXeuGepieq Kivqoewq,
(l)povqpTwv K Q I Xyou. K o i KorpGwoav vo ovorp-
i|jouv va novioxupo onoXuropxiK KoGeorwq, r o onoio,
yio va enipepoijoouv r n v pii^n Touq npoq TO napeXGv,
ovpaoav naXoi KoGeorcbq (ancient rgime). AXX n e-
novoroon orpctJerai KOI npoq r o pXXov. Xei v a o-
varpijjei r o napeXGv, oXX crrq Goq r o u v a oiKoSopq-
oei pio va r^q npayprwv, r n v onoio aperoi an r o
pXXov. K O I eneiSii r o pXXov eivai oparo, q enov-
o r o o q r o npo(})nreei. To KaXrepo nopSeiypo npo<])n-
reiaq r o u pXXovroq poq npoocppei o OpopnGeq, o eu-
epyrqq rqq avGpwnrnroq. Aurq enaveorrnoe KOT
rou Kprouq r o u Aiq, o onoioq n r a v o n a n i p r w v e-
wv. Koi KXeijje on r o v ' OXupno r o nup, r o onoio npo-
o(l)epe wq Swpo orouq avGpjnouq, Siri pxpi rre rouq
l i r o v yvworo. H u p KOT r o v HpKXeiro eivoi o Xyoq,
ro nvepa. To nup pxerai on r o pXXov K O I (Jjpvei
orouq avGpwnouq r n v oXXayti. AXX o Zeuq e^wpyioGn
KOI enpibpnoe r o v enovoordrn. Aira^e rouq So unqp-
req r o u , r o Kpdroq KOI r q Bia, v a r o v ouXXdPouv KOI VO
r o v e^opioouv orov KQKOOO. EKei aXuoooSepvoq un-
(jJEpE o euEpyrqq rqq ovGpwnrqroq, EVJ voq yunoErq
rou TOipnoXoyooE TO qnap, pxpiq rou onoGdvei. A u r a
31
naGe o oraaiaaTiic; Kara TOU KpoTouc; TOU Aiq. AXka o
AioxXoq (Flpopn^; Oup^poq) ovoYY/VXsi TI OI ri-
ppec; TOU Aiq eivoi peTpripvec; KOI TI KnoTe 6a Xri
ri PaoiXeia TOU EnovaoTaTT) npopr|6u)c;.
To nov 6a Kpi6ri orri oYKpouon TOU napvToq. H E-
novaoToori 6EV EIVQI ouTonia, r\o an8u6vTai OTO
pXXov. EnoYYXXETOi va OXX^EI TO napEX6v KOI VO (pk-
pei TO pXXov poa OTO nopv. E5a) yivEToi oyKpouon,
n onoia pETpxETOi Tn Pio. O pXoc; Tnq Pioq cnr\v Enava-
oTaon eivoi onpovTiKq. H Pio Eivai TO EpyoXEio Tnq aX-
Xoyiiq. Xjpiq Pio 5E yivETOi EnovoTaon. AXX Tn Pio
Xpnoiponoiov eE, ioou o pn5Eviopq KOI n E^yEpon ai])'
Evq KOI acj)' ETpou n avTenovoraon K O I o nXspoq.
EninXov n Pia sivo o vpoq Tnq (^oewq, o onoioq KU-
piopxEi Enionq OTOV Kopo Tnq il^uxnq. ' O T I xapOKTnpi^ei
Tn pio Tnq enovooTOEwq, eivoi o Xyoq, 5nXa5n TO Xo-
yiK ( n p . H . Marcuse, AoyiK K Q I E n a v a o x a a n , 1940).
H EnavoTQon eivai Xyoq KQI pio. EnovoTOon xwpiq
Xyo ouvTpipEToi. Troio ITOV TO Kivnpa TOU ZnpTOKOu
OTnv opxoio Pcbpn. O ZnpTOKoq yEvvnOeiq o r n OpKn,
aXX KOToypEvoq an Tn Noupi5ia KOI niBovcbq eE, EU-
yEvtbv yovjv, EXinoTKTnoE KQI 5ouXc6eiq yive povo-
pxoq. E^nyeipe Touq povopxouq, 5nXa5n 5oXouq KO-
TaSiKoopvouq n vo OKOTWOOUV l i vo OKOTU)6OV npoq
iljuxoycyia TCV Kupiwv KOI TOuq enpreive ioa SiKoitbpo-
TQ pe TOuq Kpiouq KOI nponavTq eK5iKnon. EiSape r n
oxpoxi xwv 5oXwv v a eXeu6epwvei xouq 5oXouq KOI
vo xouq 6i5ei yio unnpxeq xouq xouq noXoioq Kupiouq.
H eK5iKnon 6piapPeei, oXX Xeinei o Xyoq. K o i npy-
paxi O ZnpxQKoq 5ixa^e vo OTOupwoouv va Pwpoio
noXiTn xpiv eKiKiioewq. AXX n OTpOTi TOU unoxwpei,
yio v a 5iX0n cnn ZmeXio. Tov KaToSiwKei o Kpoooq,
apxnyq TWV pwpaKwv Xeyedjvwv, KOI TOV VIK. A X X O
npwnv povopxoq ne6aivei on pXipo Knoiou pio6o(()-
pou, O onoioq ovnKe cnqv i5ia r^n pe TOV SnpTOKO.
H anouoio TOU Xyou 6EPEXIWVEI TO nopXoyo Tnq u-
np^Ewq. To nopXoyo Tp(|)Ei r n v E^yEpon. H Enov-
OTaon xEi Tn XoyiKii Tnq. AKpn KOI n ovTEnovaoToon
EniKoXEiTOi TO Xyo TOU Kprouq (raison d ' tat), EVW O
nXEpoq unoKOEi o r n SioXEKTiKii, nwq Xyei o Hp-
KXeiToq ( a n . 53). FlXepoq nvTwv pev noTnp, novTwv
5e PooiXeq. H Pio npoxwpei Pa6pn5v. O pn5eviopq
eK6eii^ei r n pio yio r n Pio. T o nopXoyo Tp^ei r q v e^-
yepon. O enovooTornpvoq v6pwnoq, yio vo (|)6OEI
OTnv e^yepon, onpaivei n 5ev iKOvonoieiTOi pe r n v
SioTeraypvn T^n Tnq piaq, r n v onoia enPoXe TO Kp-
roq (povopxio KOi oXiyopxio) n n 6npoKparia wq ov6e-
on r n q auTOpxioq KOI rnq ovopxioq. O ev e^eypoei v-
pwnoq 5ev iKovonoieiroi pe ourv r o v rpno KOTOVO-
piiq r n q Pioq ore pE r n 5ia(()uyn o r o (fipvnpa pETO^
rnq iSEoXoyioq KOI r n q ouronioq. BXnEi n unpxei Ko-
ranieon on r n v nXeup r o u Kprouq, oXX KOI OXXO-
r p i w o n on r n v nXeup r w v onXwv av6pwnwv. Tre
npoo<|)eyei o r n Pia r n q enavaoroewq, n onoio npoxw-
pei oroSiOK: pn5eviopq, e^yepon, enavoraon, avre-
novoraon KOI nXepoq, TO oxoro OT5IO r n q Pioq.
H enavoraon, nwq eXx6n, 5ia(t)pei on r n v e^-
yepon. Qpaio r o eXXqviK! O i Eupwnoioi xvovroi pEro-
32
^n Tnq rvolte KQI rqq rvolution, oi onoiEq pwq KOT-
y o v r o i on r n v i5ia pi^o. H n p w r n EVVOEI Tnv E^yspon,
evw n Erepn r n v enavoraon- Epwrre n eivai n OT-
on; Sron eivoi n PiKpii enavoraon l i pXXov pia ony-
pn r n q pn oXoKXnpwpvnq enavaoroewq, n.x. n oron
rou NiKQ OTOV IrmSpopo r n q KwvoravnvounXewq.
Flwq Xeye o Hevo(l)wv (EXXtiviK, F ' 1)! H pev 5n A6ri-
vnoi oroiq orwq ereXernoev. Qpoia nXi r a eXXnvi-
K! Zron eivoi n pepiKii K O I pn Ka6oXiKn enavoraon
on npooipio, n npwrn eKtiXwon r n q enavaoroewq.
KupioXeKrei ouvnwq o r o vonXo r p n p a r a , rav orooi-
l^ovv KQT r n q apxnq r o u Kprouq. Kor r o v FIOIVIK
Kw5iKa noiviKonoiovrai r o oSiKnparo r n q oroewq KQI
rnq avnoroewq, evw npKeirai yio noXiriKq evpyeieq,
01 onoieq napepPXXovroi o n q 5ia5iKaoieq rnq enovocn--
oewq r n q Pioq. Flpiv on r n oron unpxei n a v r i o r o o n ,
n onoia eivoi na6nriKn n evepynriKii. 'AXXo npypa ei-
vai n cnon epyooioq, n onoia onpaivei r n SioKonii Tnq
epyooiaq oe vSei^n Siapoprupioq. H yeviKr) onepyio KQI
oi KaraXrnl)eiq KTipiwv evrooovroi o r o KXipo r w v ouvn-
6wv ouv5iKaXionKwv KivnTonoinoewv, oi onoieq Sev a-
noPXnouv o r n v enavoraon r n q Pioq. T a o u v r d y p o r o
per r n FaXXiKn Enavdoraon ovnyayov oe unproro vo-
po r n v a v r i o r a o n KOT r n q rupovviaq (FIS. A i a K i i p u ^ n
xtov AiKaicjiidxtv xou Avpwnou Ka xou FloXixn,
1793, a p B p o 35): ' O x o v n KuPpvnon napaPi?;ei xa
SiKoitijpoxa xou Xao, n enavoxoon anoxeXei yia xo
Xo KOI yio K6e xpnpo xou xo lepxepo xwv SiKaiwp-
xwv KOI xo nXov onopoixnxo xwv KonKvxwv.
H enavoxoon eivoi n navnyupiKii envoSoq xnq
piaq. O l nveupaxiKoi v6pwnoi xqq npoXeioivouv xo -
Sa(l)oq. O Xoq (xo peyoXxepo l i piKpxepo xpnpa xou,
pio x^n va opoxayq nXtioq, nwq o orpoxq) e^e-
yeiperoi, eneiSr) nioxeei n K o r a n a r w v r o i r o vpipo KOI
onopypanro SiKaiwpor r o u . KoroXei n q opxq r o u
Kprouq, n q avriKa6iOT KOI Tipwpei rouq evxouq rqq
aSiKioq. Aev eivai enavoraon onoiaSiinore avarponn
pioq noXiTiKiiq roewq. H enavoraon eKpnyvuroi pe r n
oyKpouon So iSeoXoyiJV n P'aq iSeoXoyiaq KOI pioq
ouronioq. H ouronio eivoi nvroTE xapvn- KspSi^Ei n i -
SeoXoyio. O Kovioprq r w v iSeoXoyiwv uiliwveroi per
r n v enavoraon- H enavoraon Sev eivai eivoi onXii pe-
rapp6pian, oXX piOKii avarponn. H perapp6pion ei-
voi aXXoyn Sio xnq napaSeKxiiq oSo, evw n enavoxo-
on eivoi aXXoyii Sio xqq Pioq. ' Oxov enX6n n Piaia pe-
xaPoXii, Sioppnyvexoi xo u(|)ioxpevo vopiK Ka6eoxwq.
H enavoxoon eniPXXei xn Xnoii xnq KOI Snpioupyei
vo SiKQio KOX xo o^iwpo: Enavoxoon eniKpoxiioaoo
Snpioupyei SiKaio. Ao(t)aX)q npKeixoi yio xo 6exiK Si-
Koio, SnXaSn yio xouq vpouq, xo 6ipa KOI rouq Xoinoq
KOVveq SiKoiou. AXX ouyxpvwq 6eriKonoiei KQI apxq
rou (jjuoiKO SiKoiou, OTO vopo r w v onoiwv yive n e-
navoroon- Tre pwq n enavoraon on nopvopn yi-
vETOi vpipn, ooKei r o povonuiXio r n q vpipnq Pioq KOI
opyovwveTOi oe SipKeio- AXX Sev ovoyvwpi^ei nXov
TO SiKoiwpo npoq va enavoraon- Aur r o SiKoiwpo
SieKSmei n avrenavoroon-
NEA KOINQNIOAOriA
 Danil Bell
HmAmiMMoeAEmoiA
(anonaona an TO /Si^Aio TOU D. Bell,
SOCIOLOGICAL JOURNEYS, 1960-1980,
1980, aeX. 144-164, {jsTa<ppaojjvo an TOV MeAsTrj
O poc; -T] \5ea- piaq vaq T^riq (Z.T.M.: KOivwvi-
Ktiq T^nq) sivai pia aXriBivii YXwoooXoviKii KOI KOIVCJJ-
vioXoYiKii oYXuori. Eivot TO opoXYapo 5uo evvoitv: Trjq
Ep(J)avior|q Evq vou KOIVJVIKO OTpojfjamc; KOI Triq o-
pu|3j5ouq Kcjjpooriq pioq noXmoTiKtiq ovpnspicpopaq.
Eivot oXiiGEio Tt, ouYXPvjq pE ir\n Tqq pETO-
PtoprixavtKtiq Kotvjvioq, vo vo enoYYEXpoTtK KOt TE-
XVOKpOTtK KOlVJVtK OTpcbpO Ep(t)avia6r|KE KOTO Tri
StopKEio TJV TEXeuToiJV SeKOETttijv, nponovTq OTouq
PtopnxavtKoq TopEiq (EKnoiEUori, UYeio, pEuvo, TEXVI-
Kti, StoiKHori) KOt Tt O opiBpq TJV BoEwv epYooioq
aufjtiriKE nEptooTEpo OTO Sripoto ropo. Eivot E^ioou
aXt^Eto n o p ' Xo nou TO npOYpaTO ESOJ Eivot nto o-
aai^f] Tt noXtnoTtKq KOt noXtrtKq KptTtKq r o u no-
poSooiOKO KontToXtopo (nopo r o yeYOVq Tt Eivot nto
pETOppuGpioTiKq on EnovooroTtKq) YSVtKEBriKov o n q
pop(t))pveq ro^Eiq KOt Epcftavii^ovTOt Tjpo KupiopXEq
OTO noXtnoTtKO neptoStKO. AUT nou Eivot XtyTEpo oo-
(t)q, Eivot n oxon ovopEOO o ' ouxq Ttq So vsq npoy-
poTtKrnTEq. Ot unooTnptKTq r n q toq r n q voq xo^nq
GEojpov xt Stooxoupjvovxot xXEto. ZKnxopot, etStK-
xEpo xov David T. Bazelon (nou psXxnoE Kupiwq xo KOI-
vJvtKO oxpojpoxo) KOt XOV Irving Kristol (nou v6ia(t)p-
0nKE Kupijq yto n q noXtxtoxtKq Kot noXtxtKq 6oEtq).
Ae ouppEpifjopot xtq nenoitioetq xouq KOI 6a npoonoGti-
oj ej vo 5taypai|)j xo toxopiK XOJV SO OUTIIJV Tooe-
jv KOt vo peXenioj wq npoq n ouvSovxot.
H tSa xnq voq x^nq yevvixot, oxnv npoypoxtK-
xnxo, on xnv npoKxoon xwv ovoXoewv TOU Joseph
Schumpeter KOt TOU F . A . Hayek yto Touq Stovoopevouq.
ZTO pyo TOU KontraXiopq, ZootoXtopq KOt Anpo-
KpoTio O Schumpeter Pe^oiwoe n o KontToXtopq ou-
To-unovopeeToi npOTeivovroq vav Tpno Jwtiq eKXo-
ytKeupvo Kot pTpio, cnepopevo npwtopo.
AeSopvou n TO XpnpoTiOTtipto eivot vo nevixp
unoKOTaoToxo yto Tn Otipeuon TOU fKpooX (Z.T.M.: ou-
yKpivEt eSj TO tSewSn TOU KontToXtopo pe TO iSewSn
Tnq npoPtopnxaviKtiq tnnoovnq, nou ot popovTtKoi o-
vxiKanixoXtoxq entKoXovroi ouxv ot Stovoopevot u-
niip^ov ot npwxot nou emxGnKOV KOX XOU ouoxtipoxoq.
riotoi eivot ot Stovoopevot; H nepieppovnxtKti Kcjjpoon
xou AoKO xou OuXXiyKxov ypa(l)tSeq eivot no-
X crrevti, oXXo npopqOeet poXoxoxo OTOV Schumpeter
vo onpeio eKKivnonq:
Ot Stovvoopevoi eivot Topo nou OOKOV e^ouoio
Sta xou ypanxo KOI XOU npo<;)optKo Xyou KQI pio on-
Xpwon nou xouq StoxwpiJ^et on TOuq XXouq ovpwnouq
NEA KOINQNIOAOriA
AIE0NH PEYMATA
THE WINDING PASSAGE, ESSAYS AND
NEW YORK BASIC BOOKS HARPER,
MsAsTnouAo).
nou OOKOV enionq e^ouoia, eivot n anouoio peonq eu-
6vnq yto n q npoKTtKq unoGoetq. AUT TO xapoKrnpi-
OTtK em(5)pet yevtK vo XXo: o Stovoopevoq Sev xet
Kopio peon yvjon, a(J)o pvo n entTmo epnetpio
TOU eniTpnet vo npet ouTtiv Tn yvwon. H KptTtKti TOU
OTon npopxerot OKpiPwq on TO yeyovq Tt o Stovo-
opevoq PpioKeTOi oe pio KoroToon Seoro KOt o n q
neptoorepeq nepinrwoetq, oe pio KOTOToon Knoiou
o n ' ^w on Tnv npoypoxtKxnxo.
(...)
Auxti n on unocrrnpif^exot pe neptooxepn OKpn 5-
vopn on xov F.A. Hayek. Sxo pGpo xou Ot Stovoo-
pevot KOt o ZootoXtopq (The Intellectuals and Sociali-
sm, University of Chicago Law Review, vot^n 1949),
ypcftet:
(...) H epnetpio xet Sei^et xt (....) n yvwon TWV Sto-
voopevwv KOToXtiyei vo yivet n KoreuGuuTtipio ypappti
Tnq noXtTtKtiq.
Kot pwq, eivat e^oou oXtiGeto xt ot Stovoopevot
untip^ov onpovxtKoi Ropeiq KOivwvtKtiq oxaBepxnxoq oe
noXuptBpeq x^Peq, pe nevxoKGopo nopSetypo xnv
PtKxwpiovti AyyXio.
(....)
' O o o v a(!)op xnv tSo xnq voq x^nq, pe ,xt op-
(t)iPoXiEq auxti nponoxei, ytvav xooeptq onpoivouoeq
toxoptKq oXXoyq.
1. H npwxoKQeSpio xou 4>tXeXeu9eptopo: n npw-
xn oXXoyti untipxe n oXoKXnpwxtKti e^octJvton K6e Se-
?tq ti ovxtSpooxtKtiq ti npwxo^ootoxtKtiq emppotiq oxqv
nveupoxtKti Kotvxnxo. AeSopvou xt o Aexepoq FIo-
yKoptoq FlXepoq eixe ep(]jovto6ei oov voq SiKotoq n-
Xepoq KOX xou (pootcjpo, Ol tSeoXoyieq xnq Se^iq, KO-
6wq KOt ot npoowniKxnxeq xou nveupoxiKo KOI KOXXI-
xexviKo Kopou nou uneponi^av xo SIKOI xnq PpBn-
Kov ovonOeuKxo oe Oon ovo^iomoxiaq. Evw n avxt-
SpooxiKii eniSpoon untipxe npoe^pxouoo ornv npono-
XepiKii eupwnoiKii KouXxopo, Kovvoq on xouq onoXo-
ynxq xnq Se^iq Se Sioxiipnoe o^iomoxio ti noXixiKti e-
niSpoon. (....)
2. H ep^vion xwv pexo-PiopnxaviKwv o^iwv: xo xp-
vio pex xo 1945 epcjjovionKov, oxiq SuxiKq x^peq, au-
x nou ovpooo pExa-PiopnxaviK xopoKxnpioxiK cn-ov
xexviK KOt cnov oiKovopiK xopo. Yn piov vvoio, ot
pExo-PiopnxaviKq o^ieq PooionKov oe piov onxeio o-
Xovo KOt nto ({)OVEpti yto xov uXiop KOI Enionq oxqv o-
^lonoinon xnq noixnxoq ^wtiq nopoSEiypoxoq xapiv pE
xo vSia(]jpov yto xo nEpi^XXov, xn pXuvon KOI XXO
noppoio 9paxa. Auxq oi o^ieq evioxuoav xo POOIK
33
(|)iXeX8u6epioiJ nou Kupiopxei o i n SuTiKri noXixiKr) eScI)
KOI nevnvTG xpv\a. AXXa oi Sonmq nXsupc; rnq HSTO-
PiopnXCviKnc; 8noxn<; KOI p6TaiJOp(t))OEi(; xnq enay-
yeXpaxiKtic; Soiitic; xnq Koiuwviaq - npopxovxai an xe-
XvoXoyiKq KOI enioxnuoviKq aXXayq, nou ennpeJ^ouv
xov opyaviop xqq oiKovopiaq: n crrpaxnyiKii npioxoKO-
GeSpia xqq naiSeioq KOI xnq yvwonq, o voq KOI OVOVE)-
xiKq pXoq nou 5ia5papaxi^Ei n GswpnxiKn yvwon oxqv
psuva KOI oxnv ovonxu^n, nwq K O I oxqv noXixmii, n
ou^ovpevn onpaoio xwv enioxnpoviKwv Piopnxaviwv
oxo SsxEpo pio xou EiKooxo aiwvo (yio nopSeiypo n
nXsKxpoviKti, n nXnpo(t)optKn,...) KOI n ovnxu^n xnq
SiovonxiKnq XExvoXoyiaq, nou onoxEXsi xo Kupiopxo
XOpOKxnpioxiK ouxtiq xqq e^Xi^nq, KOX XOV i6io xpno
ps xnv pnxciviKii xsxvoXoyio oxnv PiopnxaviKr) Koivwvio
xou nopsXGvxoq.
(....)
3. H snovoxoon oxqv riaiSeia: Zxo xsXsuxoia ne-
pinou oopvxo XPvio, 01 Hvwpveq OoXixeieq npaoav
on va ooxnpa eKnaiSsuonq SXIXIOXIK, O ' vo ooxn-
pa XOYIK KI oxepo o ' vo ooxnpa po^K. ' O n o i o KOI
va eivai n yvwpn nou xei Koveiq yio xnv noixqxo xnq
eKnoiSeuonq xou nXnGuopo, Sev pnopei vo opvnGei xi
n eKnoieuon xei yivei K O I xo yeyovq eivai xapoKxq-
pioxiK pio an xiq nio onpovxmq Piopnxovieq xwv
Hvwpvwv OoXixeiwv nepioorepo on xo pio xwv v-
wv nepvov on xo navsnioxiipio KOI voq peyXoq o-
piGpq oxpwv epyJ^ovxai oxnv SKnoiSsuon (nspinou 3,2
SKOXopppio), on xouq onoiouq ypw oxouq 600.000
oxnv avwxepn eKnaiSeuon.
(....)
