Routing Protocols.

Routing protocols specifies how routers communicate with each other. Router, is a networking device
that forwards data packets between computer networks. Although there are many types of routing
protocols, the three major classes that are widely spread on IP Networks are OSPF (Open Shortest Path
Protocol) and IS-IS (Link-state routing protocols).RIP Hop count based (Routing Information
Protocol), RIPv2, IGRP distance-vector routing protocols. Exterior Gateway Protocols, are
routing protocols used on the Internet for exchanging routing information between Autonomous
Systems such as BGP, Border Gateway Protocol, Path Vector routing Protocol.
Hop Count - refers to the number of intermediate devices (like routers) through which data must pass
between source and destination, rather than flowing directly over a single wire.
1. Link-State Routing Protocols

2. Distance-vector Routing Protocol works by having each node share its routing table with its
neighbours.

3. Exterior Gateway protocols

Autonomous Systems collection of connected Internet Protocol, it is under the control of many
network operatos on behalf of a single administrative entity or domain.

Example. Internet Service Providers, Very Large Organizations with independent

connections to multiple networks,

Open Shortest Path First

Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) is a routing protocol for Internet Protocol (IP) networks. It uses a
link state routing (LSR) algorithm and falls into the group of interior gateway protocols (IGPs),
operating within a single autonomous system (AS).

EIGRP
Classless = No Auto Summary

SNMP = Simple Network Management Protocol

- Used for network management and monitoring.
- Includes an application layer protocol (a set of data objects and methodology for
storing, manipulating and using data objects in database schema)
- Uses an administrative computers called managers which oversee groups of
networked computers and associated devices.

SNMP Agent Constantly running software program that feeds information to the
manager.
- Agent collects data and organize them into hierarchies.

SNMP Uses 7 protocols data units 1. GetRequest

2. SetRequest
 3. GetNextRequest
4. GetBuldRequest
5. Response
6. Trap
7. InformRequest

Admin Down Means an Interface has been disabled via a configuration parameter.
Shutdown CISCO, means an interface has been disabled.
Disable Brocade, means an interface has been disabled.

Note: An interface that is Admin down will not come up even if both ends are
connected . It must be configured in CISCO Global mode to enable or no
shutdown the interface first.

Packet Loss Is when one or more units of data fail to reach its destination. This
increases Latency or time delay.
Possible Reasons1. Bottleneck Lessening of throughput (success rate for the
data to reach its destination). Refers to Network Overloaded.
Maybe a hardware inability to support transmission channels.

2. Multi-path Fading Weak radio signal

4. Faulty networking hardware or driver.

5. Dynamic Source Routing
6. Packet drop attack.