Induction Motor

ROTOR
STATOR
Three phase Induction Motor
Three-phase induction motors are the most common and
frequently encountered machines in industries.
Wide range of power ratings: fractional horsepower to
10 MW
Run essentially as constant speed from no-load to full
load
Its speed depends on the frequency of the power
source
Not easy to have variable speed control
Requires a variable-frequency power-electronic drive
for optimal speed control
Construction
An induction motor has two main parts
Stator of IM
STATOR
ROTOR
STATOR
consisting of a steel frame that
supports a hollow, cylindrical core
core, constructed from stacked
laminations ,having a number of
evenly spaced slots, providing the
space for the stator winding
Construction
ROTOR
Composed of punched laminations, stacked to
create a series of rotor slots, providing space for
the rotor winding
Two Types of rotor
Squirrel-cage: conducting bars laid into slots and
shorted at both ends by shorting rings.
Wound-rotor: complete set of three-phase windings
exactly as the stator. Usually Y-connected, the ends of
the three rotor wires are connected to 3 slip rings on the
rotor shaft. In this way, the rotor circuit is accessible.
Construction
Squirrel cage rotor

Wound rotor
Construction
Slip rings

Cutaway in a
typical wound-
rotor IM.
Notice the
brushes and the
slip rings

Brushes
 Rotating Magnetic Field
Balanced three phase windings,
i.e. mechanically displaced 120
degrees form each other, fed by
balanced three phase source
A rotating magnetic field with
constant magnitude is produced,
rotating with a speed
Ns=120 f / p
Where f is the supply frequency and
P is the no. of poles and Ns is called
the synchronous speed in rpm
(revolutions per minute)
3 phase supply
Principle of operation
This rotating magnetic field cuts the rotor windings and
produces an induced voltage in the rotor windings
Due to the fact that the rotor windings are short circuited,
for both squirrel cage and wound-rotor, induced current
flows in the rotor windings
The rotor current produces another magnetic field

A torque is produced as a result of the interaction of those

two magnetic fields
Induction motor speed
At what speed will the IM run?
Less than synchronous speed
Can the IM run at the synchronous speed, why?
If rotor runs at the synchronous speed, which is the
same speed of the rotating magnetic field, then the rotor
will appear stationary to the rotating magnetic field and
the rotating magnetic field will not cut the rotor. So, no
induced current will flow in the rotor and no rotor
magnetic flux will be produced so no torque is
generated and the rotor speed will fall below the
synchronous speed
When the speed falls, the rotating magnetic field will
cut the rotor windings and a torque is produced
Synchronous speed
P 50 Hz 60 Hz
2 3000 3600
4 1500 1800
6 1000 1200
8 750 900
10 600 720
12 500 600
Induction motor speed
So, the IM will always run at a speed lower than the
synchronous speed
The difference between the motor speed and the
synchronous speed is called the Slip

nslip nsync nm
Where nslip= slip speed
nsync= speed of the magnetic field
nm = mechanical shaft speed of the motor
The Slip
S=(ns-n) / ns
Where s is the slip
Notice that : if the rotor runs at synchronous speed
s=0
if the rotor is stationary
s=1
Induction Motors and
Transformers
Both IM and transformer works on the principle of
induced voltage
Transformer: voltage applied to the primary windings
produce an induced voltage in the secondary windings
Induction motor: voltage applied to the stator windings
produce an induced voltage in the rotor windings
The difference is that, in the case of the induction
motor, the secondary windings can move
Due to the rotation of the rotor (the secondary winding
of the IM), the induced voltage in it does not have the
same frequency of the stator (the primary) voltage