Aev eivai eSw o KOxXXnXoq x ^ p o q Y'Q va ou^nxii-
ooupe yio xqv eniSpooq n o u onoSiSoupe oxnv noveni-
arnpiOKii eKnaiSeuon- AXX oi KOivwvioXyoi xviJ^ov n-
vxoxe XI xa xopo nou xouv OKoXouGnoei ovwxepeq
onouSq eivai, oxo ovoX xouq, nio (t)iXeXe9epa vo-
vxi pn oiKovopiKwv f^nxnpxwv KQI nio ove^pxnxo o n q
eKXoyiKq xouq eniXoyq. 'AXXo yeyovq e^ioou onpa-
vxiK, n ovnxu^n xnq eKnaiSeuonq xei enionq vo ano-
34
xXeopa KXipoKwx, nou enixpnsi oe poxnxmq peioi|;n-
(l)ieq vo opyovwvovxai nio anoxeXeopaxiK. (....)
4. H avxmoXixeuxiKi KouXxopo: n K(t)paon KQI n ^
Sa aviKOuv oxov Lionel Trilling. Zxov npXoyo xoo
"Beyond Culture" (1965), o Trilling eneotipave: KGe h
oxopiKq xnq oyxpovnq Xoyoxexvioq Go Gewpiioei eno-
^iwq KoxoKxnpvn xqv ovxmoXixeuxiKii npGeon, xnv KG-
Gop ovoxpenxiKii npGeon, nou xapOKxnpit^ei xo po
vxpva Keipeva. O Trilling, npnei vo xo nope, Sev KG-
xKpive ouxiiv xnv npGeon. Ynnp^e vaq on xouq np(i)-
xouq unooxnpiKxq xou povxepviopo KOI, u n ' ouxtiv xqw
iSixnxG, eixe unoXoyioei xqv aneXeuGepwxmii xou Sva-
pn. AXX, pe xo npoopa xwv xpvwv, eixe avaGewpiioa
opiopva on xo anoxeXopox xqq. ' O x o v o Herbert
Marcuse (Sepoiwve oxo " A n essay on liberation" xi n x-
Xvn pexaSiSsi pia avxiKeipevmn aXnGsio nou Se yivexcn
npooixii pe xn ouvnGiopvn epneipia, o Trilling pwxooe
(p' vav xpno n o u xov ^cjjviof^e pXXov xov iSio): KOI
ov n xxvn Sev Xeye nvxoxe xnv oXnGeio n xnv KX-
xepn oXiiGeia KGI av Sev Seixve nvxoxe xo owox Sp-
po; K o i av n xxvn pnopooe OKpa KOI va Snpioupyn-
ei xo ipeSoq KOI va paq ouvnGioei o ' aux;
H ovxinoXixeuxiKn npGeon nepiopijxav XXoxe o ' -
vov nepiopiopvo apiGp ovGpwnwv KOI pywv. H KOXQ-
oxaon XXa^e oiipepa, nwq o Trilling unoypppioe. ESw
KOI xpivxa xpvio, xo riavenioxnpio ep(!)avi?;xav oav
pio noXixvn ouvxnpnxiopo. Aiyoi vGpwnoi Go xnv xa-
poKxnpiJ^ov xoi onpepa. M i a noooxiKti Sia(j)opa ep^ovi-
oxnKe oxn oxon pexa^ xnq avxinoXixeuxiKiiq KOUXXO-
poq KOI xnq KOivwvioq.
H Sia(])op pnopei va pexa(t)paoGei noX onX oe a-
piGpnxiKoq pouq noX nepiooxepoi an XXouq ei-
voi ouxoi n o u uioGexov xo ovxmoXixeuxiK npypoppa.
Mexo^ xou 1925 KOI onpepa, pio onpavxiKr) opSo ou-
yKpoxiiGnKe, xnq onoioq xa pXn Gewpov xi n iSo xqq
ovxinoXixeuxiKtiq iSeoXoyioq evvoeixai on pvq xnq. Au-
xti n opSa xapoKxnpii^iexai xt pvo on xo ou^ovpevo
epoq xnq, oXX KOI on xnv oXova KOI nto loxupii ou-
voxti xnq. Mnopope Vo xn Betupnoupe x^n- Qq xxoio.
NEA KOINQNIOAOriA
auTti r| T^n Z,ei EawxEpiKc; ouyKpouoEK; KQI avan(()Eu-
KTEc; avTi^aoEiQ, aXXa xa pXri xqq poipfjovxai Enionq
Koivq nponoGoEiq KOI oupcjJpovxa KOI pio o^ioonpsi-
(jxn onoxEXsopaxiKxnxo opyavwonq, oxo onpsio paXi-
oxo vo XEIXOUPYOV OOV BEopq.
FiG xov Trilling, n ovoSoq piaq ovxmoXixEuxiKiiq
KOuXxopaq, xn oxiypn nou oi cfiopEiq xnq EIVOI xwpo ap-
KETo noXudpiBpoi yia v o oxnpcTioouv pio x^n, EXEI
uo npoPXnpoxa: xo npwxo, Eivai o i oxoEiq avanEoa
oxnv ovxmoXnEuxiKii KouXxopo KOI xn pEOoio xo^n-
(....) To SexEpo KOI iocoq xo nio onpovxiK yio xov
Trilling, nou BELopei xiq ovBpiunioxiKq onouSq KOI xnv
XoyoxExvio oov xo KOX' ecoxnv nEio xnq nveupoxmnq
f^jriq eivoi n oxon xnq ovxmoXixEuxiKtiq KouXxoupaq
pe xouq iSiouq xnq xouq TopEiq KOI XO i5io xnq xo iSovi-
Ko, iSioixepo pe xn Svopn xnq vo Snpioupynei evo vo
Kovtfioppiop.
(....)
H vo xo^n onoxeXeixoi on xopo nou (t)9aaav
oxo Kpo xnq XoyiKnq xnq povxpvoq KouXxopoq. Zo-
Popoi K O I OTpoxupvoi, nwq eivoi noXXoi ovpeo
xouq, n OTnv p5a, ncjq ioujq eivoi XXoi, avxmpoow-
neouv vo noXixioxm (t)aivpevo nou ovxiKoxonxpi^ei
Tnv KOxoPoppcoon XJV nopoSooioKjv o^icijv XJV 5u-
xiKjv KOivJviJV. Aev eivoi pio vo KOIVJVIKI x^n, u-
n xo npiopa XJV KOIVJVIKWV Sopcijv. Eivoi n KOxXn^n
piaq KOuXxoupoq nou xeXei un oyxuon.
O Chantecler nioTeue njq xo xpayoSi xou KOve xov
tiXio v ' ovoxXXei. H vo x^n xei pio ovxiSpaon ap-
Kex poio vovxi xnq SopiKiiq pexopp^jonq xou Kont-
ToXiopo. EKnXtiooEi xo yeyovq TI OI KpiTiKq Tqq
vaq T^nq Tnq ano5i5ouv pio nappoio e^ouoia.
O oyxpovoq KoniToXiopq peTapop(t)cij9nKE KTJ a-
n r n v EniSpoon So EISJV napayvrwv. To n p w r o Eivai
n EvSuvpwon r o u pXou r o u Kprouq KOI O XO KOI nio
onocJjaoioriKq pXoq nou SiaSpaparijEi o r n SioxEipion,
ov XI o r n SiEBuvon, r n q oiKovopioq (....). Aur r a TE-
XEuroio EPSopnvronvTE xpvio eiSav rooepiq peyXeq
oXXoyq nou oSiiynoav o r n v enKroon r n q e^ouoioq r o u
Kprouq:
H n p w r n , eivol oi anairnoeiq rqq puvoq. (....)
H Serepn aXXoyii, eivoi n ovnru^n TWV KOIVWVIKWV
unnpeoijv KQI n o^non r w v Sanavwv nou onoppo^w-
v r o i on r n v npvoia, r n v lorpiKO^appoKeuriKn nepi-
oXiijn, r n v evioxuon xnq eKnoiSeuonq K.Xn. (....)
0 xpixoq nopywv, nou nreroi r w v rexvoXoyiKwv e-
novooroewv nou ovoorrwoov n q eniKOivwvieq KOI n q
ouyKOivwvieq, eivoi n oXXnXe^prnon oXovo KOI nio
orevr) nou Kupiopxei orqv KOivwvia KOI nou Kvei n q
oXuoiSwrq ovriSpoeiq va pnv eivoi nio roniKq, oXX
eGvmq (....)
TXoq, SeSopvou n n oXXnXe^prnon eivai Xo KOI
nio lOxupii oe pia omovopia nou Xenoupyei oe noyK-
opio KXipoKo, r o PooiK oiKovopiK f^nTiiparo (....) Sev
pnopov va yivouv ovriKeipevo Sianpoypreuonq nap
pvo pero^ e9viKwv Kparwv KOI n oiKovopiKii noXiriKii
rnq xwpoq ooKei KecJjoXaiwSn eniSpoon nvw o r n v noXi-
riKn T^n-
Tourxpovo pe aurq n q SopiKq oXXoyq, o oy-
Xpovoq KaniroXiopq pETapopctiwGnKe Xyw rnq yeviKeu-
onq r o u nSoviopo (Z.T.M.: evvoei r n v npooKXXnon
ora uXiK aya9 KOI o n q uXiormq a^ieq) nou Kvei r n
fjwti r w v ovBpwnwv v a opyavjveroi ypw on ne^q
pXXov nap ovwrepeq o^ieq. flop r o yeyovq n o i
oyxpoveq vopiponoinoeiq npopxovrai on aur nou K-
norE n r a v pio avnnoXireuriKn KOuXropo, n KannoXi-
OTiKii pnxovn omeiononiGnKe our r o oruX KouXropaq
KOI r o perrpEil)E OE KorovaXwriK oyoG. Xwpiq r o v n-
Soviop, Kivnronoinpvo on xn poOKti KaxovXwon, n
iSio n Sopii xwv epnopiKjv KOI PiopnxoviKwv emxeipii-
oewv 6a Koxppee. TeXiK, eKei eivoi nou PpioKexoi n
SeoXoyiKn avxicfiaon xou KonixaXiopo: xovxoq xoei xiq
opxiKq r o u vopiponoiiioeiq, uiornoe yio Xoyopiaop
rou n q vopiponoinoeiq piaq avri-Ke(()aXaiOKpariKriq
KouXropaq, npoKEipvou v a E^ao<|)aXioei xn ouvxeia
TWV iSiwv r o u r w v oiKOvopiKwv 6eopwv.
01 orevoi Seopoi nou unpxouv pero^ SiovonnKwv
Sopwv, KOIVWVIKO ouornpoToq KOI KouXropaq KOI nou
Swoov oxov KoniroXiop r n ouvoxn TOU, ornv aoriKn
rou (fon, X9nKav. M i a noX SiocfioperiKn popejjti KOi-
vwvioq e^oirioq xnq KOivwvioXoymnq xnq Sopnq, xou
vopiKo KOeoxwroq rnq enixeipnonq, r n q evSuvpwonq
xnq KpaxiKnq e^ouoioq wq ouxvopnq Suvpewq KOI XOU
nSoviopo xnq KOuXxopaq nepipvei oKpn v o xnq
Swooupe vopo. Auxti 1 Pop(t)n Koivwviaq Sev eivoi
npov r n q voq r^nq- Koi n vo ro^n 5E 9a eivoi,
noX nepioorepo, n nY^oia rnq. ' O r o v iljxvoupe v o
oxeSiooupe r o xpTn Tnq Koivwvmiiq oXXaynq, npnei
vo npoo^oupe vo pnv pnepSilioupe r n v enicpveia pe r o
Pa9i peparo nou r n v Kareu9vouv.
A I E 0 N H PEYMATA
GYNmmDALiwmjj
TOV
npacl)aTa nave o ZouriSq Gunar Mydral, a(J)nvo-
v r a q vav EvronwoiaK yKO Sripoaieupvric; epyaoiac;
nou nepixei xouXaxiOTo 6uo eniK Koppano. To vo yio
TOUC; pnxcfviopouc; Siaiivtonc; Tnc; ((JTixeiac; oe AoioTiKq
XiJjpec; KOI To oXXo, ypoppvo vtophepo, onc; opxc; Tnc
SeKoeTioc; t o u '40, yio TIC; oxoeic; XeuKwv KGI popcuv
OTnv ApepiKii. rioXXa pnopouv vo 5I5OXTOV OI vexepoi
on TOV Mydral. K o i cno Koopd TexviK ppoc; Tnc; pe-
BoSoXoyiKiic; diepyooioc; aXX, Kpio, o r n yeviKrepn n-
6iKO-(t)iXooo(l)iKn TonoBTnon KOI ovTonKpion oe neipo-
opoc; KOI nioeic; nou nepiKXeiei n XPHPCiTooTnpvn -
peuvG oe euoioOnTO OpoTO.
TToio euoioOnTO Opo liTGV KOI eivoi TO OUVOXIK
nXypo oxoewv popwv KGI XeuKcbv cmc; H.FI.A. on TO
1619 nou anoPiPcrrnKav oi nptToi 5)5eKO A(t)piKovoi
OKXPOI on pio OXXavSmn (JipeyTG OTO Jemestown
Tnc; Bipyivioc;.
Tn pOKpid nepioSo Tnc; 6eopo9eTnpvnc; ouXeioc; o-
KoXoOnoe n e^ioou niKpn nepiooc; TOU 6eopo9eTnpvou
poToiOTiKO xwpiopo KGToXuTiKd nponyopevG yiG
onoiaSnnore eiSiKoiTepn oxeTiKii Siepevnon-
O Myrdal npooKXnnKe OTIC; H.FI.A. TO 1937 an TO
Carnegie Institute' yio vo peXenioei TO Nypmo ITp-
pXnpo. EiKOOi KGI nXov xpviG vtjpiTepa npaypoTo-
noiTGv n peydXn 5npoypa(t)iKn ^ooc;, oe pmp 5id-
ornpo, Supiou nepinou eKOToppupitV popwv on TOV
oypoTm vTO oj\q oormonoinpvec; |3peieq KGI |3opeio-
GvoToXmc; nepioxc; nou n ovan^euKTn epnXoKii pe
Siocfiopec; pop(j)c; anoKXivouooc; oupnepi<I)opdc; e^oi-
Tiac; TOU onoKXeiopo on TOuq vpipouq iaXouc; e-
noyyeXpoTmtic; onooxXnonq KOI KoivwviKnc; anoKOTO-
crroonc; o^avov Tnv opoTxnTO Tnc; oov npopXnpoTi-
Ktiq opSoq.
H Xoymti Tnq eKXoyiiq evq pn Apepmovo oe pio e-
noxn nou TOuXdxicnov TO Flovenicmipio TOU Smoyou pe-
ooupovooe KOI OTOV epeuvnrm KOI crro BewpHTm TO-
po^ liTGV TI ceteris paribus voq ^voq^ 9a l i r o v Xiy-
repo enippentiq oe o^ioXoymq anoKXoeiq.
T o epeuvnTm ppoq Tnq epyaoioq nou ouvrvioe o
Myrdal eivai vo oponpo noXuenixeipnotGKnq npoon-
Geioq nou oi eniSe^iTnTcq nepinou 150 (eKorv nevn-
VTG) eniornpvcuv KGI epeuvnTtv pXnouv TO np|3Xnpa
an Kd9e SUVOTI ywvio: n loropio TCUV vypwv OTqv A-
pepmii" n av0p)no|3ioXoyia Tnq vypmnq ([)uXiiq- Teen
npownmrnToq KOI eu(t)uiaq' ovdXuon anoypocfjmwv 5e-
5opvcjjv SeiypoToXnnrmq enioKonnoeiq, oupnepi(J)opibv
KOI crrdoewv i|JuxiGTpmq nepinTwoioXoymq peXTeq- a-
vXuon oTepeoTnwv KOI iSeoXoyiibv oe XeuKouq cJxeTiK
pe papouq- eyKXnpoTiKTnTO' o pXoq TWV vypwv
ornv |3iOTexvia, yewpyio, iSiwrmq enixeipiioeiq, eKnoi-
euon KOI KuPpvnon' pioGoXoymq 5ia<|)opq- poTOiori-
Kii vopo9eaia KOI noXX dXXo.
H npooyyion TOU Myrdal crrnv dXXn Kpia, Tpiropn
epyaoia TOU, Asian Drama; A n inquiry into the poverty of
36
ArijjfjTpq F. Kap/JOKAia
Nations", eivoi e^ioou oopwriKn KOI noXuevauopoTmr
Kd9e Xoynq epyaXeio evvoioXoymd, pe9o5oXoyiKc
GewpnTm nou ^enepvove TQ pia evq onoiouStinon
pepovwpvou KXOU xPnoiponoiovToi KOI crrnv ena
ywymri KOI r n v anoywymn Siepyooia xcJpiq npoKardXr
ijjn KOI unoToyn oe ypoTO n rexvo^eTixiopoq. A i a ^ a
peTiK 5e yiverai vo e^eTocrrei o XaPupiv9w6nq KKXo
Tnq (])TWX6iaq, apa9eiGq, unepyewnTmrnraq, oiKoXoy
Kiiq xeiporepeipnq, ao())UKTiKnq aormonoinonq Ka0wq KOI
dXXore Kpio, aXXore oupnXqpwpoTiKd, o Xyoq e^wre
piKwv noXiTiKwv nopoyvTwv.
Z r n v nepinrwon TOU vypmou npoPXiiparoq ornv A
pepmn O Myrdal 5e icjrd^ei vo SnXcboei n n peioveKri
Kii 9on r o u papou nXn9uopo oe Kd6e 5eiKrn npooap
poyiiq KOI KivnTiKrnraq o(t)eiXerai o r n v npOKardXni|>n
KOI n q iOKpioeiq: o popoq opi^erai oov Karibrepoq e
unopxnq KOI OKOXOUGOV OI Kd6e eiSouq onoKXeiopoi G
n r o OTi|3o rnq ionq iKpionq. H avepyio KOI apop(t)w
oid, pe Xo r o noGoXoymd rouq enoKXouOo, evuvo
piijvouv r o GpvnriK oreperuno on r n pepi r w v npo
KGTeiXnppvwv KGI 5ioiwvi^ouv r q v Karoroan
orpnonq.
Aur yp(J)TnKav oe peuva nou xPIparoSrnoe n
XeuKii Koivrnro KOI nou Kpioq 5Krnq r o u l i r o v noXi r
XeuKti KOivrnro KOI pciXioro r o eim eKeivo rpiipa rqq
nou an5i5e peTa<l)uomq oxeSv lirnreq ornv vvoia
Apepmti. Aq pnv unoripnBei our. O i nepioorepoi, pe
r n OKi|>n oe peXXovrmq emxopnynoeiq KOI ouv5opouq
6a KorXnyov oe vo 5ia(t)operiK npXoyo KOI eniXoyo
o r o reXm Keipevo.
O Myrdal eurxnoe va 5ei n q nporoeiq r o u va uXo
noiovroi 25 nepinou xpvia apyrepo an r o vopo yia
Civil Rights r w v Kvvevru KOI T^^VOOV nou en(t)epe o-
nwoSiinore KQI n napXXqXn Kivnronoinon r w v vypwv
orov noXiriK crriPo KOI nou anorXeoe r n v onopxn P'oq
evrunwoiOKtiq KaXurpei|>nq rnq ouXXoyiKiiq pop(|)wriKiiq
enoYyeXpariKriq KOI eicsonpanKiiq Touq KOTcrraonq.
AeKonvre nepinou xPvio apyrepo r o Ppa|3eio N-
pneX r n q oiKovopoXoyioq ivrov orov Myrdal, r o v oXo-
KXnpwpvo KOIVWVIK emonipova. Aiyo apyrepo, pio
on rouq Kpiouq Pon9oq r o u crro Aoiarm Appo, n
o2;uyq r o u 'AXga MpvroX noipve r o 5IK rnq N-
pneX yiG n q ouveio^opq r n q o r p v uneon r n q
Eipiivnq.'^
Ynoi:HMEini:Eiz
1. ETO Fountation Directory, Srj Koorj Hussel Sage Founda
tion, 1967, ro Carnegie Institute xei rrj SKarq 6aq, ae
voXo 3.138 opyavioijuiv nou xouv an $ 1 eKaroppupio KOI
navw, pe KecpaXaio $ 295 eKaroppupia. npwro avaippsra
ro iSpupa FORD pe $ 2,3 SiasKaropppia.
2. ETO rpripa KoivwvioXoyiaq rou nou noMoi napopoial^ouv pe
rp XaSeAPpyn rrjq enoxnq rou Weber KOI rn Eoppwq rq
enoxnq TOU Durkheim eixav npo0ara nepaoei t) ijrav QK-
pa Ol William Thomas, Florian Znianecki, Robert Ezra Park,
NEA KOINQNIOAOriA
 Thorstein Veblen, George Herbert Mead, Clifford Shaw, H
enry Mckay, Louis Wirth, Ernest Burgess, Harold Lasswell
KOI aXXoi.
3. r\a TOV Evo oav KOIVOJVIK runo Kawq KOI TOV Tpiro ae
apxiK SuaSiKq ox'eaeiq 'exei ypaipsi Se^iorexviK o KXOOI-
Kq KoivwvioXyoq George Simmel, 1858-1918. BXne "The
Sociology of George Simmel", pera^paan ora ayrXiK an
Kurt H. Wolff, Free Press, 1950, aeX. 402-408 KOI Ke0aXaio
4 Economie Theory and Underdeveloped Regions.
4. XpnpaTooTijOriKe an ro Twentieth Century Fund.
5. F<a pia ypiJYopn enioKnnon rou dparoq pXne Thomas F.
Pettigrew, "Race Relations in the United States: A Sociologi-
cal Perspective" oro fiijiXio TOU Talcott Parsons, American
Sociology: Perspectives, Problems, Methods. N. Y. Basic Bo-
oks 1968, aeX. 258-271. Eniarjq an TOV Pettigrew ro Ks0a-
Xai rou aro pi^Mo rwv Robert K. Merton KOI Robert Ni-
sbet, Contemporary Social Problems, 4ri Koari, N. Y. Har-
coupt, Brace, Jovanovich, 1974, aeX. 459-508.
6. BiPXio TOU Myrdal ara ayyXiKa:
Objectivity in Social Research
Asian Drama: An Inquiry into the Poverty of Nations
Challenge to Affluence
Beyond the Welfare State
Value in Social Theory
An International Economy, Problems and Prospects
The Political Element in the Development of Economie
Theory
An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and Modern
Democracy
The Challenge of World Poverty: A World Anti-poverty
Program in Outline.

