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Introduction
In this laboratory activity students will be exposed to the apparatus and the
procedures to carry out tensile test by given sample of steel.
Objectives
Learning Outcomes
Theoretical Background
Stress is defined as :
F
= A
Where = stress
F = force
Percent Elongation
This is determined by fitting together, after fracture, the parts of the specimen
and measuring the distance between the original gauge marks.
Where;
Lf = final gauge length
Lo = original gauge length.
Reduction in Area
This is also determined from the broken halves of the tensile specimen by
measuring the minimum cross sectional area and using the following formula.
Where,
Ao = original cross sectional area
Af = final cross sectional area
Problem Statement
Apparatus
1. Universal Testing Machine (UTM).
2. Test specimen.
3. Tape measure.
Procedure:
1. Make sure test specimen to be used comply with stated requirement (i.e.
shape of the test specimen, material, allowable dimension).
2. Measure the initial dimension (initial length and initial diameter).
3. Set up the tensile test apparatus.
4. Slowly extend the loading shaft by using the handle. Ensure the relief value
is fully tightened.
5. Switch ON the main power supply and the machine selector switch.
6. Record down the load applied (Newton, from load meter) and the
elongation of specimen (mm, from dial gauge).
7. Switch OFF the main machine. Remove the test specimen from the upper
and lower chuck screw.
8. Measure the final dimension of the test specimen (i.e. final length, final
diameter), at where failure occurred.
Data Acquisition
Material = Steel
Initial measurement
Initial length = mm
Initial diameter = mm
Initial area = mm
Final Measurement
Final length = mm
Final diameter = mm
Final area = mm
elongation at fracture
Percentage of elongation %L = original gauge length x 100
= x 100
=%
areaat fracture
Reduction in area %RA = original area x 100
= x 100
=%
Disscussion
elongation at fracture
Percentage of elongation %L = original gauge length x 100
= x 100
=%
areaat fracture
Reduction in area %RA = original area x 100
= x 100
=%
2. From the graph obtained, identify the elastic region, plastic region, yield
point, ultimate tensile stress point and break point. Hence determine the
modulus of elasticity, E, yield stress, yield and ultimate tensile stress,
ultimate of the material.
elastic modulus for the steel sample had elongated % and the cross
for the ultimate tensile stress, ultimate for the steel is N/mm.
Conclusion
Steel can be considered to have a higher yield and tensile strength with an
equal elastic Modulus.
1.1 Introduction
In this fully open laboratory activity students will be exposed to determine the
mechanical properties for two types of construction materials which are steel and
timber.
1.2 Objective
The objective of the test is: To determine the mechanical properties for two
types of construction materials which are steel and timber.
- Two tests applicable : Steel Tensile Test and Timber Flexural Test
Percent Elongation
This is determined by fitting together, after fracture, the parts of the specimen
and measuring the distance between the original gauge marks.
Where; Lf = final gauge length
Reduction in Area
This is also determined from the broken halves of the tensile specimen by
measuring the minimum cross sectional area and using the following formula.
Flexural strength (
) is the maximum capability of a material to resist the plasticdeformation.
Equation 2 is used to calculate the value of flexural strength (
).
- (2)where;
: flexural strength (MPa)Y : yield point which the load does not increase with an
increase in strain (N)L : the length of the support span (mm) b : width of the
specimen (mm)d : thickness of the specimen (mm)Flexural strain (
).
- (3)where;
: flexural strainD : maximum deflection of the centre of the beam (mm)L : the
length of the support span (mm)d : thickness of the specimen (mm)Modulus of
Elasticity (MOE) is the ratio, within the elastic limit, of stress to
correspondingstrain. Equation 4 is used to calculate the value of Modulus of
Elasticity (MOE).
- (4)where;
Steel material often facing tension issue if not correctly designed by consultant
and installed by contractor. To overcome any problems occur at site in the future,
steel sample need to be tested first before can be installed at site. The timber
also can face related problem and need to be tested first. As a group, you will be
given steel and timber sample and conduct any appropriate testing to determine
the mechanical properties of both materials using testing equipment available in
the lab and subsequently analyze the data and present it in a proper technical
format.
3.1 Apparatus
1. Make sure test specimen to be used comply with stated requirement (Y10).
2. Measure the initial dimension (initial length and initial diameter).
3. Set up the tensile test apparatus.
4. Slowly extend the loading shaft by using the handle. Ensure the relief value
is fully tightened.
5. Switch ON the main power supply and the machine selector switch.
6. Record down the load applied (Newton, from load meter) and the
elongation of specimen (mm, from dial gauge).
7. Switch OFF the main machine. Remove the test specimen from the upper
and lower chuck screw.
8. Measure the final dimension of the test specimen (i.e. final length, final
diameter), at where failure occurred.
9. A graph stress vs displacement is plotted.