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To cite this article: Thatchapol Chungcharoen, Somkiat Prachayawarakorn, Somchart Soponronnarit & Patcharee Tungtrakul
(2012): Effect of Drying Temperature on Drying Characteristics and Quality of Germinated Rices Prepared from Paddy and
Brown Rice, Drying Technology: An International Journal, 30:16, 1844-1853
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Drying Technology, 30: 18441853, 2012
Copyright # 2012 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
ISSN: 0737-3937 print=1532-2300 online
DOI: 10.1080/07373937.2012.692744
1844
QUALITY OF GERMINATED RICE 1845
The objective of this work was to comparatively investi- which was controlled by a proportionalintegralderivative
gate the effect of uidized bed drying temperature on the (PID) controller with an accuracy of 1 C; and a
drying characteristics and quality of germinated rice pre- backward-curved blade centrifugal fan driven by a
pared from paddy (GP) and brown rice (GBR). Assessment 1.5-kW motor. The drying conditions were as follows: inlet
of the dried germinated rice quality was considered in terms drying air temperatures of 90, 110, 130, and 150 C; a bed
of the textural properties after cooking, GABA content, height of 10 cm; and a supercial air velocity of 3.5 m=s;
cracked kernels, the number of microorganisms on the the exhaust air was recycled at 80%.
surface of germinated rice, as well as the sensory results of Two kilograms of germinated rice was dried in each experi-
the cooked products. ment. Drying was conducted for 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, or 14 min.
After the predetermined drying time had been reached the
MATERIALS AND METHODS experiment was terminated and the whole sample was taken
Materials out for moisture content determination. A new experiment
Chai Nat 1 rice obtained from the Rice Department, Chai was then conducted up to the next predetermined drying time.
Nat, Thailand, was used in this study. The rice was harvested These steps were repeated until the whole drying curve was
in July 2010 and had already been stored for 3 months. The obtained at each drying air temperature.
initial moisture content of the rice was about 12% (db). To prepare the control sample, germinated rice was
shade-dried in ambient air until the moisture content
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rice kernels without any cracks was cooked in a moisture Differential Scanning Calorimetry
can by steaming using a rice-to-water ratio of about 1:2. The thermal properties of rice our were investigated
The sample was then cooled to room temperature for 1 h. using a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC; model no.
Twelve cooked rice kernels were arranged in two rows DSC-7, Perkin Elmer, Norwalk, CT). A sample was ground
and placed under a cylindrical probe with a diameter of into powder using the ultra-centrifugal mill and sieved
50 mm. The kernels were compressed at a pretest speed of through a 0.25-mm screen. A 3-mg our sample was put
1 mm=s and posttest speed of 10 mm=s. The hardness value in an aluminum pan and mixed with 10 mL distilled water;
was dened as the maximum compressive force at 85% the pan was then hermetically sealed and kept at room tem-
strain. perature for 1 h. Finally, the pan was heated from 40 to
120 C at a rate of 10 C=min. Each test was carried out with
Kernel Fissures Determination an empty pan as a reference. The major parameters of the
About 100 kernels were randomly chosen. Fissured DSC proles, dened as the onset temperature of gelatiniza-
kernels were visually inspected by sorting out the cracked tion (To), peak temperature (Tp), gelatinization temperature
kernels under a uorescent lamp. The data are presented at conclusion (Tc), and transition enthalpy (DH), were
as the percentage of ssured kernels. Inspection of a sample recorded. The degree of starch gelatinization (SG) was
from each drying condition was performed in triplicate and calculated by the following equation:
the average value was reported.
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SG 1 DH=DHc 100
Microbiological Populations Determination
where DH is the transition enthalpy of dried germinated rice
Microbiological populations examined in this work (J=g dry matter) and DHc is the transition enthalpy of
included bacteria, yeast, and molds. The culture media shade-dried germinated rice (J=g dry matter).