YpacpKJTiKn*
evtuni]
iacpnpion

oyiou xpixpwvo^ 31,

Kr|q)UJU3,145 62
8080363 ariva
'EKoarj 1985, oeA. 232. ExoXiaojjvri avGoAoyia 170 noinpTUv, ypapijvjv an 9 0
an TOuq mo Siaaqpovq Kiv^ouq noirjTq, aro taarqpa rpitv x'-^'^'^wv xp^^^-
EKTerapvri eioaywyri ara xapaKT^piariK Tqq Kivi^iKnq KXaoiKqq noiriaqq. Bioypa^ii^q
Ka ene^rjY^poTiKq orjpeidjoeiq. laropiKq nepiXritpeiq oe oxori pe rq iaoxn Ka rqv
Kupiapxia TWV ia^paiv Suvaoreuhv arriv Kiva Siapoov rwv aiwvu)v.
AIE0NH PEYMATA
MOP(PEI
n o i a eivai r| oup|5oXii Triq av6p(i)nivr|q ponq o r n
5iapp(t)C)jori TOU KOIVJVIKO eivoi, noio ri oupiJETOxri Tqq
OTq ouyKpTqoq OUTO nou en^ovi^JeToi wq KOIVWVIK
npoYPOTiK; Tt eivoi TO npoypoTiK orqv KOivwvia, noo
npoypoTiK eivoi, nwq TO KOIVWVIK unoKeipEvo TO opi-
puv Tqv i5io OTiyiiii nou opi^ovToi on OUT, noio, T-
Xoq, SuvopiKn yevviroi on Tnv ovriBeon avpeoa OTqv
npoypoTiKrnTO KOI nq ^ovTOOiOKq nopoOTosiq Tqq,
ovpeoo OTqv ovTonoiqoq r q q KOivwviKqq f^wqq KOI r n v
i5io r n v KOivwviKii t^wq nou opveiTOi vo ovTonoiqei; To
vo 5lpWTWpOOTE ^OV OlipepO nvw OTO C^nTlipaTO OUT
KOI pXiOTO PE pio VTOon X ^ p i q iowq nponyopevo, Ei-
XVEi non Eivoi n onoyoqTEUoq on Tiq pE^oveq Gew-
pieq, Tqv oypwxq ouorqiiOTiKq OKi|jq, TOV KopnTO o-
VTiKeipeviop. Aeixvei nwq o GeriKiopq o n q KOivwvmq
enioTiipeq xei oSnyqGei oe oo|3ap o5i^o5o, yeyovq
nou evGoppvei oXXwore OKpoieq ovTJpponeq Toeiq,
puoTiKioTiKq KOI popoXioTiKq. Evwmov TTOiou eiSouq
EKqXJOEwv Suoniorioq onvovTi OTOV EniornpoviK X-
yo, onoPoivei liaiTEpo XEnr oo KOI eniPegXqpvo TO
KoGqKOV vo iOTunwBei TO KOTOOTOTIK pioq evaXXoKTi-
Kiiq enioTqpoviKO-(J)iXooo(t)iKqq Gewpqoqq TWV KOIVWVI-
KWV (t)aivopvwv nou Go eivoi TOUTXPOVO eKTq on
Gewpqoq KOI enp^oon, KoGwq n 'So nou Go r n v epnv-
ei Go eivoi oKpi^wq eKeivn r n q noXTponnq enpPaonq
TOU ovGpwnou prov KOIVWVIK TOU Kopo.
f i o vo opxioei pPoio vo yiveroi opoTii q Kpioq o n q
KOivwviKq enionipeq, xpeiorqKe vo ovoSmXwGov op-
KeTq (I)opq o GeTiKiOTiKq opGoXoyiopq KOI q TeyKrq
oiTioKpoTio. ' E T O I , <|)6aoope K O I nXi OTO onpeio, TO O-
VTiKEipEVO Tnq enioTipnq vo nopouoi^eTOi wq pf^o (Jioi-
vopvwv, eKei nou avayevTov vo npoPXXEi wq ooTn-
po yEyovTwv. ' OXo opxi^ouv on Tqv wpo nou KOTOX-
EToi TO povonoyq TOU ysyovToq. To GETIKIOTIK nve-
pa, npypoTi, 5ev Go pnopooe vo 2;qoei ov Sev ioxue TO
n TO yeyovq eivoi IKOV VO onoKoXilJei ipso facto r n
(t)on TWV npooSiopiopwv TOU KoGwq K O I Tnv iSiairep-
Tnr TOuq oe oxon pe Touq npooSiopiopoq XXwv ye-
yovTWv. AUT nrav KOI TO KXeiSi yio Tqv ovnTU^n Tnq
To^ivopqTiKiiq XoyiKiiq nou ^exwpiJJei, ovTinopoGTei KOI
ouoxeTi?;ei, OTnpiypvq OTO oxqpoT Tqq, oo eivoi OU-
OIOOTIK o^exjpiOTO q ouoxeTiopvo, nXnv pwq pe rp-
no pq To^ivopnTiK. Me pio {t)Twx ouyKoXuppvn au-
Goipeoio, TO oiKOvopiK, TO KOIVWVIK, TO ilJuxoXoyiK,
npoiKifJovTOV pe xapaKrnpionK K O I eiSiKOq vpouq
nou unoTiGeToi TI KuPepvooov Tqv e^Xi^q TOuq, evw
nopXXnXa KaTooTpwvovTOv ovrioToixeq peGoSoXoyieq
npoopiopveq vo ecJjoppooTov onoKXeioTiK yio TO KoG-
vo. AvTiGeTO, q iSo rqq evrqrq TOuq GewpqGqKe v-
Sei^n GewpqTiKiiq oSuvopioq, KOTOOKeoopa ooGp yio
40
THEKOimMmmHE*
TOU BaoiXri KapanooTXq
vo unoKaTOcrrnoei r n (t)uoiKq Sioipeoq TWV OTOixeiwv.
Sp<l)wva pe TO GeTiKiop, pvo ov e^ouSerpwve Koveiq
opioTiK Tqv Toq TOU v o enonTeei OUVOXIK nvw oe
auT nou e^er^ei, eKSnXtbvovToq pio avenirpenrn np-
Geon unoKeipeviKtiq TOU Sioyooqq, unqpxe eXniSo va
ouXXPei r n v eiSonoi TOU oXnGeia.
AuTii n ovriXnilJn Go un(t)epe iSioiTepo ov SexTOv
nXqypo OTO onpeio OKpiPwq nou x^pi^ei opeTKXnTo TTI
OKiljq on TO ovriKeipev Tqq, xopi^ovToq reXiK pia
op())iPoXq ave^opTqoia OTO Serepo. Ka SoKipoTqKe
npypon eKei: TO xaopoTO pxioov vo ^oivovTOi nwq
Sev n r a v oyecJjpwTo, oi To^ivopnoeiq xovov r q v o^iom-
OTio Touq. Xwpiq opctJiPoXia, q KoGoXiKeuoq TOU Konna-
XiOTiKo Tpnou nopoywynq KOI n ouvoKXouGn Sixucjn
TWV opyavwTiKwv, I|JUXIKJV KOI noXmoTiKwv TOU opxwv
oe Xeq n q o^oipeq rnq KoivwviKiiq KOI npoowniKiiq
^wnq qrav oi ano(l)aoiOTiKoi icnopiKoi nopyovTeq nou
wGnoov OTqv evonoiqoq KOI ouyxwveuoq TWV Z^qrqpoTwv
nou e^erJjouv oi KoivwviKq enionipeq. Evonoinoq Suo-
SiKpnn pev OTO prpo nou npoxwpooe poo on ou-
vexeiq Sia())opiopoq, poo on r n v eptjjvion vwv KOI-
VWVIKWV unoouvXwv KOi pepiKorqrwv, ovoyvwpioipq, -
pwq, o r o prpo nou oi pepiKrnreq aurq reivov vo Sia-
XuGov, va eniKoivwviioouv ocpevq pera^ rouq KOI O-
<J)erpou pe r o KOGXOU. ApKooov our y i a v a npOKoX-
oouv ovooTrwon o r q GeriKioriKq avriXqijjq: ov r o ovri-
Keipevo ouyxovTOv, avri r o SeuTEpEovra vo npooap-
r w v r o i o r o npwrEovro, ore K a r ' iSiov pGoSoi
pnopooav vo e(()app^ovrai o ' our, ore OKpn pno-
pooe va e^aKoXouGqoei oXwPqrq q roo nXqGwpiKn
onq unooxoeiq r n q epneipiKii avXuon oe noooriKoq -
pouq. Twpa o oiKovopiKq vGpwnoq cJ)aivETai vo SICP
oxi^EToi on r n v eniGupia r n q KoivwviKiiq nXiipwonq, o
i|juxoXoyiKq ovGpwnoq va unKeiroi o r n v nio oXo-
KXnpwriKii KQI onpooSKqrq KOivwviKonoinoq, o KOI-
vwviKq vGpwnoq va pqv pnopei vo eniSiw^ei rqw
npayprwoti r o u nap pvo npoo^eyovraq oe OIKOVO-
piKq npoKTiKq. O i naXiq, XoPupivGwSeiq npoonGeieq
yio oiKoSpnoq povrXwv pvouv perewpeq q ^eKi-
vov, pe Xiyrepq ouronenoiGnon, yio vav epnXouriop
rouq Paoiopvo o r n v evowprwon, un noooriKii vvoia,
rwv napayvrwv onpooSiopioriaq KOI ruxairnraq. Ken
o u n i q ouvexqq npoonoGeio vo perarponov oi oorG-
pnroi nopyovreq oe oraGpiopvouq KQI ouvenwq npo-
PXi|Jipouq pe r n popcljq Knoioq peropXnniq, Se Seixva
Xiyrepo an r q v opxiKq apqxavio rouq r o PGoq roo
pqyparoq n o u xouv unoorei o GeriKiopq K O I O
EpnEipiopq.
* AnonaaiJa an TO Mopcpq Tqq Kowa)viKi)q Apaoriq (@p-
Xio, Ariva, 1974), oa. 9-15.
NEA KOINQNIOAOriA
 AXX TO iSio 5onioToi npnei v a OTaoiae anvovTi
OTTIV anvTTiori nou enixsipei vo Swoei OTO nppXnpo
OUT n npo(})aTn KOI yepTn on Tnv ^oi|>n n o u ouvo-
Seei KoBe OJOTIK eyxeipnpa ^iXoXovio yio Tn 5i-eni-
orniioviKn peoSoXovio. flop TIC; enippouc; opoiPoiec;
unoxwpnoeic; TOUC;, OI 5i(|)opoi KX5OI nou KOXOVTOI VO
oupnp^ouv nopopvouv oveXooTiKoi, pe SioBoeic; p-
XioTo KOTOKTnTiKc; O voc; onvovTi OTOV XXO. Z r n v
ouoia, OTO nXoioio OUTOU TOU OUPPQTIKOU peBoSoXoyi-
Ko veo-eKXeKTiopo, oi KXOI ovToycvif^ovTai peTO^
TOUC;, eniSicbKovTaq o KoBvac; un TO povSo TOU SioX-
you v a KoXipei Tiq eXXeii|)eiq TOU: TO povTXo n.x-, Tnq
oiKovopiKiiq oupnepi(t)opq 9a nepiXPouv Tnv ifiuxoXo-
yiKii vvoio Tnq npoo5oKiaq, acfio pwq npiv xouv u-
noPiPoei Tn SuvopiKii, Tnv evepynTiKii Touq Sicnoon,
yio v o Tiq KOTOOTiioouv anXwq nopapTpouq TWV OIKO-
vopiKwv npoPXi|>ewv TO povTXo KOivwviKnq oupnepi-
(Ijopq 6a xpnoiponoiiioouv Tnv vvoio Tnq ovToXXaynq
oe pio opiTO ono-oiKovopiKonoinpvn SKoxn, yio vo
cnnpi^ouv Tiq e^nvioeiq TOuq oxeTiK pe Tiq KoivwviKq
oxoeiq. Me enipXeio onoTpneroi TO evSexpevo vo 5-
veio vo 6i^ei ix) 5avei<:;pevn KOTnyopioKii opti' TOi,
evw 6a npene v a npoxwpnoei ano^aoicniK n ovovw-
on TWV KQTnyopiwv KOI n Xn enicnnpoXoyiKn avoecJj-
pnon, onoKaioTOToi voq Tovoq, KOI TO xetpTepo, e-
ninXaoToq nXoupoXiopq nou OTO 36oq Kp^ei eKeivo
nou noT 5ev eyKOTXeiilje Tnv KOivwviKti OKi|jn: Tnv T-
KopTeoiovq KOI Pepnepiovq SioPePaitboeiq y i o Tnv op-
on TOU ovToywviopo.
oXoyiKTnTO TOU VOlipOTOq TOTOU.
XpeifJeTai Xomv va OK6(t)Tope KOI nXi an Tnv Me So Xyio, o^eiXoupe vo OKect)Tope enipovo n-
opxn K O I pe vouq pouq. ZuyKpoTnpvo oe a5ia(t)aveiq, vw OTnv vwon TOU unoKeipvou pe TO ovTiKeipevo. K o i
oupnXoKeq oXTnreq poo cnnv lOTopiKii TOuq e^Xi^n, TO TOUTXPOVO vo Kvoupe vo Pnpo npoq Tnv enovoov-
KOIVWVIK (j)aivpeva 5ev pnopov, anXwq eneiSii eivai 5eon Tnq (t)iXooo(})iaq pe Tiq Koivwvmq enioTiipeq, 5ivo-
ouyKpoTnpvo, vo unoyopeoouv TOuq Tpnouq Tnq eni- VToq TXoq OTOuq ioroypoq nou yevv,o enicnnpovi-
onnpovmnq TOuq ovTipeTwnionq. flopopvouv eKei PouP opq, npoeiSonoiwvToq TI KTI TTOio 6a oiipoive TO T-
Koi oSianpooTo, oo SiornpeiToi TO 5oq TOU K O ' e- Xoq Tnq emoTiipnq. 'OXo OUT naipvouv Tn 0on Touq
auT npypQToq, oo ano(|)eyeTai n ouoiooriKn ovTipe- OTO npypoppa piaq voq KpniKiiq KoivwvioXoyioq, pn-
Twnion TOU npopXnpoToq ir\q oxonq peTo^ unoKeip- ^iKXeunq opKeT yio vo oijjooiwei OTqv npoonBeia
vou KOI ovTiKeipvou pe TO v a e^aXei(t)eTai npoKTiK TO ov6eonq TWV peyXnq KXipoKoq Siepyooiwv (Siopp-
npciiTO. T l enneXei pwq poo OTn oxon ouTii TO uno- (])won TO^iKiiq 5opiiq, KoivwviKiiq vopiponoinonq, oxoe-
Keipevo; ' Apoye SKTq on TO VO SianoTiii^ei Tnv un e^- wv loxoq KXn.) KQI eKeivwv nou XopPvouv xwpo poo
Toon Xn pe Tiq yvwcniKq KOTnyopieq KOI Tqv npo6eTiK- OTO noXnTuxo Tnq KOnpepiviiq ^wiiq (opiopoi TOU
TqT TOU, eKTq on Tqv eniXoyn TOU (|)aivopvou poo npaypoTiKO on TO KOIVWVIK unoKeipevo, oupPoXiKii
on Tn oKOTeivti Kivnon Tnq Xnq KOI Tnv KOToxwpnon TOU Xyou KOI TWV xeipovopiwv, oupPoeiq nou Sinouv
TOU cno ovTiKeipevo Tnq ovpwnivnq 5ivoioq, KoGopi- Tn 5i-av0pwmvn eniKoivwvio K O I ouviiKeq KOTpynonq
Z,e\q KOI OUTI Tn ooTOoii TOU; N O n noyiSo TOU KOI avTiKOTOTooiiq TOuq on XXeq, oupPoXmq e^wTe-
unoKeipeviopo nou xei noei n i5ia n eTiKioTiKii Xoyi- piKeoeiq TWV ovoyKwv KXn.).
Kii ojq OTOTO poo yio vo enovXei KOveiq oe ouTii - Ec Sev 6a ovoXPw Tnv unnpTnon rToiwv ouvo-
neiTo on Tnv KOpnn nepmXvnon nou oiyoupo TOV XiKwv OTxwv TO nppXnpo pwq Tqq Sponq, pe TO O-
nepipvei OTO x ^ p o Tnq Ko6apnq unoKeipeviKiiq eppn- noio aoxoXeiTQi eiSiKTepo n epyaoia ouTii, KOTxei a-
veiaq. 'Qcne n SnpioupyiKii KoivwviKii OKi|)n eivoi KO- vap(l)iPoXa Koipia 6on poo OTOuq eupTepouq ouToq
TOiKoopvn vo SiXe^ei ovpeoo OTO npypo KOI Tnv npooavoToXiopoq. flpypoTi, TO va avixveuTov oi poi
eppnveio, v a avTipeTwnioei 5ia pioq vo TToio a5uow- yveonq x a i oi pop(t)q eKSiiXwonq Tqq ovpwnivnq Sp-
nnTO SiXnppo; onq OTO KOIVWVIK neSio, onoTeXei nponeon yto vo
ZKonq Tnq epyooioq ouTiiq eivoi OKpiPwq vo oup- peXeTnei TO (iJtiTnpa Tnq ouyKpTqonq TOU KOIVWVIKO
PXXei cnnv ano5uvpwon Tqq m o nvw nXwonq. o eivai an Tnv evonoinnKii-SioXeKTiKii oKoni cnqv onoio
npnei Xomv vo empeivoupe cnnv lOTopiKii, unep-OTopi- avact)pnKa pXiq. Aev pnopei va yivei Xyoq yio TO
Kti ioppcpwon TWV KOIVWVIKWV oxoewv, xwpiq pwq KOIVWVIK eivai pe pouq evoXXoKTiKOq oe eKeivouq TOU
vo KOTOOTtiooupe TO OTopo onXoq (t)opeiq Suvpewv ovTiKeipeviopo: ocnnpo, Xenoupyieq, Sopti, ov
KOI ovoyKoiOTiiTwv, vo epyocnope npoq Tnv KOTeuv- Sev xei nponynei pio eniOTopvn Siepevnon TOU OV-
on Tnq ovXuonq TOU votipoToq nou oi v6pwnoi ivouv pwnivou Spov poo cnnv KOivwvio.
OTiq SpooTnpiTnTq Touq, xwpiq vo enavonouope OTiq Ol KivSuvoi nou nopopoveouv r q v npooneio ouTii

