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1. The charge on the nucleus and the number of electrons in the valence shell
determine the chemical properties of an atom.
2. The stability of noble gas is due to their electrons arrangement.
3. The diagram above shows the first four elements of Noble Gas. We can see
that the outer most shell (valence shell) of Helium has 2 electrons. We call this
duplet electron arrangement.
4. The maximum number of electrons can be filled in the first shell is 2 electrons,
which means 2 electrons in the first shell is considered FULL.
5. The valence shell all other Group 18 elements (including Xenon and Radon
which is not shown in the diagram) has 8 electrons, and we call this octet electron
arrangement.
6. When the electron arrangement of an atom is duplet or octet, the energy of the
electrons is very low, and it is very difficult (even though it is not impossible) to add
or remove electrons from the atom.
7. This explains why noble gases are reluctant to react with all other elements.
4. A configuration of two electrons in the first shell, with no other shells occupied
by electrons, is as stable as the octet electron arrangement and therefore is also said
to obey the octet rule.
(Two fluorine atoms share one pair of electrons to achieve octet electron arrangement)
Chemical Bond
1. 2 types of chemical bonds are commonly formed between atoms, namely
a. Ionic Bond
b. Covalent Bond
The Ionic Bond
(Ionic Bond)
(Covalent Bond)
1. By sharing electron(s), the atoms will form covalent bond between the atom
and the molecule formed is called the covalent molecule.
2. Covalent bond is always formed between non-metal with another non-metal.
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Contents
1 About Covalent and Ionic Bonds
5 Further Reading
6 References
The covalent bond is formed when two atoms are able to share electrons whereas
the ionic bond is formed when the "sharing" is so unequal that an electron from
atom A is completely lost to atom B, resulting in a pair of ions.
Each atom consists of protons, neutrons and electrons. At the centre of the atom,
neutrons and protons stay together. But electrons revolve in orbit around the
centre. Each of these molecular orbits can have a certain number of electrons to
form a stable atom. But apart from Inert gas, this configuration is not present with
most of the atoms. So to stabilize the atom, each atom shares half of its electrons.
Covalent bonding is a form of chemical bonding between two non metallic atoms
which is characterized by the sharing of pairs of electrons between atoms and other
covalent bonds. Ionic bond, also known as electrovalent bond is a type of bond
formed from the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions in
a chemical compound. This kind of bonds occurs mainly between a metallic and a
non metallic atom.
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Covalent bonds are formed as a result of the sharing of one or more pairs of bonding
electrons. The electro negativities (electron attracting ability) of the two bonded
atoms are either equal or the difference is no greater than 1.7. As long as the electro-
negativity difference is no greater than 1.7, the atoms can only share the bonding
electrons.
A model of the double and single covalent bonds ofcarbon within a benzene ring.
For example, let us consider a Methane molecule i.e.CH4.Carbon has 6 electrons and
its electronic configuration is 1s22s22p2, i.e. it has 4 electrons in its outer orbit.
According to the Octate rule ( It states that atoms tend to gain, lose, or share
electrons so that each atom has full outermost energylevel which is typically 8
electrons.), to be in a stable state, it needs 4 more electrons. So it forms covalent
bond with Hydrogen (1s1), and by sharing electrons with hydrogen it
forms Methane or CH4.
For example, in common table salt (NaCl) the individual atoms are sodium and
chlorine. Chlorine has seven valence electrons in its outer orbit but to be in a stable
condition, it needs eight electrons in outer orbit. On the other hand, Sodium has
one valence electron and it also needs eight electrons. Since chlorine has a high
electro-negativity, 3.16 compared to sodiums 0.9, (so the difference between their
electro-negativity is more than 1.7) chlorine can easily attract sodium's one valence
electron. In this manner they form an Ionic bond, and share each others electrons
and both will have 8 electrons in their outer shell.
