Mass, Volume, and Moles

ChE 201: Introduction to Chemical Engineering

Dr. Yazan A Hussain

Mass & Volume
For liquids and solids: density independent off
pressure, and depends weekly on
temperature.
water @ 1 bar = 997.5 kg/m3
0.4%
100 bar = 1001.5 kg/m3
water @ 25oC = 997.5 kg/m3
4%
100oC = 958.6 kg/m3
For gases: density is a strong function of
temperature and pressure.
Density (): mass (amount of
material) per unit volume 2 m3 of water @ 1 bar and 25oC
[kg/m3, g/cm3, lbm/ft3,]
2 m3 997.5 kg
Specific volume: volume per unit mass = 1995 kg
[m3/kg, cm3/g, ft3/lbm,] m3

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Specific Gravity
Dimensionless way of representing density

Specificgravity(SG ) Memorize
ref Usually for water @ 4oC =
1.000 g/cm3
7870 20o
SG of Fe 7.870 o 1000. kg/m3
1000. 4 62.43 lbm/ft3

Notation to remember:
Mass m
Volume V
Density
Specific gravity SG

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Flowrate
Flow rate: the rate at which material is
transported through a process line.

Volumetric flow rate V (m3/s)

Mass flow rate (kg/s)

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Flowrate
Flow rate: the rate at which material is
transported through a process line.

Mass flow rate (kg/s) Volumetric flow rate V (m3/s)

(kg/s) V (m3 /s)

m What happens to and V here?

m 1 m 1

V1 V2

V (m3 /s) u(m/s) A(m2 )

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Flow Rate Measurements

Rotameter Orifice meter

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Moles

Chemical reaction, and other phenomena,

require dealing with atoms and molecules

Define mole: contains

Too small!!!
~6.0221023 molecule

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Molecular Weight
78 g 16 g 119 g
= = = Molecular weight
1 mole 1 mole 1 mole
(weight of 1 mole)

Reflects the type and

number of atoms
present

Atomic weight:
Benzene has more CCl4 has heavier atoms C= 12.0
atoms than methane than methane H = 1.0
Cl = 35.4

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Definition of the Mole

gram-mole (gmol): the amount of species such that its

mass in grams numerically equals its molecular weight.

Conversion factor
mass moles
Kilogram-mole (kgmol or kmol): the amount of a
species such that its mass in kilograms numerically
equals its molecular weight.
Pound-mole (lbmol): the amount of a species such that
its mass in pounds-mass numerically equals its
molecular weight.

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Gas Cylinder Example
Butane (in gas cylinders) has a molecular weight of
58.21. Gas cylinder has ~12 kg of butane:
kg/kmol

12 kg 1 kmol
= 0.206 kmol
58.21 kg

C4H10 + 6.5 O2 4 CO2 + 5 H2O

Enough to heat a ~2 m3 water tank from

room temperature to 100oC.

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Molar Flow Rates

How many kilomoles per second?

Water
10 m3 1000 kg 1 kmol 1h
= 0.15 kmol/s
h m3 18.0 kg 3600 s

10 m3/h

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Expression Composition

For mixture of components (A, B, C,)

Mass Fraction: Percent by mass = 100xA

Mass of A [kg A] [g A] [lbm A]

xA = or or
Total mass [kg total] [g total] [lbm total]

Mole Fraction: Moles percent = 100yA

Moles of A [kmol A] [mol A] [lbmol A]

yA = or or
Total moles [kmol total] [mol total] [lbmol total]

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Mass Moles Fractions
Example: Air with 21 mol% O2, the balance N2

Basis of calculation 1. Basis: 1 mole air

(mass or moles) 2. Masses of O2 and N2

1 mol air 21 mol O2 32 g O2

Calculate the moles/masses = 992 g O2
of each component mol air 1 mol O2

1 mol air 79 mol N2 28 g N2

Add all moles/masses to find = 2212 g N2
total mol air 1 mol N2

3. Total: 992 + 2212 = 3204 g air

Calculate the ratio for each 4. xO2 = 992/3204 = 31.0%
component to the total xN2 = 100 31.0 = 69.0%

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Mass Moles Fractions

Take basis of
100 g of mixture App. B.1

xi Mass i Mi Moles Mole fraction

Component i
(g i/g) mi = ximtotal (g/mol) ni =mi/Mi yi = ni/ntotal
O2 0.16 16 32 0.500 0.150
CO 0.04 4 28 0.143 0.044
CO2 0.17 17 44 0.386 0.120
N2 0.63 63 28 2.250 0.690
Total 1.00 100 3.279 1.000

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Average Molecular Weight

For a mixture, the average molecular weight is given by:

M y1M1 y2M2 y M
all
i i

components

1 x1 x2 xi

M M1 M2
Mi
Can be derived from
all (Prove it!)
components

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Mass Moles Fractions

Take basis
100 g of mixture

xi Mi
Component i xi/Mi
(g i/g) (g/mol)
O2 0.16 32 0.005
Total moles:
CO 0.04 28 0.00143 1000.03279 = 3.279 moles
CO2 0.17 44 0.00386
N2 0.63 28 0.02250
Total 1.00 0.03279 M

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Concentration

Concentration

Mass concentration Molar concentration

(kg/m3, g/cm3, lbm/ft3,) (kmol/m3, mol/cm3, lbmol/ft3,)

5 L of 5 M NaOH solution:

5L 5 mol NaOH Special case:

= 25 mol NaOH molarity (M mol /liter)
L

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 Small Concentrations

xi xi
Component i Component i
(g i/g) (g i/g)
O2 0.16 O2 0.16
N2 0.63 N2 0.63
20 g SO2
Trace SO2 2010-6 SO2 20 ppm
1,000,000 g
Total 1.00 Total 1.00

Parts per million:

ppmi = yi 106
Can be used with mass and
Parts per billion: mole compositions
ppbi = yi 109

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Summary

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 Reading assignment:
Sections 3.1-3.3 in textbook
Practice Problems:
1-31 in Chapter 3 of textbook

Next class:
Quiz on mass, volume, and moles

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