NEA KOINQNIOAOriA 41
givai oo(3apoi. Eivai npcxa TO np|3Xripa TOU ifuxoXoYi-
opou, nou npoKUHTEi Eu9q pXic; E^oyyeiXEi KOVEiq TTJV
npGEori va ^EXjpioEi poo OTTIV ovOpwnivri Spaon, OK-
pr| KOI Yia avaXuTiKoc; KOI pvo Xyouc;, TO IJJUXIK on
TO KOIVIVIK OToixEio. M E Hoio vvoio ptq; M E auTtiv
TriQ SionTioriq TOU I|)UX1KO on TO KOIVJVIK nou au-
VTEXEITOI OTTI 6iapKEia Tqq KoivojviKonoiqoriq TOU ar-
pou, Tqq SioxTEUoqq 5qXa5q Tqq EniBupioq TOU poa OE
q5q ucfiiaTapEveq Koivjvmq unoSoxq. To KOIVJVIK U-
napxEi KiXaq EKEI, SEIO KOI npooxqpoTiopvo yia vo
unoSexTEi TO IJJUXIK SuvapiK Tqq eni9upiaq, vo TO pop-
(})onoiqoEi, KOI on r q OTiypq EKEivq va nai|ji vo Eivoi
npooxqpoTiopvo KOI va pETOTponEi OE KTI sXXEinTiK
KQI pEuoT, OE KTI nou 5EV pnopsi nXov va Eivai OVT-
TqTO. Enopvjq, q Spoq, nponoBTOVTaq vo PooiK oa OTqv XXq. To vo piX pPoio KOveiq yto eouT Teiva
iJjuxiK nupqvo a<po xwpiq rqv eniupia (yio OUTO-
npaypTJoq, yio KOTKTqoq Tqq TauTTqToq, yio evvq-
oq TOU Kopou KXn.) SEV pnopEi vo unpxei onoTEXsi
OKpi(3jq TOV Tpno pE TOV onoio o nupqvoq ouTq ovoi-
YETOi npoq TO SioBoipo KOIVJVIK poo, pE TO onoio
KOI pvo Eivoi SuvoTq q EnixEipqoq iKavonoiqonq Tnq -
niBupioq. Yn r q v vvoio auTii, o Spwv vBpjnoq 5EV
eivai onXjq vo I)JUXOXOYIK unoKeipEvo, nwq 5EV eivai
onXwq EKTEXEOTqq TWV EniTaywv nou STIBEV p())UTeo-
VTOi EVTq TOU an Tnv KOIVWVIK npooSiopiopvq un-
oraoii TOU. To l^uxIK, poXovTi oSiovnTO ^w on Tnv
KoivwviKii TOU popcljq, unpxEi PE TO vo npooSiEi OTq
pop(t)q TOU ouTii, OTiq np^Eiq pE n q onoieq aneXeuBepw-
vovToi, pio liaiTepn noiTnTO KOI Kupiwq pio iSioirepn
vTOon.
AvTi Tnq eniBupioq Bo Bewpqow wq npwTopxmn nqyq
Tqq Spoqq Tqv KoivwviKq o^iwoq, unooTnpii!]ovTaq TI
TO unoKeipevo 5EV EniBupEi onXwq OUT nou TOU XEinEi,
oXX OUT nou xEi Tnv oioBnon TI TOU ovqKEi K O I TO
onoio xei onoXoei poo OTnv KoivwviKq fjwq, pio f^wq
unoToypvq OTiq opxq TOU onoKXeiopou KOI Tqq OTpq-
oqq, pouq onoppOTOuq yio vo eivoi auT nou eivoi.
Z r q v pvnon nou OUVOVT n o^iwon TWV onoKXeiopvwv
vo KOTopYnBei o onoKXEiopq TOuq, onovT q pvqoq
on ppouq Touq vo OVEXBOV Tqv npoypoTiKTqTO nwq
Tnv opi^ouv OI opvnTq TOuq. An EKei nny^ei n ooiyo-
OTq nXq yio opiop Tnq npoypoTiKTqToq, o aywvaq
42
yia Tqv unp|3aon Tqq, KaBwq XXwoTe KOI q o5uvqpf|
oXXoTpiwTiKii naXivSeuoq npoq Tnv onoSoxn Tnq.
ZuvSepvo pe TO nppXnpo Tnq i|)UxoXoyioTiKnq n a
pKKXionq eivoi KOI eKeivo TOU unoKeipeviopo-OTopi-
opo. r i o i o , oXnBeio, Bo eivoi TO 5pwv unoKeipevo Tqc
o^iwoqq; Me Tnv uioBTnon Tnq vvoiaq TOU KOIVWVIKOL
eouTO ovTipeTwniJeToi TOUTXPOVO n oneiXq Tqq ouvei-
SqoioKpoTioq oo K O I TOU OTopiopo- TO (Jjopo OUTC
ooPei oe KBe npoonBeio npooSiopiopo Tqq avBpwni-
vqq Spoqq nou 5e BXei va nopopeivei OTO yeviK
nXoioio Tnq lOTOpiKiiq np^nq TWV ouXXoyiKwv <l)opw\
nou eni^qT va SioouvSoei EowTepiK Tqv lOTOpiKq ou-
Tii np^n P Tqv KaBqpepivq, avwvupq KOI OKpwTqpia-
opvn 5poq TWV OTpwv, vo 6ei nwq uclJoivexai n pio p-
auTpoTO iowq, KOI pe Poq Touq ouveippoq nou e-
KXOVTOI on Tn X^n, vo Snpioupyqoei Tqv eo(t)oXpvii
evTnwoq TI ava(})peTOi KOT' ovyKq OTqv ouTO-ouva-
5qoq, oe pio 6v5ooTpo(})ii Tqq SiavoqTiKiiq XeiToupyiaq
QOTOO O eouTq pnopei vo opiorei wq eniyvwon TIIQ
KOivwviKiiq TOUTTqToq, TOU KOIVWVIKO eivoi TOU uno-
Keipvou, OUOIOOTIK wq pio ovoxwpqoq Tqq ouveiSqoiiq
on TOV eouT Tqq. K o i Bo eivoi TOUTXPOVO pio eniyvi^
on, XiyTepo l i nepiooTepo Siouyiiq, TOU pn opioTiK
vTonioipou, TOU pn epnpypoTou OUTO TOU eivor Bo &
VOI eiKvo, (JjavTOOTiKii nopoToon poo oe vo XOOTIK
KOI o5ia(t)avii KOIVWVIK Kopo, nou nXovTOi yio uo
nopxei TO ovayKoio epeiopoTO oTn Spon, onoTeXd
VToq roi xi TO iSewSeq Tppo Tqq oXX KOI pio f^wTiMJ
Tqq ouvBqKq. ' AXXwoTe, nwq 6a Sope, TO TI O eauT^
opifjeToi nvTO oe oxon pe TOV XXO, poa o r o nXypo
Tnq ovBpwnivnq oXXnXSpoonO xsi OKon vo npo<t)uX
^ei an Tnv avBpwnoXoyiKii ouoioKpOTio (nou ovopwTi-
TOI yia Tnv EOJTepn U(l)q TOU eauTo) OTqv onoio 6a Koi
Xnye pio oTopiOTiKii ewpnon TOU BpoToq. FeviKTepo
pe evSi(t)Epe vo ene^epyooTw Tqv vvoio piaq oTopiK
TqToq e^unopxnq KOivwviKiiq, n onoio, Siopoou Tnq
wonq, ouTiiq Tqq octipoyiopvqq on Tq pepiKTqTO KO
OTOpiKTqTO K({)paoqq Tqq pq-iKOvonoinonq, PpioKei Sp-
po vo nepoei poa OTq ouXXoyiKq npo^q (oTiq OIKOVO
piKq n.x. SieKSiKiioeiq), peTQTpnovTq Tnv on n p ^
Twv-unoKeipvwv oe np^nyo-Ta-unoKeipEva.
NEA KOINQNIOAOriA

H Z Q H K A I T O E P f O T O Y . O Anpooevnc; AavinXinq
YEVViiBriKE OTO npOKni Tr|<; KonnaSoKioq TO 1 8 8 9 . An-
(l)0iToq TOU OXOXEI'OU TTIC; iSioiTEpriq noTpiSoq TOU, ^ o h n -
OE oTEpo OTTIV KJvoTovTivonoXri OTTI MEyoXri TOU F-
vouc; ZxoXn KOI OTO OOcuiioviK riavEnioTriijio, o n ' -
nou EXOPE TOV TITXO TOU 5i5aKTOpoq TO 1913. EuvEpyo-
OTTiKE p 5ia(t)opE(; E(l)niJEpi5C;, EXXqviKc; K G I
ToupK(l)a)VEq.
ZuvExioE TIC; onouSq TOU OTTI AuTiKii Eupwnri OTTIV
EXpETia, OTTI fEpiJGvio KOI OTTIV AuoTpia nou ono-
5aoE vopiKo, (})iXoooc!)ia, noXiTiKq EnioTnpec;, KOIVWVIO-
Xoyio, oiKOvopiKG KOI noiSoyiyiKci KGI yvjpioE Sioon-
pouc; oTOxooTEc; Tnc; nEpiSou 1 9 1 3 - 1 9 2 2 , nou f^noE oov
OonnTiic;.
' H5n KGTG Tn SlOpKElO TCUV OnOuSJV TOU, GpXlOE VO
SiSoKEi OE 'EXXnvEc; ^onnTq li PETOVOOTEC;- n 5i6a-
OKoXio TOU EXE TO i5lO EXXnVOKEVXpiK nEpiEXpEVO KGI
TOV i5io oKon eBviKiic; ouToyvioioc; nou ouvavTopE
KOI OTO ouyypocJjiK TOU pyo. OonnTiiq OKpn, TO 1 9 2 1 ,
ipuoE TO ZvSeopo TWV NEOEXXTIVWV, nou eixE wc;
OKon Tnv ovoXuon TWV npopXnpTwv TOU Nou EXXn-
viopo KOI rr\v ovo^nTnon TWV opcv XOECJJV TOU.
To 1925, OTO r i o p i o i , KOTpBwoe vo EVBOUOIOOEI TOV
GUTOE^pioTo EKei EXEuBpio BEvif^Xo, O onoioc; TOU 5ii-
XWOE TI, EV npOUV VETEpOq, Bo OE OKoXouBoOO.
SuvSBqKE EKei OTnv i5ia npio5o \ie TO f i o v v r i 4^uxcipn,
pE TOV onoio EixE oov KOIV nopovopooTri TO SqpoTiKi-
op. STO r i o p i o i EKSISEI, TO 1 9 2 6 , pe So (fiiXouc; TOU Tn
No Owvii OTO nXoioio TOU SuvSopou TWV NeoeXXii-
vwv Tnv onoio ypocpei pe povoTOviK ooTnpa- o Fla-
yKoXoc; onoyopeei Tnv KUKXo(|)opia Tnq poo OTnv EXXa-
So. Tnv KSoon Tnq e(t)npepiSaq TOU SiOKnrei oe Xiyo,
Xyw eXXeii|jewq oiKovopiKti)v powv.
O Seopq TOU pe Tnv EXXaSo eivoi nveupoTiKq, aX-
Xo xei noXiTiK OKon, ev eupeio evvoia: enioKnTeToi,
(l)oiTnTnq OKpo, 5ia(l)opeq nXeiq Tnq PpEiaq Kupiwq KOI
NEA KOINNIOAOriA
APXEIO
oimjEPUMEjmm
Kommom
AHMOS0ENHZ
AANIHAIAHE
KEVTpiKiiq EXXSoq KOI Sivei SioX^eiq, pe OKon vo o-
(})unvioei TO eviK oioBnpo, op(})wva pe n q ovyKeq
TOU EXXnviopo, yio ouToyvwoio KOI KoivwviKii KOI OI-
KovopiKii ovnTu^n-
McT TO 1929, opxi^ei vo enioKnTeTOi Tnv EXXSo
ouxvTepo KGI TO 1931 eyKoBioTOTai oTnv ABiivo povi-
pwq, yia vo a(t)ooiwBei ouoTnpoTiKTepo OTO o v o y e w n -
oiOK nveupoTiK TOU pyo. ISpei KOI oTnv EXXSo TO
ZvSeopo TWV NeoeXXiivwv, nou n Spon TOU pwq a-
voKnxETOi on Tn AiKTOTOpio Tnq 4nq AuyooTou. H o-
ntixnoii TOU pwq OTOuq veoviKoq KKXouq TWV TeXeu-
Toiwv eTJV TOU MeoonoXpou Eivoi pEyoXn, an Tnv -
KpO AE^I pXpl Tnv Kpo AplOTEp.
rioXlTETnKe OTO AypOTIK KOI EpyaTIK KppO TOU
AX^ovSpou nanovaoTooiou KOI SiSo^e Tn NeoXoio TOU.
To 1934 e^Swoe TO nepi^npo PiPXio TOU NeoeXXn-
viKT) Koivwvio KOI OiKovopio, n o u onoTeXei TO KUPIT-
po pyo TOU AnpooBvn AavinXiSn, aXX ouyxpvwq
KOI vo on TO onouSoiTepG, ov xi TO onouSoiTepo,
oyypappo noXniKiiq, KOivwviKnq, oiKOvopiKtiq, noXiTi-
cniKiiq KGI nveupoTiKiiq ovXuonq TOU eBviKO nepiexop-
vou Tnq vvoioq Noq EXXnviopq, Tnv onoio KoBiepw-
vei O AovinXiSnq. To PiPXio OUT, TOV KOTcnnoe, pe Tn
peyXn TOU enippoti, AOKOXO XWV TWV peToyevoTe-
pwv EXXiivwv KoivwvioXywv KOI yeviK AOKOXO TOU
'EBvouq. To PipXio OUT o(l)iepjveTai cnn No TEVE
KOI TToieq, oi napOTnpnoeiq ouTq, eivai ocjjiepwpveq
OTn No feve. E^eTJ^ouv Tn yveon K G I Sioppcliwon
TWV nponoBoewv Tnq veoeXXnviKiiq Koivwvioq KGI OI-
Kovopiaq KOI nio yeviK TWV nopoyvTwv Tnq nveupoTi-
Kiiq KOI uXiKiiq JJwiiq TOU Nou EXXnviopo. ZTO (^wq TWV
yeyovTwv oXKXnpwv oiojvwv Seixvouv Tnv npooSiopi-
OTiKti yio Tnv OTopiKti KGI opoSiKii poq e^Xi^n eni-
Spoon Tnq iSippuBpnq yewypact)iKiiq KGI lOTopiKiiq paq
ovTTnToq. K i Toi, ^eKo6apif;ovTaq ouveiSnT KOI KOBO-
pii^ovToq Tnv lepti npoypoTiKTnTO, TO So(t)oq Tnq pvoq
ynq, TOV KKXO KGI Tnv oKTiva Tnq eBviKiiq poq evp-
yeioq, KOTeuBvouv Tn Spon poq KOI ouvpa poq npoe-
Toip^ouv yio Tnv nPwiKti, Tn pvn ovBpwmvn ovTipe-
Twnion TWV nenpwjjsvwv paq- evvow Tnv oSiKonn, e-
owTepiKii K I e^wTepmti, nXn peTo^ eXeuBepioq KOI a-
voyKoiTnTaq, eKeivn ioo-ioo, nou Kvei TOV vBpwno va
43
piJcavEi uoa oiriv apeiXiKxri npaynaTiKTriTa oav KU-
piopxoc; ouveiriTc; KQI XI OOV a|3ouXo Qvyta xnc;
loxopioc;.
OI lAEEZ T O Y . O Aripoo0vn(; AavinXiSriq (1889-1972),
KOivwvioXyoc;, lOxopiKq, lOxopiKq xou nveupoxoc; KOI
jr\q xxvr)(;, vopiKq, (})iXoo(I)0(;, oiKovopoXyoc;, KOI ne-
pioTaaiOKO noXixiKq, Kaiepwvei pio evioia ouXXri4>n
xnc KOivuiviKiii; npoypoxiKxrixac;, nou npooopoio^ei pe
Quxtiv xou M A X WEBER, oov ac|)opa xr|v noXuSiooxoxri
e^nynon xwv KOIVWVIKWV (t)aivopvwv, nXr)Oia^i pwq
xr| pxa(J)uoiKri sppnvao xou H . KavXXnouXou, oov
act)opa xr|v ron 6ipuvr|ari<; xnq eOviKtiq nEpnxouoioq
xou Nou EXXnviopo, nou onoxEXEi xo ovxiKEpEVO xnq
pEXxnq XOU.
r i i o npoypoxioxiiq on xov O. KovEXXnouXo, nou
sv5ia(])pExai Kupiwq yio xo nvEpo KOI xnv loxopiKii xou
Kivnon, o A. AovinXiSnq SEV 9a pnopooe va EVxaxOfii
oe iSEOKpoxiKO nXoioio. Eivai voq oxoxooxiiq ouxvo-
poq, Evioioq KOI n pnvEuon xou pyou xou Eivoi npwx-
xunn, oXoKXnpwxiKti KOI EupnpoTiKii. O PooiKq xou
OKonq Eivat vo SiEpEUvfioEi xo pEydXo y^/ar/xnq onpEpi-
vnq E9viKnq KoxooxaoEwq, va EvxonioEi SnXoSn xa oixia
xnq iSiopop^ioq xnq pxpi oiipEpo nopEaq xou EXXnvi-
opo. H pGoSq xou 6a pnopooe vo xapa'<xnpio9Ei
ilJUXOVoXuxiKr): EpEuva Xouq xouq KXnpovopiKOq nopo-
yovxEq KXipa, yewypac^iKii 9on KOI yevma yewYpa(t)i-
KX) ovxxnxa KXn. KOI oxn ouvxEio Xouq xouq noi-
Smoq xpoupaxiopoq xou Nou EXXnviopo, SnXoSii
xnv loxopiKii TOU Qvxxnxo. H oyKXion xnq EniSpooEwq
KOI xnq oXXnXEniSpoEwq xwv So ouxwv nopoyvxwv
ouvioxo, KOX xo AovinXiSn, xn onpepivii eXXnviKT)
npaypaTiKTnTO.
H npwrn e6viKii aXX KOI eniornpovrnr) npoo(l)opa
rou AovinXiSn eivoi n eionyoyE r o v po Noq EXXnvi-
opq, TOU onoiou n KOivoropio yKEiroi o r o aa<pr\-
XWpiop pETO^ r n q Naq KOI rnq OaXaiaq EXXnvmiiq I-
oropioq. H flaXoia EXXnvmii loropia nepiXopPvei r n v
Apxairnro, r o BuE^ovno KOI r n v ToupKOKpario' n No
eivoi r o e6viK nopv, eivot SnXoSti nepiooTEpo n oy-
Xpovn unoroon ptaq Sioxpovmiiq ovrrnraq, rou EXXn-
viopo, wq oiwvtaq nvEupormiiq unap^Ewq. O A. Aovin-
XiSnq Eivot O enioriipwv nou ^exwpioe r n v reXeuraio, r n
onpepivti (^aor\q SioxpoviKiiq ovrrnraq- xnv Ka6pi-
oe wq ove^pxnrn, x ^ p i o n i KOI ooctiwq Sio^opn Xwv
TWV nponyoupvwv, oXKXnpou rou nponyopevou i-
oropmo napeX9vroq TOU EXXnviopo.
'Erot Xotnv o AavtnXiSnq enireXei vo eiSoq Eniorn-
povmo Koopoyoviopo: o Noq EXXnviopq eivat pio
va ovTrnro, pe Smti r o u yveon, KOI ouyKeKpipva xa-
poKxnpioxiK, nou Sev anoreXei ypoppiKn ouvxeia r w v
nponyoupvwv loropiwv r o u EXXnviKo xwpou. O KO-
opoyoviopq aurq, n 6ewpia rnq aurvopnq unp^ewq
rou Nou EXXnviopo, enirpnet r n Siapp(t)won ptaq re-
Xeiwq 5i(j)opnq noXiriKiiq, noijtn nou npoKoXei pijo-
onooxiKq KOI avapop(})wTiKq npo9aeiq. O Noq EXXn-
viopq xet Smq xou ovyKeq, SIK XOU npopXiipaxo,
Smq xou npoonxmq. MoKpi Xotnv on K9e oxeipa
opxatoXoyio, on K6E ononpooavaxoXioxiKii Pufjovxt-
voXoyio.
0 a pnopooe o A. AovinXiSnq av Kivtioei unotjjieq
nepi OoXpepoytepiopo, av Sev nxov oa(l)tiq, oov o-
44
(t)op xo onpeio xnq yveonq xou Nou EXXnviopo: oxo
onpeio aux o peyXoq oxoxooxtiq yiverai PtoXoyiKre-
poq- K6e v6pwnoq eivot ourvopoq, xet Snpioupynei
pwq an r n v vwon So ovpwnwv KOI o n q (t)XPeq r o u
KUKXo(t)opei r o oipo Touq. H KXnpovopiKrnra eivot pto
peyXn Svopn xat ooKei repona eniSpoon OTOV npo-
oovoroXiop evq avpwnou, ornv npoKeipvn nepinrw-
on evq 'E6vouq. Y n ' our r o npiopa npnet Koveiq vo
peXerrjoei r n 9ewpia xou Nou EXXnviopo KOI yeviKxe-
po xou pyou xou A. AavinXiSn-
H rewypa(t)iKti Ovxxnxa xou Nou EXXnviopo a-
noxeXei Ka9opa PioXoyiK napyovxo xnq iSiopop(|)iaq
KOt xnq onpepivtiq Soptiq KOI nopeiaq. O AovinXiSnq, -
nwq O iSioq ovo^pei ornv apxii r o u oxeriKO Ke^aXoiou
rou, Koivoropei o r o ouvunoXoyiop, pe Kupiopxm pei-
^ovo rpno, r o u yewypacjimo nopoyovroq, oxnv loxopi-
Kti e^Xi^n KQI oxnv xeXiKti KorooKeuii evq 9vouq, nou
t,ei o ' va ouyKeKpipvo xwpo- AnoKXeiei pwq e^ opxiiq
Tn povoppeio KOI r o v Kpo Ka9opioxiKiop, yioxi oxiq
oxoEiq xnq (I)oewq oxouq avpwnouq, n <pi)or] Sev eivot
nvxoxe xo evepynxiK KQI O vpwnoq pvo xo nonxi-
K. Ynpxei pexo^ xouq pto oXXnXeniSpoon pxooq KOI
nio noX XOU eninSou eKoxoxe noXixiopo'.
Me noinxiKxoxo xpno KOI Poi (J)uoioyvwoia o A.
AovinXiSnq nepiypcpei xnv i|;uxti rnq eXXnviKtiq ovrrn-
raq, nou nopyei TOV iSipupo xapaKrtipo r o u 'EXXn-
vo. AvoXovroq r n onpooia, r n v euprepn, r n v noXirmii,
rnv KOlVWVlKti, r n v n o X i n o r m i i , r q v nveupariKii onpooia
rou tiXtou, rnq 9Xaooaq, r w v oreXeiwxwv eXXnvmwv
vnoiwv KOt oKxwv, o A. AovinXiSnq ouv9xei oux nou o
Moxxpo TKVXI anoKXeoe, yto xn Smi xou noxpiSo,
Bo9i IvSia. H Ba9t EXXSa anoxeXei KOX' e^oxtiv
Siovonxmti oXXni|Jn TOU A . AavinXiSn, nou r n v nepiyp-
<pE\e rpno Xoym oXX KOI noinriK, Xupm ouxv,
noXuStororo oXX KOI evioio, eniornpoviK aXX KOI e-
pnonopvo pe Pa9i oynn npoq o u n i v r n pero^uoiKii
unoroon rnq eXXnvmiiq ovrrnraq nepioorepo, nop
yio r a eKorore KOivwviKO-noXirma eni(})aivpev rnq.
O oyxpovoq 'EXXnvaq r n (ttovraoio r o u rqv o^eiXei
orouq nXareiq opi^ovxeq nou ovoiyovxai ypw r o u ' xnv
nveupoxmxnxo xou ornv Ka9apti KOI Siauyti orpoctJOi-
pa nou r o v nepiPXXei KOI r n v oioioSo^ia r o u orov tiXio
nou r o v (|)WTi2^ei aSiXeinro, r n v KUKXo9upia r o u orov
EuperpXnro KOip KOI r n v ron rou yto (jjuyti o r n orev-
r n r o TWV nXouronopoYwymwv nnycbv.
O A. AovinXiSnq oupnXnpwvei r n rewypo<t)iKti Ovr-
r n r a pe r n v loropmti. Zrnv npaypariKrnro ovaXei r n
SiaXeKTiKii pero^ r n q fewypo^ioq KQI r n q loropiaq, nou
eixe oov anorXeopo xn onpepivii npoypoxmxnxa xou
EXXnviKO E9vouq.
Zxnv loxopmti Ovxxnxa, oxo Ke(l)Xaio SnXoSti xou
pvou oXoKXnpwpvou un popetttiv ouyypppoxoq p-
you xou NeoeXXnviKti Koivwvio KOI OiKovopio, ouyyp-
(t)et xn fveon xou Nou EXXnviopo, nou anoxeXei xn
oyxpovn loropiKti <l)an r n q nopeiaq r o u EXXnvmo 'E-
9vouq. H yveon aurti ouvreXeirai KOT nveuparm
rpno OTOV Tauyero, orov YorepoPu^ovTtv Muorp,
o r o nvepa r o u Fewpyiou Fepioro nXii9wvoq (1355-
1452) KOt r w v poGnrwv r o u . Kuocltopeirai PPoio o Noq
EXXnviopq tiSn KOT rouq reXeuroiouq oiwveq nptv on
NEA KOINQNIOAOriA
TTIV nTtor) Triq KcvoTavrivounXewc;, KOT TTIV nspioSo
Tnq Buf;avTivnq napaKMq, aXXa n oK8i|)n TOU fepiOTO
YoviponoieiTGi an Tnv opxyovn eXXnviKti nopSoon,
Tnv noYovioTiKn, Tnv eXXnvioTiKti, Tn peooijviKti, Tn
SioxpoviKii O nXtijv ovoJ^nT Tnv noYovionKn n-
VTwq KOI n oJJeu^n auTii Tnq (t))nopvnq OKi|)nq TOU
ovTiGeTou npoq TO ovoToXiTiKo nvepa noGnTiKTnToq
KOI poipoXaTpioq TOU nXtiGwvoq pe TO aipo nou Tpxei
OTiq novpxoieq (t)X|3eq TOU EXXnviKo TouyeTou, yevv
TO nveupoTiK oiKoSpnpo, wq noXniKii iSeoXoyio KOI
jq eviKii ouveiSnon, TO No EXXnviop.
ETO MuoTp, peToBTovToq TO Kvrpo |3pouq TOU
EXXnviopo SuTiKTepo KOI o n q opxoieq TOU KoniSeq, o
fepioTq npoonoei vo 9oei n q Poeiq yio vo peTopop-
(}))9ov TO TeXeuToio eSa(})iK unoXeippoTO rnq vSo^nq
BuJJovnviiq AuTOKpOTopioq, nou yio TOV AovinXiSn l i r o v
nepiooTepo pio noXue9viKn KOI Ka9op OVOTOXIKT] Se-
onoTeio, oe vo oyxpovo eXXoSiK eSocJjiK, eXXnvi-
K nveupoTiK KpToq, nou 6 0 Pooifjeroi ornv opxoio
nveupoTiKii nopSoon KOI oe opiopveq npOKTiKq Sioi-
KnnKq opxq, nXoTwviKiiq nvnuq epnveoewq. OoT
Se SBnKe eniKoipTepo pa9npo noioTiKcjjv ISOVIKWV
OTOV EXXnviop^. O FepiOTq enioreue nwq o veoXXn-
viKq Kopoq, yio vo pnopoei vo ?^noei, o(t)eiXei vo Xeu-
Tepw9ei o n ' Xo TO eiSwXo, nou TOU eixe eni|3Xei o no-
Xiq ovoToXinKoq noXmopq^.
O NeonXoTwviopq TOU fepioro avTirx9nKe o ' -
vov napapop(t)wpvo KOI KorXXnXo npoooppoopvo
o n q ovyKeq rnq ovoroXiKiiq |3uJ]avrivnq Seonoreioq o-
piororeXiop. H pvn f^wvrovti Svopn TOU Bufjovriou l i -
r o v r o EXXnviK 'EBvoq, nou ocjjovif^rav KTW on r o
|3poq rnq rXeioq anoouv9oewq rnq Bu^^ovnvtiq Auro-
Kparopioq. 'Opwq, O nXarwviopq, l i o NeonXorwvi-
opq l i r o v Kiipuypo xi pvov E9VIK, nwq eiSape, po
KOI av9pwnioriK, lirov NeoeXXnviopq KQI ouvpa
Oupoviopq*.
O A. AovinXiSnq ronoBerei r o v f epior orov nupiivo
rnq iSioq r n q yveonq TOU Nou EXXnviopo: eivoi o
nveuporiKq KoroXrnq, onvovn o ' vav Rwvoravrivo
I B ' flaXaioXyo, nou anoreXei, ovri9eTa, rov reXeuroio
unepoonioni r n q flXnq. 'Opwq, raurxpovo, o Kwv- nXii9wv, anoreXei r n v n p w r n avri9ern npoq r n v eioPoXii
orovrivoq Apoyronq eivoi KOI O npwroq ' EXXnvoq |3a- rnq AvaroXiiq o r n v EXXSo Kivnon r o u EXXnviopo" Sev
oiXiq r o u Buf^avriou, ov KOI reXeuroioq auroKpropq Teivei va naXivop9woei, oTe KOV VO pipnOei pepmwq r n v
rou, yiori orcfierai oro Muorp KOI yiori ^eKivei on eioPoXii rnq EXXSaq ornv AvaroXii, nou npoyparonoi-
Kei yia vo nei ornv KwvorovnvonoXn' n np^n TOU noe o M . AX^avSpoq, oXX GXei pio EXXSo ourvopn
o u n i iowq unoSnXwvei r n perornion r o u Kvrpou P- nveuporiK, ourpKn omovopiK KOI op9oXoyiopvn
pouq r o u EXXnviopo npoq Suopq, yiari o floXaioXyoq SioiKnriK. f i ' aur o A. AovinXiSnq e^upvei rov flXii-
^eKivei on TO Muorp, an Kei ovrXei r n v e^ouoio r o u , 9wva, nou p9pwoe rov n p w r o eXXnviK noXiriK Xyo
yia va peroPei ornv FlXn, nou npoona9ei vo owoei - orov xwpo rnq noXoiq EXXSaq.
vo M9o, r o p9o rnq BaoiXeouooq KOI reXiK pu9o-
Mer r n (})uyii r o u nXn9wva KOI rnq oxoXiiq r o u , r n q
noieiroi, pe r n pueioropnporiKii rnq n r w o n , o iSioq.
Xeyopvnq oxoXiiq r o u Muorp, ornv IraXio, n EXXSa
O oupoviopq rou flXiiGwva ep^ureeroi ovriGero aKoXou9ei r n poipo rnq KTW an pio vo popcftti ovoro-
orn Aon, nou peroPoivei o f . f epiorq KOI yiverai r o XiKtiq Seonoreiaq, r n v roupKOKporia. O AovinXiSnq e^o-
npofjpi yio r n AuriKii Avoyvvnon. poiwvei oe roXpnp Pa9p, oXX pe orpvraxra eniorn-
H ovXuon r o u A. AovinXiSn SiOKarxeroi on KOX- poviK enixeipiiporo rnv reXeuraia <^aar\q Bu^avriviiq
n i o r o 9oupoop, xwpiq pwq ixvoq oupnXyporoq e9vi- AuroKporopioq pe rqv 09wpaviKn, r n v onoia 9ewpei va
Kiiq Korwreprnroq, npoq r n vopiponoi KOivwviKonoXi- eiSoq noXiriKiiq r n q ouvxeioq, oov a(})op r o noXiriK
riKii nopeio rnq AuriKiiq Eupwnnq. H nopopovii r o u EX- oornpo KOI n q noXireiOKq Sopq, aXX KOI O ' XO TO
Xnviopo KTW on ovoroXiTiKO SeonoriK oxnporo nvepa aoKiioewq e^ouoioq. Aur o(l)eiXerai, eKTq r o u -
(Bu?JovTivii AuroKporopio KOI ToupKopovio) npOKXeoe Xou yeworponwriKo Ka9opiKiopo, KOI ornv emPiwon
rnv Ko9iiXwon r w v ?^WTIKWV Suvpewv: o f . fepiorq TOU BuJ^avrivo SiomnriKO pnxaviopo poo ornv iSio