(A sodium atom release one electron to form a sodium ion with +1 charge)
(A sodium atom release one electron to form a sodium ion with +2 charge)
(A sodium atom release one electron to form a sodium ion with +3 charge)
1. After forming an ion, the electron arrangement of the ion is similar to the
noble gases.
2. For example, the electron arrangement of fluoride ion is 2.8 which is similar to
a Neon atom, 2.8.
3. Fluoride ion and the neon atom have similar electron arrangement.
4. Fluoride ion carries charge whereas neon atom is neutral.
(The electrons arrangement of a fluoride ion is the same as a neon atom. However,
they are so much different chemically)
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Ionic Bonding
Ionic Bonding
(group 17 element).
2. The electron arrangement of sodium atom is 2.8.1, which is
not octet and hence not stable.
3. To achieve octet electrons arrangement, the sodium atom
donate/release one electron and form sodium ion.
4. The electron arrangement of chlorine atom is 2.8.7, which is
also not octet and hence not stable, too.
5. To achieve octet electrons arrangement, the chlorine atom
receives one electron from sodium atom and form a chloride ion.
6. The sodium ion and the chloride ion carry opposite charge,
hence they attract each other and form an ionic bond between
each other.
Covalent Bonding
Covalent Bonding
O2 Carbon CO2
Oxygen
dioxide
N2 Tetrachloro- CCl4
Nitrogen
methane
Number of Bond
Number of Bond
Example
Number of electron
1 pair
2 pair
3 pair
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1. In an ionic compound, the alternate positive and negative ions in an ionic solid
are arranged in an orderly way as shown in the image to the right.
2. The ions can form a giant ionic lattice structure with ionic bond between the
ions.
3. The ionic bond is the strong electrical attraction (electrostatic force) between
the positive and negative ions next to each other in the lattice.
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(Strong Electrostatic Force formed between the positive and negative ions)
1. The strong bonding force makes ionic compounds has high melting and
boiling points.
2. All ionic compounds are crystalline solids at room temperature.
3. They are hard but brittle, when stressed the bonds are broken along planes of
ions which shear away.
4. Many, ionic compounds (but not all) are soluble in water.
5. The solid crystals DO NOT conduct electricity because the ions are not free to
move to carry an electric current.
6. However, if the ionic compound is melted or dissolved in water, the liquid will
now conduct electricity, as the ion particles are now free.
Simple Molecules
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1. The intermolecular force between the simple covalent molecules is very weak.
Therefore, covalent compounds have low melting and boiling point.
2. They are also poor conductors of electricity because there are no free electrons
or ions in any state to carry electric charge.
3. Most small molecules will dissolve in a solvent to form a solution.
Graphite
1. Carbon also occurs in the form of graphite. The carbon atoms form
joined hexagonal rings forming layers 1 atom thick.
2. Graphite is black and opaque.
3. Each carbon atom only forms three covalent bonds, creating sheets of
carbon atoms which are free to slide over each other. This makes graphite
slippery, so it's useful as a lubricant.
4. The layers are held together so loosely that they can be rubbed off
onto paper to leave a black mark that's how pencils work.
5. Graphite has a high melting point the covalent bonds need lots of
energy before they break.
6. Only three out of each carbon's four outer electrons are used in bonds,
so there are lots of spare electrons. This means graphite conducts
electricity it's used for electrodes.
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Macromolecular Compounds
Graphite
1. Carbon also occurs in the form of graphite. The carbon atoms form
joined hexagonal rings forming layers 1 atom thick.
2. Graphite is black and opaque.
3. Each carbon atom only forms three covalent bonds, creating sheets of
carbon atoms which are free to slide over each other. This makes graphite
slippery, so it's useful as a lubricant.
4. The layers are held together so loosely that they can be rubbed off
onto paper to leave a black mark that's how pencils work.
5. Graphite has a high melting point the covalent bonds need lots of
energy before they break.
6. Only three out of each carbon's four outer electrons are used in bonds,
so there are lots of spare electrons. This means graphite conducts
electricity it's used for electrodes.