for bacteria population determination consisted of 5 g
tryptone, 2.5 g yeast extract, 1 g dextrose, 15 g agar, and X-Ray Diffractometry
1 L distilled water. Twelve to 15 mL of agar was poured X-ray diffraction analysis was performed using an X-ray
onto each of the three plates. The plates were sterilized in diffractometer (model no. D8 Discover, Bruker AXS
an autoclave at 121 C for 15 min and cooled to 45 1 C. GmbH, Karlsruhe, Germany) to determine the type of crys-
A 50-g our sample obtained from grinding germinated talline structure and degree of rice starch crystallinity. A
rice was mixed with 450 mL Butterelds phosphate- sample was prepared in a similar manner as for GABA con-
buffered dilution water in a blender jar for 2 min. Then, tent analysis. A 0.5-g our sample was placed into a sample
1 mL of the mixed solution was poured onto the three holder in the diffractometer operated in transmission mode
plates. The plates were cooled until they hardened. Each with a Cu-anode source (CuKa -radiation of wavelength
plate was turned over and incubated at 35 C for 48 2 h. k 1.54 A ) at 40 kV and 40 mA. The X-ray diffraction
For the determination of mold and yeast populations, pattern was recorded at angles (2h) from 0 to 40 . The
1520 mL dichloran rose bengal chloramphenical (DRBC) degree of crystallinity (Xc) of a sample was calculated by
agar was used as a culture. The germinated rice our was the following equation:
dissolved in Butterelds phosphate-buffered dilution water
in a blender jar for 2 min and 0.1 mL of the solution was Xc Ac =Aa Ac 100
poured onto three DRBC plates and incubated at 25 C
for 57 days. After incubation, the colony was counted where Ac and Aa are the areas of crystalline and amorphous
and the results were expressed in CFU=g. The number of regions, respectively.
microorganisms was reported as the average value of three
replications. Sensory Evaluation
Prior to sensory evaluation, a rice sample was cleaned
Scanning Electron Microscopy and cooked in an electric cooker (model no. KSH-215,
The morphology of starch granules was examined by a Sharp, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand). The cooked sample
scanning electron microscope (model no. JSM-5410LV, was removed from the cooker with a ladle and placed in
JEOL, Tokyo, Japan). A germinated rice our sample a well-insulated container in order to avoid retrogradation.
was prepared in a similar manner as for GABA content Twenty trained panelists from the Institute of Food
determination. The rice our was dispersed as a monolayer Research and Product Development, Kasetsart University,
on a specimen stub with double-sided sticky tape. The Thailand, were invited to evaluate the cooked rice samples.
sample was then coated with gold and examined at an The sample was served to the panelists, who were kept
accelerating voltage of 15 kV. One micrograph was taken separate from each other in order to avoid communication
for each sample at 5,000 magnication. during the evaluation. Water was provided for the panelists
QUALITY OF GERMINATED RICE 1847
to clean their palettes after tasting each sample. The quality length of buds grown from the embryo was about
of cooked rice was evaluated in terms of appearance, odor, 0.52 mm. The shorter germinating time required for
taste and texture using a scale of 19, where 1 dislike paddy is due to the fact that minerals required for germi-
extremely, 2 dislike very much, 3 dislike moderately, nation such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and magnesium that
4 dislike slightly, 5 neither like nor dislike, 6 like accumulate in the hull were still not removed.[14] Moreover,
slightly, 7 like moderately, 8 like very much, and all parts of the dormant seed for paddy were still intact.
9 like extremely.
Drying Characteristics
Statistical Analysis Figure 3 shows the changes in moisture content of GP
Quality analysis data including the GABA content, per- and GBR during drying. Prior to drying (after germination),
centage of ssured kernels, textural properties of cooked GP and GBR had an initial moisture content of 54 1.35%
rice, number of microorganisms, and sensory evaluation (db). When the germinated rice was dried, the moisture con-
results were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance. tent rapidly decreased in the early period of drying; the dry-
All experiments were done in triplicate except when speci- ing rates of GP and GBR during the rst 2 min were the
ed otherwise and the results are reported as mean values same. This may be due to the fact that the moisture existing
with standard deviations. Duncans multiple range test in the samples at this initial stage was mostly on the sample
was used to establish differences among mean values at a surface, so the moisture could rapidly vaporize, leading to
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condence level of 95%. All statistical calculations were similar drying rates irrespective of the type of sample. How-
performed using SPSS software, version 14. ever, after this period, the drying rates differed, with GP
exhibiting a lower drying rate than GBR at all drying tem-
peratures. The lower drying rates of GP were due to the
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
husk, which retarded the diffusion of moisture from the
Percentage of Germination inside to the grain surface. The drying time for GP was
The percentage of germination of GP and GBR is 5075% longer in the temperature range studied.
shown in Fig. 2. The germination curves for both GBR
and GP had a similar pattern in that the percentage of GABA Contents
germination slowly increased during the rst 24 h. The Table 1 shows the GABA contents of GP and GBR after
percentage of germination was approximately 1519% at
drying at different temperatures. The GABA content of
the early period of germination and then rapidly increased
Chai Nat 1 brown rice was about 4.2 0.3 mg=100 g brown
to approximately 95%; a further increase in the percentage
rice, which was signicantly higher than that of Kao Dok
of germination was not possible because some of the rice
Mali 105 brown rice; that is, 2.7 0.2 mg=100 g brown rice,
kernels were imperfect. To obtain 95% germinated kernels
required 60 h for GP and 72 h for GBR; at these times, the
FIG. 2. Comparison of percentage of germination for germinated rice FIG. 3. Drying curves of GP and GBR at different drying temperatures
prepared from paddy and brown rice (color gure available online). (color gure available online).