NEA KOINQNIOAOriA 45
BIBAIA nOY A nPOTEINOYME
r. EAN0OYAHZ:
To ne6a|jvo AiKp
E. 0AKINOY:
H peyaAn npaoivr)
M. nOAENAKH: Aou
B. PAIX:
H avAuon T O U x o p c i K T i p a

M.KONTOAEON:
Ta eine ( ( x T Q ,

n. XANTKE:
H wpa Tt]q aK(]eivf\q aioenon<;
ANOOAOriA ZYrXPONHZ
EPnriKHz noiHZHZ
A F I T O T E A O Y Z 7 e E Z S A A O N I K l l
Tqv 06)iJav\Kri AoTOKpaTopia. HpojTeuovTa KQI KaSopi-
OTiK pXo o' auTii Tqv opaXq 6ia5oxq, nou yivETOi
nvw OTiq OTXTSc; KQI OTO owpoTO TWV unspaoniOTwv
Tnc; nXnc;, 5ia5papaTi?Jei n OpBo^n EKKXnoia, OTnv
onoia o Mwpe6 B" o flopnTnc; acjinvei, snau^vovTOc;
Tqq pXioTO, Xq Tq pqoKeuTiKq, SiKOOTiKq K O I sKnoi-
SsuTmn e^ouoio eni TWV paY'Swv, xi pvo TWV EXXn-
vwv, oXX Xwv TWV op9o6^wv XpioTiovwv.
H oXXnXenipoon oXX KOI oi f^wnpq ovTiBoeiq pe-
To^u Tnq pq eXXqviKqq Op95o^qq EKnXqoioq KOI TOU
veoywnTOU Nou EXXqviopo, Tovifjei, KOT TOV Aoviq-
Xi5q, Tiq TepooTieq 5io(()opq (t)iXooo(t>iaq Tqq Jwqq peTO^i)
Touq. O l qiKopqoKeuTiKq opxq KOI TO XO ooTqpo
ovTipeTwnionq TOU KoBqpepivo Kopou 5ia(|)pei TOO
peTo^ Touq, woTe onoTeXei o^ionepiepyo (jjOivpevo, e-
^nyopevo pvo on Tq paKpo|3iTqTO Tqq oup(3iwoqq
EXXqviopo-EKKXqoioq, q aXXqXeni6paoq peTO^ TOU
'EBvouq KOI TOU eKKXqoiooTiKO oiKOopqpoToq. Fl-
vTwq q 5ia(l)op ouTq Bo eniPiwoei wq lOXupTorn eow-
TepiKii ovTicfioon Tqq iSioouyKpooioq TOU Nou EXXqvi-
opo, nou TOV xwpi^ei qBiK oe So KOTeuBvoeiq- pio,
npoq TOV opxoK noyoviop KOI pio npoq r q Xpicniovi-
Kq peTOclJuoiKq. Eivoi pio KOTqyopio, nou Beonifjei o Ao-
viqXiSqq KOI nou e^nyei noXXq avTi(j)oeiq TOU EXXnvi-
opo, KOT TOV 20 OKpq oiwvo.
H KoivTqTO, TO oqpovTiKTepo KOT TOV AoviqXi-
5q noXiTiK Snpiopynpo TOU NeoeXXnviopo eivoi TO
KOT' ecoxnv KOIVWVIK nopoywyo Tnq nepiSou Tnq
ToupKOKpOTioq, nou o(J)pyioe Tnv KOIVWVIKT) e^Xi^n TOU
NEA KOINQNIOAOriA
'EBvouq poq K O I TOU KXnpoSTnoe Tn ouyKeKpipvn
popcfiq TOU wq POOIK KTTOpo Tnq eBviKiiq ouvoxnq KOI
ouyKpoTtioewq. O A. AovinXiSnq pof^i pe TOV K . Kapa|3i-
So, nou ooxoXiiBnKe eiSiKTepo KOI nio ouoTnpoTiK, pe
TO KoivoTiK (t)oivpevo, onoTeXei TOV KOT' ecoxnv eni-
OTqpoviK ovoXuTn Tnq veoeXXqviKiiq KOivwviKnq
ouyKpTnonq.
H KOToywyn TWV EXXnviKwv KoivoTiiTwv ovyexoi,
KOT TOV A. AovinXiSn, TOO OTnv noXneiOKT) lOTopio
Tqq EXXSoq pe npwTq opxq TO opxoio ' A O T U KQI pe Te-
XiK 5iapop(J)WTiK nopyovTo Tnv ToupKOKpoTio, oo
KOI OTiq ouyKeKpipveq yewoiKovopiKq ouvBnKeq. H EX-
XSo, e^onioq Tnq eowTepiKqq yewypacJiiKqq Tqq KOTOTpq-
oewq, nopyei nvTOTe SioiKnTmq nepiijjpeieq piKpiiq
KXipoKoq: oi nXeiq-Kprn OTnv ApxoiTnTO, oi KoivTn-
Teq n o u onoTeXov ev eupeio evvoio Tn ouvxeia Touq q
TO nio npo(J)aTo ovTioroix TOuq. O A. AoviqXiSqq o-
oxoXeiTOi eupTOTO pe TO nvepo, Tq ((iiXooo^ia nou
Sieine Tqv KoivoTiKii opyvwoq, ouTqv Tqv EXXqvmq
Gemeinscliaft: pvipq KOI onXuTn eBviKT) opoi|juxia, ou-
TOxBoviopq, npoTepoiTnTO TOU KOIVO oupefipovToq -
vovTi TOU OTopiKo, eXeuBepio pxpi TWV opiwv Tnq e-
XeuGepioq TOU ouvovBpwnou, ouva6X(f)won, Swpev ep-
yaoia yio TO Koivw(|)eXn pyo, eivoi pepm on TQ npw-
Toyevti KOI Sopm uXm Tqq.
Ol KoivTnTeq Spooav wq napyovreq loxuponoiq-
onq KOI ovnTU^nq TOU eBvmo oioBnpoToq, eBvmonoin-
oqq KOI eyKXipoTiopo rnq OpBSo^nq EKKXnoiaq ornv
eXXnvmn npaypoTiKTnTO KOI Siowoqq TOU eXXqvmo
47
noXiTiopou, aXXa KQI napaYWYiic vwv noXmoriKwv
ayawv.
H XXeiiliri piaq ap(I)iKTUOviaq, nou 9a vwve Tiq Koiv-
TnTsq o vav gvepynnKa KOIV 89VIK OKon KOI oe
KOivo e9viKa iSoviK, ovonXnpwGnKe, TOUXXIOTO OTO
pnoKeuTiK KQI r|9iK enineSo, on Tnv EKKXqoio, pe
Tnv onoia oi oxoeiq TOU opyavwpvou oe KoivTnTeq
'E9vouq uniip^ov vTOveq, OTevq K O I KOTOXUTIK
opoiPoieq.
H nayavioTiKn nioTq TOU A . AavinXiSn OTnv au9evTi-
KTnTo TOU nnyoiou eXXnvmo noXniopo KOI Tnq ov-
yKnq eniOTpo(!)nq o ' auTv, peT Tiq ^evopoveiq nveupo-
TiKq nepinXovnoeiq TWV veoeXXiivwv OTOXOOTWV, ocjiei-
XeTOi OTnv nioTn TOU TI onoTeXei TOV KupiTepo ouvSe-
TiK lOT TOU EXXnviKO ' E9vouq, lOXupTepo on oiov-
SnnoTe XXo, cfiuXeTiK, noXiTiK n omovopiK napyo-
VTO. Ol av9pwnoi TWV SnpoTiKwv TpoyouSiwv yp^ei
O AovinXiSnq, XoTpeouv Tn Oon, Tqv norpiSo, Tnv oi-
Koyveio KOI Tn yuvoiKO KOI Xouv vo f^noouv, v o xa-
pov. r r OUT noXeouv OKpo KOI pe TO Xpo yio v o
pnv ne6oivouv. Eivoi popovrmoi KI xouv noX Xupiop.
(...) K o i pwq eniCJnTov Tn Spon, 9XOUV VO ^OUV, Sev
evvoov vo Touq onoonoei Koveiq on ToTn Tn t^wn, o-
Te pnopov, on ct)avTaoio K I OV xouv, v o opopoTif^o-
vToi XXn KoXTepn*. F i ' OUT KOI O iSioq o AovinXiSnq
eivol SnpoTiKq, KOivoTmq, eXXnvmq, pe Tnv opxyovn
vvoio TOU pou, noyovioTiKq pe Tnv avTi9eoKpaTiKn
vvoio Tnq X^nQ. viToemq nou, xovToq |Bpe0ei, nwq o
Nietsciie OTO TeXm OTSIO evq ^eBupoopvou XpiOTio-
viopo, npene v ' ovoinTiioei KOivopyieq nqyq TOU
pXXovToq^ KOI Tiq avaKXuil)e, nwq o peyXoq ouy-
YpO(})aq TOU ZopOTOoxpo, OTOV KXOOOIK noyoviop,
ornv nio Sioxpovmn pwq eXXnvmr) TOU SioToon.
O e9vmq xopoKTiipoq nou opcfiwva pe TOV A . Ao-
vinXiSn e^opTTOi on'ro nvepa evq noXmopo opi-
opvou KOI pijwpvou o ' vo opiopvo Sa(t)oq, oe pio
opiopvn lOTopio, unKeiToi oe loropmq peTo|3oXq. O
AovinXiSnq evTonif^ei Tpeiq Kpteq ypoppq OTOV e9viK
XOpoKTiipo TWV NeoeXXiivwv; r n v nveupoTiKTnTO, TOV
OTopiKiop KOI Tnv nXaoTiKti npo5i9ean.
AieuKoXvovToq, wq eniornpovmti pooq, TOV O . Ko-
veXXnouXo, n o u nioreei oKpSovTo nwq n poipo TOU
EXXnviopo eivol o noXmopq KOI wq eK TOTOU O ' E X -
Xnv nyrnq npnei v o eivoi KOT' opxnv KOI Kupiwq nveu-
poTiKq nyTnq. o A . AovinXiSnq nioTeei nwq o 'EXXn-
voq xpnoiponoiei TO nvepo TOU SuoavXoya npoq Tn
owpoTiKii TOU Svopn, Tnv onoio nepictjpovei wq nop-
yovTO npoSou, opp^ouoo pXXov oe oXo|3iKoq l i oe
ooioTiKoq Xooq.
Tov 'EXXnvo SioKpivei anepipioxn <l)iXopa6eia KOI
nveupaTiKTnTo nXooio oe av9pwniop, OUT TOU -
pwq TO xopOKTnpiOTiK unoKoXXiepyovToi ti SiooTp-
(l)ovTai pe anorXeopo v a nopouaii^ovrai r o c|)aivpeva
TOU ypaiKuXiopo, SqXaSii ruxoSiWKriopq, epooirexvi-
opq, rerpaneporoovn KOI SoXionoinon, (pTr\va KOI Seu-
TepeovTO nopoywyo r n q nveuporiKrnroq. To nveupa-
rm nppXnpo r o u Nou EXXnviopo eivai n SiooTpo(t)ii
xnq nveupariKrnrq r o u ouriiq KOI o A . AovinXiSnq poq
napxEi r n |3on yio vo Karovoiiooupe r n v aSuvopio n-
yerwv r o u nveupormo o v o o r i i p a r o q r o u O . KoveXX-
48
nouXou va Ku^epviioouv l i orw va ouvevvonSov noXi-
riK pe r o v EXXnvm Xo.
O oupoviopq r o u NeoXXnva, KOT TOV AavinXiSn,
nou onoKXeiei on r q v EXXnvmii Koivwvmii KOI noXirmn
l,uir] r n v unoroKTiKii nei9apxia, evw enirpnei pvo r n v
noparaKTiKti, xei wq onorXeopa loxupraro aioBiipora
looTipioq, unoKeipeviKrnroq, (t)iXoSo^iaq, oynnq yia
r n ou^iirnon, oSuvapio nXripouq o^ooiwoewq o r o Kpan-
K iSewSeq, iSeoXiop, nveupormii ourovopia KOI oynn
yio r n v SiKpion o r o Snpoio |3io.
r i w q oupPi|3?;erai o aropmiopq pe r o v Koivoriop;
nwq enrpei|je o npwroq o r o Serepo vo enifjnoei KOI pd-
Xiora v o KoroXii^ei vo eni|3Xn9ei wq r o KOT' ecoxnv eX-
XnviK KOIVWVIK oornpo; O K . Kapa(3iSaq 9a anovro-
oe nwq n EXXnvmii Koivrnra, uneparopm KOIVWVIK
(jjaivpevo. Spa KOI Kiveirai noXirm KQI omovopm wq
npowno iSiwrmo Smoiou vovn r w v iSiwrwv. O A.
AovinXiSnq anavr, x ^ p i q v o Sia(})pei on r a nXoioia
rnq e^nvnoewq r o u K . Kapo^iSo, nwq n veoeXXnvmii o-
cjjooiwon o r n v iSo r o u ouvXou eivoi vo (Jiuom eKX-
Xiopa r o u eyw. A u r o p x m i i ouroeKSiiXwon KI xi ouro-
npvnon. F i ' our Sev onoKXeiei r o v aropmiop, ane-
vovriaq r o v ovanroaei. E^ ou KOI n oSuvopio r o u Ne-
oXXnva nou noXireeroi (...) v o npooopr Tnv norpiSa
TOU o r o rop r o u (...). AXXoipovo pwq o r n v noTpiSa,
ov ouvexoipioBei pe XXov. NoiwOei xov eour r o u nfx>-
Sopvo, r n q opveiroi KBe uirnpeoio, onooperat an
rnv noXiriKii K O I ncprei oe pio a9upia, nou pnopei va
r o v Xiwoei, nwq o epwrmq nvoq r o v ruxo epwreup-
vo (...)^. O A . AavinXiSnq unovvoei paye r n v KXaooiidi
oupnepi(t)Op r w v NeoeXXiivwv noXirmwv, on r o v X .
Tpmonn pxpi TOV K . KopapovXii; Flvrwq n opoirnro
eivoi rouroXoymn.
H nXaormii npoSiBeon anoreXei r n v r p i r n |3aoiKn
ypappii r o u e9viKo xapoKTiipo, KOT r o v AavinXiSn.
O NeoXXnvoq, noiSi Tnq nXiXouornq Meooyeiou, eiv<B
O v9pwnoq TWV aio9iioewv, nou oSnyeirai nponovrq
an r n v pooii TOU. K O I nopoKrw; H SiavonnKrnxa
rou, O iSeoXiopq r o u opveiroi Ka9e r i nou Sev eivoi a-
vnXnnr, nou Sev yiverai pio iSa Xoymii ti pio <pp\i
aioGnni KOt ato9noiaKii (...). Ayon r n f^wii K I eivot npo-
onXwpvoq orov Kopo, r o v opar KQI Ka9optopvo.
Ft' our KOt Kupiapxei n oioBnoiOKii eKStiXwon r o u e-
9viKo tSeoXiopo, nou anoKXeiei r n v KOivwvmti oroe-
prnTO, pe anorXeopo o 'EXXnvoq vo peraPXXeroi pe
rnv iSio euKoXio o n yewpy oe pnopo K O I
avTiarp(j)wq'.
O NeoeXXnvmq Meooiwvoq eivot n nepioSoq eKeivii
o r n v onoia npnet v ' ava!^nxn9ov xa yeveoioupy o i n a
rnq eXXnvmiiq KOivwviKtiq KOI noXixiKtiq KOKoSaipoviaQ,
oov a(l)op xnv eu9vn xnq loropmiiq e^Xi^nq- H 09w-
povmii auroKporopia npoKuilJe on r o v eKPui^ovnviop
rwv AvaroXiTwv, nou SioSxrnKe r o Bu^vrio, nou ano-
rXeoe r o v e^ovoToXiop r o u EXXnviopo oe vo noXue
GviK nXaioio.
T a Kpio xopOKrnpiorm r n q ToupKOKparioq eivat n
nXtipnq KOI oXoKXnpwrmti ou9aipeaio r n q e^ouoiaq, noo
untipxe r o Poomrepo epnSio yia r n v ovnru^n napa-
ywyiKwv enevSoewv KOI r n v opaXti aormonoinon TW
BoXKOviwv KOI r n q Monq AvoroXiiq pe anorXeopo p w
KOlVWVlKti e^Xi^n reXeiwq avri9eTn npoq o u n i v r n q Eo-
NEA KOINQNIOAOriA
pcnaKtic; Auonc;' n wc; EK TOTOU nXqpric; XXn|)r| KpcTi-
KTiq vopinTHTOc;- n enior|lionoir|ori Tqq XriOTEioq KGI Triq
nEipGTeioq- q EKOTpcmwTiKonoiqoq Tqq KaSqpepivqq
^jqq, nou EnE^EpE rnv nXtpn epnpijjon Tnq KaXXiEpyn-
oijinq Ynq KGI TOV OIKOVOPIK popoop xnq unoiGpou- n
E^nXwon TOU GoiGTiKo Tpnou Jjiuiiq pxpi TO KVTPO
Tqq Eupwnnq, o ' XEq n q EupwnaKq 5nXa5n nEpioxq
nou EXEYXOVTGV on Tnv Owpovmn AuroKpoTopio' n
evSuVGHWOn TOU PEOGIWVIKO OxiopGTOq AvGToXtiq KOI
Aoqq- O nXqpnq pEoaiwviKq KOI noXmoTiKq OKOTGSI-
opq TWV un Tqv owpaviKti Kupiapyin Xaw\'.
O AvGToXiTiKoq <t>ou6oXiopoq nou KupiupxnoE un
Tqv pop(t)q TOU Buf^Gvnvo AEonoTiopo, ornv npwTGp-
XiKr) ooiGTonoinoq Tqq AvGToXiKqq Eupwnnq, un TO no-
XUBVIK BuCjavno, EvSuvopwveTGi Twpo, wq oBwpaviKq
OOUXTOVIOUC, nou onoKXeiEi jx] SnpioupyiG vvopwv
(|)Ou6aXiKwv OXOEWV, Tnv nop^n P'aq opiOTOKpoTioq
KXnpovopmnq KGI yevma Xnq EKeivnq r q q KOivwvmqq
ouyKpoTqoEwq nou ornv Aon Snpiopynoe Tqv vvoio
Tnq vopipTnraq.
AvToToixa (j)aivpEvo onioBoSppnonq nopornpo-
VTOl KQI OTnv OlKOVOpio, TOV KpiO XOpOKTnplOTlK EI-
voi n avTinopaywymn ouoowpeucjn nXoTOu KOI n KXO-
nr) ornv onoio ouppeTxei KGI TO i5io TO enionpo KpToq.
AuTq oi oiKovopmq Sopeq napooinopo, KXoniiq KGI
GvnnapoywymTnTGq cmoTeXov (t)GivpevG nou enipiw-
vouv, oe Kupiopxm poXiOTo Pop, OTiq omovopieq TWV
xwpwv nou f^noov un TOV oOwpovm f;uy KOI per
Tnv onoxwpnon TWV TopKwv.
AnoTeXopGTG o r n veoeXXqvmq eBvmq iSioouyKpooio
eivGi Ol nponoBeoeiq rqq KGKqq Xenoupyioq TWV 5qpo-
KpOTmwv Geopwv KOI q ovunop^io piaq onpavTmnq no-
XiTiKnq KXqpovopiq, q nveupoTmti, qGiKii KOI uXmq y-
pvio, q XXeiijjq KGe opxovTmqq oywyqq, aXX enionq n
poipoXoTpeio, n Koxunoijjio npoq pio exGpmn nvTOTe
KpoTiKii e^ouoio, TO (t)aivpevo TOU pouo(t)eTio, r n q 5w-
po5oKiaq KGI TOU p n o x r a i q ' " KOI yevm n XXeiiJjn Tnq o-
nopaiTnTnq yio Tnv eyKoGiSpuoq evq uyioq SnpoKpoTi-
Ko noXiTepoToq KOivwvmqq KOI nveupoTmnq npooTO-
pioq KOI unoSopnq.
KOIVWVIK nopoywyo auTiiq Tnq eXXnvmiiq lOTopmtiq
<t)aewq eivoi oi KXe^roppoTwXoi KOI OI neipaTq, 5nXa5q
01 AvTpTeq, qpwnoinpvoi cnq ouvEiSqoq TOU Xao wq
enavocrraTnpvoi evavriov TOU KOTaKTqrq unSouXor ei-
voi 01 KOTf;apnon5eq KOI OI OovapidjTeq, oi euvoope-
voi, nou Tnv KOlVWVlKti Touq Gon Tqv ^eiXov K O T ' O-
noKXeiOTiKTnTa OTO ZOUXTVO, ev avTiGoei pe rouq 5u-
TiKoq $eou5pxeq TWV onoiwv n noXiTmii loxq niiya^e
on KeKTqpevo KOI anapoPiooTo on TOV AVWTOTO ' Ap-
XOVTO KOIVWVIK SiKOiwpaTo- eivGi, TXoq oi EKKXnoio-
OTiKoi AeonTeq, n o u ouyKpoTooav TO EKKXqoiacnm
N a K o i v a j v i o X o y i a : x o
v o u ' E X X r j v a
V J
NEA KOINNIOAOriA
KpToq Tqq OpGoSo^ioq, KpToq pe nXiipn, poo (t)uom
OTO OGwpoviK nXaioio, e^ouoio KGI moioSooio.
Ol enioTnpovmq ovoXoeiq KGI OI GEwpisq TOU A .
AovinXi5n XI pvo GvXoPov TO onpovrmTOTo pyo
Tqq ouToyvwoioq TOU ' EGvouq, npooSiSovTq TOU npwTO
pio ouyKEKpipvn TOUTTnTG, ouTiiq TOU Nou EXXnvi-
opo, GXX KOI onoTXEOOv Tq Poq yio vo oXKXqpo
KOivwvioXoyiK, lOTopiK KGI noXiTiK pEpa; XXoi o n '
Touq ouyYpa(})Eiq nou EnqpEorqKov an TOV A . Aovin-
XiSn OTp0qKOv npoq pETO^uoiKTEpeq KOTeuGvoeiq,
ouyKpGTwvToq Kupiwq TG nGmo KOI nveuporm OTOixeio
TOU pyou TOU, XXoi npoq npoKTiKTepeq. 'OXoi n-
VTwq oTpeilJov Tiq KoGop ovTmeipevmq ovaXoeiq TOU
ouornp eniOTnpovmo AaviqXi6q npoq vo ouyKeKpip-
vo 5ov yiyveoGoi.
nap5eiypG o A. ToKwvoq, poGqTqq KOI orevq ())i-
Xoq TOU, nou SierXeoe Ynoupyq TWV AmTOTopmtijv
KuPepviioewv Tqq E n r a e r i o q 1967-1974 K G I o onoioq
npoPXXei TO loropm 6ov Tnq necpwTiopvnq Aecjno-
Teioq, an r n v onoio nwq onSei^e o AoviqXiSqq Sev n-
pooe o Noq EXXqviopq. Zrqv anouoio Tnq lOTOpmiiq
ouTiiq <))anq onoSiSei o A . ToKwvoq Tqv ouoiooTmq a-
vunop^io AqpoKpoTiaq o r q v EXXSo pxpi oqpepo.' Qq
Xoq npoTEivsi r n v EnovpGwon Tnq lOTopmtiq auTiiq X-
XEiijjqq, PE r n v EyKoGiSpuon ne^wnopevou SiKTOTOpmo
KoGeoTWTOq, TO onoio pwq TeXm KOTOpyei xq Aqpo-
KpoTio nio pif^m o n ' oo onooKonei, oxo poKpiv pX-
Xov, vo xnv eyKoGiSpoei.
EniSpoeiq xei PPoio o AoviqXiSqq, npooSeuxmq o
iSioq, KOI oxnv opioxep. OapSeiypo o KoGnynTiiq B.
<J>iXioq, nou xei ypiliei TOV npXoyo TOU enoveKSoG-
VToq TO 1986 PipXiou TOU NeoeXXnvmii Koivwvio KGI
Omovopia, nou napoSxexoi xi o A . AovinXiSqq eivoi
yio Xouq xouq oyxpovouq ' EXXqveq KOivwvioXyouq, o
AooKoXoq.
VnOSHMEIQIEIZ
1. ArmoaOvq AauinXiSri, NeoeXXqvmq Koivwvia KQI OIKO-
vopia, Anva, Na Zuvopa, 1986, asX. 2.
2 IBID, O. 81.
3. IBID, a 82
4. IBID, a 84
5. IBID, a 146.
6. KapX Aj3iT, To Nqpa Tqq loropiaq, Aqva, Fvwaq,
1985, PASSIM.
7. NsosXhqviKq Koivwvia KOI OiKovopia, Aqva, Na Zvo-
pa, 1986, o. 174
8 IBID, a 175
9. IBID, a. 177.
10. Eivai xapaKTqpioTiK TI OI X^eiq nou SK^pa^ouv Tiq ox-
aeiq TO noAirq ps TO KpToq, OTq oqpspivq EXXaSa, xov o-
wpavmq npoXeOq.
n p i o 5 i K K B e O K e n x i a e -
49
AHMOZ0ENHE AANIHAIAHZ
H KOINOTHTA TOY nOAITEM(
O NsoeXXnviopq SEV anoTsXei evTqra $vXeTiKi).
'Onwq Xoi oi naXaioi KOI vsrspoi Xaoi, rai KI aurq
npaoe an nXrjoq Siaaraupwoeiq, nou orqv loropio a-
noreXouvE rov Kavva KI XI rqv e^aipsaq. Kara ouv-
neia eivai KI o vsoeXXqviKq Xaq, nwq K ' oi aXXoi, ro
rsXiK anorXeona noXunoKiXwv (puXermwv peravaare-
oFwv. evwoewv. SiaXuoewv KOI auyxwvsaewv. Ka Sev
pnopooe va eivai SiacpoperiK.
Erq Meayeio, nou yewoiKovopma sivai Sejjvq pe r-
aeq evSxwpeq KOI anoreXei rq Siaoraupwoq rowv
peuparwv, eivai aSuvaro va unapxei fiioq loropmq Si-
Xwq opi^ipo (puXwv KOI Xawv. '0,TI aXXwore ovopoou-
pe Xa noXiTiopvo KOI noXiriop eivai yevma ouvneia
noXXanXqq avraXXayqq q eniKoivwviaq. AKpa KI aurq
O apxaioq eXXqvmq noXiriopq, nou orqv OKpq rou na-
pouoiaae povaSmq evrqra KI' ayvrqra, ovanruoo-
rave, nwq Xyei vaq an rouq KaXrepoq rou yvw-
oreq KOI Xarpeiq, pvo ecpoov eixe rq Svapq va a<po-
poiwvei ^va oroixeia. Na yiari acprjvoujje KOT ppoq
rov aoa(pq KOI ye/jro puoriKiap po rqq paroaq q (pu-
Xrjq KOI npoTipope rov nio auyKSKpipvo rqq evrqraq,
nou ewpoupe napaywyo rou noXmopo KOI XI napa-
yovra aurou. Tiroia tj vsoeXXrjviKij 0vTr]ra xei va
nepiexpevo nvevpariK. '0,TI anoreXei njv npaypa-
TiKij rrjq ovaia eivai rj 6Xr]ai] TJV NeoeXAijviov v' a-
viJKovv a' va KOIV avvoXo.
Ka q OXqoq aurq eivai pia qdiKij Suvapq, nou e^ou-
Serepwvei rov ronmiop KOI yecpupwvei ra Siiorapeva-
nou eni ToupKOKpariaq, oXKXqpouq aiwveq npo rqq
Sqpioupyiaq TOU veoeXAqvmo Kprouq, Kadpi(e rouq
jjeXXovriKouq rou noXireq, x<^PK ^ci XjSei unipq ra ye-
wypacpiK, noXiTiK q omovopiK avopa, nou paa
(ooav auToi, nou xei auvaonioei ypw an rouq EXXq-
vcpwvouq Xouq rouq AX/3av0wvouq, BXaxcpwvouq,
ZXal3(pwvouq, ToupK<pwvouq KQI aXXouq ^evcpwvouq
rouq acpopoiwpvouq an rqv EXXqvmq Meayeio, rouq
y/jioe pe auroouveiSqoq eXXqvmq KOI Touq per/SaXe ae
nepq(pavouq evouoicvSeiq epyareq TOU NeoeXXqviopo.
Eivai noX xapaKrqpiOTiKij q naparqpqaq, nou Kave
ro veoToupKiK Kopnaro 'Evwaq KOI HpoSoq ara
1901, rav, npoanaOwvraq va Sqpioupyqaei an ro xoq
TOU avevmo oOwpaviopo ro ropKmo voq, auva-
VTOuoe ae KOE ywvia rqq auroKparopiaq rqv eXXqvmq
TOrq KOivrqra rwv deXqaewv. MeyaXo ppoq rou
nXqOuapo rqq MoKeSoviaq an anoipq KCTaywyqq eivai
Ke aXXo napa 'EXXqveq, ypa^e rre pia eyKKXioq
veoTOupKiKi). Ka pwq xei ouveiSqaq eXXqvmq KOI 9e-
onoiei TOV EXXqviap. XiXiaSeq eivai Keivoi, nou duaia-
l^ouv Xq rouq rqv nepiouoia, TO eKaroppupia rouq yia
TOV HaveXXqviop.
Tqv KOivrqra Torq rwv OeXqaewv Sev npnet va
50
rqv eKXa^oupe oov KTI TO apxma unoKeipevm KOI iSia-
(ov OTOV KOva an TO nXqdoq rwv pupiaSwv, nou nq
evwvouv KOI nq ouyKparov oi evmoi Seapoi. AKpa
KOI rav SianiOTwvoupe, nwq opiopva arofja eivai oi
npwTOi aurqq Sqpioupyoi KOI (popeiq.
ffpKeirai yia pia eKSqXwoq KOivo noXniapou, nou
oov arfjo0aipa opaSmq, oav opyavm ouvoXo a^iwv
uneparopmwv, Kadiepwpvwv an rqv napaSooq aiw-
vwv, unapxei noX npiv an ra aropa KOI Siapopepwve-
rai uorepoyeviq an rqv e^Xi^q oe a^ia unoKeipevmq
evauveiSqrq.
Erqv apxq unapxQuv nepioSoi ar/jwv q opaSwv,
nou napxouv q napaSxovrat, anXoorepa Sivouv q
naipvouv neira nepioSoi yevewv, nou Sev apKOvrai va
Sxouvrai naOqrma ,ri rouq napxouv, pa evvoov va
TO acpopoiwvouv oupcpwva /je rq Smq rouq unoraoq.
Eexwpiarq eivai q oqpaoia, nou xei q yXwoaa. 'Oxi
jjovaxa wq va oioSqnore opyavo enmoivwviaq orqv
nveupariKq aurq aXXqXoSieioSuoq arpwv KOI opaSwv
an Tq pia yevea orqv aXXq, an TOV va aiwva OTOV
aXXo, aXXa KOI wq KTI nou eivai nvepa KOI ouvpa
Ypappa, ouoia KOI auvapa cpppa KOI nou yi' aur cpop-
IJpei KOI (poppperai. EmlSaXXerai ouvenwq, va pi^oufje
pia paria orq oxermq nXeupa rqq yXwoamqq e^Xi^qq KI
av OKjja TO orev nXaioio rou dparq paq Sev enirp-
nei va npoo^oupe Xa ra nopiapara rqq peuvaq, yia
va viwooupe KoXrepa rov Kupiapxo KOI Sqpioupym p-
Xo TOU KOIVO auro noXiriano.
Mera^ rwv ^vwv X^ewv rqq NeoeXXqvmqq, nwq
Sianiorwvei yeppavq eXXqviorqq, unpxouv 273 oXafir
Kqq Karaywyqq axermq pe rq yewpyia, 500 TOupKmq q
apaponepamq axermq pe (pura, XouXoSia, apwijara,
praXXa, OIKIOKI) (wq rpcpipa K ' enayyXparo. Enioqq
nXqOoq X^eiq oxeri^peveq pe ro epnpio, rq piopqxa-
via, rq vauriXia, rqv omoSopiKq, rqv averq (wq, rqv
KoXXirexvia KOI rqv rexvrnq npoSo eivai iraXmqq KOTO-
ywyqq. Ynpxouv nepinrwoeiq nou oi npwreq Xeq -
xouv vopo eXXqvm, evw ra npoi'vra rouq ovpara i-
raXiK. Ol X^eiq aurq, nou eivai paprupeq rqq ^evmqq
Karaywyqq rwv SqXoupvwv oroixeiwv, Sivouv oe pi-
Kpoypacpia rqv emva rqq uXmqq napoKpqq rou NeoeX-
Xqviopo. AnoreXov pwq ouvpa KOI piav anSei^q
yia rq Svapq rou nveupormo nepiexopvou rou veoeX-
Xqvmo noXiriopo, nou SiarqpqqKE Sia poou rwv ai-
wvwv poa arqv eXXqvmq napaSooq KOI nou pnpeoe
V' a4>opoiii)aei ra ^evma oroixeia.
napa rqv eiopoq Tawv KOI rowv ^vwv oroixeiwv
q EXXqvmq Sev xaoe ro omeiov nvepa KOI rouq oi-
Keiouq rnouq- anevavriaq pnpeoe va ra Siarqpqoei KOI
HNeosXXnviKii Kotvwvia KOI omovopia, Aijva, Na Evvopa, 1986
NEA KOINQNIOAOriA
(OYAH, E0NOI, nOAITIIMOI)^
va Ta 6iaiJOp(pwoi napanpa. ArxapaXXaxja ntc; oi
'EXXrjveq iaTqpnaavs TOV EXXrjviofJ rouq KOI Sev yi-
vav iiriTe EXafioi jjqre AXjiavoi i) TovpKoi.
'ETOI napa Tq jjeyaXq napoKpq, napa TO Bu(avTio,
napa TOV e^avaroXiop KOI rouq (ocpepoq aicbveq rqq
ooXeiaq per rqv 'AXcuoq, peive aSiKOnq q napaSo-
oq TO eXXqviKO noXinoiJOV.
Aev qaav pvo oocpoi TWV reXevTaiwv aiwvwv TOV
Bv^avriou, nwq o Fepiorq KOI O Bqoaapiwv, nov orq-
pi(rave orqv narpio naiSeia KOI (pwvq, yia va Sianqpv-
^ovv rqv navapxaiq opoXoyia: 'EXXqveq eapv. Ka
orovq aiwveq, nou OKoXovqoav, nappeive q opoXoyia
Tovrq Koivq niorq Xwv rwv Siavoovpvwv.
Eivai xapaKrqpiariKq pepiKq oxeriKq nXqpo<popieq,
nov paq Sivovv oi ^voi, nou nepiqyqdqKOv eni ToupKO-
Kpariaq nq eXXqviKq enapxieq. Ava<ppw pia povaxa,
noXv runiKi), an ra verepa xpvia. Zro yaXXo orpa-
rqy, nov oro 1787 nruxe va KaraXa/Sei rqv KepKupa
ev ovpari rou NanoXovroq, vaq nanaq KepKupaioq
npocpepe jjia OSooeia KOI rou Kove rqv OKXouq
wvwv Tqq OKXajiiq, rqq (prwxeiaq KI apa9iaq KOI nio
npoaipwvqoq: FaXXoi, 9a Ppeire oe rora ra vqoia va
yeviK TOU ^eneapo evq oXoKXqpov Xao.
Xa apa9q onq eniorqpeq KOI onq rxveq, nou So^a(ouv
O veoeXXqviKq noXmopq Sev qrav KOI Sev eivai
ra 9vq' pa va pqv TOV nepKppoveire yia roro' pnopei
napa ro nvepa piaq napaSooqq: va nvepa nqyaio,
va yivei naXiv ,ri qrav pia (popa- Siap^ovraq ro 0i/3Xio
nou paq (pavepwverai (wvrav orq (wq, TOV SqXaSq
TOTO pa9eTe va rov exripare!
SieioSei KOI Siapopcpwvei rqv apopcpq npwrq Xq. Ta
O Xaq Sev eoKecpTrove SiacpoperiK, KI XI pvo
xapoKTqpioTiK rou 9a r' ava(qrqooupe xi roo ora
ora Ecpravqoa, q rre orov aiwva rqq eupwna'iKqq ypai-
pyo rqq veoeXXqvmqq cpiXoXoyiaq, nov eivai OKpa OTO
Kopaviaq, nou eixe peraSo9ei KOI orqv EXXaSa.
npwro rqq oraSio, ore rqq eniorqpqq, nov Sev npaoe
H SiKoiq avriSpaoq rwv vwv yevewv KOT rou ap- Tqv nepioSo rqq naiSmqq apwareiaq, oo onq Xamq
xaiopo xei ouxv nape^qyqaei KOI vnoripqoei rq pey- 9pqoKeuriKq So^aoieq KI avriXqipeiq yia rq (wq KOI rov
Xq oqpaoia, nou xei ro nvepa piaq aSiKOnqq napa- Kopo, ora qOq KOI ra ipa rou Xao, onq eKSqXwaeiq
Sooqq aiwvwv. To nvepa roro avriri9eTai oe Ka9e ap- rqq laropiaq rou, ora noXirma, KOIVWVIK KOI omovopi-
xai'ap q laropiop, nou eivai eKSqXwaq pwpavriKi) KOI K TOV Sqpiovpyqpara, orq yXwooa TOV KOI ara pya
rexvqrq avaSpopq q Koracpuyq an ro napv npoq TO rqq Xa'mqq rxvqq, an ra Sqporma rpayoSia KOI ra
napeX9v. Ka yi' aur oqpaivei rq cpvomq iaa ioa eni- napap9ia ioape rq Xa'mq apxiTeKrovmq q SiOKOopqri-
jiiwoq rou napeX9vToq oro napv KOI xopoKrqpi^ei rqv Ki), rouq XaKOq xopoq q rq pouomq. Ma ro Sa(poq
e^Xi^q Ka9e peyaXov noXiriapo. yia pia rroia ava(qrqoq Sev xei OKpq avaoKa(pei Pa-
H SiapKeia rorq evq aroixeiou Ka9apia nveupari- 9ia KOI nXari oo npene, ore KOI pnopoae v' ava-
KO, nou oyxpovoq paq yewypacpoq KOI yvworqq rqq OKOcpei an va Xa, nou (ei oKpa an anoipq nvevpa-
Naq EXXSaq rqv e^qyei pe rqv aSiKonq enevpyeia rmq, av xi aro nai9po, navra poa oe napayKeq KOI
yewipuxiKWV napayvrwv, anoreXei rqv Kivqrqpia Sva- KoXPeq q oe ^va q ^evi(ovra pyapa. Fi' aur Se paq
pq rqq veoeXXqvmqq e9vTqTaq KOI peTafiaXXei ro voq enirpnei 9riKq naparqpqaeiq pe Knoio yevmrepo K-
oe KOivrqra noXmopo. poq K' evSiaippov.
rioioq eivai Xomv o noXiriapq, nou anoreXei rq /3a- EKeivo nou pnopooe va npoayei ro 9pa paq eSw,
oq rqq KOivrqraq rorqq; 9a eivai naXi ro noX noX va nepiopio9ope a' va
AoKoXa pnopope va TOV avriXqcpope oav va o- povaxa ropa, ara Sqporma rpayoSia, nov oxerm ei-
voXo TWV uXiKwv aya9wv rou oqpepivo paq rexvmo vai nepioorepo peXerqpva KOI Kpivovrai yevma wq TO
noXmopo. Ki OKpq SuoKoXrepa oav pop<pq avwre- nio Ka9apa Sqpiovpyqpara rqq veoeXXqvmqq Xa'mqq
pqq nvevpariKqq q KaXXirexvmqq (wijq pe opiopvo e- poaq, K' neira va npoo^oupe ^av ra Xiya Keiva
viaio pu9p. 'OXa TOTO eivai avq KOI Kopnoi, nou xapaKrqpiorma, nou npofiXXavv vrova, yiari Se poia-
Sev ennpnerai va (qrqooupe poa orqv epqpia rwv ai- (ovv pijre ra Pv(avTiva pqre r' apxaia KXaoama.