1848 CHUNGCHAROEN ET AL.
130 21.8 1.1b ing. GP swelled less than GBR because the intact husk l-
150 21.5 0.6b imited the swelling of starch.
a,b,c
A sample was taken out of the dryer to examine the s-
Means with different superscripts in the same column are sures when the moisture content had decreased to 22%
signicantly different (p < 0.05).
(db). As depicted in Table 2, the number of ssured
kernels, for both GP and GBR, when drying at 90 C was
as reported by Srisang et al.[7] The greater amount of signicantly higher than for shade-dried samples. The
GABA observed in the present study may be related to increase in the number of ssured kernels was probably
the different rice varieties.[15] due to the stresses induced by moisture gradients during
After germination the GABA contents of the shade-dried drying.[21,22] The ssures that appeared on the rice surface
GP and GBR increased to 27.3 0.4 mg=100 g brown rice at this drying temperature were in the form of multiple
and 22.8 1.3 mg=100 g brown rice, respectively. The cracks along the cross-direction of a kernel. The number
GABA contents of the germinated samples increased by of ssured kernels increased by 29 and 39% in the cases
5.46.5 times compared to those of brown rice. The greater of GP and GBR, respectively. This indicates that drying
amount of GABA in the germinated samples can be of germinated rice of paddy could lead to a reduction in
explained by the fact that the hydrolytic enzymes such as the number of ssured kernels, which would improve the
a -amylase and b-amylase decomposed the high-molecular- germinated rice quality, especially in terms of appearance.
weight polymers, leading to the generation of biofunctional The smaller number of ssured GP kernels is due to the
substances, which resulted in the increase of GABA.[5,16]
As shown in Table 1, the germination process signi- TABLE 2
cantly affected the GABA content; the GABA content of Percentage of ssured kernels
GP was about 19.7221.36%, which was higher than that
of GBR. This result was similar to that reported by Temperature Percentage of
Moongngarm and Saetung,[17] who observed higher GABA Sample ( C) ssured kernels
contents when germinated rice was prepared from paddy.
Shade drying 25.0 1.7a
The higher content of GABA in GP is due to the minerals
Germinated 90 54.3 1.5e
accumulated in the hull. The higher mineral content in GP
paddy (GP) 110 47.0 1.0d
provided greater enzyme activity within the seeds and
130 36.3 1.2c
contained higher levels of bioactive compounds, which led
150 31.7 1.2b
to higher production of GABA.[18]
Shade drying 40.3 2.3j
The changes in GABA contents of both germinated
Germinated brown 90 79.7 1.2i
samples with drying temperature in the temperature range
rice (GBR) 110 70.3 2.5h
90150 C were insignicant. Similarly, Srisang et al.[7]
130 57.7 1.2g
reported the insignicant effect of drying temperature on
150 50.7 1.5f
GABA content, which conrmed that GABA is insensitive
to temperature within the range used in this study. Joen aj
Means with different superscripts in the same column are
et al.[19] reported that GABA degrades at 203 C. signicantly different (p < 0.05).
QUALITY OF GERMINATED RICE 1849
that could withstand more stresses. To prove this hypoth- ules: (a) brown rice (reference); (b) germinated rice (shade dried); (c) ger-
esis, the thermal properties of the dried samples were exam- minated rice dried at 90 C; (d) germinated rice dried at 110 C; (e)
ined; the results are presented in the next section. germinated rice dried at 130 C; (f) germinated rice dried at 150 C.