NEA KOINQNIOAOnA
 K' sivai TOTQ, nwq T' ava<ppaiis KOI napanavw
OTO K0aAaio nepi e^eXXr)vioiJOu, q ovenicpvXaxTq av x'
KOI navTO xopovpevri, KOTcpaari Tqq (wqq KI ' o yepToq
aywvia (pjioq TOU Oavarov. Oi avOpwnoi TWV qpoTiKwv
Tpayoviwv Aarpeuovv Tq <paq, Tqv naTpia, Tqv OIKO-
yveia KOI Tq yuvaiKa KOI Xouv va (qoouv, va xapovv.
n' auT naAeuovv oKpa KOI pe TO Xapo yia va pqv
neOaivovv. Eivai pwpavTiKoi K' xouv noX Avpiop. O
eowTepiKq Tovq Kopoq eivai nvevpoTiKq pa K ' aioq-
TiKq, Si'xwq paoq peTacpuoiK. AvnOeoKpaTiKoi, evav-
6pwni(ouv Tq 0oq KOI rouq Oeoq, Aaikoi SqpoKpoTiKoi,
xouv Tq Siipa rqq AeuTepiaq KOI TO piooq rqq Tvpav-
viaq. Ka pwq Sev xouv TO aioOqpa nwq eivai Aurepoi,
nwq Sev xouv KOI Tqv aSoXq y a p d KOI yaXqvq eKeivwv
nou anoXaPaivouv. 'Exouv npoSiaeoq TpayiKij KOI pe-
XayxoXouv. BXnouv Tq (wq xi pvo ecpqpepq, pa KOI
yeparq Xiipq, TOV epwTiK Touq nOo aveKnXqpwTO, TOV
epwTiK TOuq nvo aiwvio, TO Xapo aSuawnqTO. Ka -
pwq eni(qTouv Tq Spaoq, OXouv va (ouv, Sev evvoouv
va Touq anoonaoei KOveiq an TOvrq Tq (wq, oTe pno-
pov, aq (pavTooia KI av xovv, va opapaTi(ovTai aXXq
KaXTepq.
TToio eivai oe yevmq ypappq TO nvevpa, nou npo-
fiaXXei an TO SqpoTiK TpayoSta, av TO napovpe wq
evSeixTiK yia Tq veoeXXqvmq napaSooq. Ma napaXXq-
Xa q pa(i p' avTi) (ei KI aXXq napaSooq, q /3u(avTivq,
nou xei KI ' auTij TO SIK rqq ^exwpiar nvepa.
KaOopioape napanavw TI x(TpaKTqpi(i KOI TOTO TO
nvepa: AqSia KI pvqoq rqq (wqq, yeparqq voxeq qSo-
vq. MaToiTqra TWV navrwv KOI KOTacpuyq OTqv aiwvia
(wq. eoKpanopq, anoXuTapx'opq KI aveOviopq.
52
VTivonoXq, Tq PaaiXiSa TWV nXewv, KOI nq nqyq TOU
OTqv AvoToXq, evw TO aXXo eivai pi(wpvo orqv EXXa-
Sa. To Pu(avTiv nvepa Sev ^pei napa Tqv Texvqrq e-
vTqTa TWV opoS^wv, TO eXXqvm Tqv opyavmq evrq-
To TWV opoevwv. To npwro, aveQvm KOI aveSa(pm,
ayvoei rqv FlarpiSa, evw TO Serepo, evm KOI pi(wp-
vo aro narpio Satpoq, Sev ucpiorarai Si'xwq rqv Flarpi-
Sa. EKei Kupiapxei o Kaoaponaniopq oav anapao-
Xeurq ra^q, nou eniPXXerai avwev KOI nepiopi(ei rqv
eniorqpovmq OKipq KOI rqv noXirmq evpyeia. Avn'era
eSw unapxei Ki'vqoq SqpoKparmq KOI naXq eXeepwv
Suvpewv.
Erq pu(avTivq napaSooq Spa va nvepa unepe^e-
Xiypvo pa KI aprqpiooKXqpwpvo nia KOI Siarqpqpvo
pe Kno KOI pxo paa oe (pppeq apxa(ouoeq, Konou
paXiora KOI KXaomq, nou KOI roreq xouv navra rq
SuoKaptpia loropmwv Xeiipavwv. Erq veoeXXqvmq napa-
Sooq (ei KOI Kiveirai, pXaorpi rqq naXiaq pi(aq, va
nvepa Koivopyio KI ave^Xixro, nou rpiperai an rq
pva yq KI aywvi(erai vo ppei rq Smq rou rq (pppa.
Apxaioipaveia orq pia nepinrwaq KI avayvvqoq orqv
aXXq. EKei pia yepaapvq avaroXirmq ouoia pe paoKO
poupiaq apxa'mqq, eSw ovoia veoeXXqvmq pe (puoioyvw-
pia, nou Sev nq^e OKpq.
H Pu(avTivq napaSooq eivai va reppa. O Soypari-
opq rqq a nviyei poipaia ro Parepo pqoKeurm ai-
aqpa KOI a EK(puXi(ei ae eoXaymq aocpiareieq rq
pqoKevrmq oKipq, a Kvei orev KOI oreipo ro puori-
Kiap KI aSvarq rq (piXooo(pia. /\ev pnopei va eivai na-
pa Tupavvmq arq OKipq KOI OTO aioOqpa. EvreXwq a-
vrierq q veoeXXqvmq napaSooq eivai pia a(perqpia pe
KeKTqpveq Suvpeiq. O vpoq rqq (wqq a rqv avayK-
NEA KOINHNIOAOriA
(ei va ^(psvYi an ra Synara xai TOuq Tvnovq, nov Oa KOivopyieq eOviKq yXwaoeq. Ot Xaoi viwdave TOV eour
Triv Kparovoov oro rpna, KOI va (qT rrjV Ktvqoq KOI rouq oXova KOI mo ^vo npoq rqv aveOvmq yXwooa rqq
rri XevTEpia yia va pnopei v' avanrvooTai VETO KOI va EKKXqoiaq KOI rqq auXqq, rqv rexvqrr) ypacpopvq rwv
rpajia pnpoq. Xoyiwv, KOI (qrooav, nou Kt' nwq pnopooav, rq St-
0a eivai neyaXq nXavri va cpavraoovpe, nwq avrq Ki) rouq rq (wvTOvq yXwooa.
01 Svo napaSoeiq unapxovv orqv npaypariKTqra rai H oOwpaviKq Kuptapxia eoqpaive Kt an' aurq rqv a-
^exwpiopveq q jjia an rqv aXXq, nwq nq xoune eK6- noipq eppovq orq Pu(avrtvq napSooq. 'Onwq o loXa-
oei eSw. ptopq avayvihpi^e povaxa va Xa ntorwv opoS^wv
Ka Ol 6vo aunliiovve aSiKona eni atwveq paKpoq, Kt ayvoooe roo rqv ropKiKq KI apafiiKq oo rqv aX-
aXXqXopaxovrai KI ' oXXqXoenqpea^ovrat. H KOivovpyia PaviKq KOI KoupSiKi) edvrqra q yXwooa, rot KOI ro
(wq, avayKOonvq va ^ervXiyerai, eioopp oXoeva poa eKKXqotaoriK Kproq enpetve an auvTqpqriKrqro KI
onq KOvcfiaXiaopveq naXiq cpppeq, nq yepi^ei pe rqv auroouvrijpqoq oro aveOviK rou ISOVIK KOI orqv ave-
ovoia rqq KOI opiyei p' aurq roi, nov paq Kvei avxva dviKq rou ypacpopvq KOI KoravTqoe va epnSio arqv
rqv evTnwoq nwq Sev pnopei ma KOvvaq va rqv ^exw- avanru^q rqq eOviKqq (wvravqq yXwooaq.
pioei an 'Kei x^PK rq /3Xipei. H ovp/Siwoq KOI OV- O e^eXXqviopq K' e^eOvtopq rqq EKKXqoiaq Sev q-
(pavaq aurq, ovvneia rov e^edviopov K' e^eXXqviopov rav oe noXXa oqpet'a apKer toxupq, yia va pnopei va
rqq EKKXqoiaq Kat TOV eKeoKpartopov K' e^avaroXi- e^ouSerepwoei rq /3u(avrivij avaroXiriKq napaSooq KOt
opov rov 'EBvovq, anoreXei rqv ovoia TWV npoPXqpa- nponavrwv ro avriXa'iK KOI avOeXXqvm rqq nvepa.
TWV TOU veoeXXqvtKo noXtrtopo. Tqv nto xcpoKrqpi- MepiKoi Siareivovrai, nwq q eKnoXirtoriKq eniSpaoq
ortKt) rqq eKSqXwoq rqv xovpe naXt aro yXwootK Tqq AvaroXiKqq EKKXqoiaq xet ouvreXaei orov e^eXXq-
(qrqpa. vtop rwv EXPwv KOI aXXwv aXXoedvwv opdoS^wv
Zrq Auoq, oav apxi(e q Avayvvqoq, aKOodqKe na- npwro rqq j3u(avrtvi)q KOI orepa rqq owpaviKqq OUTO-
vro vaq, noXu ovp/SoXtKq yta rqv avoSo rwv eOvwv, Kparopiaq. AUT pnopei v' aXqeet, pa oe nepiopiop-
ujjvoq npoq rqv euyXwria rqq xvSaiaq XaiKijq yXwooaq: vo PaBp KOI oav anorXeopo ppeoo KOI poipaio ptaq
Nobilior est vulgaris: tum quia prima fust humano generi
usitata, tum quia totus orbis ipsa perfruittur... tum quia
naturalis est nobis, cum illa potius artificialis existat. 'E-
rot eKijpurre o Avrqq (1265-1321), nou xd)pi(e rqv EK-
KXqaia an rqv TloXtreia, nwq ^xwpt(e KOt ra vq,
KOt tjeXe va xouv pa(i pe rqv noXtrtKi) rouq ave^aprq-
oia Kat rqv nveupariKt) KOI cptXoXoytKi).
O 'EKxapr (1260-1327), nou o puartKtapq rou qrav
vaq pqoKeurtKq Oupoviopq, nwq Kt o Oupoviopq
rou vaq eOvtopq, ypatpe ra nio avTinpoowneuriK rou
pyo arq pqrpiKi) rou, orqv evrnq EeppaviKq, KI XI
orqv unepeOviKi) AartviKq. O Chaucer (1340-1400) Kt o
oyxpovoq rou Wiclef (qrooav va enipaXouv orqv Ay-
yXio KOVT onq aXXeq peToppuOpioeiq, pa(i pe rqv eOvi-
Ki) EKKXqoia KOI rqv eOviKi) yXwooa. Ot AoXXapSoi, ar
periKoi rou IA ' aiwva, Xave unoxpewTiKij rq SiSaoKo-
Xia rqq pqrpiKqq yXwooaq ae Xouq, avSpeq Kat
ywaiKeq.
H OpqoKeuriKq MerappBpioq orq Feppavia, nou I-
TOV pia popcpq nveupariKijq avayvvqaqq K ' edviKqq acp-
nvtoqq, avoarqXwoe KOI rqv edviKq yXwooa. Flapa rqv
anaypeuoq TOU 1369, nou Sev acpqve Kovva va ypa0et
yeppavtori yto para tepa, pertppaoe o AoBqpoq rqv
Ayia Fpacpq orq FeppavtKi) (1522-1534).
H XaKq yXwooa eKroni(ovTaq roi rqv aveOvmi)
ypocpopvq, rq AanviKq rqq EKKXqoiaq KOI rqq AuXqq,
pixve ro (ppayp, nou x^JP'^e ro Xa an nq avwrepq
rou T^eiq Kat auvapa /SoqOoae TO vq va ^exwpi(ouv
avapera^ rouq KOI V ' anoxrov ouveiSqaq rou eauro
rouq. Aur Sev epnSi(e cpvoiK rqv KaOoXiKi) EKKXqoia,
nou per ro xcjpiop rqq an rqv noXtreia Siarqpooe
TOV aveviK KOI unepeviK rqq xapoKTijpa, va enipvei
orq AartviKq Kat va rqv eni/3aXXet oe Xeq nq KoOoXiKq
XiJJpeq wq enioqpq eKKXqotaoriKq yXwooa.
Erqv AvaroXq nqpave ra npypara aXXo Sppo
SiacpoperiK. K' eSw pe rqv anoavOeoq rou Bu^avriou
eixav apxioei va oxqpari(ouvToi KOivopyio Ovq KOI

NEA KOINQNIOAOriA 53
noXiTiKriq, nov reive aXAov. H noXniKt) rqq EKKXqoiaq
Ssv vnqpxe nor ouveiSqT eOvmioriKq eXXqvmq. Tinore
Sev qrav TOO ^vo oro xpioriavm KOI yvqaio avaroXi-
K iSavm rqq, oo q arevq iSa va e^eXXqvioei TOTO q
Keivo an TO Ovq rqq voTioavoToXmqq Evpibnqq, nov
aXXujOTe yevma KOorpqoe noX orqv edvmq rqq a<p-
nvioq. Av IJ' Xa TOTO q EKKXqoia xTnqae noXXq
(popq, npoq cpeXoq TO EXXqviopo, eOvmiormq Toeiq
jjoa OTOq EXapOq TWV BQXKOVI'WV KOI moq 'Apa/Seq
Tqq Evpiaq KOI FlaXaiorivqq, TO Kave TOTO pe Tqv np-
Beaq va ovyKpaTijoei TO avedvm peoaiwvm KoOeorwq,
SqXaSq an nvepa ovvTqpqrm, avTiSpaoTiK KI XI pe
OKon va eniPXei rou e^eXXqviop, nov 9a IJTOV pia
npooSevTiKi) avarponq TOV eKKXqaiaormo KOeoTWToq.
H lOTopia eivai yepTq an papTvpieq, nwq q AVOTO-
Xmq OpOoSo^ia nov pnopooe eixe SievKoXvei rqv e-
dvmq xeipacprqoq TWV OuyaTpwv EKKXqaiwv. Fi' avT
Sev eivai nepjSoXmoi ore oi XXqveq loropmoi, nov Tqv
KOTqyopov, nwq Se BXqoe va e^eXXqvioei rovq ^ev-
$wvovq TOUXXIOTOV no eixav acpopoiwBei an TOV
EXXqviap, oTe oi EXafioi, nov anoSiSouv arq yXwooi-
Kq avmavrqTo Tqq eKKXqoiaoTmqq ypacpopvqq TO TI
Ol oXafimoi Xaoi OKpa K ' ^w an Tq Smq rovq eBvo-
AoyiKii (wvq pnpeoav va Siarqpqoovv rq (wvTOvq Tovq
eBvmq yXwooa, av KOI (qoave aiwveq KTW an Tqv
nvepoTmq KqSepovia rqq EKKXqoiaq KOI (poirooav OTO
oxoXeia rqq.
H KaTonoXpqoq Tqq SqpoTiKqq, OT paq SISOKEI
oqpepa q e^Xi^q Xwv TWV ^ev(pwvwv nXqdopwv TOU
EXXqviapo, eixe wq ouvneia va nepiopioei rq SiaSooq
rqq NeoeXXqvmqq KOI va peiwaei rqv a^opoiwrmq Tqq
evpyeia. H ypacpopvq ovaSemveTOi rai ^vami) ap-
paxoq Xwv TWV ^vwv (WVTOVWV yXwoawv orov aywva
TOuq KOT Tqq EXXqvmqq OKpa KOI paa orqv nepioxq
auTwv TWV eXXqvmwv xoJpwv KOI nio noX onq napoi-
Ki'eq Tqq Aiaonopq, KOI SiaipeSei oKXqpa TOvq narpic-
Teq, nou nepipvave an' avrq KOI Tqv apxamq rqq aiyXq
TO avn'BeTO.
Ta (paivpeva TOTO eivai apKera yia va enifiefiaiw-
oovv KI an yXwoomq anoipq Tqv naparqpqoq, nou K-
vape KI an aXXeq acpoppq. H jiu^avTivq napaSooq, -
nwq pnpSetpe Tq yecjypacpiKq SioTnwaq Tqq (wvTovqq
veoeXXqvmqq noTpiSaq eKlSia^ovToq KOI napapopcpwvo-
vToq paa oe naXiq ipppeq aveBvmq Tqv npaypoTm-
rqro rou eBvmo eSa0ouq, roi epnSiae KOI rqv opaXq
avamu^q KOI Siappcpwaq rqq (wvravqq veoeXXqvmqq
yXwooaq eKPiaT,ovTaq pe TOV iSio rpno KOI napapop-
(pwvovToq poa onq naXiq loropmq (pppeq evq K-
opou aveOviKO rq yXwooiKi) npaypanKTqra rov
'EBvouq.
H avapcpiopqrqrq aiyXq rwv apxaiwv rpi^wv KOI T-
nwv KOI q aneXniarmq (pnoxeio rqq Smqq paq oyxpovqq
ooiaq, neira q aSuvapia evq aSo^ou napvroq va
SieKSmei KTI an rq S^a evq nXooiou napeXBvroq,
nou Sev eivai ^vo, rXoq oi npoaSoKi'eq paq an pia ni-
Bavq avaorqXwaq rou Bu(avriou q ava0iwoq rou eXXq-
viKo Baparoq, oi nXaveq K ' evBappvoeiq rwv KOXWV
pa pwpavriKwv cPiXeXXqvwv KOI ra oveiponoXqpara TWV
Neo-oupaviorwv, Xa rora ra avopoioyevq oroixeia Sev
naipav va enqpea(ouv rq oKipq KQI ro aioOqpa TWV
veoeXXqvmwv napayvrwv.
54
Ma povaxa rora wq e^qyqoq rwv So napapopcpw-
oewv, nou avacppape, anoreXovve ro noX SmaioXoyieq
vorepoyeveiq. O npooSiopiariKq rouq pwq napaywv
vnqpxe q naXia, noX naXia, oup0iwaq KOI ouvvcpavaq
TWV So napaSaewv, rqq eXXqvmqq KOI rqq Pv(avnvqq.
H oworq e^qyqoq npojiaXXei pvq rqq an rq peXrq
KBe nXeupaq rou yXwooiKo (qrqparoq, nou Sev pnopei
va paq anaoxoXqoei eSw nepioorepo, pa nou euruxwq
eivai apKera peXerqpvo.
H Pv(ovTivq napaSooq yevmrepa, ro einape noXXq
(popq, xei xopoKrqpa peoaiwvm KOI avaroXirmo,, xei
nvevpa BeoKparm KOI (peouSapxiK. Oi (pppeq rqq, -
oo KOU(paXiaopveq KI av eivai, Siarqpov navra KTI a-
n ro nvepa rqq avaroXirmqq BeoKpariaq KOI (peouSap-
xiaq. Ma KI aSeieq av qoav an KBe nepiexpevo, naXi
napapvouv, wq rnoi, mavoi va (poppapouv avaXoya
rqv EnXaorq KI aoxqpnarq OKpa Xq rqq veoeXXqvr
Kqq npayparmrqraq.
'ETOI xoupe napapopipwoeiq xi povaxa rqq yewypa-
(pmqq q yXwoomqq, pa KOI rqq nvevparmqq npayparm-
rqraq rou NeoeXXqviopo, ovva0eiq nwq oi Siacpopeq -
ipeiq evq KOI rou iSiov avrmeipvov. H icrropia aXXware
rwv napapop(p(boewv rqq eBvmqq yXibooaq eivai ovvapa
Koi icnopia rwv nepinereiwv rou eBvmo nveparoq.
'Onwq q ouoia rqq (wvrovqq yXwaoaq paa orouq
naXioq rnovq veKpq ypapparmijq KOI veKpo ouvra-
KTIKO, roi KOI q veapq nveuparmq (wq rou dvouq a-
vamaaerai KOI 6iapop0wveTai poa onq /3u(avrtvq KI
avaroXirmeq BeoKparmq KOI oxoXaormq (pppeq, nou
aSma eixe aywvioBei va onaaei q yevea rov Fepiirro.
To KOKrexvo Kpapa, nov yevvirai roi, 17 piXTiJ, eivai
KOIV (paivpevo roo arq yXwooa oo KOI arqv nveu-
parmq (wq KOt rov noXiriop, nwq KOI q SiyXwaoia ei-
vai vaq SuaSiapq an anoipq noXmopo.
Fia va neioBope, Sev xoupe napa va pi^oupe pia
paria crro iSavma, arovq OKonoq, onq aiperqpieq, orouq
OToBpoq KOI OTO noBopevo reppa, q cno npocona,
ora pyava KOI ara poa rov ayiva rwv So
nopara^ewv.
O Sqpormiopq Sev eivai povaxa vaq ayibvaq crre-
vq yia rqv enmparqaq pepmcbv yXwoomiuv rnwv q KOI
oXnXqpqq rqq Aqpormqq, pa va Kivqpa yevmrepo, e-
BviK, avdpibnivo. O Sqpormiopq ^eKiva an pia npay-
pariKrqTO (wvravq KOI oyxpovq, rq veoeXXqvmq, nou
rq (ei KBe ppa, rq viwBei KOI rqv ayon, nwq vaq
avBpwnoq uyiqq rq (wq rou, KOI BXei va rq Xeurepwaei
an ra Seopa, nou epno6i(ouv rqv avanru^q rqq, Seop,
nov xet eniPaXei o jiu(avTiviopq, xi pvo cnqv EK-
KXqoia q oro oxoXeio, aXXa KOI OTO Kproq KOI cnqv
KOivwvia. O SripoTiKiapq eivat pta enavaaraaq, ytari
enavacnaoq anoreXei KBE Kivqpa rqq (wqq evavriov
TWV ouvBqKcuv, nou Sev enirpnovv, TO Xurep rqq
^erXiypa.
Aev anoSiSouv niara KOI oXoKXqpwpva rqv aXqBivq
rou ipoq, pa (pavepihvouv KTI an ra xnpaKrqpicrrma
rov roo 01 ouvrqpqriKoi, nou Sev naipav va TOV noXe-
pov Kat va rov rauri(ouv pe oBeia, paaovia, avapxia
KOI oooiaXiop ij Koppovtop, oo KOI 01 pi(oonacni-
Koi, nou nicneouv nwq Ba rov eni^aXei povaxa o Xaq,
q epyana, q q Sixraropia TOU npoXerapiTOu. O Sqpori-
Kiopq ouoiacjTma Sev eivat napa q KoBumepqpvq KOI
NEA KOINQNIOAOriA
yi' auT noX iSippuOiiri SKSijAwon piac; Enavaaraaqq,
nov q Aaq rqv sixe xavei pero^u rov IA' KOI rov IA '
oiihva.
H AqporiKq Ei'vai yAwooa EVIKT), qrav pwq poipaio
va KaravrqoEi Ka oq/joia EpyariKwv SiEKiKqoEWV, a-
(pov Ol aoroi orqv EAAaSa Sev pnopoavE vaxeipocperq-
ov eyKoipwq an rq peoaiwvmq napaSooq, ovre OIKO-
vopiK KOI KOIVWVIK, ovre pqoKevriK KOI nvevpariK.
Ol ouveneiq KOI eiAiKpiveiq ovn'naAoi rov SqporiKi-
opov Sev napovoia(ovrai povaxa wq onaSoi rqq rexvq-
rqq ypacpopvqq- Ei'vai ovvapa Enipovoi apvvropeq rwv
peoaiwviKwv paq napaSaewv KI aypunvoi (ppovpoi evq
Kodeordiroq, nov nvevpariK I3v(avrivi(ei KI av oKpa
oiKovopiKo eivai ovayKoopvo va xeipovopei oav aoriKq
Ke$aAaioKparia q vo ov(qra yia rqv aniOavq EKAoyi-
Kevoq rqq napoywyqq.
H e^Ai^q rwv Svo reAeuraiwv aidjvwv Sei'xvei, nwq q
Pv(avrivq napaSooq, oo KI av aSuvanXei oAova, Sev
naei va (ei aav va Kodeorcbq nvevpariK. H veoeAAq-
viKt) napaSooq anevavriaq, oo KOI av Svvapibvei aSia-
Kona, Sev pnopei, roi nov rqv nEpiO(piyyovv oi rvnoi
rqq npcbrqq, va Kiveirai KOI V ' avamuooerai Aevrepa, xa-
vei ouxv rov oiKeio (pvoiK rqq pvOp KOI
napapopcpwverai.
Fvibpiopa xopoKrqpioriK orqv loropiKi) paq npo-
owniKrqra o SvaSiapq aurq, onoreAei ro fiaaiK np-
PAqpa rou veoeAAqvmov noAiriopov. napovoia(ei x' p-
vo nq (pvomq oe Kde e^Ai^q noAiriapo avriOoeiq A.x-
ro noAi KOI ro vo, rq oraoiprqra KQI rqv Ki'vqoq, rq
pop(pq KOI rqv ouoia, pa KI va nAqOoq AAa (paivpeva,
nou pnopope va ra ovvoipiooupe oav avriOoeiq pera^
AvaroAqq KOI Aoqq, Bv^avriov K' EAAaSaq. K' eSib
ioa iaa xoupe rqv e^qyqoq, yiOTi o eXAqviKq Aaq,
nap rqv nAaoriKi) rou npoSiaeaq KOI iKovrqro, Sev
pnpeoe anpa va ixei a' Aeq nq EKSqAtbaeiq rijq
(ojijq TOV Hnoia PaOvrepq evnjra pvOpov, nov va
eivat vrexvrj KI XI povaxa nijyaia Kt ave^AtxTtj
AaiKij, ij (svtKt] Hl aveSaipiKt).

B I B A I O K P I T I K H

r i a p a Triv Kpiori TOU Pi|3Xiou
nou Kupiopxsi OTTIV nvEupoTiKr]
ZfjiX] poq TTIV TeXeuToio Sierio, r\
KoivcDvioXovio xei encocfieXriei o-
n TTIV peTa(t)poori KOI Koori pe-
YoXwv KXOOIKWV pywv Eupwnoi-
ijjv K O I ApepiKOVJV ouyypo(t))v.
0 a ouyKpoTTiooupe eci) pio 5eKa-
5a, nou onoTeXei ouyxPvwc; K O I
pio nXipri lOTopio Tqq Koivwviaq
TTiq SuTiKTiq KOI nou 9a no-
p o u o i o o o u p e XI KOT oeip
onouSoiTTiToq r\,
oXX KOT TTIV oeip nou vopi-
t^oupe TI npnei va 5io|3aoTOv.
Apxif^oupe Xoinv, pe Tnv np-
o(t)aTn (1987) Koon, an Tiq eK-
oeiq KXPoq, TOU KXQOIKOU p-
you TOU M A R C B L O C H H Oeou-
SoXiKTi Koivwvio, oe pia KoXn pe-
Tcfipoon TOU Mnpnn AuKOSn.
To pyo auT xei So nruxq: pia
lOTOpiKli KOl pio KOlVWVloXoyiKTl.
nopouoiC^ei KOT' opxnv TO IOTO-
piK nXoioio Tnq e^Xi^nC Tnq A-
onq, peT Tiq TeXeuToieq voppov-
5iKq eioPoXq TOU eKTOu aiw-
vo, nwq 5iapop(t)w9nKe oe pio
nayionoinpvn KOI OToipn oxeTi-
K lOTopiKii pop(t)n. KoTniv, e^eT-
^ei Tnv KoivwvioXoyia OUTO TOU
OKivnTOU Kopou nou SiQTnpn-
GnKe yyixToq oxeSv pxpi Tnv
avoyvvnon- Eivoi o Kopoq TWV
mnoTwv KQI TOU KwSiKO Tipiiq, Tnq
oXXnXeyynq Tnq yeviq, TWV
PooiXiKwv oxoewv, TWV nopoSo-
oiOKwv e^ouoiwv KOI Tnq 9eoKpa-
Tiaq. fpoppvo pe ooctniveio, ope-
ornro KOl Sioyeio, r o |3ipXio ou-
r anoreXei r n v opxn rnq peXrnq
rnq SuriKoeupwnoKriq KOivwviKTiq
e^Xi^nq' anoreXei a n o p o i r n r n
npon9eon yia Tnv Korovnon -
XI pvo r n q Aonq, aXX KQI rnq
EXXSoq, yiori Seixvei OKpiPwq n q
reporieq Siacfiopq r w v oroSiwv
rnq SuriKiiq e^Xi^nq an r o SIK
paq.
Qoo KOl r o Ke(|)Xaio r o u
M o p ^ oxeSv, 9ewpeiTai Pon Tnq
oyxpovnq KoivwviKiiq OKijjnq r o
KXOOIK r o u F. TNNIES "GE-
MEINSCHAFT U N D GESEL-
L S C H A F T " , nou per6(;)paoe o r a
eXXnviK O MavwXnq MopKKnq
un r o v rirXo Koivrnro KOI Koi-
vwvia, o n q eKSoeiq Avayvwori-
Sn (1986). To PiPXio our KoGuor-
pnoe eKar nepinou xpvia vo p-
6ei orov eXXnviK x ^ p o . H per-
<l)paon xei noXXq orXeieq KOI 9a
onwnoei ni9avwq rov ovayvworn
on r o u vo oXoKXnpwoei r n peX-
rn auro r o u roo 9epeXiwSouq
pyou. Aq eXniooupe n 9o enixei-
Pn9ei pio enovKSoon r o u PtPXiou
nio enipeXnpyn yXwooma. T o p-
yo aur r o u TNNIES KoGiepwvei
r n epeXiwSn SiKpion pero^ rnq
KOivoriKTiq KOivwvioq KOI r n q eroi-
piKiiq KOivwvioq nwq 9a npe-
ne mo owor va anoKXn9ov oi -
poi r o u rirXou. KOIVOTIKTI KOivwvio
ei vai n K O T ' ecoxnv KOIVWVIKI op-
yvwon r n q unai9pou, Paoiopvn
oe Seopoq Koivnq Koroywynq,
ouyyveioq l i aSeX(t)onoiiaq. H e-
raipiKTi KOivwvia eivoi r o npov
rou KamroXiopo nou Kupiopxei
onoKXeioriK r o oupcppov K O I -
nou oiaSiinore KOIVWVIKI oxon
npooXopPvei aurparo r n p o p ^ n
oiKovopmnq ouvoXXoynq n e^p-
rnonq. Koivonopq KOI KoniroXi-
opq eivoi Xomv, So o u o n i p a r a
SioXeKTiK avTi9era- n ovnru^n
TOU Serepou npaypaTonoii9nK6
eiq Ppoq r o u npwrou. AE^x^sx va
onpeiwGei n ornv EXXSa KOIVO-
riKq 9ewpieq ovnru^e o K.
KopoPiSoq.
AKpiPwq aurnv r n v Koraorpo-
<?r\i rnv peranoinon rou Koivon-
opo on r o v KomraXiop e^er-
,E\o ypappvo ouXXoyiK pyo
H perPaon on r o v OeouSoXi-
op o r o v KaniroXiop, perocljpa-
opvo on r o v IToXo FpePevirn,
onq eKSoeiq 0epXto. FIopou-
oi^ovToi eSw pe ouornporiK rp-
no ot 9ewpieq yto r n v loropiKii ou-
n i MerPoon, oe vo nepieKTiK
KOt une9uvo pipXio.
To rXoq rnq OeouSaXiKtiq e-
noxtiq onpoSernKe e^XXou on
rnv e^ao9vnan r w v roniKwv e-
^ouoiwv Kat r n v evSuvpwon Tnq

NEA KOINQNIOAOriA 55
 VIJOVOINUNIOyi
o i n o oAda o i Amrigidn Ami
nXoi UiliiU^Di(|)riDigD A U I ari IDM
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lOASrioumc]) n o u DiDrioDdsurino
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bnoMii3do(t)Dig puD AmAoriLiiDiu3
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n o i piMig U IDAI3 DIOU p y y o :bpMiA
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H EAAHNIKH KOINQNIA MOPOZTA ZTO NEO KOZMO
Z i i p e p a , n o u noXXc; n o p o noXXc; ijjeiq r n q
eXXnviKnq ^wiic; o n o n v E o u v x n v ooiJn x n q o p i o x i K i i q n o -
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y t a T n v eXXnviKti K o t v w v i o , nwq n p i v eiKoot t i Tpi-
VTO pXiq x p v i a Tnv evvoooapE, o a v OXETIK SqXo-
Sii ouTvopn ovTTnTO, (J)avTJ;Ei OQV E n a p x i a K t i avTiXn-
ilin TOU SEKXOU evxou o i w v a .
H v v o i o x n q npoSou, nwq opit^exoi o n x n t>iXo-
oocfiia x n q l o x o p i o q , u n t i p x e o n q apxq x n q a p i G p n x m t i -
onKxnoe yewpExpiK puGp pEx x o AExepo OoyK-
o p i o n X e p o - o t i p e p a xeivei v a y i v e i SvvapiKi). Knoxe n
K O i v w v i a n p o x w p o o e pe opyoq puGpoq KOI n n o X t x m t i
pe y p t i y o p o u q , pe anoxXeopa n Sexepn v o eivot o u x v
noX n p w x o n o p t o K i i , pi^oonooxmii t i KOI e n a v o o x a x i K i i ,
o ' v o KOIVWVIK n X o i o i o nou e^eXiooxav o v x o u q o i -
tbveq Ki KOve Tiq xoXpnpq noXixmq Kavoxopieq vo
(Jtoivovxai n t o npoxwpnpveq a n x n v e n o x i i x o u q . Stipe-
p, ctioivexoi v a o u p P a i v e i OKpiPwq x o avxiGexo: evw n
APAHN
K O i v w v i a , Xyw x n q xexvoXoymtiq e^Xi^nq, Xyw x n q o i -
K o v o p m i i q o X o K X i i p w o n q , Xyw i o w q p i o q peyXnq IOTO-
p i K i i q Tonq x o u OoXixiopo p o q , Teivei v a ^enepoei Tnv
n X o v n T i K t i KXipoKO l i TOUXXIOTO OTqv npooexn ne-
vTnKOVToeTia v a oXoKXnpwGei o ' o u T i i v , n noXiTmti
ovTiGeTO KiveiTOi pe Ptiparo n o u (jjoivovrai Kpwq n a -
XoioKoppaxiK KOt n a p w x n p v a , enipvovToq oe npoPXti-
p o T o n o u xouv tiSn yivet SeuTepoyevti, x p n o t p o n o i w v T o q
p i o yXwooa n o u Sev eKct)p(^ei nXov TO v o ouvoioGtipa-
To, n q veq iSeq.
TepoTieq avTi(])oeiq SiOKOTxouv Tnv o v G p w n i v n
K O i v w v i a : Xipoi KQI Xoipoi, nXepoi, peoaiwvmo Tnou
nXnyq, o ' v o v Kopo n o u PoSiJei oXoTOXJq n p o q TO
S i o r n p o , pE nXo Tnv n X n p o c t t o p m i i , Tiq vsq pop<})q E-
vpyEioq, aXX K u p i w q Tn v a OKi|jn- " O o o i pnopoouv
v o n p o o a p p o o T o v o ' o u T i i v , o o i pnopoouv v o Tnv o-
(t)opoiwaouv n p i v KOV o u T i i EKSnXwGEi Kupiopxm o o v
opETKXnToq lOTopmq vpoq. Ga EniPiwoouv o o v !^w-
VTOV KTTOpo, OOV Sqpioupymq povSEq OUTO TOU
EKnXnKTiKo Koivopyiou Kopou, n o u KOvvoq TpiToq
FlayKoptoq OXEpoq SEV Ga pnopoei v o e p n o S i o e i .
STOV Kopo ouTv, n EXXSa Ga npnei v o ^tioet. M -
XiOTQ, y t o v o napoSo^oXoyiiooupE, p v o v o ' v a v T-
Toiov Kopo Go Eivot SUVOTV n EXXSa v o ^tioei.
Ev o x o o n p e p i v Kopo n EXXSo (Jtoivexoi pex
xnv enonoiio x o u MeyXou AXe^vSpou, x o Goupoio
eXXnvioxiK Kopo xwv oxoxooxmwv npooappoywv
KOl xtq xeXeuxoieq Pu^ovxtvq EKXpijJEiq v o (JjUxofJwEi,
pe pvn x n q Suvoxxnxo v o puGonotei x i q peyXeq x n q
tixxeq, pe pvn Tnq n n y t i pnveuonq Tiq peyXeq x n q KO-
xaaxpo({)q' a v , o x o o n p e p i v Kopo, x o peyXo Koxp-
G w p o x o u EXXnviopo eivot xt K o x ^ e p e v o eniPiwoei
x o u q OKoxeivoq oiwveq x n q SouXeiaq, v o eXeuGepwGei x o
1 8 2 1 , v o ^enepoei, pe cJioPepoq OKpwxnptaopoq, xtq
Kaxaaxpo(t)iKq o u y K u p i e q , o a u p i o v q Kopoq x n q T p i r n q
XiXieTioq n o u pxerai. Go eivat TO n p w T o KOTXXqXo
n X o i o i o y i a v o opxioei n EXXSo v o ovanTooexoi ^e-
(})eyovxoq o n x o (l)aXo KKXO XWV peyXwv u n a p ^ i a -
Kwv epwxnpoxmwv.
' Evoq Kopoq o o v KI OUXV n o u o o apuSp, x o o
oa(t)wq S i o ^ a i v e x o t o x o v opii^ovxa x o u So xiXtSeq, -
v o q Kopoq oiKOupevmq, eipnvmq, evonoinpvoq o n
x n v x e x v o X o y i a KOI x n v a OKiJtn, Go eivat x o KoxXXqXo
nXaioio y t o x^P^Q n o u uoxepov oe omovopm, oxpaxi-
wTiK, PiopnxaviK, yevm UXIK peyGn, peyaXoupyov
pwq o e nveupaxmoq, KoXXnexviKoq, eniornpovmoq,
i|)Uxmoq opif^ovTeq, SqXaSii oe noiTijreq. M i o TToio
x w p o e i v a i n EXXSo. H n i o euvo'mii o u y K U p i a unpxei
pnpooT Tnq, o o v u n o p K T t i SuvoTTnTO. A u T t i eivot n
n p o y p o T i K t i eXXnviKii npKXnon. H e X X n v m t i K o i v w v i a -
xei 4)uxm KOt n G m o etfiSto, Kpuppva o n q nopoKOTaGii-
Keq TWV o i w v w v .
n p t v KOV oXoKXnpuiGei, n eXXnvmti K O i v w v i a Go np-
nei v o oupPXXei oTnv nayKopio oXoKXtipwon.
M.H.M.
EKAOTIKO TErONOS
ZYrKPITIKH ErKYKAOnAIAEIA
M A P E I Z M O I . K O M M O Y N I I M O I

K A I A Y T I K H K O I N Q N I A

I ouvepvaoia TGV K a e w v nAflAZHIH Kai K O P A H I

'H LYrKPITIKH E r K Y K A O n A I A E I A K6i5eTai u a r e p a d n [ i i a

EKaeria peuvcjv. KuKXo(j>opT rauTxpova aifj fEpfiavia, 'AyY^'i*^
HHA. 700 Kopu(|)atoi niaTr||ioveq O A O I K A O H r H T E I A Y T I K Q N
n A N E n i l T H M I Q N a n a v T o u v a KaTovTdEg pcoTf||iaTa. I T I ^ 5.000
a e A i 5 e g [leydAou a x r u i a x o g T J V 10 T|iCJV xfjg AXT]viKf)q K5oar|g p p i -
a K o u j i e Tig dnJJ/Eig Xcov T ) V Y V C A J O T C J V [ l a p ^ i a T C J v , a r l g n o k g d v T i -
TTapaTiGevTai o i dnijjEig T J V YVCA)aTTpcjv 5 U T I K J V auYYpa<|)a)v.

0iAoao<|>ia - ' l a T o p ' i a - 0pr|aKia - ' E K n a i S e u a r j - K o i v w v i o A o Y i a -

AiKaioavri - O l K O V o j i i a - iTpaTiCAjTiKd ^T]Tf||iaTa - BioXoY'ia - O u a i K f ) -
AYOTexva - M^uxoXcYia evai o i To^iTg Y ^ ^ "^ouq TToioug o i [lap^ioTg
KQI o i uTiKoi niaTTiiioveg TrapaOTOuv Tig d n ^ e i g T o u g . T TepdoTio
auT pYo e l v a i dnapaiTT]TO Y ^ C I Kd9e [jop<|)Cjfivo dvOpcjiro K Q I iSia-
T e p a Y ^ a n o i o v Tti9u|it v d n p o x c j p i ] a e i a auaTr||iaTiKT^ peuva. X T
TXog TOU KdGe ^T^TfijiaTog r r a p a T i G e T a i TTXf|pT|g pipXioYpa<|>ia pYcjv,
jiap^iaTJv, 5uTiKJv K Q I yz^iKo. acjv daxoXouvTai \i npopXf||iaTa
nou axexi^ovTai [l T auYKeKpijievo apGpo Tfjg' LYTKPmKHS
ErKYKAOIIAIAEIAE. i T f j v XXiiviKfj |ieTd(}>paaTi, ^idSa eiSiKJV G e c j -
pei TQ Kei^ieva T O U auYKCKpijivou KdGe <j)opd niarq^oviKou icXdSou.

T I M H : 10 TOMOI 25.000 (Mexp^xo%q)

30.000 (M (>KoXi(;)