TABLE 3
Thermal analysis results of dried germinated rice our
Transition temp. of the rst peak ( C)
Sample Temperature ( C) To1 Tp1 Tc1 DH (J=g) SG (%)
Brown rice (Reference) 77.0 0.2 81.1 0.2 85.5 0.4 10.2 0.4 0.0
Shade drying 75.9 0.1 79.7 0.1 84.1 0.1 8.3 0.8 0.0
Germinated paddy 90 76.4 0.4 80.2 0.6 84.5 0.5 6.6 0.7 20.95 0.78
(GP) 110 76.8 0.5 80.5 0.6 84.8 0.0 5.1 0.6 39.20 0.71
130 76.9 0.3 81.0 0.4 85.2 0.2 4.5 0.5 45.85 0.49
150 77.5 0.6 81.2 0.1 85.7 0.0 3.6 0.4 57.25 0.92
Shade drying 76.1 0.0 80.0 0.2 84.4 0.1 8.7 0.9 0.0
Germinated brown 90 76.8 0.1 80.8 0.2 85.1 0.2 7.6 0.8 12.45 0.21
rice (GBR) 110 77.1 0.1 81.5 0.0 86.0 0.2 7.0 0.8 18.80 0.42
130 77.5 0.1 81.9 0.5 86.8 0.1 5.7 0.7 33.75 0.92
150 77.7 0.1 82.2 0.4 86.9 0.1 4.8 0.6 44.35 0.64
1850 CHUNGCHAROEN ET AL.
TABLE 5 germinated rice samples were dried it was found that the
Hardness of cooked germinated rice produced at different hardness of cooked GP and GBR tended to increase with
drying temperatures increased drying temperature; the statistical results, however,
showed no signicant difference in the texture.
Temperature Hardness
Sample ( C) (N) Microbiological Results
Brown rice (reference) 152.1 4.3 a Table 6 shows the number of bacteria, yeast, and mold
Shade drying 134.7 5.8bc for germinated rice samples dried at different temperatures.
Germinated paddy 90 137.1 4.5bc Brown rice had about 2 106 CFU=g of bacteria and
(GP) 110 138.7 4.2bc about 118 CFU=g of mold; no yeast was detected. After
130 140.6 5.2bc germination the number of bacteria and mold signicantly
150 142.4 4.9b increased in both shade-dried germinated rice samples
Shade drying 133.1 4.9c compared to brown rice.
Germinated brown 90 135.2 5.8bc The number of microorganisms in shade-dried GP was
rice (GBR) 110 137.4 4.6bc signicantly lower than that in shade-dried GBR. This
130 138.7 4.7bc may be due to the fact that the steeping time of GP was
150 140.1 5.1bc shorter and some microorganisms attached on the surface
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TABLE 6
Number of bacteria, yeast, and mold on dried germinated rice and brown rice produced at different drying temperatures
Number of microorganisms
Temperature TPC Yeast Mold
Sample ( C) (CFU=g) (CFU=g) (CFU=g)
Brown rice (reference) 2.0 106 35,119a <10 (none) 118 6e
Shade drying 3.5 106 41,308b <10 (none) 135 5f
Germinated paddy (GP) 90 4,926 103.18d <10 (none) <10 (none)
110 3,250 83.37d <10 (none) <10 (none)
130 1,579 91.24d <10 (none) <10 (none)
150 1,190 48.18d <10 (none) <10 (none)
Shade drying 3.8 106 61,175c <10 (none) 163 7g
Germinated brown rice (GBR) 90 8,007 159.04d <10 (none) <10 (none)
110 5,723 131.56d <10 (none) <10 (none)
130 3,461 82.56d <10 (none) <10 (none)
150 2,371 74.66d <10 (none) <10 (none)
ag
Means with different superscripts in the same column are signicantly different (p <0.05).
TPC: total plate count.
1852 CHUNGCHAROEN ET AL.
TABLE 7
Sensory evaluation results for brown rice and germinated rice produced at different drying temperatures
Conditions Appearance Odor Taste Texture Overall acceptability
Brown rice (reference) 7.0 0.2a 6.2 0.4a 5.7 0.5a 4.3 0.6a 5.6 0.5a
GP (shade dried) 6.1 0.3b 4.3 0.5b 5.2 0.5b 5.9 0.5b 4.2 0.5b
GBR (shade dried) 4.3 0.4c 2.3 0.4c 3.1 0.7c 5.7 0.6b 3.4 0.5c
GP dried at 150 C 6.5 0.5d 5.4 0.5d 5.5 0.5ab 4.6 0.5a 5.4 0.5a
GBR dried at 150 C 4.5 0.5c 3.3 0.6e 3.1 0.6c 5.2 0.6c 4.4 0.5b
ae
Means with different superscripts in the same column are signicantly different (p < 0.05).
higher scores for appearance, odor, and taste than the GBR; Program (Grant No. PHD=0040=2552), and the National
however, the textures of cooked GP and GBR were similar. Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA)
The superior quality of the GP was a result of the lower for their nancial support.
number of ssured kernels. GP also possessed weaker fer-
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